MODERN MEN AND METHODS.
But the manufacture of tiles, though economically the most important
part of Minton’s work, ought not to distract attention from that great
artistic development of his school, which gave us from 1855-1885 the
halcyon days of the English china trade. With this period the names of
Minton, Ridgway, Brown Westhead and Brownfield are chiefly associated,
while such old firms as Copelands and Wedgwoods acquired fresh lustre.
John Ridgway of Cauldon Place is reputed to have produced the best china
at the 1851 exhibition, and when he died in 1860 the Cauldon Place Works
were bought by Messrs T. C. Brown Westhead, Moore and Co., who have
continued to this day to produce the china for which Cauldon Place has
always been renowned. William Ridgway, the brother of John, had half a
dozen factories in Hanley—George Taylor’s, Elijah Mayer’s, Toft and
May’s, D. Wilson’s, Hicks’, Meigh and Johnson’s, besides the old Bell
Works, and made both earthenware and china.[200] His son Edward John
Ridgway built their present Bedford Works in Hanley, where this family
still produce china, as well as “Granite” and printed ware for the
American trade.
Nor must the name of William Brownfield of Cobridge be omitted from any
account of the prosperous days of the china trade. This firm, which has
now closed down, made trial recently of a profit-sharing scheme, which
deserved well of the community. Unfortunately it fell upon the bad times
near the end of the last century and was discontinued.
The success of Minton in majolica, tiles and porcelain led the Wedgwoods
at Etruria to depart so far from their special black basalt and jasper
as to take up similar lines of manufacture. Their brown majolica glaze,
known as “rockingham,” perhaps the most permanently successful form of
majolica, was introduced about 1860.[201] (This “rockingham” glaze
had been first employed about 1796 near Rotherham on the Marquis of
Rockingham’s estate in Yorkshire.)[202] Then, in 1872, they began again
to make porcelain, and this time with great success. A Wedgwood china
dinner service of 1296 pieces was selected by President Roosevelt for
the White House in open competition with the whole world. From 1880 till
1902 Wedgwoods also made encaustic and white-glazed tiles, though without
any financial success. This firm now employs about 700 people, and is
carried on by Messrs Lawrence, Cecil and Francis Hamilton Wedgwood, the
great-grandson and great-great-grandsons of Josiah Wedgwood, making
altogether eight generations of master-potters from father to son,
probably a unique example in any industry.
While Mintons, Copelands and Wedgwoods were producing the most costly
porcelain, the trade in the commoner china had centred more and more at
the Longton end of the Potteries. Charles J. Mason with his “ironstone
china” at Fenton between 1820 and 1850 was the precursor of this trade,
and it was on this export trade that Longton grew so rapidly throughout
the 19th century. The manufacture of cheap “jet” and “rockingham” has
become of recent years an important branch of manufacture at this Longton
end, and very opportunely, for the cheap china trade has suffered more
than any other from the German and Dutch competition. Messrs Wileman’s
factory at the Foley, now owned by Mr Percy Shelley, is the most
important, but the Longton china trade generally is in the hands of small
men. A great part of this china trade was formerly with America, and,
apart from ornamental potting, it has always been the solid American
trade which has made the fortunes of the Staffordshire potters. In the
forties the chief exporters of earthenware to America were Enoch Wood of
Fountain Place, and Samuel Alcock of the Hill Top Works, both in Burslem.
Samuel Alcock had several factories in Burslem, and deserves mention
for his “Parian” figures, but his great trade was in plain white and
cream colour with the United States.[203] Alcock’s old Hill Top Works,
where John Mitchell once used to entertain Wesley, belong now to Samuel
Johnson, noted for his tea-pots.
The close of the American war, 1865, saw the rise of another potting firm
destined to grow to importance in the American trade. This was the firm
of James and George Meakin. They were the sons of James Meakin, who had
been a small master-potter in Hanley, and they produced an uniform hard
white earthenware called “granite”—serviceable, plain and cheap. James
Meakin, a man of great business capacity, financed and gradually came to
control a large proportion of the American buyers, and all through the
seventies this firm almost monopolized the trade of the United States
in cheap earthenware. James Meakin bought Darlaston Hall, and died in
1885. His “Eagle Works” at Hanley are now carried on by his sons Kenneth
and Bernard and by his nephew George Meakin of Cresswell Hall. Alfred
Meakin started a similar manufacture at the Victoria and Albert Works in
Tunstall in 1874, now taken over by Johnson Bros. These Johnsons, too,
nephews of James Meakin, began soon after 1880 to rival the Eagle Works
in the production of “granite” and plain printed ware. They have now
no less than five factories in Hanley, Tunstall and Burslem specially
equipped for this trade. The fourth of the firms known as “The Big
American Four” (now reduced to three) is that of W. H. Grindley, who
began in 1887 to make “granite” at Wood and Challenor’s old Woodland
Works in Tunstall. His new factory at Brownhills is said to afford the
best example of up-to-date economical manufacture, and stands out in
striking contrast to most of the older “artistic” works. Another factory
which owes its reputation to strict specialization and the latest
economical machinery is that of Samuel Gibson, in the Moorland Road, at
Burslem. Here five hundred men and girls make tea-pots for the world—only
tea-pots—in jet and brown and rockingham.
James Meakin, Master Potter of Hanley, d. 1855.
|
+-Sarah. = Robert Johnson d. _c._ 1910
| |
| +-Henry Johnson. }
| | }
| +-Robert Johnson. } Master Potters of Hanley—“Johnson Bros.”
| | }
| +-Fred. Johnson. }
|
+-James Meakin of Darlaston, Master Potter of the Eagle Works.
| | (1833-1885) = Emily, dᵃ of Ed. J. Ridgway, Master Potter of the
| | Bedford Works, Hanley.
| |
| +-Kenneth Meakin, Master Potter.
| |
| +-Bernard Meakin of the Eagle Works.
|
+-George Meakin, Master Potter of the Eagle Works. d. 1891
| |
| +-George Elliot Meakin, Master Potter of the Eagle Works. b. _c._
| 1865
|
+-William Meakin, Master Potter of the Eagle Works, Hanley. d. 1889
| |
| +-Susan = Edward Akroyd Ridgway, Master Potter of Bedford Works,
| Hanley.
|
+-Charles Meakin, Master Potter of Joiners Square.
|
+-Alfred Meakin, Master Potter of the Victoria and Albert Works,
| Tunstall. d. 1904
|
+-[symbol indicating ‘had issue’]
The china trade and the American “granite” trade had their best days from
1870 to 1876. No doubt the general expansion of trade and the temporary
absence of foreign competition were the chief factors in producing this
prosperity. But a great deal was due to the increased use of steam power
and the introduction of automatic machinery, and also to the institution
of the Potteries Board of Conciliation and Arbitration.
