_Late flowers at Land's End--Sweet-scented colt's-foot--Its
luxuriance and beauty--A pretty and singular girl--A gardener on the
colt's-foot--Colt's-foot in Madron churchyard--A vegetable rat--Billy
and his charlock bouquet--"Farmer's Glory"--Early blue flowers--A
matter-of-fact girl--Vernal squill--Beauty and habits--A blue band
by the sea--The glory of flowers--Secret of the charm of
flowers--Expression of the blue flower._
|BIRDS are perhaps too much to me; at all events, I find that an entire
chapter has been written on the coming of spring without a word in it
about flowers; it was nearly all taken up with the feathered people.
Yet one cannot think of spring without those little touches of moist
brilliant colour shining gem-like among the old dead brown leaves and
herbage and in all green places. Even here, in a district comparatively
flowerless for many months, as I have said, there are flowers to be seen
if looked for pretty well all the year round. Just now, before sitting
down to write this chapter at the windy bleak Land's End, a very few
days before Christmas, I went out in the late afternoon, and seeing
herb-robert looking very pretty in the shelter of a stone hedge, then
some other small flower, and then others, I began idly plucking a spray
or two of each, and after crossing three or four fields and home again
I found that my little bouquet contained blooms of seventeen different
species. If I had gone on a few fields further the number might have
been twenty-five or thirty. These little summer and autumn flowers that
bloom on till frosts come are all of very common kinds, except, perhaps,
the yellow pansy which is confined to the western extremity of the
county. There are other flowers proper to the early spring which were
a delight to me and which will ever be associated in my mind with the
thoughts of Cornwall.
Curiously enough the one which comes first to my mind is a plant
universally despised and disliked by the common people and, for all I
know to the contrary, by the people who are not common: they speak of
it as a "weed" and a "nuisance"; nor is it a spring or summer flower but
blooms in midwinter. It is already coming out now and before the middle
of January will be in full bloom. This is the sweet-scented colt's-foot,
sometimes called winter heliotrope, on account both of the purple
colour and powerful scent of the flower. The books say that it smells
of vanilla, also that the plant is an alien, but when introduced they
do not say. The Victorian History of Cornwall does not mention such a
plant. I have looked at the MS. work of John Rolfe (1878) on the plants
of West Cornwall, in the Penzance Library, but he does not tell us
how long ago it ran wild in this district. It flourishes greatly at
Penzance, St. Ives and many of the neighbouring villages, rooting itself
in the stone hedges and covering them entirely with a marvellously
beautiful garment of round, disc-shaped, flat leaves, of all sizes from
that of a crown piece to that of a dessert plate, all of the most
vivid green in nature. The flowers, of a dim lilac-purple, are on thick
straight stems which spring directly from the roots, and, like sweet
violets, they are mostly hidden by the luxuriant leaves. The leaves,
which come in winter and spring, last pretty well all the year round,
and the roots, the gardeners say, are enormous, and as they push through
the crevices and wind themselves about among the stones it is impossible
to get rid of the plant.
One of the prettiest scenes I witnessed in West Cornwall is associated
with this plant. I saw a girl of about seventeen, small for her age and
of a slim figure, come out of a cottage door and walk down to the little
garden gate just as I came abreast of it. At the gate was a little
foot-bridge over a stream which rushed by with a good deal of noise and
foam over the rocks in its bed. The stone hedges and detached masses
of rock on both sides of the bridge were covered over with an enormous
growth of colt's-foot, the plants flowing over into the stream and even
covering some of the big boulder stones in it. That was the setting and
the girl was worthy of it, standing there, fresh from the wash-tub, her
arms bare to the shoulders, in her thin blue cotton gown, regarding
me with lively inquisitive eyes. She had the double attraction
of prettiness and singularity. It was a Cornish face, healthy
but colourless as in the majority of the women, very broad, high
cheek-bones; but it differed in the fineness of the features and in the
pointed chin which together with the large eyes gave it that peculiar
interesting cat-like form seen in some pretty women, and which is so
marked in a well-known portrait of Queen Mary at Holyrood. The large
eyes were of the greyish-blue colour so common in this district, with
large pupils and that deepening of colour at the outer edge of the iris
which takes the appearance of a black ring. These ringed blue eyes are
sometimes seen in other counties but are most common in the part of
Cornwall where I have observed the people. Finally in strange contrast
with the large blue eyes her hair was black and being unbound the wind
was blowing it all about her face and neck.
