abuses, can be traced up to a very respectable origin--to one of
those feelings which do honour to human nature. It is still the
custom among the Turks, after a banquet, to give the guests a
present which, in the quaint language of Oriental courtesy, they
style _dishe parassi_--“teeth-money”--a slight return for the
trouble the guest gave himself in partaking of their hospitality.
But what was originally a delicate token of respectful affection,
under the tyrannical circumstances of Ottoman rule, assumed the
form of a degrading and disgusting imposition.
In the same way, _bakshish_ generally, if considered in its origin,
is only a very natural expression of love and respect. Presents
have always been and still are the proper tokens of friendship
among men the world over. But observances of this kind have a
knack of degenerating; and the Turk in power soon learnt to exact
presents as tribute, until the institution became one of the
greatest political evils that ever afflicted a community: it would
be no overstating the case to say that the Ottoman Empire has died
of _bakshish_.
APPENDIX X
SIR DANIEL HARVEY TO LORD ARLINGTON
[_S.P. Turkey_, 19]
(_Extract_)
PERA OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
_Jan. 31, 1669 [-70]_.
I was received by y^e Grand Segnior according to y^e custome of
this Court, except in a condescention w^{ch} I am told this Monarch
does not accustome himself to, for after my Memorial was read by my
Druggerman, containing a congratulation for his success in Candy
& recom͡ending to his consideration y^e senceritie of my Master’s
frendshipe by such instances as ware proper to doe it, he asked me
if I had anything more to say by word of mouth, whareupon I pressd
y^e renuing y^e Capitulations, & y^e adding some new Articles to
explain & fortify y^e rest, w^{ch} ware often misinterpreted by
inferior ministers to y^e prejiduce of my Masters subjects. he
replied y^e Chimacham was his Deputie to whome he refer’d me, & y^t
if any of his subjects did any thing contrary to y^e Capitulations
w^{th} y^e King of England, he com͡anded him to cutt of thare
heads.
APPENDIX XI
SIR JOHN FINCH TO SECRETARY COVENTRY
[_Coventry Papers_]
(_Extract_)
CARAGAS NEAR ADRIANOPLE,
_September the 9th, 1675_.
This done, I thought no other difficulty could remain; but when
they were wrote out and the Gran Sig^{rs} seale to them, and I
appointed to come to receive them from the Vizir, asking whether
the Gran Sig^{rs} Hattesheriffe or Hand was to them, I was answerd’
No. I said then, I could not receive them: Here I send to the Rais
Affendi who desires me to desist for it was impossible to be done,
for neither France, Venice, nor Holland had a Hattesheriffe to
their Capitulations who were renewd’ since ours. Then I send to
the Kehaiah my good Friend the Capitulations renewd’ by my Lord
of Winchelsea, to which the Imperiall Hand was sett, with this
message by my Druggerman, that it was a point I could not depart
from, for the Capitulations would not onely be thought by the King
my Master to whome I was to send them to be surreptitiously gott,
but also it was the losse of my Head to accept of lesse then what
my Predecessors had gott: Whereupon the Kehaiah immediately takes
Pen and Ink, and writes to the Vizir, who had an Answer immediately
that it should be done, but I attended a whole week before it was
effected, and three days more before the Vizir deliverd’ them.
APPENDIX XII
Sir John Chardin, writing from first-hand knowledge, described
our export trade with Turkey at that time as amounting to between
£500,000 and £600,000 a year (a quarter of the total export trade
of the kingdom), and estimated the annual exportation of cloth, the
staple commodity of England, at about 20,000 pieces [_Travels into
Persia_, London, 1691, pp. 4-6]. These statements are corroborated
by an official Account which the Levant Company delivered to the
Lords Commissioners for Trade in 1703. We find there the exports of
cloth from 82,032 pieces (the total for the six years 1666-1671)
rising in the next six years (1672-1677) to 120,451: the high-water
mark of our Turkey trade [_Register_, p. 308, _S.P. Levant
Company_, 145]. Further evidence that the embassy of Sir John Finch
coincided with our commercial zenith is supplied by a Petition from
the Levant Company against the Woollen Manufacture Encouragement
Bill of 1678. The Petitioners claim that they have advanced the
consumption of broad cloth in Turkey from 14,000 or 15,000 to
24,000 or 25,000 a year [_House of Lords Calendar_, in _Hist. MSS.
Comm._, Ninth Report, Part II. P. 111.]
As to selling on credit, the Company’s attitude is illustrated
by the comment which accompanies the Account cited above: “My
Lords, By the foregoing particulars of our exportations does
plainly appear that the Trade hath been considerably increased
since the year 1672 when the Oath against Trusting first took
place.” Ambassadors and Consuls were instructed to watch over the
strict observance of that oath [see the Company’s Instructions
to Lord Chandos, Sir William Trumbull, Sir William Hussey, Lord
Pagett, Sir Robert Sutton, to Thomas Metcalfe, Consul at Aleppo,
to George Brandon, also Consul at Aleppo, and to William Sherrard,
Consul at Smyrna, in the _Register_ already cited]. It was found,
however, that the Factors, in spite of their oath, would “trust.”
Whereupon, in 1701, the wise men in London put their heads together
to discover “what methods were best to be used to prevent so ill
a practice” [Instructions to Sutton, Clause 7], and “made a new
Oath against Trusting, more full and comprehensive than the former,
to be taken by all our Factors in Turkey, which you are to see
strictly observed, with this limitation only: that our Factors
may sell on trust such goods of the growth and product of Turkey,
Persia, and India as are not proper to be sent to England, upon
their own account, being willing to make an experiment of the
effects which such an indulgence may produce” [Instructions to
Sherrard, Clause 5]. The text of this new Oath was as follows. I
reproduce a copy enclosed in a despatch from Sir Robert Sutton to
the Secretary of State, dated “Pera of Constantinople, Nov. 30th,
O.S. 1702” [_S.P. Turkey_, 21]:
“I A. B. do solemnly swear in the presence of Almighty God and upon
the holy Evangelist that I will not sell or barter upon Trust,
for my own or any English-man’s account, any Cloth or other goods
and commodities whatsoever, nor suffer it to be done by any other
person or persons for or under me directly or indirectly.
And I do further swear that I will not deliver out of my
possession, nor suffer to be delivered directly or indirectly any
goods or commodities for my own or any English-man’s account,
before I have received full payment for the same in mony, if such
goods and commodities were sold for mony, but if such goods and
commodities were sold in barter against goods I will not deliver
the goods I so sell before I have received the full value in the
goods bartered for, and they to be at my immediate disposal to all
intents and purposes as if I had bought and paid for them with mony.
And I do likewise further swear that I will not take in payment or
in pawn as security for any goods sold or bartered, neither by
myself or any other person directly or indirectly, any Temesooks,
Mery Tescarees, Beghlar Tescarees, Sebeb Takrirs, Hojets, or any
assignments or other writing or writings of what nature soever of
or from any person or persons of what nation soever.