The clay filter press, with its steam slip-pumps—patented by Needham and
Kite in 1856—had replaced the old method of evaporating the moisture out
of the clay slip; and during the seventies a mechanical steam-driven
“blunger” and a similar “pug-mill” did away with the old laborious
“blunging” and “wedging” in the preparation of the clay body. Then that
form of the thrower’s wheel, known as the plate “jigger”—which revolved
the flat plate moulds—came to be driven by steam instead of by a boy at
the wheel handle; and instead of the skilled hand of the flat-presser, a
mechanical “form” or “jolly” was used to press the “bat” on to the mould,
and give the plate the right contour and thickness.[204]
Such machines for making plates had been invented as long ago as 1845,
but for twenty years the objections of the workmen and practical
imperfections had postponed their introduction. The “form” used to be
applied by hand, and the plates consequently varied in thickness, and it
required great skill on the part of the presser to make them properly.
The machine, on the other hand, made every plate exactly alike, and made
them ten times as quickly as the old hand process. This machine did away
with the work of the old skilled “flat-pressers,” and was in general use
by 1870. A similar machine, with a somewhat more complicated “jolly,”
or “form,” made hollow-ware, such as basins and cups, or even bellied
ware, such as ewers or chamber-pots. These came into use gradually from
1870 onwards, and replaced much of the work of hollow-ware pressers and
throwers. Then in the eighties came a machine for flattening out those
bats of clay which were to be pressed on to the “jigger” moulds and
“jollied” into flat or hollow ware.[205] About the same time, too, the
steam drive came to be used for turning the thrower’s wheel and for the
turner’s lathe—fitted with various devices for controlling the speed of
revolution. The manufacture of potters’ machinery is now a considerable
industry, and, thanks to the energy and inventive readiness of Messrs
Boulton of Burslem, this industry also is centred in the Staffordshire
Potteries, and has as wide a range of markets as the Staffordshire pots
themselves.
The introduction of all these labour-saving appliances was facilitated
by the co-operation of masters and men on an arbitration board. A Trades
Union—the fourth—had been reconstituted in 1863 from a few surviving
branches of the old Union. They started a fresh newspaper, “The
Potteries Examiner,” under the able management of the new Leader, William
Owen, the nephew of Robert Owen, the Socialist. By 1865 they were strong
enough to strike against that good old trade custom—the annual hiring.
The oven-men’s Union, always the most determined branch of the Potters
Trades Unions, refused to give up the fight when the other trades were
prepared to go in, and by holding out alone they at last succeeded in
abolishing the annual hiring, and secured for the potter the right to
give a month’s notice. This was in 1866, and the whole trade shared the
benefits of the change.[206]
The Staffordshire Potters Unions seem at each burst of activity to have
evolved some special enthusiasm or eccentricity. There was the attempt
at co-operative manufacture in 1825; the enthusiastic idealism of Robert
Owen in 1833; the attempt to put the unemployed on the land in Wisconsin,
and so relieve the labour market, which absorbed the enthusiasm and funds
of 1845-6; and now the new Union of 1863, under the guidance of William
Owen, originated a far more important and practical movement—arbitration
in industrial disputes.
At Nottingham, Mr Mundella had in 1867 established a Board of Arbitration
in the stocking trade. Its success made it attractive to both masters
and men. William Owen approached Mr Mundella, who brought his influence
to bear successfully on the pottery masters also, and in July, 1868, a
similar Board of Conciliation and Arbitration was established in the
potting industry.[207] On it there were ten representatives of each side,
who were wherever possible to decide questions that arose. When they
could not agree an umpire was to be appointed, whose decision was to
be binding. Such men as H. T. Davenport, M.P., Mr Mundella, Sir Thomas
Brassey, “Tom” Hughes, have at different times been umpires.
At first the Board worked well. The introduction of each machine was made
the occasion for a readjustment of prices; and, although the struggle
over “good-from-oven” goes on to this day, the first step was taken
before the Board in 1869 on the motion of one of the masters’ delegates,
Mr Francis Wedgwood, to abolish this old trade custom and substitute
“good-from-hand.”[208] An arbitration award in 1871 raised wages
generally.[209]
But the strain came when the masters tried by arbitration to reduce
wages. The award in 1877 went against them; in 1879, however, they were
more fortunate, for Lord Hatherton awarded a reduction of 1d. in the
shilling.[210] A journeyman potter’s wages may be said to have averaged
30s. a week when in full employ, and what are still remembered as “Lord
Hatherton’s pennies” were a great grievance in the Potteries. Probably
the Board would have broken down at once had it not been for Owen, and
for the hope that arbitration next year would put it all right again.
But Sir Thomas Brassey’s award on next year’s arbitration made no
change,[211] and the Board broke down. At Martinmas 1881 a strike began.
It was an immediate failure, for thirteen years of arbitration had sapped
the strength of the Union.
For a short time—1885-91—an Arbitration Board was re-established, but it
was tolerated rather than supported by either masters or men. In 1891
another award was given against the men, and the Board was painlessly
extinguished by a strike of the fighting oven-men. Since then the Union
has gradually gained strength, but even now, after a successful strike in
1900 which raised wages by 5 per cent. all round, the potters in all the
Unions do not much exceed 20 per cent. of the adult male workers alone.
Trades Unions have special difficulties in the Potteries owing to the
large number of small masters employing only two or three people in each
trade; owing to the prevailing piecework prices which makes the levelling
up process difficult; and owing to the number of small Unions into which
the working potters are divided. John Lovatt is at present the secretary
of the General Union, while Alderman Thomas Edwards for long looked after
the special interests of the oven-men.
Invention of recent years has busied itself mostly with the firing of the
ovens. Mr J. P. Holdcroft, of Hanley, patented in 1898 a new thermoscope
which directs with far greater certainty the exact heating of the
ovens.[212] New methods of firing these ovens are also on trial. Both
“Producer” and “Mond” gas have been tried and offer some hope not only of
more regular firing, but also of abolishing the columns of smoke which
have blackened the Potteries for 200 years. The “Climax Kiln” is another
device of quite recent date for regulating the firing, and saving the
piling up and unpiling of saggars of ware. The ware is packed in an iron
cage on wheels and pulled in and out of the furnace mechanically, without
drawing the fire.
Both the “Climax Kiln” and a new method of polychrome printing—whereby
one transfer only is used to impart many colours to the piece of ware to
be printed—have been introduced within the last six years by Mr Leonard
Grimwade, perhaps the most enterprising potter of recent times. Mr
Grimwade has specialized for the Colonial markets, and holds in them much
the position held by Meakins in the American trade. His factories are in
Hanley and Stoke, adjoining the Stoke Railway Station.
An off-shoot of the potting trade which almost amounts to an invention
by itself is the manufacture of stilts, spurs and thimbles. These are
the small “bits” put between the wares to prevent them sticking together
when fired in the saggars, and they used to be made when and as wanted in
each separate pot-works. It was Charles Ford of Hanley who, about 1840,
first made a special factory for these spurs and stilts. He used metal
die-stamps driven by a steam hammer which stamped out stilts by the score
at a time. James Gimson followed with the invention of the “thimble.”
