the vines of Secretary are able to produce good grapes only in
exceptional seasons and in favored localities. The fruit characters
of Secretary, however, give the grapes exceptionally high quality, the
berries being meaty yet juicy, fine-grained and tender, with a sweet,
spicy, vinous flavor. The bunches are large, well-formed, with
medium-sized, purplish-black berries covered with thick bloom, making
a very handsome cluster. While the vine and foliage somewhat resemble
those of Clinton, one of its parents, the variety is not nearly as
hardy, vigorous nor productive. Moreover, in any but favored
localities in the North, its maturity is somewhat uncertain. These
defects keep Secretary from becoming of commercial importance and make
it of value only to the amateur. Secretary is one of the first
productions of J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, New York, the original vine
coming from seed of Clinton fertilized by Muscat Hamburg, planted in
1867.
Vine vigorous, doubtfully hardy, variable in productiveness. Canes
numerous, light brown, conspicuously darker at nodes, surface
covered with thin, blue bloom; tendrils intermittent, bifid.
Leaves small to medium, thin; upper surface light green, dull,
smooth; lower surface pale green, glabrous. Flowers semi-fertile,
early; stamens upright.
Fruit ripens after Concord, keeps and ships well. Clusters large,
long, cylindrical with a large, single shoulder, often loose and
with many abortive fruits. Berries large, round, flattened at
attachment to pedicel, dark purplish-black, glossy, persistent,
firm; skin tough with wine-colored pigment; flesh green, juicy,
fine-grained, tender, vinous, sweet; good. Seeds free, large,
broad, notched, long, dark brown.
SENASQUA
(Labrusca, Vinifera)
The vine of Senasqua lacks in vigor, hardiness, productiveness and
health. The grapes are of good quality, and when well grown are up to
the average fruits of the Labrusca-Vinifera hybrids. Unfortunately the
berries have a tendency to crack which is aggravated by the bunches
being so compact as to crowd the berries. Senasqua is one of the
latest grapes to open its buds and is, therefore, seldom injured by
late frosts. It can be recommended only for the garden for the sake
of variety. Stephen W. Underhill of Crown Point, New York, originated
Senasqua from seed of Concord pollinated by Black Prince.
Vine weak and tender, often unproductive. Canes short, few,
reddish-brown; nodes enlarged, flattened; tendrils intermittent,
long, trifid or bifid. Leaves light green, glossy, rugose; lower
surface whitish-green, pubescent; leaf usually not lobed with
terminus acute; petiolar sinus narrow; basal and lateral sinuses
shallow and narrow when present. Flowers fertile, late; stamens
upright.
Fruit a little later than Concord, keeps well. Clusters large,
broad, irregularly tapering, usually with a small, single
shoulder, very compact; pedicel thick, smooth, enlarged at point
of attachment; brush short, reddish. Berries large, round,
reddish-black, persistent, firm; skin thick, tender, cracks,
adherent, contains some wine-colored pigment; flesh green,
translucent, juicy, tender, meaty, vinous, spicy; good. Seeds
free, one to five, long, narrow, one-sided, light brown.
SULTANA
(Vinifera)
This variety was formerly the standard seedless grape in California
for home use and raisins, but it is now outstripped by Sultanina.
Sultana is possibly better flavored than Sultanina but the vines are
hardly as vigorous or productive and the berries often have seeds. The
description is compiled.
Vines vigorous, upright, productive. Leaves large, five-lobed,
with large sinuses, light in color, coarsely toothed. Bunches
large, long, cylindrical, heavily shouldered, sometimes not well
filled, often loose and scraggly; berries small, round, firm and
crisp, golden-yellow, sweet with considerable piquancy; quality
good.
SULTANINA
(Vinifera)
_Thompson's Seedless_
Sultanina is one of the standard seedless grapes of the Pacific slope,
grown both to eat out of hand and for raisins. Probably it can be
grown in home plantations in favored parts of eastern America where
the season is long and warm. The following description is compiled
from Californian viticulturists:
Vine very vigorous, very productive; trunk large with very long
canes. Leaves glabrous on both sides, dark yellow-green above,
light below; generally three-lobed, with shallow sinuses; teeth
short and obtuse. Bunch large, conico-cylindrical, well filled,
with herbaceous peduncles; berries oval, beautiful golden-yellow
color; skin moderately thick; flesh of rather neutral flavor; very
good.
TAYLOR
(Vulpina, Labrusca)
_Bullitt_
While it is from the species to which Taylor belongs that we must look
for our hardiest vines, nevertheless this grape and its offspring,
although not tender to cold, do best in southern regions, as they
require a long warm summer to mature properly. The quality of the
fruit of Taylor is fair to good, the flavor being sweet, pure,
delicate and spicy and the flesh tender and juicy; but the bunches are
small and the flowers are infertile so that the berries do not set
well, making very imperfect and unsightly clusters. The skin is such,
also, that it cracks badly, a defect seemingly transmitted to many of
the seedlings of the variety. The vine is strong, healthy, hardy but
not very productive. The original vine of Taylor was a wild seedling
found in the early part of the last century on the Cumberland
Mountains near the Kentucky-Tennessee line by a Mr. Cobb.
Vine vigorous to rank, healthy, hardy, variable in productiveness.
Leaves small, attractive in color, smooth. Flowers bloom early;
stamens reflexed.
Fruit ripens about two weeks before Isabella. Clusters small to
medium, shouldered, loose or moderately compact. Berries small to
medium, roundish, pale greenish-white, sometimes tinged with
amber; skin very thin; pulp sweet, spicy; fair to good in quality.
TRIUMPH
(Labrusca, Vinifera)
When quality, color, shape and size of bunch and berry are considered,
Triumph (Plate XXVIII) is one of the finest dessert grapes of America.
At its best, it is a magnificent bunch of golden grapes of highest
quality, esteemed even in southern Europe where it must compete with
the best of the Viniferas. In America, however, its commercial
importance is curtailed by the fact that the fruit requires a long
season for proper development. Triumph has, in general, the vine
characters of the Labrusca parent, Concord, especially its habit of
growth, vigor, productiveness and foliage characters, falling short in
hardiness, resistance to fungal diseases and earliness of fruit, the
fruit maturing with or a little later than Catawba. While the vine
characters of Triumph are those of Labrusca, there is scarcely a
suggestion of the coarseness, or of the foxy odor and taste of
Labrusca, and the objectionable seeds, pulp and skin of the native
grape give way to the far less objectionable structures of Vinifera.