I stopped to talk to the girl and had plenty of time to get my mental
sketch of her. Speaking of the colt's-foot, so abundant at her own door,
she told me that she had never heard it named anything but "weed." She
also assured me that she hated it, and so did every one, and she could
see nothing to admire in it.
At Penzance a gardener told me he had been fighting this weed all his
life and that his father before him had fought with it all his life, so
that it must have established itself in that place a very long time ago.
At Madron, the famous and beautiful old village on the heights above
Penzance, I saw a curious thing in January, 1907. A great part of the
extensive churchyard is covered with colt's-foot, and after it had come
into bloom the whole of the mass of vivid green leaves was killed by
the great frost I have described in chapter xv., but strange to say the
flowers were not hurt. The ground was covered with the upright thick
stems, crowned with their pale purple fragrant flowers, and beneath
them, dead and brown and flat on the earth, lay the leaves that lately
hid them with their multitudinous green discs.
One day, meeting some boys by the side of a hedge overgrown with
colt's-foot, I asked them what they called the plant, and was answered
by the biggest boy who knew most that it was called "rat-plant." It was
named so, perhaps, because a rat could take shelter in the leaves and
run very freely about among them without being seen. Or it may be that
the name was bestowed to express a feeling of dislike and contempt--the
idea that it was a vegetable rat, something to be warred against, dug
up and if possible extirpated. It is a pleasure to me to think we can no
more get rid of _Petasites fragrans_, alias "rat-plant," than we can
of _Mus decumanus_ itself, or _Blatta orientalis_, or any other of the
undesirable aliens, plant or animal, which succeed in defying our best
efforts to oust them.
Perhaps some of my sober-minded readers, who know the colt's-foot and
have not seen its beauty, may smile at my enthusiasm even as I have
smiled at my Cornish landlady's story of Billy and his enthusiasm for
another species of wild flower. Billy is a youth of about twenty, son
of a small farmer in one of the villages I stayed at. This, like most
of the villages on this coast, receives its quota of summer visitors who
come from distant inland towns, and some of these found accommodation at
Billy's parents' farm. They were ladies, and Billy was greatly impressed
with their beauty and affability, their dainty dresses, and the nice
way in which they passed the time, strolling about, sketching, reading,
lying on the turf, and sitting in picturesque attitudes on the rocks.
But what perhaps interested him most was the keen pleasure they took in
the common natural objects of the place, especially the wild flowers.
They talked to Billy on the subject with the result that he, too, became
an admirer of wild flowers, greatly to the amusement of his neighbours.
One day my landlady, going along the village street, saw Billy driving
home in the farm trap with what looked like a gigantic yellow buttonhole
in his coat. "Why, Billy, whatever have you got there?" she cried when
he pulled the horse up to speak to her. "Flowers," said Billy. "I saw
them in a cornfield, and I left the horse and went right out into the
middle of the field to get them. Ain't they pretty?" And taking the
bunch, the stems of which he had thrust into his top pocket, he handed
it down for her to admire.
"Goodness me, boy, it's nothing but charlock!" she exclaimed.
"Yes, I know," said Billy. "And they are very pretty; just you look
at them--perhaps you never knew how pretty they are." Then he added
sententiously, "They are flowers, and all flowers are beautiful."
"Dear, dear!" said she for only reply, handing him back his bouquet.
"When I get home," continued Billy, "I'll put them in water to keep them
fresh and set them on the table," and away he drove.
Billy with his charlock flowers reminds me of an incident on a farm in
Hampshire where I was staying. The farmer was a hard-headed and very
hard-working man absorbed in the great business of keeping his farm like
a farm and of making it pay. Tares, turnip-fly, charlock, couch-grass
and their like--these were his enemies which he hated. And his wife was
his worthy helpmate.
One day I brought in a big bunch of poppies, and after arranging them on
their tall stems with some feathery grasses in a vase I put them on the
table just laid for the midday meal. The farmer came in fresh from his
work, his mind as usual absorbed in his affairs, and first taking up
the carving-knife and fork hurriedly said, "For what we are about to
receive," and was just going to plunge the fork into the joint when
he caught sight of the splendid flowers before him on his own table,
audaciously smiling their scarlet smile right at him.