These conical thimbles fit into and one above each other and have a
lug on the rim, so that three pillar-supports are built up on which a
whole “nest” of plates can rest while in the oven without touching each
other. Stacked in this way, the “bits” make no marks on the face of the
plate. Somewhat later Wentworth Buller, a member of the well-known Devon
family, started a stilt and spur factory at Bovey Tracy in Devonshire,
and, finding the cost of carriage to his market prohibitive, he moved his
works about 1865 to Hanley. Here he began in 1866-7 to make telegraph
insulators—a new pottery industry. He was joined shortly after by his
cousin, Captain Ernest Wentworth Buller, the brother of Sir Redvers
and an engineer, who became sole owner in 1869. In 1872 J. T. Harris
joined the firm, which is now controlled and carried on by his son, John
Harris. Having obtained a foothold in the electrical trade, this firm was
naturally called on to do all the early electrical work. Just as they had
stamped stilts and spurs so they stamped switches, cut-outs, “roses,”
and all manner of electric fittings. In 1896 Captain Buller sold out and
retired. The elaborate insulators now used are thrown by hand and then
turned and screwed, and nearly half the world’s supply comes from Bullers
Limited.
A somewhat similar trade was carried on by James Mackintyre and William
Woodall, M.P., at Burslem, in the manufacture of furniture fittings. Door
plates, door knobs, knobs and buttons of all sorts for the furniture
trade are stamped in dies by the score, as are the stilts and spurs.
Messrs. Mackintyre are still the chief makers of furniture pottery,
though they have by no means a monopoly.
Saggars in which ware is packed for firing are also made by the direct
pressure of a large die or press upon the plastic marl.
Messrs Bullers’ most formidable rival in the making of insulators is the
firm of Doulton’s Limited; and this last firm carry on also several other
variations of the staple trade. Sir Henry Doulton (1820-97)[213] began
by making sewage pipes at Lambeth. His trade increased, and he started
branch works for making these things at St Helens and at Rowley Regis
and Smethwick in South Staffordshire. Between 1867 and 1873, however, he
diverted his attention to the more ambitious “Electric” and “Sanitary”
ware, and also to the characteristic stoneware known as “Doulton’s.”
This new stoneware caught the public fancy, and to it he devoted his
Lambeth works. He continued to make the drain pipes at Rowley Regis,
and at Burslem he bought in 1877 Pinder & Bourne’s works in Nile Street
for his other manufactures. Here Doulton’s produce high-class china and
earthenware as well as sanitary and electric pottery and employ nearly
1,300 hands. Sir Henry Doulton was knighted in 1887, the only potter
ever so honoured, and died in 1897. In 1899 his son, Henry Lewis Doulton,
converted the business into a limited company.[214]
But the branch of the trade known as sanitary pottery owes most of its
development in Staffordshire to Mr Thomas William Twyford. His father
Thomas Twyford started making plumbers’ ware about 1860, and when he died
in 1872 both the Abbey Works and the Bath Street Works in Hanley were
making basins and closet-pans of an elementary kind. But no real advance
took place till the eighties. In 1885 the wash-out Pedestal closets were
introduced, made entirely of earthenware, and in 1889 the latest “deluge”
type followed. Those who can remember the old dirty enamelled iron pans
will recognize the debt that sanitary science owes to the enterprise of
Twyford.
All Twyford’s sanitary pottery was in 1887 concentrated at the present
Cliff Vale Works, and experiments were at once set on foot for yet
another branch of manufacture. This was the production of very large clay
pieces coated with a smooth white surface and suitable for baths and
lavatories. The common or fire clay is coated while in the plastic state
with a porcelain enamel, which on firing gives a surface enamel polished
as marble and more adhesive than any enamel on metal. Very large pieces
are coated in this way, and the earthenware article has since 1890 been
replacing alike the enamelled metal of Wolverhampton and the marble of
Italy. Messrs Twyford’s chief rivals in Staffordshire are the firm of
John Taylor Howson of Hanley.
From an artistic point of view the only improvements of recent times
are—beside M. Solon’s pâte-sur-pâte and Doulton’s stoneware—the lustre
ware of Mr William Burton and the “flambé” ware of Mr Bernard Moore. Mr
Burton’s factory unfortunately lies outside Staffordshire, but much of
his work, both public and private, is still done in North Staffordshire.
He and Mr Moore are the most enterprising chemists and experimenters of
the present race of master-potters, and their efforts have also been
accompanied by a marked improvement of taste in enamelled earthenware and
porcelain.
There remains one modern improvement to point out. It is in the health
of the potters. For generations potter’s asthma and lead poisoning have
taken their toll of the workers on the pot-banks, but within the last ten
years changes have been made, unfortunately only as a result of State
interference, which are very sensibly affecting the rate of mortality in
the industry.
It was not till 1864 that the Factory Acts interfered in the potting
industry. In that year women, young persons and children in the pottery
trade first came under the protection of the State. Their hours were
limited to ten a day, and Saturday became a statutory half-holiday.
This meant a half-holiday for all workers on the pot-banks. Half-time
employment has never been considerable in the Potteries, and since
the passing of the Education Acts it has gradually and entirely died
out. Later Factory Acts have applied to Potteries as well as to other
factories, but it was when the Bill of 1891 got into committee that the
potting trade became specially and vitally interested in these Acts.
During the passage of the 1891 Factory and Workshop Bill the working
potters managed to get added to it a provision empowering the Home
Office to make, after due investigation, special rules for the conduct
of “dusty processes” in dangerous trades, including potting. As soon as
the Act passed, a committee was appointed, and on their recommendation
special rules were drawn up, making for greater cleanliness in the
dusty and dangerous processes. The employers objected, and a conference
followed in 1894 under the presidency of Mr G. W. E. Russell.
Nevertheless the rules, slightly modified, were approved and became law.
These special rules, however, were concerned more with general dusty
evils and affected potter’s asthma rather than the lead poisoning
question. But in 1898 Prof. Thorpe and Dr Oliver drew up their celebrated
report on lead poisoning for the Home Office—a report which for a time
threw the whole trade into the most furious excitement. The doctors
averred that glaze could be made without lead, or without lead in any
but the innocuous “fritted” state. What the employers said was emphatic
and contradictory. They threatened to close down the whole trade, and
no doubt the report was hasty and ill-considered. For four years the
controversy raged, and at last in 1902 an arbitration court was held
before Lord James of Hereford. Under his award a new set of special rules
were drawn up. These rules, besides enforcing sanitary provisions such as
those for monthly medical inspection of workers “in the lead,” compelled
those manufacturers who continued to use lead in a dangerous state to
compensate those of their workers who suffered from lead poisoning, a
liability now generally embodied in the 1907 Workmen’s Compensation Act.
When one remembers the intense hostility to this Home Office
interference, it is curious to see how satisfactory and easily the
rules have worked in practice. Potter’s asthma is nearly extinct, and
lead-poisoning cases in the Potteries have fallen from an average of 362
a year in the period 1896-8 to 93 a year over the years 1905-7.[215]
About 5 per cent of the cases result in death. The chief credit for this
new departure should be attributed to William Owen of the Potters’ Union,
and to the Duchess of Sutherland and Sir Charles Dilke.
The latest statistics of the industry show that in 1901 there were about
400 factories employing some 21,000 adult males, 16,000 adult females,
and 13,000 young persons under 18 years of age.[216] The employment of
great numbers of married women (some 8,000) and the consequent high rate
of infantile mortality are now the most serious features of the industry
from the sociological point of view.
In conclusion the official figures are given for the export of china
and earthenware, so as to show the prosperity at different times of the
staple trade of North Staffordshire.
APPENDIX I.