The flesh is tender and melting and the flavor rich, sweet, vinous,
pure and delicate. The skins of the berries under unfavorable
conditions crack badly, the variety, therefore, neither shipping nor
keeping well. Triumph was grown soon after the Civil War by George W.
Campbell, Delaware, Ohio, from seed of Concord fertilized by Chasselas
Musque.
Vine vigorous. Canes long, dark brown with much bloom; nodes
enlarged; tendrils intermittent, long, trifid, sometimes bifid.
Leaves large; upper surface light green, dull, rugose; lower
surface grayish-white, pubescent; leaf usually not lobed with
terminus obtuse; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, often closed and
overlapping; basal sinus absent; lateral sinus shallow and narrow
when present; teeth deep, wide. Flowers self-fertile, late;
stamens upright.
Fruit very late. Clusters very large, long, broad, cylindrical,
sometimes single-shouldered, compact; pedicel slender, smooth;
brush short, yellowish-green. Berries medium in size, oval, golden
yellow, glossy with heavy bloom, persistent, firm; skin thin,
inclined to crack, adherent, without pigment, slightly
astringent; flesh light green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained,
tender, vinous; good to very good. Seeds free, one to five, small,
brown.
ULSTER
(Labrusca, Vinifera)
The vines of Ulster set too much fruit in spite of efforts to control
the crop by pruning; two undesirable results follow, the bunches are
small and the vines, lacking vigor at best, fail to recover from the
overfruitfulness. These defects keep the variety from becoming of
importance commercially or even a favorite as a garden grape. The
quality of the fruit is very good, being much like that of Catawba,
and under favorable conditions it is an attractive green with a red
tinge. The fruit keeps well when the variety is grown under conditions
suited to it. Ulster originated with A. J. Caywood, Marlboro, New
York, and was introduced by him about 1885. Its parents are said to be
Catawba pollinated by a wild AEstivalis. Both vine and fruit show
traces of Labrusca and Vinifera, but the AEstivalis characters, if
present, are not apparent.
Vine hardy, productive, overbears. Canes short, slender, dark
brown, surface roughened and covered with faint pubescence; nodes
enlarged and flattened; internodes short; tendrils intermittent,
bifid, dehisce early. Leaves small, thick; upper surface light
green, glossy, smooth; lower surface grayish-white, pubescent;
leaf usually not lobed with terminus acute; petiolar sinus medium
to wide; basal sinus absent; lateral sinus a notch when present;
teeth shallow, wide. Flowers self-fertile, early; stamens upright.
Fruit late mid-season. Clusters long, cylindrical, often
single-shouldered, compact; pedicel slender, with numerous warts;
brush short, yellowish-green. Berries medium in size, round, dark
dull red with thin bloom, persistent; skin thick, tough, adherent,
astringent; flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, tender,
fine-grained, faintly aromatic, slightly foxy; good to very good.
Seeds free, one to six, medium in size, plump, brown.
VERDAL
(Vinifera)
_Aspiran Blanc_
Verdal is one of the standard late grapes of the Pacific slope,
ripening among the last. The grapes are seen seldom in distant markets
and the quality is not quite good enough to make it a very great
favorite for home plantations. Vigor and hardiness of vines commend it
as do the large and handsome fruits, and these qualities, with late
ripening, will probably long keep it on grape lists in the far West.
The description is compiled.
Vines vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; canes rather
slender, half erect. Leaves of medium size, glabrous on both
surfaces, except below near the axis of the main nerve; sinuses
well marked and generally closed, giving the leaf the appearance
of having five holes; teeth long, unequal, acuminate. Bunches
large to very large, irregular, long-conical, usually compact;
shoulders small or lacking; berries large or very large,
yellowish-green; skin thick but tender; flesh crisp, firm; flavor
agreeable but not rich; quality good. Season very late, keeping
and shipping well.
VERGENNES
(Labrusca)
The most valuable attribute of Vergennes (Plate XXIX) is certainty in
bearing. The vine seldom fails to bear although it often overbears,
causing variability in size of fruits and time of ripening. With a
moderate crop, the grapes ripen with Concord, but with a heavy load
from one to two weeks later. Vergennes is somewhat unpopular with
vineyardists because of the sprawling habit of the vines which makes
them untractable for vineyard operations; this fault is obviated by
grafting on other vines. The grapes are attractive, the quality is
good, flavor agreeable, the flesh tender, and seeds and skin are not
objectionable. Vergennes is the standard late-keeping grape for
northern regions, being very common in the markets as late as January.
The original vine was a chance seedling in the garden of William E.
Greene, Vergennes, Vermont, in 1874.
Vine variable in vigor, doubtfully hardy, productive, healthy.
Canes long, dark brown; nodes enlarged, strongly flattened;
tendrils continuous, long, bifid or trifid. Leaves large, thin;
upper surface light green, glossy, rugose; lower surface pale
green, very pubescent; leaf usually not lobed with terminus
broadly acute; petiolar sinus wide; teeth shallow. Flowers
semi-sterile, mid-season; stamens upright.
Fruit late, keeps and ships well. Clusters of medium size, broad,
cylindrical, sometimes single-shouldered, loose; pedicel with
numerous small warts; brush slender, short, pale green. Berries
large, oval, light and dark red with thin bloom, persistent; skin
thick, tough, adherent, astringent; flesh pale green, juicy,
fine-grained, somewhat stringy, tender, vinous; good to very good.
Seeds free, one to five, blunt, brown.
WALTER
(Vinifera, Labrusca, Bourquiniana)
Were it not almost impossible to grow healthy vines of Walter, the
variety would rank high among American grapes. But stunted by fungi
which attack leaves, young wood and fruit, it is possible only in
exceptionally favorable seasons satisfactorily to produce crops of
this variety. Besides susceptibility to diseases, the vines are
fastidious to soils, everywhere variable in growth and are injured in
cold winters. As if to atone for the faults of the vine, the fruit of
Walter is almost perfect, lacking only in size of bunch and berry. The
bunch and berry resemble those of Delaware, but the fruit is not as
high in quality as that of its parents. Walter is adapted to
conditions under which Delaware thrives. A. J. Caywood, Modena, New
York, grew this variety about 1850 from seed of Delaware pollinated by
Diana.
Vine vigorous. Canes medium in length and size, dark reddish-brown
with thin bloom; nodes enlarged, flattened; tendrils intermittent,
bifid. Leaves thick; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth;
lower surface tinged with bronze, heavily pubescent; lobes one to
three with terminus acute; petiolar sinus narrow; basal sinus
lacking; lateral sinus a notch if present. Flowers mid-season;
stamens upright.