"What are those?" he said, pointing with his knife at the flowers and
addressing his wife in no pleasant tones. "What does this mean?"
She cast down her eyes and kept silence.
"I can tell you," I said. "I gathered them myself in one of your fields
and put them on the table much against your wife's wish. I can't imagine
why she objected. It is one of our finest wild flowers--I call it the
Farmer's Glory."
"The Farmer's Glory!--Oh, that's what you call it--well----," and then
he suddenly sat down and began carving with tremendous energy and in
grim silence.
My pen has run away with me, since I had the images of but two or three
wild flowers in my mind to write about in this chapter--flowers of the
early spring only--and then the winter heliotrope came up and would not
be denied. True, it was of the winter, like Kirke White's "Rosemary"
Sweet-scented flower! who art wont to bloom
On January's front severe,
And o'er the wintry desert drear
To waft thy sweet perfume--
still, I had to write about it. A flower, like a bird or anything in
nature, is little to me unless it "ministers some particular cause
of remembrance," which means in my case that either on account of its
intrinsic beauty or charm or of its associations it moves my emotions
more strongly than others.
The colt's-foot having come first, there are but two others to speak
particularly of--a yellow and a blue flower. But the yellow is the
furze, so important a flower in this part of England and so much to me,
that it must have a chapter to itself, so that in this chapter there
will be but one described; but I shall speak of others incidentally and
of several things besides.
In my early spring rambles I found that blue flowers were more abundant
than all of other colours put together; but this was in the rough places
and lanes and by the stone and furze hedges. Here in places almost all
the flowers appeared to be blue, from the tall blue columbine to the
small ground ivy and the tiniest veronica. Of these I think the most
remarkable was the wild hyacinth on account of its habit of growing on
the tops of the old stone hedges. The effect is not so charming as when
we see them covering the ground under the trees; but it is most singular
and beautiful too when the band of blue has the furze bushes covered
with yellow blossoms for background.
One April day I had a talk with a native about the blue flowers which
were abundant and in great variety at the side of the path. This was on
the slope of a hill looking to the sea, about a mile from Mousehole.
I saw a girl crossing a grass field, and as she was making for a gate
opening on to the path, I waited for her and when she came out we went
on together for some distance. She had been to take her father his
dinner in a field where he was working and was now on her way back to
their cottage. Her age was about nineteen or twenty and she was of the
most common type found in these parts--short, strongly built, somewhat
dumpy; a blonde with grey or bluish-grey eyes, light fluffy hair, and
broad colourless face. There was not a good feature in it, yet it did
not strike one as homely but was pleasant to look at on account of the
lively, intelligent and good-natured expression. Finally, she was not
flustered or put out in the least degree at being spoken to and joined
in her walk by a stranger, but conversed freely with me in that simple
natural frank way which seems to me the usual way in Cornwall.
Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer, in his book _The Heart of the Country_, has
a good deal to say about the separation of the classes in rural
England--the great impassable gulf which exists between gentleman
and peasant. As an instance of this he relates that one evening, when
walking from a station to the village he was staying at, he overtook
a young woman going the same way, and keeping together they conversed
quite naturally and pleasantly until they got to the end of the dark
lane to where there was a lamp, when it was revealed to the young woman
that her companion was not of her own class. "Why," she exclaimed,
staring at him in astonishment, "you are a gentleman!" And with that
took to her heels and vanished in the dark.
Such an incident would read like a fable in Cornwall--in West Cornwall
at all events--for it could not possibly happen there. The caste feeling
so common elsewhere hardly exists, and if a gentleman speaks to a young
woman in a quiet lane she does not suspect that he has any designs
on her nor feel any sense of awe or strangeness to make her silent or
awkward. She talks to him as naturally as to one of her own class. It
is this common bond between people which one finds a relief and pleasure
when going from an English, or an Anglo-Saxon, county to Cornwall
and which made it pleasant to me to walk with this homely commonplace
peasant girl.
But when I talked to her about the flowers growing in profusion by the
hedge-side and along the borders of the path she assured me that she
never looked at them and knew nothing about them. Well, yes, she did
know three or four wild flowers by their names.