The Foreign Trade, since 1840. Exports and Imports.
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1840 | 1841 | 1842 | 1843 | 1844
Value of Exports | | | | |
China, Earthenware | | | | |
and Stoneware | | | | |
£’000 | 573, | 601, | 555, | 629, | 767,
Value of Imports | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Year. | 1845 | 1846 | 1847 | 1848 | 1849
Exports £’000 | 828, | 793, | 834, | 722, | 807,
Imports £’000 | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854
Exports £’000 | 999, | 1,121, | 1,152, | 1,338, | 1,306,
Imports £’000 | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Year. | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859
Exports £’000 | 1,001, | 1,334, | 1,492, | 1,154, | 1,314,
Imports £’000 | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1860 | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864
Exports £’000 | 1,451, | 1,071, | 1,220, | 1,341, | 1,439,
Imports £’000 | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Year. | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869
Exports £’000 | 1,469, | 1,686, | 1,666, | 1,683, | 1,828,
Imports £’000 | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1870 | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874
Exports £’000 | 1,746, | 1,865, | 2,142, | 2,206, | 1,862,
Imports £’000 | 165, | 202, | 263, | 383, | 370,
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Year. | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879
Exports £’000 | 1,859, | 1,771, | 1,853, | 1,794, | 1,800,
Imports £’000 | 382, | 399, | 365, | 441, | 433,
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884
Exports £’000 | 2,066, | 2,204, | 2,309, | 2,333, | 1,956,
Imports £’000 | 469, | 555, | 596, | 533 |
| | | [217] | [217] |
| | | | 603 | 482,
| | | | [218] | [218]
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Year. | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889
Exports £’000 | 1,838, | 1,901, | 1,984, | 2,098, | 2,287,
Imports £’000 | 465, | 451, | 472, | 549, | 590,
less Re-exports | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Year. | 1890 | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894
Exports £’000 | 2,251, | 2,165, | 2,057, | 1,985, | 1,759,
Imports £’000 | 586, | 620, | 623, | 594, | 594,
less Re-exports | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899
Exports £’000 | 1,992, | 1,967, | 1,900, | 1,820, | 2,042,
Imports £’000 | 627, | 743, | 724, | 782, | 779,
less Re-exports | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1900 | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904
Exports £’000 | 2,038, | 1,993, | 1,900, | 2,176, | 2,106,
Imports £’000 | 777, | 758, | 742, | 788, | 765,
less Re-exports | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909
Exports £’000 | 2,098, | 2,382, | 2,649, | 2,344, | 2,315,
Imports £’000 | 789, | 845, | 880, | 792, | 735,
less Re-exports | | | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Year. | 1910 | 1911 |
Exports £’000 | 2,780, | 3,030, |
Imports £’000 | 746, | 858, |
less Re-exports | | |
-------------------+--------+--------+
APPENDIX II.
The direction of the Foreign Trade in 1911.
£
Exports to the United States 428,000
” Canada 395,000
” Australia 309,000
” the Argentine 279,000
” India 232,000
” Brazil 210,000
” South Africa 133,000
” New Zealand 125,000
” France 87,000
” Germany 81,000
” all other countries 751,000
---------
Total Foreign Exports. 3,030,000
APPENDIX III.
The nature of the Foreign Trade in 1911.
£
Earthenware, Semi-porcelain and Majolica 1,828,000
Sanitary Ware 461,000
Red Pottery, Stoneware, Brown Ware 307,000
Porcelain, China and Parian 175,000
Tiles (ex floor, roofing and street paving) 116,000
Floor Tiles 86,000
Electric and Chemical Ware, and Furniture Fittings 51,000
Jet, Rockingham and Glazed Terra Cotta Ware 6,000
---------
3,030,000
APPENDIX IV.
Nature of Total Pottery Production for Home and Foreign Trade of the
United Kingdom in 1907. Of this production less than 5 per cent. comes
from Scotland and Ireland, and about two-thirds of the whole is produced
in North Staffordshire.
----------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------
| Home. | Foreign. | Total.
----------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------
Earthenware, Semi-Porcelain | | |
and Majolica | 1,683,000[219]| 1,545,000[219]| 3,228,000
Sanitary Ware | 472,000[219]| 300,000[219]| 772,000
Red Pottery, Stoneware, | | |
Brown Ware | 331,000 | 291,000 | 622,000
Porcelain, China and Parian | 830,000 | 195,000 | 1,025,000
Tiles—White, Cream, Glazed | | |
or Decorated | 362,000[219]| 80,000[219]| 442,000
Tiles—For Floors, Pavements | | |
and Mosaics | 55,000[219]| 78,000[219]| 133,000
Jet, Rockingham and Glazed | | |
Terra Cotta Ware | 250,000 | 3,000 | 253,000
Electric and Chemical Ware, | | |
Crucibles and Furniture | | |
Fittings | 365,000[219]| 181,000 | 546,000
Tobacco Pipes[220] | ? | ? | 90,000
Bricks and Fireclay | | |
Goods[220] | ? | ? | 64,000
Potters’ Materials | 213,000 | ? | 213,000
Other processes of partial | | |
manufacture | 146,000 | Nil. | 146,000
----------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------
Total | £4,885,000 | £2,649,000 | £7,534,000
----------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------
APPENDIX V.
Average number of persons employed in China and Earthenware Factories and
Workshops in England, Wales and Ireland, 1907.
-----------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+-------
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Total.
| over 18. | over 18. | under 18. | under 18. |
+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+-------
Wage earners | 29,000 | 19,364 | 5,790 | 7,509 | 61,663
Salaried persons | 3,015 | 286 | 299 | 84 | 3,684
-----------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+-------
Of these over two-thirds work in the North Staffordshire Potteries.
FOOTNOTES
[1] Staff. Cols. xi. N.S. p. 261-2.
[2] There were only seven monks at Hulton at the dissolution in 1536.
[3] 1671. List of inhabitants of Burslem from the Head-borough’s
presentments in the _Tunstall Court Rolls_.
John Muchell
Thos. Flecher
John Royle
Raphe Bech
Ric. Edge
John Hord
Wm. Hord
Moses Wedgwood
Moses Wedgwood
Thos. Lounes
Samuel Leigh
Fras. Foster
Wm. Marsh
John Barlow
Wm. Hord
Wm. Simson
Joseph Simson
Raphe Simson
Thos. Cartlech
Arthur Monsfield
John Roden
Wm. Monsfield
Thos. Denyell
Wm. Denyell
John Clowes
Sam. Clowes
John Denyell
Joseph Malken
Wm. Wedgwood
John Jones
Sam. Cartlech
Thos. Marsh
John Marsh
Thos. Copland
Thos. Armstrong
Ric. Stonner
Rob. Wood
Rob. Wood
Wm. Twomlow
Rob. Simson
Ric. Hand
Thos. Cartlech
Thos. Addames
Raphe Borne
Jas. Rushen
Jossua Leigh
Izac Ball
Izac Monsfield
Raphe Flecher
John Flecher
Ric. Flecher
Wm. Steele
Wm. Steele
Raphe Steele
John Simson
John Ward
John Cartlech
John Lockett
Jas. Standley
John Rowley
Raph Shaw
Hen. Bourne
Wm. Harrison
Rob. Denell
Wm. Marsh
John Shaw
John Sickes
John Tonstall
Thos. Gratbache
Ric. Twomlow
Wm. Browne
Wm. Edge
Fras. Rogers
Ric. Borne
John Denyell
[4] Shaw, “Staffordshire Potteries,” p. 103.