All which I will duely observe without any equivocation or mental
reservation so long as I shall remain in Turky, unless the Levant
Company shall sooner annul their order in this behalfe.
So help me God.
At a General Court of the Levant Company held at Pewterers’ Hall
London the 24 October 1701.
Ordered that every person taking this Oath shall repeat the words
after him that administers it and the same shall be entered in
Cancellaria and subscribed by the respective parties.”
APPENDIX XIII
That the Levant Company did not consider the result of Sir John’s
expedition to Adrianople at all commensurate with the expenditure
it had entailed may be seen from its Instructions to subsequent
ambassadors: not to go out of Constantinople for the presentation
of their Credentials, but to await there the return of the Court,
and to forbear renewing the Capitulations, unless the juncture of
affairs should happen to prove so favourable that some new Articles
for the security and advancement of trade might be obtained; but,
in any case, not to entertain any thoughts of renewing them without
first consulting the Company [_Register_, 1668-1710, _S.P. Levant
Company_, 145].
APPENDIX XIV
To avoid similar complications, the Levant Company instructed
the Ambassadors: “Many Evils have ensued upon the marriage of
Englishmen with the Subjects of the Grand Signor. We therefore
pray your Lordship to discourage and discountenance that
practice, it being prejudiciall to themselves as well as to the
publique” [see Instructions to Chandos, Trumbull, Hussey, Pagett,
Sutton--_Register, S.P. Levant Company_, 145]. But the practice
continued. In 1758 the Grand Vizir Raghib Pasha re-opened the whole
question by issuing an ordinance which forbade Franks to marry the
daughters of _rayahs_ or to acquire real estate, and once more
the authorities at Galata were commanded to send in a list of all
Franks who were in the one or the other category [Hammer, _Histoire
de l’Empire Ottoman_, vol. xvi. p. 12]. But still the practice
went on, and in the end the Turks, whatever they may have held
in theory, acquiesced in our view that the descendants of Frank
fathers, no matter how remote, did not become Ottoman subjects.
Hence the so-called Levantine families settled at Constantinople,
Smyrna, Salonica, and other trade centres in the Near East; forming
ex-territorial colonies the members of which, amenable to their own
laws, administered by their own magistrates, and subject only to
the jurisdiction, within certain limits, of their own Governments,
preserved their respective nationalities and their civil and
political rights, just as if they lived in the countries of their
origin. This régime, unique in modern Europe, though common in
antiquity, endured unchallenged down to the Turkish Revolution of
1908.
APPENDIX XV
In 1687 James II. extorted from the embarrassments of the Porte
what Charles II. and his predecessors had failed to obtain from
its sense of justice. The occasion was curiously similar to the
present one. An Italian corsair, operating under a commission from
the King of Poland, robbed an English ship, the _Jerusalem_, of
some passengers and goods belonging to the Pasha of Tripoli and
carried them off to Malta. On the petition of the Levant Company,
King James instructed his new Ambassador Sir William Trumbull,
who was on the point of sailing for Turkey, to call in at Malta,
expostulate with the Grand Master on the protection he gave to
pirates preying upon English vessels, obtain liberation of the
captives and restitution of the stolen goods, take both to Tripoli
and hand them over to their rightful owner. This was done, and King
James, in a letter to the Grand Vizir, after describing the service
rendered, proceeded “to declare our positive resolution pursuant to
the Capitulations in that behalfe that neither We nor any of our
subjects shall at any time answer for the persons or estates of
such subjects of your Imperial Master as shall of their own accord
embark themselves upon any of our Merchants ships. But that all
such persons as shall intrust either themselves or their goods upon
any English ship shall bear their own hazard of corsairs and pyrats
of what nature soever and sustain all other accidents whereunto the
sea is lyable and from which they can only be protected by the one
omnipotent God. And to this which is in itself so highly reasonable
and agreeable to the rules of common justice, We cannot doubt of
your assent.”
As at the moment the Ottoman Empire was assailed by four Powers
from without and was convulsed by rebellions from within, the
Grand Vizir readily gave his assent: “In conformity to the good
accord of peace established with the happy Port of the Empire
who is the refuge of the world, it is necessary and fit that the
subjects on both parts should be in safety one with the other; and
if the subjects of these Imperial Dominions shall enter voluntarily
into the ships of your Merchants and your Merchants shall give them
a writing any ways obliging themselves as security for said loss,
or damage, according to that writing which shall be given it shall
be obeyed and observed as to the security given for the loss or
damage. And if your Merchants are not in this manner obliged nor
give a writing of such import, the subjects of this Empire entering
voluntarily into the ships of the Merchants, any loss or damage
happening so to them, there shall be nothing pretended from your
Merchants nor your subjects on any such pretexts. This rule ... We
shall keep it an established Rule....”[320]
But alas for promises given under compulsion! Notwithstanding this
solemn engagement, the Porte clung to its favourite principle, and
every English Ambassador had to repeat, age after age, his nation’s
disclaimer of corporate responsibility. [See, for instance, the
Credentials of Abraham Stanyan (1717) and of James Porter (1746)
in _S.P. Turkey_, 56.] As to the Levant Company, it did what it
could to avoid trouble by instructing the Ambassadors either to
forbid English ships to carry Turks and their goods, under severe
penalties (such as making them pay double Consulage), or at least
to see that the necessary precaution was taken by a writing given
at the port of embarkation to secure the Company from any damage,
in accordance with the Grand Vizir’s letter. [See the Company’s
Instructions to Sir William Hussey (1690), to Lord Pagett (1693),
to Sir Robert Sutton (1701), in the _Register_ already cited.]
FOOTNOTE:
[320] For the documents (Levant Co.’s petition to Earl of
Sunderland; King James to Grand Vizir; Grand Vizir to King James),
see _Register_, pp. 132, 134, 151, in _S.P. Levant Company_, 145.
APPENDIX XVI
Dudley North’s genius is proved and his place in the history of
Political Economy established by an anonymous pamphlet which he
published shortly before his death under the title _Discourses
upon Trade, principally directed to the cases of the Interest,
Coinage, Clipping and Encrease of Money_. This great little
treatise, suppressed by the Government of William III. in 1691,
was reprinted, from one of the very few copies extant, in 1856
by J. R. M’Culloch among his _Early English Tracts on Commerce_.
It embodies, briefly and boldly, a system the originality and
completeness of which may be judged from the following abstract--a
theory in essence similar to, in some respects more consistent
than, that enunciated by Adam Smith generations later:
“The whole world, as to trade, is but one nation or people, and
therein nations are as persons. The loss of a trade with one nation
is not that only, separately considered, but so much of the trade
of the world rescinded and lost, for all is combined together.
There can be no trade unprofitable to the public; for if any prove
so, men leave it off: and, wherever the traders thrive, the public
of which they are a part thrive also. To force men to deal in any
prescribed manner, may profit such as happen to serve them, but the
public gains not, because it is taking from one subject to give to
another. No laws can set prices in trade, the rates of which must
and will make themselves. But when such laws do happen to lay any
hold, it is so much impediment to trade, and therefore prejudicial.