"But surely," I said, "you must know these that are so common--these
little blue flowers, for instance, what do you call them?" and I plucked
a spray of speedwell. She said they were violets, and when I picked a
violet and pointed out the difference in shape and size and colour she
agreed that they were a little unlike when you looked at them, "but,"
she said, "we never look at them and we call all these little blue ones
violets."
"But," I persisted, "flowers are the most beautiful things on the
earth and we all love and admire them and are glad to see them again in
spring--surely you must know something more than you say about them--you
must have been accustomed to gather them in your childhood." But she
would not have it. "We never take notice of wild flowers," she said;
"they are no use and we call them all violets--all these blue ones." And
she pointed to the hedge-side, where there were violet, forget-me-not,
bird's-eye and ground-ivy all growing together.
The poor girl did not know much--less than most, perhaps--even less than
Billy of the charlock bouquet who had got the one parrot phrase that all
flowers are beautiful in his brain; but that which I sought in her and
in the pretty, lively Cornish, kitten-like girl already described, and
in dozens more, does not come from reading books, nor is it found only
in the intelligent. That something lacking in them which you can find by
seeking in the more stolid and seemingly duller Anglo-Saxon peasant is
of the race.
But enough of adventures in this vain quest of the elusive spirit
of romance or poetry. It still remains to speak of the early spring
flowers, and of the blue one, which was no common and universal flower
like those I have just mentioned, but one I had never seen growing
wild until I came to Cornwall. This was the vernal squill, a small blue
lily-shaped flower of a delicate, very beautiful blue, hardly deeper
than that of the hairbell, growing in clusters of three or four on a
polished stalk an inch or two or three in height. The stem varies in
length according to the depth of the grass or herbage or dwarf heath
among which it grows, as the flower likes to keep itself on a level
with the surface of the grass, or nestling in it, like a stone in its
setting. In April I first found it, a flower or two here and there, in
small depressions and on sunny slopes sheltered from the blast by the
huge rocks of the headlands: it was one of the few first early flowers
which produce that most fairy-like beautifying effect on these castled
promontories, blossoming at the feet of and among the rugged masses of
granite overgrown with coarse grey lichen.
By and by I was delighted to find that these few scattered blooms were
but the first comers of an innumerable multitude, for day by day and
week by week the number of them increased, first keeping to the sunniest
and most sheltered places, then spreading until they were everywhere
along the coast. But always within its own curiously narrow limit,
blooming close to the cliff, in some places right to the very brink,
but usually some yards back from it, distributed over the ground to a
breadth of a dozen or fifteen yards, thus forming a band. Where the soil
is favourable and the flowers abundant the band is very conspicuous, and
in places where the land slopes to the cliff it broadens and occupies
the ground to a breadth of fifty to a hundred yards or even more, then
narrows again and pursues its way, following the numberless indentations
of the coastline, climbing up and down the steep slopes and sides of
gullies and fading and almost vanishing on the barren heath on the
highest cliffs.
Now when I first saw the vernal squill, when it had been nothing in my
mind but a little blue flower with a pretty book name, it captivated me
with its delicate loveliness--its little drop of cerulean colour in a
stony desolate place--and with its delightful perfume, but it certainly
did not affect me greatly as I have been affected time and again by
other flowers, first seen in the greatest profusion and in their best
aspect.
The commonest of all flowers, the buttercup, is one of these, as I first
beheld it covering whole meadows with its pure delicately brilliant
yellow. I remember at the end of the African War coming up one day in
April from Southampton in a train full of soldiers just back from the
veldt, and when a meadow bright with buttercups came in sight the men in
my compartment all jumped up and shouted with joy. That sight made them
realise as no other could have done, that they were at home once more in
England. The wild hyacinth is another flower which took a distinguished
place in my mind from the first moment of its coming before my sight,
a sea of misty blue beneath the woodland trees in their tender early
spring foliage. Another is the gorse from the day I looked on a wide
common aflame with its bloom, still another the briar rose first beheld
in the greatest luxuriance and abundance on a vast unkept hedge in
Southern England. Then, too, the fritillary on the occasion of my first
finding it growing wild in a water-meadow and standing, as in a field
of corn, knee-deep amidst the tens and hundreds of thousands of crowded
slender stems with their nodding pendulous tulips so strangely chequered
with darkest purple and luminous pink. But over all the revelations of
the glory of flowers I have experienced in this land I hold my first
sight of heather in bloom on the Scottish moors in August shortly after
coming to this country. I remember how I went out and walked many miles
over the moors, lured ever on by the sight of that novel loveliness
until I was lost in a place where no house was visible, and how at
intervals when the sun broke through the clouds and shone on some
distant hill or slope from which the grey mist had just lifted,
revealing the purple colour beneath, it appeared like a vision of the
Delectable Mountains.