Fruit early, keeps and ships well. Clusters medium in size, broad,
cylindrical, usually single-shouldered, compact; pedicel slender,
with small, scattering warts; brush short, slender, green with
brown tinge. Berries small, ovate, red, glossy with thin bloom,
persistent, firm; skin very tough, adheres slightly, unpigmented;
flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, tough, somewhat foxy,
vinous, aromatic; good to very good. Seeds adherent, one to four,
small, sharp-pointed, light brown.
WILDER
(Labrusca, Vinifera)
The fruit of Wilder is surpassed in quality and appearance by other of
Rogers' hybrids, but the vine is the most reliable of any of these
hybrid sorts, being vigorous, hardy, productive, and, although
somewhat susceptible to mildew, as healthy as any. Wilder is not as
well known in the markets as it should be, and now that fungal
diseases can be controlled by spraying should be more commonly planted
in commercial vineyards, especially for local markets. Wilder is one
of the forty-five Labrusca-Vinifera hybrids raised by E. S. Rogers,
Salem, Massachusetts, having been described first in 1858.
Vine vigorous, hardy, productive, susceptible to mildew. Canes
long, numerous, reddish-brown, darker at the nodes; internodes
long; tendrils intermittent, bifid or trifid. Leaves large,
irregularly round; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower
surface pale green, pubescent; usually not lobed with terminus
acute; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, often closed and overlapping;
basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus shallow, narrow, or a mere
notch when present. Flowers self-sterile, mid-season; stamens
reflexed.
Fruit early mid-season, keeps and ships well. Clusters variable in
size, short, broad, tapering, heavily single-shouldered, loose;
pedicel long, thick with numerous warts; brush thick, green with
tinge of red. Berries large, oval, purplish-black with heavy
bloom, persistent, firm; skin thick, adherent to pulp, with bright
red pigment, astringent; flesh green, translucent, juicy, tender;
good. Seeds adherent, one to five, long, light brown.
WINCHELL
(Labrusca, Vinifera, AEstivalis)
_Green Mountain_
The vines of Winchell (Plate XXX) are vigorous, hardy, healthy,
productive, and the fruit is early, of high quality and ships
well--altogether a most admirable early grape. There are some minor
faults which become drawbacks in the culture of Winchell. The berries,
and under some conditions the bunches, are small and the bunch is
loose with a large shoulder. Sometimes this looseness becomes so
pronounced as to give a straggling, poorly-formed cluster; and the
shoulder, when as large as the cluster itself, which often happens,
makes the cluster unsightly. The grapes shell when fully ripe, a
serious fault. Again, while the crop usually ripens evenly, there are
seasons when two pickings are needed because of the unevenness in
ripening. Lastly, the skin is thin and there is danger in unfavorable
seasons of the berries cracking, although this is seldom a serious
fault. These defects do not offset the several good characters of
Winchell which make it the standard early green grape, deserving to
rank with the best early grapes of any color. The original vine was
raised by James Milton Clough, Stamford, Vermont, about 1850 from seed
of an unknown purple grape.
Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive. Canes long,
numerous, slender, dark brown with thin bloom; nodes enlarged,
flattened; tendrils continuous, sometimes intermittent, bifid.
Leaves large; upper surface light green, glossy, smooth; lower
surface dull green, tinged with bronze, faintly pubescent; lobes
three to five with terminal lobe acute; petiolar sinus deep; basal
sinus shallow; teeth shallow, wide. Flowers fertile, mid-season;
stamens upright.
Fruit early, keeps and ships well. Clusters long, slender,
cylindrical, often with a long shoulder, compact; pedicel short,
slender with few inconspicuous warts; brush greenish-white.
Berries small, round, light green, persistent, soft; skin marked
with small, reddish-brown spots, thin, tender, slightly
astringent; flesh green, translucent, juicy, tender, fine-grained,
sweet; very good to best. Seeds free, one to four, small, plump,
wide and long, blunt, brown.
WOODRUFF
(Labrusca, Vinifera?)
Woodruff is a handsome, showy, brick-red grape with large clusters and
berries, but its taste belies its looks, for the flesh is coarse and
the flavor poor. The variety would not be worth attention were it not
for its excellent vine characters; the vines are hardy, productive and
healthy. The grapes ripen a little before Concord and come on the
market at a favorable time, especially for a red grape. Woodruff
originated from C. H. Woodruff, Ann Arbor, Michigan, as a chance
seedling which came up in 1874 and fruited first in 1877.
Vine very vigorous, hardy. Canes dark brown; nodes enlarged,
flattened; tendrils continuous, bifid or trifid. Leaves round;
upper surface light green, dull, rugose; lower surface
greenish-white, pubescent; leaf usually not lobed with terminus
acute; petiolar sinus wide; basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus
shallow and narrow when present; teeth shallow. Flowers
semi-fertile, early; stamens upright.
Fruit ripening before Concord. Clusters broad, widely tapering,
usually single-shouldered, compact; pedicel short, thick, smooth;
brush long, pale green. Berries large, round, dark red, dull,
firm; skin thin, tender, adherent, slightly astringent; flesh pale
green, translucent, juicy, tough, coarse, very foxy; fair in
quality. Seeds adherent, one to five, broad, short, plump, blunt,
brown.
WORDEN
(Labrusca)
Of the many offspring of Concord, Worden (Plate XXXI) is best known
and most meritorious. The grapes differ chiefly from those of Concord
in having larger berries and bunches, in having better quality and in
being a week to ten days earlier. The vine is equally hardy, healthy,
vigorous and productive but is more fastidious in its adaptations to
soil, although now and then it does even better. The chief fault of
the variety is that the fruit cracks badly, often preventing the
profitable marketing of a crop. Besides this tenderness of skin, the
fruit-pulp of Worden is softer than that of Concord, there is more
juice, and the keeping qualities are not as good, so that the grapes
hardly ship as well as those of the more commonly grown grape. Worden
is very popular in northern grape regions both for commercial
plantations and the garden. It is a more desirable inhabitant of the
garden, because of higher quality of fruit than Concord, and under
conditions well suited to it is better as a commercial variety, as the
fruit is handsomer as well as of better quality. In the markets the
fruit ought to sell for a higher price than Concord if desired for
immediate consumption, and if it can be harvested promptly, as it does
not hang well on the vines. Its earlier season is against it for a
commercial variety and, with the defects mentioned, will prevent its
taking the place of Concord to a great degree. Worden was originated
by Schuyler Worden, Minetto, Oswego County, New York, from seed of
Concord planted about 1863.
Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive. Canes large, thick,
dark brown with reddish tinge; nodes enlarged, flattened; tendrils
continuous, slender, bifid, sometimes trifid. Young leaves tinged
on the under side and along the margins of upper side with
rose-carmine. Leaves large, thick; upper surface dark green,
glossy, smooth; lower surface light bronze, pubescent; leaf
usually not lobed; petiolar sinus wide, often urn-shaped; teeth
shallow. Flowers fertile, mid-season; stamens upright.
Fruit early. Clusters large, long, broad, tapering, usually
single-shouldered, compact; pedicel slender with a few small
warts; brush long, light green. Berries large, round, dark
purplish-black, glossy with heavy bloom, firm; skin tender, cracks
badly, adheres slightly, contains dark red pigment, astringent.
Flesh green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained, tough, foxy, sweet,
mild; good to very good. Seeds adherent, one to five, large,
broad, short, blunt, brown.
WYOMING
(Labrusca)
_Hopkins Early Red, Wilmington Red, Wyoming Red_
Such value as Wyoming (Plate XXXII) possesses lies in the hardiness,
productiveness and healthiness of the vine. The appearance of the
fruit is very good, the bunches are well formed and composed of rich
amber-colored berries of medium size. The quality, however, is poor,
being that of the wild Labrusca in foxiness of flavor and in flesh
characters. It is not nearly as valuable as some other of the red
Labruscas hitherto described and can hardly be recommended either for
the garden or the vineyard. Wyoming was introduced by S. J. Parker of
Ithaca, New York, who states that it came from Pennsylvania in 1861.
Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive. Canes numerous,
slender, dark reddish-brown covered with blue bloom; nodes
enlarged, frequently flattened; tendrils continuous, short, bifid.
Leaves of average size and thickness; upper surface light green,
dull, smooth; lower surface dull green with tinge of bronze,
pubescent; lobes one to three with terminus acute; petiolar sinus
shallow, wide; basal sinus usually wanting; lateral sinus shallow
and wide when present; teeth shallow. Flowers sterile, mid-season;
stamens reflexed.
Fruit early, keeps well. Clusters slender, cylindrical, compact;
pedicel short, slender with small warts; brush slender, pale green
with brown tinge. Berries medium, round, rich amber red with thin
bloom, persistent, firm; skin tender, adherent, astringent; flesh
pale green, translucent, juicy, tough, solid, strongly foxy,
vinous; poor in quality. Seeds adherent, one to three, slightly
notched, light brown.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Bioletti, Frederic T. _Report of International Congress of
Viticulture_, 88. 1915.
[2] Anthony, R. D. _N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 632_: 88. 1917.
[3] Bioletti, Frederic T. _Calif. Exp. Sta., Bul. 180_: 135. 1906.
[4] _Ibid._, 136-138.
[5] Bioletti, Frederic T. _Calif. Exp. Sta., Bul. 180_: 108-112.
[6] Bioletti, Frederic T. _Calif. Exp. Sta., Bul. 180_: 113-118.
[7] Munson, T. V. _Foundations of American Grape Culture_, 217. 1909.
[8] Bioletti, Frederic T. _Calif. Exp. Sta., Bul. 180_: 96-97. 1906.
[9] For an account of this experiment, see Bul. 381 of the N. Y. Agr.
Exp. Sta., Geneva.
[10] Quoted from Bul. No. 381, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta.
[11] Each weight is of 300 green leaves, 5 from each of 60 vines. The
first leaf beyond the last cluster was selected.
[12] Amount to the acre of wood pruned in fall.
[13] Number to the acre.
[14] Munson, T. V. _Foundations of American Grape Culture_: 224-227.
1909.
[15] Husmann, George C., and Dearing, Charles. _Muscadine Grapes. Bul.
709, U. S. Dept. Agr._: 16-19. 1916.
[16] The remainder of this chapter is republished by permission from
_Bul. 246, Calif. Exp. Sta., Vine Pruning in California_, published in
1916 by F. T. Bioletti. Not all of the bulletin is reproduced, but the
parts republished are transcribed verbatim. All of the illustrations
in this chapter have been redrawn from Professor Bioletti's bulletin.
[17] The following account is founded on work carried on by the author
at the N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., accounts of which have been given before
several horticultural societies in 1916, 1917 and 1918.
[18] Husmann, Geo. C., and Dearing, Charles. _The Muscadine Grapes_,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 273: 33-36. 1913.
[19] Husmann, George C. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bul. No. 644.
[20] Husmann, George C. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. No. 349. 1916.
INDEX
(Names of species, and synonyms of varietal names, are in italics.)
Actoni, 330.
Adaptations of stocks, 66.
Adlum, John, mentioned, 58.
_Admirable_, 373.
_Adoxus obscurus_, 216.
AEstivalis grapes, 11.
Affinity of stock and cion, 67.
Agawam, 331.
Air currents, 27.
_Alabama_, 401.
Alexander, 5, 6.
_Alexander_, 391.
Alicante, for forcing, 198.
Alleys, 75.
Almeria, 331.
Amadas & Barlowe, mentioned, 5.
America, 332.
_American Muscadine_, 435.
Aminia, 333.
Anaheim disease, 226.
Anthony, on grafting, 47.
Anthracnose, control of, 223.
description of, 223.
Aramon x Rupestris, 2, 64.
Arbors, training vines on, 142.
_Arkansas_, 345, 357.
_Arnold's Hybrid_, 422.
_Aspiran Blanc_, 442.
August Giant, 333.
Bacchus, 324.
Bagging grapes, 293.
cost of, 294.
Bakator, 335.
Barbarossa, for forcing, 197.
Bark, structure of, 303.
Barry, 335.
Bartram, on the Alexander, 7.
Beach Grape, 313.
Beacon, 336.
_Beaconsfield_, 346.
Beak defined, 308.
Bench grafting, 50.
essentials of, 50.
operation of, 51.
preparing cuttings for, 51.
Berckmans, 337.
Berry, characters of, 308.
Bioletti, on callusing beds, 56.
on grafting, 48, 52.
on pruning in California, 151.
on resistant stocks, 63.
quoted, 18.
Bird Grape, 312.
Bitter-rot, 225.
_Black Cape_, 391.
_Black Cornichon_, 429.
Black Eagle, 338.
_Black El Paso_, 401.