Money is merchandize, whereof there may be a glut, as well as a
scarcity, and that even to an inconvenience. A people cannot want
money to serve the ordinary dealing, and more than enough they will
not have. No man will be the richer for the making much money,
nor any part of it, but as he buys it for an equivalent price....
Exchange and ready money are the same; nothing but carriage and
re-carriage being saved. Money exported in trade is an increase to
the wealth of the nation; but spent in war and payments abroad,
is so much impoverishment....” The tract ends with these weighty
words: “No people ever yet grew rich by policies: but it is peace,
industry, and freedom that bring trade and wealth, and nothing
else.”
The author describes his propositions as “paradoxes, no less
strange to most men than true in themselves.” Their truth may
still be a matter of controversy; their strangeness at the time
at which they appeared is unquestionable. They were rank heresies
against the dominant creed of the day. According to the cardinal
article of that creed--the “balance of trade”--wealth consisted
solely of money: whatever sent the precious metals out of a
country impoverished it: whatever tended to swell the quantity of
bullion in a country added to its riches. Therefore, no trade with
any country was profitable, unless we exported to that country
more value in goods than we imported, receiving the difference
in money, which was considered the measure of our profit. North,
presumably, had his eyes opened to the fallacy of this mercantile
doctrine by the facts of our Levant trade. In the earlier days our
exports to Turkey fully paid for our imports, and in those days
English writers proudly contrasted our position with that of other
nations--the French, Dutch, Italians, Germans--who paid a balance
in cash. It did not occur to them that those nations must have
found it as profitable to pay for what they got in gold and silver
as we did in goods, else they would not have done so: and if they
got their money’s worth for their money, which no doubt they did,
they were quite as well off as the English who, of course, got no
more than the worth of their manufactures. [See Munn’s _Discourse
of Trade_, 1621, in Geo. L. Craik’s _History of British Commerce_,
1844, vol ii. pp. 19-20.] However, before North left Turkey, our
merchants had got into the habit of sending, in addition to goods,
large quantities of specie: in other words, now the “balance of
trade” was against us--and yet our Levant trade never was more
profitable! Here was a paradox to set a sensible man thinking.
But few men can think. Acting upon the established belief, English
public opinion clamoured for the exclusion from the Kingdom of
the products of foreign countries, particularly those of our
traditional rival, France. In one of these paroxysms of popular
frenzy an entire prohibition of French goods was proclaimed by Act
of Parliament (1678). On that occasion, indeed, national hatred
and religious excitement combined to invigorate and envenom the
feelings arising from commercial jealousy, for it was the time
of the ferment about the secret designs of France and Charles,
out of which sprang the wild delusion of the Popish Plot. But
the chief motive of that legislative measure was the prevailing
notion that the country was suffering enormous pecuniary loss in
consequence of our excessive importation of French commodities.
Dudley North’s comments on that notion are refreshing: “trade is
not distributed, as government, by nations and kingdoms; but is
one throughout the whole world, as the main sea, which cannot be
emptied or replenished in one part, but the whole, more or less,
will be affected. So when a nation thinks, by rescinding the trade
of any other country, which was the case of our prohibiting all
commerce with France, they do not lop off that country, but so much
of their trade of the whole world as what that which was prohibited
bore in proportion with all the rest; and so it recoiled a dead
loss of so much general trade upon them. And as to the pretending
a loss by any commerce, the merchant chooses in some respects to
lose, if by that he acquires an accommodation of a profitable trade
in other respects.” [_Life of Francis North, Baron of Guilford_,
1742, p. 168.] No wonder such views were obnoxious to a Government
bent blindly on crushing France, as the Whig Government of 1691
was, and it may be suspected that in choosing that moment for the
publication of his heresies North was actuated quite as much by the
wish to thwart the war policy of his opponents as by the desire to
promote the cause of Truth.
The Act of 1678 had been repealed in the beginning of James II.’s
reign, but immediately after the Revolution all commerce with
France was again barred. The boycott continued through the two wars
of 1689-97 and 1701-12, and the attempt made by the Tories in 1713,
when peace was restored between England and France, to re-open
the trade with the latter country, failed: the merchants took the
alarm, the Whig politicians exploited that alarm, public opinion
was roused, and the Bill was lost. We have heard the same clamour
for breaking off all commercial relations with a rival nation in
our own day--over two hundred years after Dudley North exposed the
egregious folly of such a policy.
INDEX
Adrianople:
Court at, 24, 26, 28, 68;
Finch’s preparations for, 86-8;
entry into, 93-4;
quarters in, 94-5, 172;
foreign diplomats in, 96-7;
the city, 97;
festivities in, 68-9, 105-113, 131;
plague in, 136-7, 138, 139, 156, 163, 174;
departure from, 175-6;
Levant Company and Finch’s visit, App. XIII. 400
Affaire du Sofa, _see_ Soffah
Aga of Pasha of Tunis, 16-20, 85-6, 305, 306
Ahmed Kuprili, Grand Vizir:
character, 12-15, 103, 104, 160, 165, 191-3, 225, 354, App. IV.
385-386;
siege of Candia, 14, 16, 132, 207;
negotiations with Poland, 31, 68;
and Pasha of Tunis, 85, 86, 173-4;
finds quarters for Finch, 95;
Finch’s audience with, 98-103;
Charles II.’s letter to, App. II. 381-382;
and Holy Sepulchre disputes, 117, 118-19, 123, 125, 158;
and Tripoli corsairs, 129, 182;
his intemperance, 132, 164, 165, 169;
and Capitulations, 134, 147, 149, 158, 159, 160, 166, 169-71, 180;
at Finch’s audience with Grand Signor, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146;
and Vani Effendi, 153;
letters to Charles II., 170;
and Genoese Resident, 294;
his death, 191, 192, 193;
Kara Mustafa and, 325 (_note_)
Ak-bonar, 137
Aleppo:
Anglo-French disputes at, 72-3, 188;
customs duties at, 181, 218;
dollars consigned to, 237-243;
Hattisherif, 27, 150;
library at, App. VI. 389;
Pasha of, 237-8
Algiers pirates, 85, 244, 248-9
Allin, Sir Thomas, 85
_Alloy_, the, described, 257-8, 370 (_note_)
Ambassadors:
state kept by, 36, 39-40;
Turkish conception of responsibilities of, 273, 303-4, App. XV.
402-3
American ceremonialism, 200
Anchorage charges, 28
Ancona, 284
_Angel_, the, App. V. 387
Angora, 236
Argostoli, 351
Arlington, Lord, 3, 4-5, 52, 116, 121
Ashby, Mr. John:
the Pizzamano case, 211, 212-13, 214, 215-16, 218, 222, 231;
the Pentlow case, 268, 269, 271-6
_Asper_, 233
Austria attacked, 361, 362;
in Holy League, 364-5
Avanias, 15, 228, 229, 233, 264, 274, 281, 283, 365
Avji, the Hunter, 25, 131, 144, 146.