[5] Solon, “Art of the Old English Potters,” p. 34.
[6] _ibid._, p. 35.
[7] Burton, “Hist. and Descrip. English Earthenware,” p. 31.
[8] Brit. Museum.
[9] This ware turned yellow with the glaze.
[10] The uncoloured lead glaze generally gave a warm yellow tint to the
ware.
[11] The manganese lead glaze darkened the ware to a rich brown. It
produced the mottled effect by being dabbed or dusted on in patches.
[12] M. Solon explains this method of reckoning as follows: “Art of the
Old English Potter,” p. 32. “The unit was represented by a dozen small
pieces, and that unit served as the basis of reckoning for all the rest.
For instance, a dish might have been worth a ‘dozen’; a very large dish
‘counted 2 dozen’; of bowls, jugs, cups, and other articles of middle
sizes it required 2, 3 or 4 to make a dozen. The potter knew at once the
value of the contents of his oven by the number or ‘dozens’ put in; while
the workman could easily calculate his wages by the number of ‘dozen’ he
made in the week.... So convenient was this method of reckoning that it
is kept up to this day in many manufactories both in England and on the
Continent.”
[13] This Act was passed in 1661, which would make the date of Plot’s
visit to the Potteries 1675-7.
[14] Lawton Park is on the Cheshire side of Mow Cop, only six miles from
Burslem.
[15] S. Shaw, “Hist. Staffs. Potteries.” p. 109.
[16] “Philosophical Transactions,” vol. xvii, 1693, p. 699.
[17] Burton’s “English Earthenware,” p. 77.
[18] Burton, _op. cit._ 76.
[19] S. Shaw, “Staffordshire Potteries,” p. 119.
[20] S. Shaw, _op. cit._, 118.
[21] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 74.
[22] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 74.
[23] A list of those who joined the “Association to defend and avenge
King William” in 1696 is preserved at the Record Office. Among 100 names
given in Stoke-on-Trent, which included Hanley, Shelton, Longton, &c.,
occur side by side the names of Joshua Twiford and Robert Astbry. Is
it possible that even then they had their pot-banks side by side, as
tradition says, on the knoll where Shelton Church now stands?
[24] Wedgwood’s Letters II, 367-70.
[25] Shaw, _op. cit._, pp. 108-9.
[26] Aikin, “Manchester,” 526.
[27] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 121.
[28] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 86.
[29] See page 87 for the relationship of the various potters of the
Wedgwood family.
[30] The Christian name of the first Astbury was probably Robert, but see
_Dict. Nat. Biog._ under Astbury.
[31] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 130.
[32] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 126.
[33] “Wedgwood’s Letters, II,” p. 368.
[34] The incident referred to, which Shaw says occurred to Astbury, and
Wedgwood to Heath, was as follows:—One of them was on a business journey
to London, then naturally taken on horseback; before reaching Dunstable
or Banbury, his horse’s eyes became inflamed. The ostler of the Inn put
a piece of flint into the fire; when it was red-hot he quenched it with
water and pounded it to a fine powder, a little of which was blown into
the horse’s eye, relieving the inflammation. The potter, noticing the
extreme whiteness of the calcined flint, and also the ease with which it
was powdered, was led to try this material to improve the whiteness of
his ware, and with the most successful results.
[35] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 141.
[36] “Wedgwood Letters,” III, p. 190.
[37] “Monthly Magazine,” November 1823.
[38] A family of Adams lived and potted at the Brick House in Burslem for
over 200 years. In 1762 Josiah Wedgwood rented the Brick House works for
seven years during the minority of the then Adams of Brick House. The
family became extinct early in the nineteenth century.
[39] Wedgwood MSS.
[40] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 86.
[41] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 126.
[42] But there are several places called Delf or Delves in Staffordshire,
and they took their name from spots where men delved or dug turf for peat.
[43] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 83.
[44] Aikin, “Manchester,” p. 527.
[45] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 145.
[46] Aikin, _op. cit._, p. 528.
[47] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 89.
[48] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 88.
[49] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 147.
[50] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 227.
[51] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 163.
[52] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 150, 151.
[53] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 153.
[54] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 230.
[55] Shaw, _op. cit._, pp. 152, 153.
[56] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 161.
[57] Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 24.
[58] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 102.
[59] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 161.
[60] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 157.
[61] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 176; and Ward, _op. cit._, p. 49.
[62] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 201.
[63] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 93.
[64] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 283.
[65] Shaw, _op. cit_., p. 179.
[66] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 168.
[67] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 104.
[68] J. H. Nightingale, “Old English Porcelain,” _passim_.
[69] Burton, “History and Description of English Porcelain.”
[70] Shaw, _op. cit._, 155.
[71] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 111.
[72] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 114-5.
[73] L. Jewitt, “The Wedgwoods,” pp. 112-7.
[74] “Earnest money” was the lump sum paid to a workman on his entering
into his servitude.
[75] An example of truck wages.
[76] It is recorded of the Rev. J. Middleton, Master Potter and Curate
of Hanley, _c._ 1750, that he refused to hire men by the year, deeming
it slavery. It was not till 1866 that the Trade Unions put an end to the
annual hiring of grown men by a year’s binding agreement.
[77] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 119.
[78] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 157.
[79] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 372.
[80] Shaw, _op. cit._, pp. 148-9.
[81] This makes 6s. 8d. a ton delivered at the Pot Bank.
[82] Professor Church quotes the following memorandum, done in red enamel
on the back of a large dish of Wedgwood’s Queen’s Ware in the possession
of Mr Sidney Locock:—“This dish was made at Etruria by Messrs Wedgwood
& Bentley, the first year after Messrs Wedgwood & Bentley removed from
Burslem to Etruria. Ric. Lawton served his apprenticeship at turning
with them, and has had it in his house more than fifty years. It is my
brother William’s modelling. It was turned on a hand lathe, as plates
were at that date. I preserve this to show the quality of common cream
ware before the introduction of growan or Cornwall stone. This body is
formed of flint and clay only, the same as used for salt-glazed ware at
that time, and flint and lead only instead of salt glaze, and it is fired
in the usual and accustomed way and manner, as usual for glazed tea-pots,
tortoiseshell, mottled, and agate, and cauliflower, &c. Also sand from
the Mole Cop and Baddley Edge was used either in the body or glaze. N.B.
Before flint was used they used a certain proportion of slip for the
body in the glaze to prevent crazing, and to make it bear a stronger
fire in the glaze oven. I was the first person that made use of bone in
earthenware when in my apprenticeship at Mr Palmers at Hanley Green.
Burslem, Sept. 26th, 1826.
ENOCH WOOD.”
Church, “English Earthenware,” pp. 81-82.
[83] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 184.