_Black German_, 406.
Black Hamburg, for forcing, 197.
_Black July_, 401.
Black Malvoise, 339.
Black Morocco, 339.
_Black Muscat_, 415.
Black rot, control of, 320.
description of, 319.
_Black Spanish_, 401.
Bloom defined, 301.
Blooming dates of grapes, 288.
Blooming, time of, 305.
_Blue French_, 401.
Blue Grape, 318, 322.
Borders in graperies, making, 195.
care of, 195.
_Bottsi_, 382.
Bowed canes, 174.
Branches defined, 301.
Brighton, 340.
Brilliant, 341.
Brown, 342.
_Brown French_, 382.
Brush defined, 307.
Buckland Sweetwater, for forcing, 197.
Buds, characters of, 304.
defined, 304.
_Bull_, 435.
Bull, Ephraim W., mentioned, 9.
Bull Grape, 310.
_Bullace_, 435.
Bullace Grape, 310.
_Bullet_, 435.
Bullet Grape, 310.
_Bullitt_, 439.
Bunch Grape, 318.
_Burgundy_, 401.
Bush Grape, 312.
Bushy Grape, 310.
By-products of the grape, 269.
Callusing bed, 56.
Campbell Early, 342.
Canada, 343.
_Canadian Hamburg_, 422.
_Canadian Hybrid_, 422.
Canandaigua, 344.
Canandaigua Lake grape region, 21.
Cane-renewal, 116.
Canes, characters of, 303.
defined, 301.
disposition of, in pruning, 124.
Care of young vines, 87.
Carman, 344.
Catawba, 345.
history of, 8.
_Catawba Tokay_, 345.
Catch crops, 89, 90.
Cato, on grafting, 45.
quoted, 76.
Cayuga Lake grape region, 21.
Central Lake grape region, 20.
Chalaza defined, 308.
Champagne, 253.
Champagne industry, 21.
Champion, 346.
Chasselas Golden, 347.
_Chasselas Dore_, 347.
Chasselas Rose, 348.
Chautauqua, 348.
Chautauqua grape-belt, 18.
Chautauqua training, 125.
_Cherokee_, 345.
Chicken Grape, 317, 318.
_Cigar Box Grape_, 401.
Clevener, 349.
Climate and grape-growing, 23.
Clinton, 15, 350.
Colerain, 351.
Columbian Imperial, 351.
_Columbian Jumbo_, 351.
Commercial factors, 30.
Concord, 352.
history of, 9.
Constantia, 391.
Cooeperative fertilizer experiments, 102.
Cordon pruning, 153.
Cordons, horizontal, 176.
vertical, 175.
Cottage, 354.
Coulure, 226.
Cover-crops, 89, 91.
_Craponius inaequalis_, 217.
Cream of tartar, 270.
Cross-pollination, 284.
Croton, 355.
Crown-gall, 225.
_Cryptosporella viticola_, 224.
Cunningham, 356.
Cuttings, dormant, 38.
hard-wood, 38.
herbaceous, 42.
planting, 39.
single-eye, 40.
time to make, 38.
Cutting wood, selecting, 38.
Cut-worms on grapes, 315.
Cynthiana, 357.
Dead-arm disease, control of, 324.
description of, 324.
Delaware, 11, 358.
Depth to plant, 86.
_Desmia funeralis_, 216.
Determinants of grape regions, 22.
_Devereaux_, 401.
Diamond, 359.
Diana, 360.
Diaphragm, characters of, 303.
defined, 301.
Digging holes, 83.
Direct producers, 71.
Direction of rows, 74.
Distances in planting, 75.
_Dodrelabi_, 379.
_Dorchester_, 391.
Double-headed vines, 174.
Double Kniffin, 135.
Downing, 361.
Downy mildew, control of, 222.
description of, 220.
Dracut Amber, 362.
Drainage for grapes, 28, 77.
Duck-shot Grape, 318.
_Dunn_, 382.
Dutchess, 362.
Dynamite in digging holes, 84.
_Early Champion_, 346.
Early Daisy, 363.
Early Ohio, 364.
Early Victor, 364.
Eaton, 365.
Eclipse, 366.
Eden, 367.
Egg Harbor grape region, 22.
Eldorado, 368.
Elvira, 369.
Emasculating grape-flowers, 279.
Emperor, 369.
Empire State, 370.
Etta, 371.
Eumelan, 371.
European grapes, in eastern America, 184.
grafting, 186.
varieties for eastern America, 191.
Everbearing Grape, 312.
Exposures for grapes, 34.
Factors limiting yield, 105.
Faith, 372.
Fall Grape, 318.
_Fancher_, 345.
Fan-training, 131.
Feher Szagos, 373.
_Fern_, 373.
Fern Munson, 373.
Fertilizers, applying, 106.
effects on leaves, 102.
effects on vines, 102.
effects on yield, 101, 102.
experiment, 98.
necessity of, 97.
when needed, 106.
_Fidia viticida_, 206.
Fitting land, 78.
Flame Tokay, 374.
Flesh, characters of, 308.
Florida Grape, 312.
Flowers, 373.
Flower, characters of, 305.
_Fontainebleau_, 347.
Fox Grape, 317, 324.
_Fox Grape_, 435.
Fox grapes, cultivation of, 7.
Foxiness defined, 307.
_French Grape_, 358.
Frost Grape, 317.
Frosts and grape-growing, 25.
Fruit-bearing, manner of, 113.
Fruit, characters of, 307.
parts of, 307.
Fungi, determinants of grape regions, 29.
Fungous diseases of the grape, 218.
Gaertner, 375.
Geneva, 376.
_Gibbs Grape_, 391.
Gladwin, on Chautauqua training, 126.
on Keuka training, 129.
on vineyard returns, 248.
_Glomerella rufomaculans_, 225.
"Go-devil," 119.
Goethe, 377.
Gold Coin, 377.
_Golden Chasselas_, 424.
Grading grapes, 235.
Grading land, 78.
Grafting, 45.
at New York Station, 46.
bundling grafts after, 55.
essentials of, 45.
European grapes, 186.
rooted cuttings, 56.
Grafted vineyards, care of, 48.
Grafting wax, 54.
Grafts, care of, in nursery, 58.
number made per hour, 56.
Grape, botany of, 300.
by-products of, 269.
domestication of, 1.
habitats of, 4.
habits of growth of, 302.
mutations in the, 60.
number of species of, 1.
organs of, 300.
pests of, 204.
products, 250.