_See_ Mohammed IV.
Bailo of Venice, the, 20;
and religious disputes, 119, 122, 124, 151;
and Sir John Finch, 185, 189;
Kara Mustafa and, 202, 227-8, 229-30, 281-3, 321, 359
Baines, Sir Thomas, 40-44, 353;
on the Turks, 22-3;
journey to Adrianople, 89, 90, 94;
at Karagatch, 137, 175;
and Vani Effendi, 153, 155-7;
reproves Nointel, 190-91;
pulls strings for Finch, 245;
his sedan chair, 291;
death, 344-5, 347;
burial, 352
Bairam, Feast of the, 20, 216, 222, 316
_Bakshish_, App. IX. 394
_Barat_, 266, 267
_Baratlis_, 266
Barbary corsairs, 83-5, 339-41, 345, 348
Barton, Edward, 119
Belgrade, 39
Bendyshe, Sir Thomas, 26, 120
Berkeley, Earl of, 312, 313
Bocareschi, Count, 133, 155, 156, 163
Books in 17th century, App. VI. 388-9
Bostanji-bashi, 248
_Boza_, 323, 324
Broesses, M. de, 297
Brusa, 236
Busbequius, 8;
quoted, 33
Caboga, Signor, Ambassador of Ragusa, 96, 112, 113, 250, 251
Cadileskers, 140, 142, 303, 306, 315
Caloyers, Greek, 118, 119, 151
“Cambio Marittimo,” 83
Cambridge, 2, 40, 112;
Covel at, 54-55, 369-70, 371-2
Cancellier, Levant Company’s, 51, 142, 144, 145
Candia, siege of, 14, 15, 16, 101, 132
Canizares, 119, 122
Capiji-bashi, 93, 139
Capitan Pasha, 193, 212;
the new, 248, 257, 279, 340, 341, 346
Capitulations, the, 14, 26-31, 98, 100, 293-5;
prepared, 104, 134;
Latin Fathers and, 124-5;
postponements, 147, 149-51;
draft shown, 157, 158, 159;
the signature question, 166-7, App. XI. 396;
signed, 168, 169, 170;
not appreciated, 178-9;
difficulties in execution, 180-81;
Ahmed Kuprili maintains, 180, 193;
Grand Signor and, App. X. 395;
Kara Mustafa and, 223, 244, 249, 270-71;
and cloth trade, 247;
married Franks and, 266-7, 270-71;
Kara Mustafa holds for ransom, 292, 293-6;
silk duty under, 349
Capitulations, the Dutch, 296-8, 300
Carlowitz, Peace of, 365
Carpenter, Mr. William, 51, 142, 144
Catholics, _see_ Roman Catholics
Ceremonialism, diplomatic, 199-200
Chandos, Lord:
appointment, 313-314, 329;
arrival, 335-6, 337;
delivers his letters, 339, 342-3;
silk duty dispute, 348, 349-50, 355-8;
his Audience delayed, 358, 364;
retirement, 364
Chaoush-bashi, 93, 139, 142, 198, 216, 239, 346, 355, 356
Chaplyn, Captain, 18-19, 304, 305, 306
Charles II.:
knights Finch, 2;
Arlington and, 5;
policy of, 9, 15, 359;
and Levant Merchants, 10-11, App. III. 384;
and Grand Duke of Tuscany, 18;
and Rycaut, 53, 367-8;
Treaty of Dover, 69, 71, 121;
and Roman Catholics, 120-121;
letter to Grand Vizir, 99, App. II. 381-2;
letter to Grand Signor, 144, 145-6, App. II. 380-81;
gift of figs to, 170, 179-180, 209, 223;
and Turkish currency, 235;
turns against Louis, 260, 263;
appoints Finch’s successor, 311, 312, 313, 314, 329;
suspends trade with Turkey, 319, 320;
letters borne by Chandos, 337-8, 342;
resumes trade, 348-9
Chios:
Ahmed Kuprili at, 132;
French bombard, 340-41, 346, 359
Christ’s College, Cambridge:
Finch at, 2, 40;
Baines at, 40;
Covel at, 53, 55;
Finch and Baines buried at, 352;
Covel Master of, 369-70
Circassian slave, 184
Circumcision festival, 68, 105-9
Clarendon, Earl of, 121, 367
Cloth trade, English, 27-8, 149-50, 247, App. XII. 397
Coke, Mr. Thomas, Cancellier, 51, 142, 144, 145
Colbert, 50
Collyer, Jakob, 365
Collyer, Justinus, 298, 299-300, 328, 333.
_See_ Dutch Resident
Constantinople:
city described, 24-25, 33-6, 38-9, 44-5;
Finch reaches, 20;
Grand Signor’s dislike of, 24-6, 182;
customs duties, 27;
plague in, 24, 176-7;
religious disputes in, 55-6, 57;
Finch returns to, 176;
Grand Signor at, 182-4, 196, 278
Constantinople Embassy:
Finch’s aversion to, 4, 5;
Finch accepts, 1, 5, 11;
appointments to, App. III. 383-4;
character of post, 7-11;
chaplaincy, 54 (_see_ Covel);
candidates for, 311-14
Constantinople factory and Pentlow case, 274
Conway, Anne, Viscountess, 3
Conway, Lord, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 22, 44, 245
Cordeliers, Spanish, 119, 122-7, 138, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286
Corsairs:
and Porte, 16-17, 84-5, 340-41, App. XV. 402-3;
and English ships, 16-17, 83, 85, App. V. 387, App. XV. 402-403
Counterfeit coin, 76-7, 82, 234-7, App. I. 379
Covel, Rev. John:
Constantinople chaplain, 53-7, 66, 89;
journey to Adrianople, 90, 91;
on Adrianople quarters, 91, 94, 97, 98;
on Ahmed Kuprili, 102;
during festivities, 111-13, 250;
and religious controversy, 122, 125-6;
on Turkish Court, 131, 132;
and Bocareschi, 133;
at Karagatch, 137, 148;
at Grand Signor’s Audience, 142, 143, 144, 145;
on Vani Effendi, 154;
return to Constantinople, 176;
in Grand Signor’s camp, 182-3;
leaves Constantinople, 287-8;
later career, 368-72
Crete, war in, 14, 118
Crim Tartar, 253
Cromwell, Oliver, 10, 15, 120
Crow, Sir Sackville, 10, 26, App. III. 384
Currency, Turkish, 233-6
Customer, Chief, _see_ Hussein Aga
Customs-duties, 26-8, 349-50, 355-9
Cypress trees, 36
Deereham, Sir Richard, 313
Dey of Tripoli, 83, 84, 129, 182
_Dishe parassi_, 91, App. IX. 394
Divan, 139-40
Dositheos, 119, 125-6
Dover, Treaty of, 69, 71, 121
Dragoman of the Porte, _see_ Mavrocordato, Dr.