From the flowers which are greatest only because of their numbers,
seeing that, comparing flower with flower, they are equalled and
surpassed in lustre by very many other species, it may appear a far
descent to my little inconspicuous lily by the sea. For what was there
beyond the mere fact of its rarity to make it seem more than many
others--than herb-robert in the hedge, for instance, or any small
delicate red geranium or brighter lychnis; or, to come to its own
colour, veronica with its "darling blue," and, lovelier still, water
forget-me-not, with a yellow pupil to its turquoise iris; or the minute
bird-shaped blue milkwort, and gentian and bluebell and hairbell and
borage and periwinkle and blue geranium, and that delicate rarity the
blue pimpernel, and the still rarer and more beautiful blue anemone?
Nevertheless, after many days with this unimportant little flower, one
among many, from its earliest appearance, when it blossomed sparingly
at the foot of the rock, to the time when it had increased and spread
to right and left and formed that blue-sprinkled band or path by which
I walked daily by the sea, often sitting or lying on the turf the better
to inhale its delicious perfume, it came to be more to me than all those
unimportant ones which I have named, with many others equally beautiful,
and was at last regarded as among the best in the land. For it had
entered into my soul, and was among flowers an equal of the briar rose
and honeysuckle in the English hedges and of the pale and varicoloured
Cornish heath as I saw it in August in lonely places among the Goonhilly
Downs in the Lizard district, and, like that heath, it had become for
ever associated in my mind with the thought of Cornwall.
Its charm was due both to its sky-colour and perfume and its curious
habit of growing just so far and no further from the edge of the cliff,
so that when I walked by the sea I had that blue-flecked path constantly
before me. One day I made the remark mentally that it appeared as if the
sky itself, the genius or blue lady of the sky, had come down to walk by
the sea and had left that sky-colour on the turf where she had trailed
her robe, and this shade or quality of the hue set me thinking of a
chapter I once wrote on the "Secret of the Charm of Flowers" (-Birds
and Man-, pp. 140-62), in which the peculiar pleasure which certain
flowers produce in us was traced to their human colouring--in other
words, the _expression_ was due to human associations. Some of my
friends would not accept this view, and although I still believe it the
right one I became convinced in the course of the argument of a grave
omission in my account of the blue flower--that it was unconsciously
associated with the blue eye in man and received its distinctive
expression from this cause alone. One of my correspondents, anxious to
prove me wrong, quoted an idea expressed by some one that flowers are
beautiful and precious to us because, apart from their intrinsic charm
of colour, fragrance and form, they are absolutely unrelated to our
human life with its passions, sorrows and tragedies; and, finally, he
said of the blue flower, that if it had any associations at all they
were not human; the suggestion was of the blue sky, the open air, of
fair weather. It was so in his own case--"I can _feel_ the different
blues of skies and air and distances in flower blue."
Undoubtedly he was right as to the fair-weather suggestion in the blue
flower--I could not look at the vernal squill without feeling convinced
of it. Then, oddly enough, another correspondent who was also among my
opponents kindly sent me this striking passage from an old writer, Sir
John Feme, on azure in blazonry: "Which blew colour representeth the
Aire amongst the elements, that of all the rest is the greatest favourer
of life, as the only nurse and maintainer of spirits in any living
creature. The colour blew is commonly taken from the clear skye which
appeareth so often as the tempests be overblowne, and note prosperous
successe and good fortune to the wearer in all his affayres."
My view now is that the human association is a chief factor in the
expression of blue flowers in some species, such as pansy, violet,
speedwell and various others, which bloom sparsely and are seen
distinctly as single flowers and not as mere splashes of colour; and
that with blue flowers seen in masses, as in the case of the wild
hyacinth and sometimes the viper's bugloss, the association is more
with the clear blue sky. But doubtless both elements are present in
all cases, that is to say with our race; among dark-eyed people the
expression of the blue flower would have the fair-weather association
alone.
[Illustration: 0321]