Grape-berry moth, control of, 215.
life history of, 213.
Grape-breeding, 273.
results of, 282.
Grape-curculio, 217.
Grape hawk-moth, 217.
Grape-hybrids, 274.
Grape-juice, commercial making, 258.
development of industry, 257.
making at home, 262.
regions in which made, 257.
Grape leaf-folder, 216.
Grape leaf-hopper, control of, 213.
life history of, 211.
Grape regions, determinants of, 16.
in California, 18.
Grape root-worm, Californian, 216.
eastern, control of, 206.
life history of, 206.
Grape seedlings, 37.
Graperies, 193.
borders in, 195.
care of vines in, 201.
construction of, 193.
essentials of, 194.
heating, 194.
varieties for, 196.
ventilating, 194, 202.
watering, 202.
Grapes, American, 4.
classified as to self-fertility, 296.
domestic use of, 271.
European, 2.
forcing, 194.
immunity to disease, 303.
immunity to insects, 303.
propagation of, 37.
under glass, 192.
Grape-vinegar, 269.
Grape-vine root-borer, 217.
Grape-vine flea-beetle, control of, 209.
life history of, 208.
Greeley, Horace, mentioned, 9.
Green Early, 378.
_Green Mountain_, 445.
_Green Scuppernong_, 435.
Grein Golden, 378.
Grizzly Frontignan, for forcing, 197.
Gros Colman, 379.
for forcing, 197.
_Guignardia Bidwellii_, 220.
_Haltica chalybea_, 209.
Hardiness of grapes, 302.
Hartford, 380.
Hartzell, mentioned, 213.
Harvesting, in California, 243.
in the East, 230.
Muscadine grapes, 240.
Hawkins, Captain John, mentioned, 5.
Hayes, 381.
Heading-back canes, 116.
Headlight, 281.
Heart-leaved Vitis, 317.
Heating vineyards, 25.
Heeling-in vines, 82.
_Helene_, 391.
Herbaceous cuttings, 42.
Herbemont, 12, 382.
Herbert, 383.
Hercules, 384.
Hermann grape region, 22.
_Hickman_, 435.
Hicks, 285.
Hidalgo, 385.
Highland, 386.
_Hilgarde_, 373.
Hilum defined, 308.
Hopkins, 387.
_Hopkins Early Red_, 448.
Horizontal cordons, 176.
Hosford, 388.
Hudson horizontal training, 141.
Hudson River grape region, 21.
Humidity in grape-growing, 25.
_Hunt_, 382.
Husmann, on making grape-juice, 258.
on raisin-making, 264.
Husmann & Dearing, on harvesting Muscadine grapes, 240.
on pruning Muscadine grapes, 143.
Hybrid Franc, 388.
Hybridizing grapes, 278.
Hybrids, secondary, 276.
Ideal, 389.
Improved Kniffin, 135.
Inflorescences, number of, in species, 304.
Insect pests, 204.
Insects as determinants of grape regions, 29.
Internodes defined, 301.
Iona, 390.
Irrigation, 95.
Isabella, 390.
_Isabella_, 391.
Isabella Seedling, 392.
Israella, 392.
Ives, 393.
_Jack_, 401.
James, 394.
Janesville, 394.
_Jaques_, 401.
Jarring Muscadine grapes, 241.
Jefferson, 395.
Jefferson, Thomas, on native grapes, 5.
Jessica, 396.
Jewel, 397.
_Joannenc_, 402.
_Jordan_, 415.
_July Sherry_, 401.
_Kay's Seedling_, 382.
_Keller's White_, 345.
Kensington, 398.
Kentucky Vineyard Society, 7.
Keuka Lake grape region, 21.
King, 399.
_Kittredge_, 393.
Kniffin, Wm., mentioned, 132.
Labels for packages, 238.
Labor, determinant of grape regions, 32.
_Ladies' Choice_, 358.
Lady, 399.
Lady Downs, for forcing, 198.
Lady Washington, 400.
Lake Erie grape region, 22.
Laterals defined, 301.
Lawton grape region, 22.
Layering, 42.
dormant wood, 43.
essentials of, 43.
green wood, 44.
to fill vacancies, 44.
Laying down vines, 295.
Laying out vineyards, 74.
Leaf-margins, characters of, 307.
Leaf, characters of, 307.
parts of, 306.
_Lebanon_, 345.
Legaux, Peter, mentioned, 7.
Leif the Lucky, mentioned, 5.
Lenoir, 13, 401.
_Lignan Blanc_, 403.
Lime, effects of, 101, 104.
_Lincoln_, 345.
Lindley, 402.
Listan Blanc, 402.
Little Grape, 318.
Little Winter Grape, 318.
_Long_, 356.
Longworth, Nicholas, mentioned, 8.
Lucile, 403.
_Luglienga_, 402.
Lutie, 404.
_Macrodactylus subspinosus_, 210.
Malaga, 405.
_Mammoth Catawba_, 435.
Marion, 406.
_Marion Port_, 406.
Marketing, 230, 246.
cooeperative, 246.
Markets, accessibility, 30.
general _versus_ local, 31.
Marking for planting, 79.
Martha, 407.
Massasoit, 408.
Maxatawney, 409.
_McKee_, 382.
McPike, 405.
_Mead's Seedling_, 345.
Mealy-bug, 202.
Memory, 409.
_Memythrus polistiformis_, 217.
Mendel's laws, 281.
_Merceron_, 345.
Merrimac, 410.
_Michigan_, 345.
Mildew in graperies, 203.
Mills, 411.
Mish, 411.
Mission, 412.
Missouri Riesling, 413.
Montefiore, 413.
Moore Early, 414.
Moore, Jacob, mentioned, 276.
Moscatello, 415.
_Moscatello Black_, 415.
Mountain Grape, 313, 318.
Moyer, 415.
_Moyer's Early Red_, 415.
Muncy, 345.
Munson, mentioned, 277.
on pruning, 136.
on resistant species, 63.
Munson method of pruning, 136.
Muscadine Grape, 310.
_Muscadine_, 435.
Muscadine grapes for wine, 256.
Muscatel, 416.
Muscat Hamburg, 417.
for forcing, 197.
Muscat of Alexandria, 418.
Mustang Grape, 323.
of Florida, 312.
Mutations in improving grapes, 277.
Napoleon I, mentioned, 196.
_Neal_, 382.
Niagara, 418.
Niagara grape region, 20.
Nitrogen, benefits from, 101.
Noah, 419.
Nodes defined, 301.
Nodosities, 66.