Dragomans, 46-50, 204, 266, 267;
Finch’s, 50-51, 86-7, 94-5, 164, 175-6, 186-7, 203-4, 272, 315,
330.
_See_ Draperys _and_ Perone
Draperys, Signor Giorgio, 50-51, 89, 94, 95, 141, 144, 145-6, 164,
186-7, 188
Drink, excess in, fashionable, 60, App. VIII. 392-3
Druggermen, _see_ Dragomans
Duquesne, Admiral, 340-41, 345, 346, 348, 359-60
Dutch:
Kara Mustafa and, 202, 228, 296-8, 300, 359;
married, 267;
rivalry with English, 28, 237, 238, 240, 242, 247
Dutch Cancellier, 294
Dutch Capitulations, 296-8, 300
Dutch Resident, 31, 160-161;
Kara Mustafa and, 202, 228, 298, 300;
Finch’s quarrels with, 299-300, 327, 332-3
Elizabethan relations with Turks, 8, 30, 46, 326-7;
with Greeks, 119
English:
Dutch and, 28, 237, 238, 240, 242, 247;
French and, 71-72, 73-6, 80-82, 261-2, 262-3;
Greeks and, 119;
Turks and, 16-17, 100-101, 224, 231-2, 236-7
English, custom-house privileges of, 246-8
English merchants, 36-9;
married, 267, 269, App. XIV. 401;
Turkish justice and, 28-30, 63, 157-8, 223-4, 231-2, 274, 307-8
English renegades, 29-30, 149, 157-8
English shipping:
pirates and, 16-17, 83, 85, App. V. 387, App. XV. 402-3;
Turks requisition, 15, 127-9
Eyre, Sir John, 10
False coin, manufacture of, 76-7, 82, 234-7
Festivities at Adrianople, 68, 105-113, 131
Finch, Sir Heneage (father), 1
Finch, Sir Heneage (brother), 1, 2, 3, 288.
_See_ Nottingham, Earl of
Finch, Heneage (cousin), 4.
_See_ Winchilsea, Earl of
Finch, Heneage (nephew), 2
Finch, Sir John (Baron), 1
Finch, Sir John, Ambassador at Constantinople:
family, 1-2, 4;
early career, 2-3;
knighted, 2;
in Italy, 2, 3-5;
appointed Ambassador to the Porte, 1, 5, 11;
character of post, 7-11;
his instructions, 9, App. I. 377-379;
credentials, App. II. 380-382;
the case of the Pasha of Tunis, 16-20, 85-6;
landing at Smyrna, 19-20, 22, 71;
arrival at Constantinople, 20;
audience of the Kaimakam, 20-21, 30-31;
the new Capitulations, 26-31;
life in Constantinople, 36-41, 43-5;
devotion to Baines, 40-44, 353;
Dragomans, 50-51;
colleagues and friends, 51-67;
delays presenting credentials, 69, 88, 165, 173;
Anglo-French difficulties, 69-77;
relations with Nointel, 69, 78-82;
the Tripoli corsairs, 83-5, 102, 129, 181-2;
claims of the Pasha of Tunis, 85-6, 173-4, 244, 300;
preparations for journey, 69, 86-8;
journey to Adrianople, 89-93, App. XIII. 400;
enters city, 93-4, 172;
his quarters, 94-5, 97-8, 172;
and other diplomats, 96-7;
audience of Grand Vizir, 98-103;
preparing the Capitulations, 104, 115, 134;
at festivities, 110, 134;
dispute between Greek and Latin Fathers, 116, 119, 122-6, 150-152,
158-9;
requisitioning of English ship, 127-30;
winning favour at Court, 131-4;
Capitulations promised, 134, 138;
audience of Grand Signor, 136, 139-46, 172;
Capitulations delayed, 147-8, 149-53, 157-9;
the bribery system, 159-162;
further delays, 162-8;
Capitulations signed and delivered, 168-73, 174, App. XI. 396;
return to Constantinople, 175-6;
Levant Company’s ingratitude, 178-80;
Capitulations upheld, 180-81;
Tripoli corsairs punished, 181-2;
Grand Signor at Constantinople, 182-4;
quarrel with Genoese Resident, 185-8;
difference with Nointel, 188-190;
death of Ahmed Kuprili, 191-3
Kara Mustafa, 194-5, 196-7, 207, 225-6;
the Soffah affair, 198-201, 202, 203-5, 207-8, 249;
diplomatic illness, 201-3, 210;
negotiations for an audience, 203-5, 207-8, 209-10, 216-19;
the Ashby case, 211-216, 218, 222, 227, 232;
audience of Kara Mustafa, 222-5;
on Kara Mustafa’s extortions, 227-30, 256;
the Aleppo dollars case, 237-43;
troubles to come, 244-245;
friendly Turkish dignitaries, 246-9, 326, 330;
on Kara Mustafa and Ambassadors, 250-255;
Greek and Latin Fathers again, 254-5;
description of the _Alloy_, 256-9;
Anglo-French disagreement, 260-62;
compact with Nointel, 262-3;
on Vizir’s return, 264-5;
the Pentlow case, 268-77;
on Court affairs, 278-84;
colleagues leave Turkey, 287-8;
contract with Levant Company expires, 288;
standing with Turks, 290-92;
the Smyrna Jew’s case, 293-5;
Kara Mustafa holds Capitulations for ransom, 295-6, 343;
quarrels with Dutch Resident, 299-300, 327-9, 332-4;
revival of case of Pasha of Tunis, 301, 302-10;
Finch stands firm, 308-10;
proceedings suspended, 310-11, 314, 329, 330-31, 335, 336, 337;
his successor appointed, 311-14, 329;
breach with Kara Mustafa, 314-20;
on the Kehayah’s execution, 322-6, 327, 329;
Kara Mustafa’s temporary friendliness, 330-31;
awaiting Chandos, 335, 336, 337, 342;
on trouble between France and Turkey, 342, 345-7;
the Pasha of Tunis defeated, 343;
death of Baines, 344-5, 347;
departure from Turkey, 347-8, 350;
the voyage home, 350-52;
death and burial, 352
Fireworks, Turkish, 107-8
Florence, Finch at, 3, 4, 5, 7, 18, 19, 33, 40
France:
England and, 69, 71, 121;
war with, 375, App. XVI. 406-7;
Germany and, 31, 170, 171, 361;
Spain and, 171
Turkey and, 15, 118;
crisis between, 339-342, 345, 348, 359, 361
France, King of, styled _Padishah_, 30
Franceschi, Domenico, 16, 17, 18
Franks:
marriages of, 266-7, App. XIV. 401;
Turks and, 11-12, 14-15, 17, 65-6, 335, 359, 360-361, 365
French:
against Turks in Crete, 15, 118;
and interpreter problem, 49-50;
ceremonialism, 200;
married factors, 267, 286;
rivalry and disputes with English, 69-70, 71-6, 80-82, 203, 206,
224, 238, 247;
war on Tripoli pirates, 339-41, 345, 348, 359
Galata, 35, 186, 266, App. XIV. 401
Genoa, 18, 234, 283
Genoese Resident, 185-8, 202, 228-9, 283, 286, 294, 321
German Emperor’s Resident, 31, 96.