[84] Many “lives” of Wedgwood have been written, and this is not the
place to repeat them. Miss Meteyard has two large volumes on him; Jewitt
has one; Smiles holds him up in a recent work as a model of self-help;
Professor Church has written a monograph on him and his Jasper Ware;
and lastly, Mr Elbert Hubbard, of New York, has made his courtship and
marriage the subject of an exhaustive and wholly imaginary study. But
many of these works, and some of the Histories of Potting too, are
marred by indiscriminating eulogy and a fertile imagination. Simeon
Shaw, for instance, within 120 pages, manages to distinguish no fewer
than 47 favoured manufacturers by name with praise of this stereotyped
character:—“of whom we may observe that great professional ability is
in him joined with philanthropy, and a readiness to accelerate every
meritorious enterprise.” This, however, is perhaps preferable to the
style:—“Wedgwood, poor dear, old soul, got terribly worried,” which
distinguishes another of these Histories.
[85] Wedgwood MS., Bills for carting goods to the “new works.”
[86] Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 24.
[87] Meteyard’s “Wedgwood,” I, 486.
[88] Meteyard’s “Wedgwood,” II, 235.
[89] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[90] The converting of a road into a turnpike road was the only way in
which it could be kept in really good repair. Tolls were charged and used
partly to repair the road and to attract more traffic.
[91] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[92] Jewitt, _op. cit._, pp. 162-3.
[93] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[94] A. Young, “Tour thro’ the North of England,” iii, 433.
[95] Meteyard, _op. cit._, I, 273.
[96] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, 249.
[97] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Jas. Brindley.”
[98] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[99] Wedgwood’s Letters, I, pp. 85-7.
[100] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 154.
[101] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 31.
The original proposition was for a canal 3 feet deep in general, but at
the fords only 30 inches; and the original estimate of cost, excluding
the tunnel, was £700 a mile south of Harecastle and £1,000 north of that
place. The tunnel, a single one, was to cost £10,000.—Wedgwood’s Letters,
III, p. 290.
[102] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 30.
[103] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 206.
[104] Burton, “Porcelain, a Sketch,” p. 251.
[105] Burton, “Hist. Porcelain,” p. 135.
[106] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 128.
[107] Meteyard, _op. cit._, II, 118.
[108] Jewitt, _op. cit._, p. 319, etc.
[109] See his Will, Jewitt, _op. cit._, pp. 413-9.
[110] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 151.
[111] See Wedgwood’s Letters, _passim_.
[112] See Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 30-2.
[113] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 127.
[114] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” III, 72, but see Shaw,
_op. cit._, p. 172.
[115] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 170.
[116] Wedgwood MSS.
[117] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 171-2.
[118] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 206-8.
[119] Wedgwood MSS.
[120] Burton, “English Earthenware,” 152-3.
[121] Meteyard, “Wedgwood,” II, 198.
[122] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 201.
[123] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 373.
[124] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 205.
[125] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 162.
[126] Shaw, _op. cit._, 199, 204.
[127] Shaw, _op. cit._, 209-10.
[128] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 367.
[129] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “William Adams.”
[130] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 163.
[131] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 103.
[132] “Carey’s Atlas,” 1787.
[133] “Wedgwood’s Letters,” II, 140.
[134] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 152.
[135] “Cat. of English Figures,” Falkner and Sidebotham, p. 13, etc.
[136] “Romance of Staffordshire,” H. Wedgwood, III, 67.
[137] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 152.
[138] H. Wedgwood, _op. cit._, III, p. 53.
[139] Scarratt, “Old Times in the Potteries,” pp. 46, 47.
[140] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 170.
[141] One part is at present in the Royal Museum at Dresden,
uncatalogued, and much of the rest has found its way into the Victoria
and Albert Museum at South Kensington, though Mr Wood’s catalogue, if it
ever existed, is not there to illustrate and explain the pieces.
[142] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 223.
[143] A. H. Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 96; and Burton, “English
Earthenware,” p. 166.
[144] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 215; and Burton, _op. cit._, 160-1.
[145] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 212.
[146] “Gent.’s Magazine,” 1797, p. 802.
[147] Shaw, “Staffs. Potteries,” p. 216-7; and “Dict. Nat. Biog.”:
“Spode.”
[148] Prof. Church attributes the first manufacture of bone-paste
porcelain to the Bow Factory (1749-75). “English Earthenware,” p. 82.
[149] Burton, “Porcelain,” p. 19-20.
[150] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Herbert Minton.”
[151] Church, _op. cit._, p. 85.
[152] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 150.
[153] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” 476.
[154] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 63.
[155] Aikin, “Manchester,” p. 522.
[156] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” I, 2.
[157] Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 7.
[158] Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 14.
[159] Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 24.
[160] H. Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 15.
[161] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 159.
[162] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 286.
[163] Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 97, and Ward, _op. cit._, p. 552.
[164] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 225.
[165] Sleigh, “Leek,” p. 46, 47.
[166] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” pp. 156, 157.
[167] Brongniart, “Traité des Arts Ceramiques,” vol. II, p. 453.
[168] Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 84.
[169] Wedgwood MS.
[170] Figure-makers.
[171] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 176.
[172] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 361.
[173] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 266.
[174] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 235-6.
[175] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 103.
[176] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” I, p. 9.
[177] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 389.
[178] London “Star” Nov. 26, 1792.
[179] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” pp. 66-67.
[180] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 16.
[181] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 19.
[182] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 26.
[183] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 34.
[184] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 43.
[185] Owen, _op. cit._, p. 57.
[186] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 64-6.
[187] Owen, _op. cit._, p. 98.
[188] Dict. Nat. Biog.: “W. T. Copeland.”
[189] _Ex information_ W. D. Phillips, Genl. Manager N.S.R.
[190] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Herbert Minton.”
[191] L. Jewitt, “Ceramics,” II, 195.
[192] Jewitt, _op. cit._, II, 195-8.
[193] Jewitt, “Ceramics,” II, 202.
[194] Report of Trial, “Hollins _v._ Campbell,” 1871.
[195] M. L. Solon, Pamphlet “A Century of Potting.”
[196] M. L. Solon, Pamphlet “Leon Arnoux.”
[197] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “H. Minton”
[198] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 126.
[199] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 203.
[200] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 374.
[201] Furnival, _op. cit._, p. 189.
[202] Burton, “English Earthenware,” 174.
[203] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 264-5.
[204] Paper read by Mr Frank Harris before the Ceramic Society, 1905.
[205] Paper read by Mr F. Harris before the Ceramic Society, 1905.
[206] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 112, 113.
[207] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 115.
[208] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 124.
[209] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 144.
[210] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 160.
[211] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 177 _et seq._
[212] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 411-12.
[213] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Henry Doulton.”
[214] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 200-1.
[215] Official Returns.
[216] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 334.
[217] Gross Imports, including goods re-exported.
[218] Net Imports, excluding goods re-exported.
[219] These manufactures are not at all specialized in the Potteries.
[220] Estimated figures.