Northern AEstivalis, 322.
Northern Muscadine, 420.
Northern Summer Grape, 322.
Norton, 421.
Norton, Dr. D. N., mentioned, 11.
Noyes, Dr., mentioned, 15.
Number of vines to the acre, 76.
_Ohio_, 401.
Ohio River grape region, 22.
Oporto, 422.
Othello, 422.
Ozark, 423.
Packages for California, 245.
for eastern America, 236.
for Muscadine grapes, 243.
Packing houses, 233.
construction of, 234.
cost of, 233.
Packing, in the East, 237.
Muscadine grapes, 241.
Packing tables, 234.
Palomino, 424.
Paw Paw grape region, 22.
_Payne's Early_, 391.
Peabody, 424.
Pedicel defined, 305.
Peduncle defined, 305.
Perfection, 425.
Pergolas, training vines on, 142.
Perkins, 426.
Pests in graperies, 202.
Petiole, characters of, 307.
_Pholus achemon_, 217.
Phosphorus, benefits from, 101.
Phylloxera, 13, 61, 205.
control of, 206.
_Phylloxera vastatrix_, 205.
Pickers, 231.
Picking, accounts for, 232.
appliances, 232.
time of, 231.
Pigeon Grape, 318.
Pine-wood Grape, 320.
Piquette, making, 270.
Planting, 83, 85.
distances, 75.
grafted vines, 68.
in graperies, 198.
_Plasmopara viticola_, 220.
Pliny, mentioned, 2.
Plowing the vineyard, 94.
to combat pests, 95.
Pocklington, 426.
Pollen, characters of, 306.
Pollinating in hybridizing, 280.
_Polychrosis viteana_, 214.
Pomace as a by-product, 270.
Possum Grape, 317.
Posts, 119.
bracing, 120.
material, 119.
setting, 120.
Post-oak Grape, 320.
Post-oak grapes, 13.
Potassium, benefits from, 101.
Poughkeepsie, 427.
Powdery mildew, control of, 223.
description of, 222.
_Powell_, 358.
Pre-cooling grapes, 245.
Prentiss, 428.
Preparation for planting, 76, 82.
Preparing vines for planting, 80, 81.
_Prince Edward_, 356.
Prince, W. R., mentioned, 274.
Profits from fertilizers, 101.
Pruning, before planting, 160.
cordon method, 153.
European grapes in eastern America, 107.
fan-shaped, 153, 172.
first summer, 160.
first winter, 161.
for fruit, 112.
for wood, 112.
in eastern America, 108.
Muscadine grapes, 143.
on the Pacific slope, 150.
principles of, 111.
second summer, 161.
second winter, 163.
single vertical cordon, 157.
summer, 115.
third summer, 167.
third winter, 168.
to regulate the crop, 110.
to regulate the vine, 111.
unilateral horizontal cordon, 158.
vase-form, 153.
winter, 114.
work of, 118.
Pruning and training distinguished, 109.
Prunings, collecting, 118.
Purple Cornichon, 429.
Quality defined, 307.
Raffia, in grafting, 54.
Raisin industry, seat of, 263.
Raisin-making, account of, 264.
Raisin output, value of, 263.
Raisins, classes of, 266.
dipping and scalding, 264.
packing, 265.
seeded, 267.
varieties for, 263.
_Randall_, 331.
Raphe defined, 308.
Rating as to resistance to phylloxera, 66.
Rattling, 224.
Rebecca, 429.
Reciprocal influence of stock and cion, 68.
Red Eagle, 430.
_Red River_, 357.
Red-spider in graperies, 202.
Refrigerator cars for grapes, 245.
Regal, 431.
Rejuvenating old vines, 147.
Renewal by canes, 116.
by spurs, 117.
Renewing fruiting wood, 116.
Requa, 431.
Returns from Muscadine grapes, 242.
Ricketts, J. H., mentioned, 274.
Ringing grape vines, 289.
operation of, 290.
results of, 291.
theory of, 290.
Riparia Gloire, 64, 65.
Riparia grande glabre, 64, 65.
Riparia Solonis, 64.
Ripening dates for grapes, 296.
Ripe-rot, control of, 225.
description of, 225.
River Grape, 314.
Riverbank Grape, 314.
Riverbank grapes, 13.
Riverside Grape, 314.
_Roanoke_, 435.
Robins, depredations of, 293.
Rochester, 432.
Rock Grape, 313.
Rogers, E. S., mentioned, 274.
Rommel, 433.
Rommel, Jacob, mentioned, 276.
Root, its parts named, 301.
Root-forms of grapes, 67.
Rootlets defined, 301.
Root-tip defined, 301.
Rosaki, 433.
Rose chafer, control of, 211.
life history of, 210.
Rose of Peru, 434.
_Rose of Tennessee_, 345.
Rotundifolia grapes, 9.
_Ruff_, 358.
Rupestris St. George, 64.
Salem, 435.
Sand Grape, 313.
Sandusky grape region, 22.
Sanitation in the vineyard, 227.
_Saratoga_, 345.
Scuppernong, 310, 435.
Seasonal sum of heat, 24.
Secretary, 436.
Seedlings, selecting, 37.
Seeds, as by-products, 271.
characters of, 308.
parts of, 308.
Selecting vines, 81.
Selection in improving grapes, 277.
Self-sterility in grapes, 285.
cause of, 286.
remedy for, 287.
Senasqua, 437.
Seneca Lake grape region, 21.
Shelling, 424.
Shipping from California, 245.
Shoots, characters of, 303.
defined, 301.
disposition of, in training, 123.
drooping, in training, 132.
horizontal, in training, 141.
upright, in training, 125.
Single-eye cuttings, 40.
making, 41.
planting, 41.
Single-stem, Four-cane Kniffin, 132.
_Singleton_, 345.
Single vertical cordon, 157.
Sites for vineyards, 26, 32.
Skin, characters of, 308.
Smith, Captain John, mentioned, 5.
Smudging vineyards, 25.
Soil adaptations, 29.
fertility, 28.
Soils for grapes, 27.
ideal, 28.
over-rich, 107.
uneven, 105.
Sour Winter Grape, 317.
Southern AEstivalis, 321.
Southern Fox Grape, 310.
Spanish Grape, 318.
Species, conspectus of, 310.
resistant to phylloxera, 62.
_Sphaceloma ampelinum_, 223.
Sports in improving grapes, 277.
Spraying suggestions, 228.
_Springstein_, 401.
Spurs defined, 301.