_See_ Kindsberg
German Internuncio, 263-4, 280
Germany:
France and, 31, 170, 171, 361;
supports Latin Fathers, 117
Glover, Sir Thomas, 119
Golden Horn, the, 35
_Goodwill_, the, App. V. 387
Grand Signor, 8, 15, 35;
and vassal corsairs, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340-41.
_See_ Mohammed IV.
Grand Vizirs, 12, 103-4, 293.
_See_ Ahmed Kuprili, Kara Mustafa, Mohammed Kuprili
Greek and Latin Churches, feud between, 55-6, 57, 116-19, 120,
122-7, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286
Greek Patriarchs, 55-6, 122
Greeks, English and, 119
Guilds, processions of, 105, 106, 257, 259
Guilleragues, M. de:
the Soffah question, 285-7, 321, 326, 334-5, 342, 346-7;
and bombardment of Chios, 340, 341-2, 346-7, 360
Gunning, Lady, 373
Haghen, Cornelius, 300
_Haratch_, 266, 267
Harem intrigues, 103, 324, 326-7
Harvey, Sir Daniel, 1, 4, 8, 17, 26, 177;
and pirates, 17, 85;
and Nointel, 70;
and Catholics, 121-2;
and false coin, 235, 236;
Grand Signor and, 146, App. X. 395;
Ahmed Kuprili and, App. IV. 386;
Kara Mustafa and, 207
Hasnadar, 161, 212, 215, 216, 222
Hattisherif, Aleppo, 27, 150
Hedges and Palmer, Messrs., 61-2
Hoffmann, German Internuncio, 263-4, 280
_Hoggiet_, 293, 305
Holland, Resident of, _see_ Dutch Resident
Holy League, 365
Holy Roman Empire, 280
Holy Sepulchre disputes, 116-19, 122-7, 158-9, 254-5, 286
_Hunter_, the, 74, 81, 183
Hunter, the (Mohammed IV.), 25
Hussein Aga, Chief Customer, 134, 180-81;
friendly to Finch, 210, 246-8, 319, 320, 326;
and Ashby case, 214, 215-16;
and Aleppo dollars, 239, 241, 242;
and Pentlow case, 366
Hyet, Mr., 95, 142, 144, 356
Ibrahim, Sultan, 25
Imperial Resident, _see_ Kindsberg _and_ Sattler
Interpreters, 21, 30-31, 47-8, 49-50
Italy, Finch in, 2, 3, 33
James II., 369, App. XV. 402-3
Janissaries, 91, 136, 139, 141, 256, 257, 258
Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 315, 316
Jersey, Earl of, 366
_Jerusalem_, the, App. XV. 402
Jerusalem:
Holy Sepulchre disputes, 116-19, 122-7, 151, 158-9, 254-5, 286;
Patriarch, 119, 125;
Nointel at, 151
Jesuits, 120
Jew, Kara Mustafa’s, 296, 298, 343, 366
Jew of Smyrna, case of, 292-3, 296
Jewish quarter, Adrianople, 94, 98
_Kaftans_, 20, 100, 102-3, 169, 197, 217, 219, 248
Kaimakam, 19-20, 30-31, 88
Karagatch, 137, 139, 148, 175
Kara Mustafa, 152, 193-5, 196, 230-231, 284-5;
motives of his extortions, 230-31
Ambassadors and Residents, 196-197, 202
Dutch, 202, 228, 229, 297-8, 300, 332-3, 359
English:
Finch:
diplomatic illness, 201-3, 210;
negotiations for audience, 203-8, 209-10, 216-19, 221-2;
the Ashby case, 212, 213, 216, 217-18, 219, 222, 231-2;
audience with, 222-5;
Aleppo dollars case, 238-44;
the Pentlow case, 286-76;
Capitulations held for ransom, 293-6, 343;
the Pasha of Tunis, 302-10, 314-20
Chandos:
and Charles II.’s letters, 337-8, 342-3;
silk duty case, 349-50, 355-9
French:
Nointel, 197-9, 200, 201, 207, 208-9, 226;
Guilleragues, 286-7, 334-5, 341, 342, 346-7, 360-61
Genoese, 202, 228-9, 283, 321
German, 228, 264, 280, 279, 280-81
Polish, 251-4, 255, 259-60, 279
Ragusan, 228, 230, 250-51, 284
Russian, 255, 256, 279-80
Venetian, 202, 227-8, 229-30, 279, 281-3, 321, 359
the Soffah affair, 198-9, 203, 207 208, 286, 290, 334-5, 341, 342,
343, 346-7;
and Capitulations, 223, 244, 293-6, 343;
extortions from Turks, 230, 256;
the Russian war, 257, 258, 265, 361;
and married Franks, 267, 270;
his Kehayah executed, 323-5, 326, 327, 329;
attacks Austria, 361-2;
defeated, 363-4;
executed, 364
Kehayah, Ahmed Kuprili’s (Soliman), 86, 104;
Finch interviews, 114, 115, 116, 125;
and requisitioning of English ship, 127-8;
and delayed Capitulations, 134, 138, 147, 150, 158, 166-7, 174;
and title of Padishah, 150, 159, 160-161, 173;
and customs dues, 180-181;
and Tripoli corsairs, 182;
and Ahmed’s death, 191;
becomes Master of the Horse, 195, 323, 324, 331-2;
Kara Mustafa and, 323, 324, 326, 331;
sent to Mecca, 332;
becomes Vizir, 365
Kehayah, Kara Mustafa’s, 197;
refuses Finch’s Bairamlik, 216-217;
and Aleppo dollars, 239, 241;
and Polish Ambassador, 254;
and Pentlow case, 272, 273, 276;
threatens tax on Ambassadors, 283;
and case of Pasha of Tunis, 218, 306, 307, 315, 316, 317-18, 319;
executed, 320-25
his successor, 355, 356
Kindsberg, Count, German Emperor’s Resident, 31, 96-7, 133;
Kara Mustafa and, 228, 263, 279, 280;
death of, 264, 280-81
Kislar Aga, 103, 319, 323-4, 326
Knatchbull, Major, 313
_Konaks_, 90
Kuchuk Chekmejé, 90
La Croix, M. de, 96, 97
Landed and trading classes, 58-9, App. VII. 390
Latin and Greek Churches, feud between, 55-6, 57, 116-19, 120,
122-7, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286
Lawson, Sir John, 85
Lello, Henry, 119
Leopold, Emperor, 362
Leopold, Prince, 3
Leslie, Walter, 96
Levant, luxuries of the, 37-9
Levant Company, 7;
Charter of, 10, App. III. 383-4;