INDEX TO PERSONAL NAMES
Adams, Benjamin, 152, 160
John, 51
Percy, W. L., 161
Richard, 5, 112
Robert, 51
Thomas, 10, 123
William, 5, 8, 41, 119, 122, 132, 133, 139, 154, 161
Adams Pedigree, 162
Alcock, Samuel, 192
Alders, John, 80, 86
Thomas, 80, 86
Allen, John, 112
Samuel, 157
Alsager, —, 57
Anson, Lord, 96
Mr, 97
Armstrong, Thomas, 10
Arnoux, Leon, 184, 185
Arrowsmith, Thomas, 60
Astbury, Margaret, 48
Robert, 37, 44, 46, 48, 83
Thomas, 47, 48, 58, 66, 71
Thomas, Jun., 55, 56
Aynsley, John, 139
Bacchus, William, 121
Baddeley, E., 121
John, 64, 81, 114, 121, 133
William, 144, 153
Baddeley & Fletcher, 117
Bagguley, William, 119, 155, 156
Bagnal, —, 52, 121
Sampson, 120
Bagot, Mr, 97
Bagshaw, Samuel, 152
Ball, Isaac, 11, 51
Barker, John, 76, 111, 121, 134, 155
Richard, 121
William, 121
Barlow, John, 10
Beech, H., 52, 153
Ralph, 10
Bell, Sarah, 121
Benson, —, 57
Bentley, Thomas, 38, 41, 90, 105
Bird, Daniel, 80
Blashfield, J. M., 182
Blackwell, John, 120, 152
Joseph, 120
Robert, 120, 152
Boden, John, 152
Boon, Edward, 121
Joseph, 120
Boote, Charles E., 187
Richard, 187
Richard L., 187
Thomas Latham, 187
T. & R., 187
Booth, Enoch, 56, 66, 67, 75, 84, 115
Hugh, 121, 139
J. & T., 155
Boulton, Mr, 157, 197
Bourne, Charles, 155
Edward, 146
Henry, 11
John, 112, 119
Mr, 57, 132, 144, 155
Ralph, 10
Richard, 11
William, 152
Boyle, Robert, 181
Bradshaw, Joseph, 152, 154
Brassey, Sir Thomas, 199, 200
Breeze, Jesse, 152, 160
John, 161
Bridgewater, Duke of, 95, 96
Bridgwood, Maria, 155
Sampson, 111
Brindley, James, 95, 96, 97, 98, 121
John, 146
Taylor, 121
Brown, William, 11
Brownfield, William, 154, 190
Brough, Thomas, 155
Bucknal, Robert, 52, 112
Buller, E. W., 203
Wentworth, 203
Burke, Edmund, 99
Burrows, Joseph, 155
Burton, William, 159, 207
Byerley, Thomas, 105, 106, 149
Caldwell, James, 128, 154
Campbell, Colin Minton, 185, 186
John, 187
Cartlich, James, 152
John, 11, 50, 53, 119, 153
Richard, 152
Samuel, 10, 57, 119, 122
Thomas, 10
Cartwright, Thomas, 51
Challenor, Edward, 126
Champion, Richard, 99, 100, 101, 115
Chandler, John, 29, 30, 31
Chatterley, Charles, 118, 120
Ephraim, 118, 120
Samuel, 112, 117
Cheetham, M., 155
Child, Thomas, 66
—, 152
Chisholm, Alex., 41
Clive, —, 152
Clowes, John, 10, 153
Samuel, 10
Clowes, William, 73, 121
Cobb, John, 112
Cobden, Richard, 178
Coghill, Archibald, 129
Douglas, 129
Colclough, John, 9
Collinson, James, 152
Cookworthy, —, 99, 109
Cope, William, 76
Copeland, Alderman, 180
Richard Pirie, 180
Thomas, 10
William, 134, 136
William Taylor, 136, 178
W. T. & Sons, 180
& Garrett, 180
Cyples, Joseph, 121
Lydia, 155
Mary, 145
Dale, —, 155
Daniel, Henry, 160
John, 10, 11, 112, 114, 116, 119
Ralph, 61, 69
Richard, 6
Robert, 11, 50, 52
Thomas, 8, 10, 112, 114, 119
Timothy, 119
Walter, 119, 146
William, 10
Davenport, Henry, 147
Henry T., 147, 199
John, 132, 146, 147, 153
William, 147
Davenport Pedigree, 148
Dilke, Sir Charles, 210
Dillon, Frank, 153
Doulton, Henry Lewis, 206
Sir Henry, 205, 206
Duesbury, —, 72
Dwight, John, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36
Edge, Richard, 10
Samuel, 51, 54
William, 11
Edwards, W., 70, 121
Elers, David, 42, 44, 55, 60, 61, 73, 83
John Philip, 26-39
Paul, 38
Ellis, John, 52
Evans, William, 177
Flaxman, —, 103, 104
Fletcher, John, 11
Mr, 117
Ralph, 11
Richard, 11
Thomas, 10
Ford, Charles, 203
Hugh, 155
Samuel, 143
Forrester, George, 155
Foster, Francis, 10
Furnival, Mr, 159
Gallimore, —, 57
Garner, Joseph, 121
Matthew, 24, 29-33, 36, 42
Robert, 48, 76, 111, 122, 125, 155
Garrett, Thomas, 178
Gibson, Samuel, 195
Gimson, James, 203
Ginder, S., 155
Glass, John, 120, 144, 154
Joseph, 13, 52
Goodfellow, Thomas, 68, 153
Goodwin’s, 144, 153
Gower, Lord, 96, 101
Graham, John, 119
Greatbach, John, 85
Thomas, 11
William, 76, 113
Green, John, 119
Thomas, 122
Grey, Lord, 97
Grimwade, Leonard, 202
Grindley, W. H., 126, 194
Hackwood, —, 103, 154
Hales, —, 120
Hall, J. & R., 153
Hamilton, Robert, 139, 154
Hand, Richard, 10
Harper, Thomas, 30
Harris, John, 204
J. T., 204
Harrison, John, 86
William, 11, 50
Harvey, Charles, 145, 155
Hassells, John, 121
Hatherton, Lord, 200
Heath, John, 153
Joshua, 112
—, 47, 120
Thomas, 54, 55, 109, 153
Henshall, Hugh, 97, 98, 153
Hobson, Ephraim, 153
Holdcroft, J. P., 153, 201
Holland, Thomas, 119, 153
Hollins, Michael Daintry, 182, 185, 186, 187
Sam, 116, 121, 154
Hord, John, 10
William, 10
Howson, John Taylor, 207
Hughes, “Tom”, 199
Thomas, 148, 155
Hulme, Thomas, 184
Ingestre, Lord, 178
Jackson, Samuel, 77
James of Hereford, Lord, 210
Jarvis, Richard, 153
Jeanest, 185
Johnson, Fred, 193
Henry, 193
Joseph, 112
Ralph, 153
Reuben, 154
Robert, 193
Samuel, 193
Thomas, 112
Jones, John, 10
Keeling, Anthony, 68, 116, 119, 121
Edward, 120
James, 154
Lakin, —, 125
Lawton, Richard, 84
Leigh, John, 8
Josiah, 11
Ralph, 81
Samuel, 10
Lessore, 185
Littler, William, 70, 71, 72
Lockett, John, 11, 119, 155
Thomas, 51
Timothy, 119
Lounes, Thomas, 10
Lovatt, John, 201
Lowe, John, 112
Thomas, 112
William, 155
Machin, Joseph, 143, 153
—, 153
Machin & Bagguley, 156
Mackintyre, James, 204