Spur-renewal, 117.
Staking vines, 162.
Stamens, characters of, 306.
Stem defined, 301.
its parts named, 301.
Stocks, resistant to phylloxera, 61.
for American grapes, 69.
for European grapes, 69.
Storage-room for grapes, 239.
Storing grapes, 238.
Stripping, 118.
Suckers defined, 301.
Sugar Grape, 313.
Sultana, 438.
Sultanina, 438.
Summer Grape, 318.
Summer grapes, 11.
Summer pruning, 115.
Swamp Grape, 318.
Sweet-scented Grape, 314.
_Sweetwater_, 347.
Syrian, for forcing, 198.
_Talman's Seedling_, 346.
Tap-root defined, 301.
Taylor, 439.
_Tekomah_, 343.
Tendrils, characters of, 304.
defined, 301.
Theophrastus, on grafting, 45.
Thinning in graperies, 201.
_Thompson's Seedless_, 438.
Thrips, 211.
in graperies, 202.
Tillage, 92.
methods, 93.
time to cease, 95.
tools for, 93.
Time to plant, 84.
_Tokay_, 345.
Tongue grafting, 52.
Training, Chautauqua method, 125.
classification of methods, 125.
in eastern America, 123.
fan-method, 131.
in graperies, 198.
Keuka method, 139.
Trellises, 119.
Triumph, 440.
Tuberosities, caused by phylloxera, 66.
Turkey Grape, 320.
Two-trunk Kniffin, 135.
Tying, 122.
_Typhlocyba comes_, 211.
Ulster, 441.
Umbrella Kniffin, 134.
_Uncinula necator_, 222.
Unilateral horizontal cordon, 158.
Valk, Dr., mentioned, 274.
Varieties of European grapes for eastern America, 191.
Varieties resistant to phylloxera, 62.
Verdal, 442.
Vergennes, 442.
Vertical canes, 174.
cordons, 175.
Vinegar from grapes, 269.
Vines, nursery _versus_ home grown, 59.
"pedigreed," 59.
rejuvenating old, 147.
resistant to phylloxera, 61.
young, care of, 87.
Vineyard grafting, in eastern America, 45.
on Pacific slope, 48.
Vineyard, management, 73.
returns in the East, 247.
sanitation, 227.
sites, 32.
Vintage, time of, 254.
Virgil, on soils, 28.
quoted, 31, 34, 37.
_Virginia Amber_, 345.
Vitis, genus defined, 308.
_Vitis aestivalis_, 11, 318.
_Bourquiniana_, 11, 321.
_glauca_, 321.
_Lincecumii_, 13, 320.
_Berlandieri_, 318.
_bicolor_, 322.
_candicans_, 323.
_cordifolia_, 317.
_Labrusca_, 7, 324.
_Munsoniana_, 312.
_riparia_, 314. (Syn. of _V. vulpina_.)
_rotundifolia_, 9, 310.
_rupestris_, 313.
_vinifera_, 2, 328.
_vulpina_, 314.
Vulpina grapes, 13.
as direct producers, 13.
Wakeman, Elbert, mentioned, 136.
Walter, 443.
_Warren_, 382, 401.
_Warrenton_, 382.
_Washington_, 371.
Water, influence of, on climate, 23.
Watering, at planting, 86.
in graperies, 202.
Water sprouts defined, 301.
Weather data and grape-growing, 26.
_White July_, 402.
White Nice, for forcing, 198.
White Frontignan, 416.
Wilder, 444.
_Wilmington Red_, 448.
Winchell, 445.
Windbreaks in grape-growing, 25, 27.
Wine, aging, 253.
crushing grapes for, 252.
fermentation of, 253.
fining, 253.
kinds of, 251.
racking, 253.
yeasts for, 253.
Wine-grapes, prices paid for, 255.
Wine-making, 252.
Wire for trellises, 121.
Wire grafting, 54.
_Winter Grape_, 314, 317, 318.
Winter-killing, 26.
precautions against, 295.
Winter protection of grapes, 187, 294.
cost of, 296.
Winter-pruning, 114.
Woodruff, 446.
_Woodward_, 391.
Worden, 446.
_Worthington_, 15, 350.
Wyoming, 448.
_Wyoming Red_, 448.
Yields in fertilizer experiments, 100, 101.
Y-trunk Kniffin training, 136.
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A NEW RURAL MANUAL
EDITED BY L. H. BAILEY
Manual of Tree Diseases
BY W. HOWARD RANKIN, A.B., PH.D.
Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology
New York State College of Agriculture, at Cornell University
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The diseases of the more common trees of the United States are treated
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The aim of the authors has been to furnish a descriptive guide for the
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CONTENTS
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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
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Manual of Vegetable-Garden Insects
BY CYRUS RICHARD CROSBY
AND
MORTIMER DEMAREST LEONARD
Of the New York State College of Agriculture, at Cornell University
_Illustrated, 12mo, $2.50_
This is a practical account of the principal insects which attack
truck and vegetable crops, including cabbages, cauliflowers, cucumbers
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lettuce, peas, beans, beets, spinach, sweet-potatoes, and sweet corn.
The life-history and habits of each insect are given, its injuries
described and the methods of control are discussed. A chapter on
insecticides gives an account of the more important materials now
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CONTENTS
I. General Considerations.
II. Insects Injurious to Cabbage and Related Crops.
III. Pea and Bean Insects.
IV. Beet and Spinach Insects.
V. Insects Injurious to Cucumber, Squash, and Melon.
VI. Potato Insects.
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A NEW VOLUME IN THE RURAL SCIENCE SERIES
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Peach-Growing
BY H. P. GOULD
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Here is a book which covers the general field of growing peaches and
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I. Historical Notes.
II. Economic Status and Extent of the Peach Industry.
III. Location and Site of the Orchard.
IV. Propagation of Peach Trees.
V. Details of Planting an Orchard.
VI. Orchard Management.
VII. The Tillage of Peach Orchards.
VIII. Inter-planted Crops.
IX. Fertilizers for Peach Orchards.
X. Pruning Peach Trees.
XI. Insect and Disease Control.
XII. Thinning the Fruit.
XIII. Irrigating Peaches.
XIV. A Consideration of Adverse Temperatures.
XV. Annual Cost Factors in Growing Peaches.
XVI. Peach Varieties, Botany and Classification.
XVII. Picking and Packing the Fruit.
XVIII. Transportation, Storage, Marketing.
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End of Project Gutenberg's Manual of American Grape-Growing, by U. P. Hedrick