and Ambassador’s appointment, 7, 10-11, App. III. 383-4;
instructions to officers by, App. VI. 388-9;
trade of, App. XII. 397-8;
and Pasha of Tunis, 17-18;
opposes credit system, 178, App. XII. 397-9;
forbids _temeens_, 235, 236-7, 238;
imports Lion dollars, 237;
false economy of, 238, 243;
and Pentlow case, 270-71;
and suspension of trade with Turkey, 319-20, 337-8;
forced to resume trade, 348-9
Finch and, 9, 11, 178-9, 288, 311
Treasurer of, _see_ North
Levantine Families, 267, App. XIV. 401
Libraries, 17th century, App. VI. 388-9
Lion dollars, 233, 235, 236, 237-43
Lorraine, Duke of, 262, 263
Louis XIV.:
Charles II. and, 69, 71, 260, 263;
and Soffah, 334;
and Barbary pirates, 339, 342, 359;
and Turkish campaign against Austria, 361, 362
Lucaris, Cyril, 119-120
_Luigini_, 233-6
Mahomet Kuprili, _see_ Mohammed Kuprili
Majorca corsairs, 72
Malta, Finch at, 19
Marriages of Franks, 267, App. XIV. 401
_Mary and Martha_, the, 183
Matthewes, Sir Phi., 313
Mavrocordato, Dr., Dragoman of the Porte, 100, 140, 143, 144, 164,
168, 198, 217, 239, 300
_Mediterranean_, the, 16, 17, 18, 304, 306
Meletios, 119
Merchants trading into Levant Seas, _see_ Levant Company
Mohammed IV., Grand Signor, 24, 25, 105-6;
and hunting, 25, 259;
dislike of Constantinople, 24-6, 182;
and Capitulations, 27, 166-8, 169;
forbids tobacco, 63;
at his festivities, 68-9, 87, 105-6;
requisitions English ship, 127-8;
prohibits intoxicants, 131, 148, 153, 322, 324;
flees plague, 137;
Finch’s audience with, 138, 140, 143-6;
and Vani Effendi, 153-4;
signature to Capitulations, 166-8, 169;
letters to Charles II., 170;
in Constantinople, 182-3;
leaves Constantinople, 191;
and death of Ahmed Kuprili, 192, 231;
returns to Constantinople, 196;
demands on Kara Mustafa, 231;
in Silistria, 251;
his _Alloy_, 257-258;
fills Seraglio, 278;
returns to Adrianople, 317, 318;
executes Kehayah, 322-3, 324, 325;
and Soliman, 331;
Charles II.’s letters to, 337-8, App. II. 380-381;
and corsairs, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340;
and Guilleragues, 346;
reign ends, 365
Mohammed Kuprili, 12, 13, 225, App. IV. 385-6
Moldavia, Prince of, 51, 256, 284
Money, Turkish, 233-6
More, Henry, 352
Morosini, Signor, 185, 282.
_See_ Bailo of Venice
Mufti, the, 105, 132, 149, 152, 158, 269, 357
Muhurdar, 166, 168
Munden, Sir Richard, 261
Murad III., 26
Muscovy:
campaign against, 32, 257, 258, 265, 361;
Embassy from, 255-6, 259-60, 279-80
Mustafa Pasha, 152.
_See_ Kara Mustafa
Muteferrika, 133, 134
_Naculs_, 110
Narbrough, Admiral Sir John, 129, 181-2, 244, 248-9
Neale, Mr. Thomas, 313
Nicholas, Secretary, 121
Nicusi, Panayoti, 117, 118
Nimeguen, Treaty of, 263
Nishanji-bashi, 140, 141, 142, 159
Nointel, Marquis de, 69;
and Smyrna disturbance, 72, 73;
Rycaut and, 73-5, 77, 82;
Finch’s interview with, 78-82;
at Adrianople, 95;
and religious disputes, 117, 118, 122, 123, 151, 152;
Ahmed Kuprili and, 165;
quarrel with Finch, and reconciliation, 188-91;
Kara Mustafa and, 197-9, 200, 201, 207, 208-9, 227, 229;
the Soffah question, 198-201, 206, 207, 208-9;
Anglo-French compact with Finch, 262-3;
leaves Turkey, 287
North, Hon. Dudley:
early career, and character, 57-67;
economic genius, 67, 373-4, App. XVI. 404-6;
and journey to Adrianople, 87, 90, 94, 95;
at festivities, 106, 110-11, 113-14;
and religious disputes, 124;
during plague, 137-8;
at Grand Signor’s audience, 142, 144-5;
and Capitulations negotiations, 157, 160, 161, 167-8;
leaving Adrianople, 175;
on Ashby case, 211, 232;
and Kara Mustafa, 226;
and Aleppo dollars, 239, 242, 243;
Hussein Aga and, 248;
in Adrianople, 272;
leaves Turkey, 287;
a candidate for Embassy, 312-13;
resumes trade too soon, 348;
political career, 372-5;
trial, 374-5;
pamphlet by, App. XVI. 404-6;
back in Turkey trade, 375;
farming, 375;
death, 376
North, Lady Dudley, 373
North, Montagu, 62, 287, 356
Nottingham, Earl of, 2, App. VII. 390
_Ottavi_, 233-6
_Oxford_, the, 336, 337, 347, 348
_Padishah_, the title of, 30-31, 145, 150, 159, 160, 172-3
Padua, Finch at, 2, 40, 168
Pagett, Lord, 365, 366-7
Palatine of Kulm, 251-3, 254, 255
Palmer, Mr., 61-2
Panayotaki, 117-18
Parker, Captain, 75
Pasha of Aleppo, 237-8, 243
Pasha of Tunis, 16-20, 85-7, 173-4, 218, 244, 248;
his Vakil, 218;
his case revived, 301-11, 314-17, 329, 330, 335, 337;
Chandos defeats, 343
Pashas and Pashaliks, 91
Patriarch of Constantinople, 122
Patriarch of Jerusalem, 119, 125
Pay day of troops, 136, 140-141
Pentlow case, 268-76, 365, 366-7
Pera, 35, 38, 162, 165, 176, 267, 335;
illicit still at, 186
Perone, Signor Antonio, 51, 86-7, 88, 92, 94-5, 164, 166-7, 272
Peskeshji-bashi, 139, 141
Pickering, Dr., 142
Pirates:
and English shipping, 16-17, 72-3, 83, 85, App. V. 387, App. XV.
402-3;
French and, 72-3, 339-41, 345, 348, 359;
the Porte and, 16-17, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340-41, App. XV.