Malkin, Burnham, 119
Isaac, 51
Joseph, 10
Richard, 50
Thomas, 50, 51, 126
Malkin Tile Co., 188
Mansfield, Arthur, 10, 154
Isaac, 11
William, 10
Marsh, Jacob, 155
John, 10
Moses, 51
Richard, 52
Samuel, 153
Thomas, 10
William, 10, 11, 77, 152
Mason, Charles J., 144, 155, 169, 176, 191
Miles, 144
William, 155
Massey, Richard, 153
Mayer, Elijah, 116, 120, 141, 154
Hugh, 52
John, 52, 113, 120
Richard, 120
Mayer & Moss, 34
Meigh, Job, 154, 159
Meir, John, 124, 152, 161
William, 113
Meakin, Alfred, 193
Bernard, 193
George, 193
James, 193
Kenneth, 193
Meakin Pedigree, 194
Middleton, Richard, 8
Rev John, 70, 78
Miles, Thomas, 24, 41
Miller, William, 120
Minton, Herbert, 137, 181, 182, 184, 185
Herbert, & Co., 186
Hollins & Co., 186, 187
Thomas, 111, 132, 137, 154
Messrs, 184
Mitchell, John, 10, 57, 62, 64, 192
Thomas, 51, 126
Moore, Bernard, 207
Morley, James, 29, 30, 31, 32
Morris, Daniel, 95, 154
Moss, Thomas, 152
Moseley, John, 122, 153
William, 153
Mountford, John, 41
Mundella, Mr, 199
Myatt, Benjamin, 152, 156
Joseph, 156
Neale, Henry, 108, 109, 120
Nixon, —, 152
Nutt, William, 156
Oliver, Dr, 125, 209
—, 153
Owen, Robert, 169, 198
William, 198, 199, 200, 210
Palmer, Humphrey, 108, 109, 127
Parrott, William, 112
Perry, Samuel, 120
Phillips, W. D., 179
Platt, John, 122
Pool, Nicholas, 113
Poole, —, 125
Pottere, John, 5
Robert Le, 4, 5
William the, 5
Potinger, Thomas, 4
Powis, H., 152
Pratt, F. & R., 109, 156
John, 156
Poulson, Joseph, 137
William, 156
Poulson’s, 53, 155
Pownall, Mr, 137
Prosser, Richard, 182
Protat, 185
Rathbone, W. S. & I., 152
Richards (Henry) Tile Co., 188
Ridgway, Edward John, 109
Ridgway, George, 140
Job, 140, 141, 142, 143
John, 118, 132, 141, 154, 176, 189
Ralph, 140
William, 141, 154, 189
Ridgway Pedigree, 142
Rigg, Charles, 14
Riley, J., 41, 153
Robinson, John, 119, 153, 155
J., 187
Sam, 97
Roden, John, 10
Rogers, Francis, 11
George, 119, 143
John, 119, 143, 153
Spencer, 143, 153
Roosevelt, President, 191
Rowley, John, 11
Royle, John, 10
Rushton, James, 10
Russell, G. W. E., 209
Saddler & Green, 89, 131
Salt, Ralph, 125
Sandford, Moses, 52
Sans, Thomas, 12
William, 12
Shaw, Aaron, 51, 54
John, 11
Moses, 51, 54
Ralph, 11, 58
Simeon, 41
Shelley, Percy, 192
Thomas, 122, 156
Sheridan, J. H., 156
Shrigley, —, 64
Sickes, John, 11
Simpson, John, 11, 17
Joseph, 10, 113
Ralph, 8, 10, 12
Richard, 51
Robert, 10
Simpson, William, 10, 50, 52
Smith, —, 97
Ambrose, 119
John, 119
Joseph, 112, 119
Theophilus, 161
William, 113
Solon, M., 183, 185, 207
Sparrow, T., 97
Spode, Josiah I, 73, 76, 77, 78, 121, 132, 134, 155
Josiah II, 134, 136
—, 180, 181
Standley, James, 11
Stanley, William, 153
Steel, —, 41, 51, 153
William, 11
Ralph, 11
Stephens, Joseph, 112
Stevenson, Andrew, 153
Charles, 119
John, 52
Ralph, 153
Stirrup, Thomas, 156
Stonier, Richard, 10
Straphan, Joseph, 121
Sutherland, Duchess of, 210
Talbot, Luke, 32
Taylor, George, 120
John, 81, 112, 154
Robert Minton, 186
Thomas, 50, 51, 53, 154
William, 12
Thorpe, Prof., 209
Throgher, Thomas the, 5
Throware, Richard le, 4
Thrower, Thomas le, 5
Toft, Ralph, 11
Thomas, 11, 12
Tunnicliffe, William, 118
Tunstall, John, 11
Tunstals, 51
Turner, John, 83, 100, 101, 109, 110, 116, 121, 122
John, 110, 111
William, 110
(Worcester), 133
Twemlow, Mr, 121, 173
William, 10
Richard, 11
Twyford, Joshua, 37, 44, 48
Thomas William, 206
Thomas, 206
Unett, John, 156
Walklate, Mark, 122
Walton, John, 125, 154
Warburton, Ann, 113, 114
Jacob, 112, 114, 115, 116, 120, 154
John, 52, 64, 66, 69, 83, 100, 102, 114, 154
Thomas, 113, 114
Warburton & Stone, 112
Ward, —, 53, 136, 137, 155
John, 11
Weatherby, John, 113
Wedgwood, Aaron, 29, 33, 70-73
Cecil, 191
Francis, 150, 200
Francis Hamilton, 191
John, 13, 51, 64, 65, 88, 91, 96, 125
John, 105, 126, 130
Josiah I, 38, 41, 47, 48, 66, 75, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 88, 93, 97,
100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 114, 115, 120, 121, 123, 126, 137, 159
Josiah II, 105, 106, 149, 150, 155
Lawrence, 191
Moses, 10
Ralph, 157
Richard, 13, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42, 51, 54
Dr Thomas, 10, 13, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42, 44, 46, 50, 54,
83, 86
Dr Thomas, Jun., 44, 50, 51, 53, 62, 64, 65, 88, 90
Thomas, 105, 120, 121
William, 10
Wedgwood Pedigree, 87, 151
Wesley, John, 128
Weston, George, 155
Wheildon, Edward, 79
Thomas, 24, 62, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 86, 126, 132
(?), 183
Whitehead, Charles, 81, 118, 121, 154
Christopher, 87, 114, 121
Whitehead, James, 118
Williamson, Robert, 146, 153
Wilson, David, 108, 120, 154
James, 120
Woodall, William, 204
Wood, Aaron, 62, 75, 126
Edward, 128, 129
Enoch, 41, 85, 120, 124, 127, 154, 192
Ephraim, 154
Isaac, 50, 51
John, 120, 124, 125, 152
John Wedg, 126
Ralph, 62, 79, 120, 124, 126, 128
Robert, 10
William, 126
Kuntz & Co., 159
Wood Pedigree, 130
Woodall, William, 184
Woods, Roger, 111
Woolfe, Thomas, 121, 139, 146, 155
Woolliscroft & Son, G., 188
Wright, Samuel, 181
Thomas, 120
Yates, John, 120, 121, 154
Letchworth: At the Arden Press.