402-3
Pisa, Finch at, 2
Pizzamano, Signor, 211, 212, 214-15, 216, 222
Plague, 39;
in Adrianople, 136-7, 138, 156, 163, 168, 174, 175-6;
in Constantinople, 39, 176-7;
in Karagatch, 148;
Ambassadors die of, 252-3, 264
Podolia, 254
Poland:
Turkey and, 14, 31, 32, 68;
peace negotiations, 210, 251-3, 254, 264;
and Holy Sepulchre, 254;
announces truce with Muscovites, 279;
and Turkish overthrow, 363-4;
in Holy League, 365
Polish Ambassador, Kara Mustafa and, 251-4, 255, 259-60, 279
Pope and Turks, 284
Popish Plot, 372, App. XVI. 406
Prince, the Turkish, 108-9, 258
Puntiglio, Finch and, 20, 30-31, 78, 80, 87, 88, 95-6, 188-9, 199,
200, 203-4, 210, 217, 219, 299, 326, 327-9
Queen Regent, 324, 326
Ragusa, Ambassador of:
at Adrianople, 96, 112, 113;
Kara Mustafa and, 228, 230, 250-51, 284
Rais Effendi, 104;
and Capitulations, 114, 134, 147, 149, 157, 159, 166, 167, 172,
173, 174;
and audience with Kara Mustafa, 204-5;
and Kara Mustafa’s extortions, 229, 230;
and Palatine of Kulm, 254;
and Pasha of Tunis case, 302, 306, 330-31, 336
_Rayahs_, 266, 267, App. XIV. 401
Renegades, 29-30, 107, 149, 157-8, 212
Residents and Ambassadors, 205-6
Roe, Sir Thomas, 120, 220-21, 285 (_note_)
Roman Catholics:
in England, 119, 120, 121, 126;
in Turkey, 48-9, 120, 121;
Charles II. and, 120-121
Russia:
Turco-Polish campaign against, 32;
Kara Mustafa attacks, 255-60, 264, 361;
peace negotiations, 279-80;
in Holy League, 361
Rycaut, Sir Paul, 51-3, 66;
and Anglo-French disputes, 71, 73-75, 77, 82, 261;
and Turks, 133 (_note_), 290;
on Ahmed Kuprili, App. IV. 386;
and Ashby case, 211-12;
and coining, 236;
and Pentlow case, 271, 273, 276;
leaves Turkey, 287;
desires Constantinople Embassy, 312, 313;
subsequent career, 367-8
St. Demetrius Hill, 177, 264
St. Gothard, battle of, 14
St. John, Mrs., 366, 367
Sattler, Imperial Resident, 263, 264, 280
Scanderoon, 72, 218
Scutari, 36
Sedan chairs, Turks and, 291
Selivria, 91, 191
Seraglio, Grand Signor’s, 35, 182, 278;
intrigues in, 103, 324, 326-7
Seven Towers, 208, 228, 282, 298, 317, 346
Silk duty dispute, 349-50, 355-9
Smith, Mr. Gabriel, 268, 269, 271, 272-6
Smith, Dr. Thomas, 54
Smyrna:
Finch lands at, 19, 20, 71-2;
Anglo-French disputes at, 71-2, 73-6, 80-82, 261-2;
library at, App. VI. 389;
life in, 38-9;
North at, 59-60
Smyrna factory, 20, 27, 38-9, 60, 165-6;
and Ashby case, 213, 218;
and Pentlow case, 274, 276
Smyrna figs, 170, 179-80, 209, 223
Smyrna Jew, case of, 292-3, 296
Smyrna wine, App. VIII. 392-3
Sobieski, King of Poland, 32, 279, 363, 364
Soffah, the, 98-9;
Nointel and, 198-201, 206, 207, 208-9;
Finch and, 201-208, 209, 249, 290;
Guilleragues and, 285-7, 321, 326, 334-5, 342, 346-7;
Chandos and, 343
Soliman, _see_ Kehayah, Ahmed Kuprili’s
Spain:
France and, 171;
Turkey and, 8, 117, 119
Spanish Cordeliers, 119, 122-7, 138, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286
Spinola, Signor, 185-8, 228-9, 294, 321.
_See_ Genoese Resident
“Sporca,” Sultana, 184
Spragge, Sir Edward, 85
Stamboli Effendi, 213, 214, 215, 216
Stambul described, 35;
Grand Signor and, 24
Sultan, _see_ Mohammed IV.
Sultana “Sporca,” 184
Sunderland, Earl of, 315
_Sweepstakes_, the, 72
Tangier, 9
Tartar Han, 253
“Teeth money,” 91, App. IX. 394
Tefterdar, 138, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150, 157, 239
_Temeens_, 233-6
Terlingo, German Internuncio, 280
Thynne, Sir Thomas, 313
Tobacco forbidden, 63
Tories and Whigs, 372, 374, App. XVI. 407
Trading and landed classes, 58-9, App. VII. 390-391
Travellers, fear of, 91-2
Treaty of Dover, 69, 71, 121
Treaty of Nimeguen, 263
Tripoli corsairs:
English and, 16, 83-5, 86, 102, 129, 181-2;
French and, 339-41, 346;
the Porte and, 16-17, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340-41
Tunis, Pasha of, _see_ Pasha of Tunis
Turkey, 6, 8, 12;
cheap and luxurious living in, 37-8;
oppression in, 11-12, 38, 290-291;
plague in, 39
Turkey:
Austria and, 361, 362;
England and, 16-17, 100-101;
France and, 15, 118, 339-42, 345, 348, 359, 361;
Poland and, 14, 31, 32, 68, 251-4, 264, 363-364;
Russia and, 32, 255-6, 264, 279-80, 361;
Spain and, 8, 117, 119;
Venice and, 8, 14, 15-16, 281-3, 286
Turks:
and European envoys, 205-206, 220-21, 303-4, App. XV. 402-3;
tyranny of, 11-12, 38, 290-91;
Baines on, 22-3;
and Finch, 19-20, 291;
North’s popularity with, 63-6
Tuscany:
Finch in, 2,3;
coining in, 234
Tuscany, Grand Duke of:
Finch and, 3, 16, 19;
and pirates, 16, 18, 19
Ukrania surrendered, 253
Vani Effendi, Sheikh, 153-7
Vasvar, Peace of, 14
Venetian Ambassador, _see_ Bailo of Venice
Venetians:
and Aleppo dollars, 238;
affray between Turks and, 359
Venice:
and Turkey, 8, 14, 15-16, 281-3, 286;
in Holy League, 364-5
Vienna, siege of, 362-4, 366
Wallachia, Prince of, 256
Wedding festivities, 68, 109-110
Whigs and Tories, 372, 374, App. XVI. 407
William of Orange, Covel and, 369-70
William, Prince of Furstenberg, 170-171
Winchilsea, Earl of, 4, 8-9;
on Ahmed Kuprili, 13, App. IV. 386;
on Constantinople, 34;
Rycaut and, 52, 312;
his Dragoman, 51;
and Capitulations, 26, 98, 167;
and pirates, 85, App. V. 387;
and Jerusalem Fathers, 120, 121, 124-5;
during plague, 177
Wych, Sir Peter, 120
Zechrin, 256, 264
THE END
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.