MISCELLANIES
There yet remain several phases of grape-culture essential to success,
none of which quite deserves a chapter and none of which properly
falls into any of the foregoing chapters. The subjects are not closely
related, are by no means of equal importance, yet all are too
important to be relegated to the limbo of an appendix and are,
therefore, thrown into a chapter of miscellanies.
CROSS-POLLINATION
The blooming of the vine had little significance to the grape-grower,
the blooming period being so late that grapes are seldom caught by
frost, until the discovery was made that many varieties of grapes are
unable to fertilize themselves, and that failure of crops of these
varieties was often due to the self-sterility of the variety. Until
this discovery, the uncertainty attending the setting of the grape in
these varieties was one of the discouragements of grape-growing.
Following investigations of the self-sterility of the tree-fruits, an
investigation of the grape showed that the vines of this fruit are
often self-sterile. This knowledge has in some degree modified the
planting of all home collections and has more or less affected the
plantings of commercial sorts.
Varieties of American grapes show most remarkable differences in the
degree of self-fertility. Many sorts fruit perfectly without
cross-pollination. Others set no fruit whatsoever if cross-pollination
is not provided for. Most varieties, however, are found in groups
between the two extremes, neither self-fertile nor self-sterile.
Figure 51 shows staminate and perfect clusters on one vine. Some
varieties show no variation in the degree of self-sterility or
self-fertility; others behave differently in regard to these
characters under different environment. Now and then the widest
variations are to be found in a variety in respect to self-fertility.
[Illustration: FIG. 51. Staminate and perfect clusters on one vine;
_right_, staminate; _left_, perfect.]
Following the lead of Beach at the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station, several workers have made careful studies of the
self-fertility of the grape, and now the cultivated varieties of
native grapes are divided into four groups in accordance with the
degree of self-fertility. Class I includes self-fertile varieties
having perfect or nearly perfect clusters; Class II includes
self-fertile varieties having clusters loose but marketable; Class III
includes varieties which are so imperfectly self-fertile that the
clusters are generally too loose to be marketable; Class IV includes
self-sterile varieties. The following is a list of commonly cultivated
grapes classified according to the divisions just given:
CLASSIFICATION OF GRAPES ACCORDING TO SELF-FERTILITY
CLASS I. Clusters perfect or varying from perfect to somewhat loose.
Berckmans
Bertha
Cottage
Croton
Delaware
Diana
Etta
Janesville
Lady Washington
Lutie
Moore Early
Poughkeepsie
Pocklington
Prentiss
Rochester
Senasqua
Winchell
CLASS II. Clusters marketable; moderately compact or loose.
Agawam
Brilliant
Brown
Catawba
Champion
Chautauqua
Clinton
Colerain
Concord
Dutchess
Early Victor
Elvira
Empire State
Fern Munson
Hartford
Iona
Isabella
Isabella Seedling
Jefferson
Jessica
Lady
Mills
Missouri Riesling
Perkins
Rommel
Triumph
Ulster
CLASS III. Clusters unmarketable.
Brighton
Canada
Dracut Amber
Eumelan
Geneva
Hayes
Lindley
Noah
Northern Muscadine
Vergennes
CLASS IV. Self-sterile. No fruit develops on covered clusters.
America
Aminia
Barry
Black Eagle
Clevener
Creveling
Eldorado
Faith (?)
Gaertner
Grein Golden
Hercules
Jewel
Massasoit
Maxatawney (?)
Merrimac
Montefiore
Requa
Salem
Wyoming
In the main, the cause of infertility, as with other fruits, is the
impotency of pollen on the pistils of the same variety. There are a
few cases in which pollen does not seem to be formed abundantly, but
these are very few. There are a few cases, also, in which the pistil
does not become receptive until after the pollen has lost its
vitality; these, however, are very few. In a greater number of cases
the pollen is found defective. However, dismissing all of these as the
exception, the rule is that self-sterility is due, as has been said,
to the lack of affinity between pollen and pistils produced on the
vines of some varieties.
Nature is helpful to the grape-grower in giving a guide to
self-fertility. The length of stamens is a fairly safe indication of
self-fertility. All grapes which are self-fertile bear flowers with
long stamens, although the latter are not a sure sign of
self-fertility, as a few varieties with long stamens are self-sterile.
On the other hand, short or recurved stamens are always associated
with complete or nearly complete self-sterility.
The remedy for self-sterility is inter-planting. Only the varieties
named in Classes I and II in the foregoing classification should be
planted alone. The sorts named in Classes III and IV must be planted
near other sorts which bloom at the same time in order that their
flowers may be cross-pollinated.
It is evident that the grape-grower must have some knowledge of the
relative time that grapes bloom, if he is to plant intelligently to
secure cross-pollination. The following table, taken from Bulletin 407
of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, shows the blooming
time of grapes at that Station. Variations due to location and season
must be expected, but within the bounds of the regions in which these
grapes are grown variations will be slight. When this table is used
for other regions than New York, it must be borne in mind that the
farther south, the longer the blooming season; the farther north, the
shorter the season.
_Blooming dates of grapes._
From three years' records, the average length of blooming season for
grapes was twenty days, nineteen days in 1912 and 1914 and twenty-two
days in 1913. The first date in the average year of 1912 was June 14,
while for 1914, it was June 7:
TABLE IV.--SHOWING BLOOMING TIME OF GRAPES
=====================================================================
| VERY | | MID- | | VERY
| EARLY | EARLY | SEASON | LATE | LATE
-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
Agawam | | | * | |
America | | | | * |
August Giant | | | * | |
Bacchus | * | | | |
Barry | | | * | |
Beacon | | | | * |
Bell | | * | | |
Berckmans | | * | | |
Black Eagle | | | * | |
Brighton | | | * | |
Brilliant | | | * | |
Brown | | | * | |
Campbell Early | | | * | |
Canada | | * | | |
Canandaigua | | | * | |
Carman | | | | | *
Catawba | | | * | |
Champion | | * | | |
Chautauqua | | | * | |
Clevener | * | | | |
Clinton | * | | | |
Colerain | | | * | |
Columbian Imperial | | | * | |
Concord | | | * | |
Cottage | | * | | |
Creveling | | | * | |
Croton | | | | * |
Delago | | | * | |
Delaware | | | * | |
Diamond | | | * | |
Diana | | | * | |
Downing | | | * | |
Dracut Amber | | * | | |
Dutchess | | | | * |
Early Victor | | * | | |
Eaton | | | * | |
Eclipse | | | * | |
Eldorado | | | * | |
Elvira | | * | | |
Empire State | | | * | |
Etta | | | * | |
Eumedel | | | * | |
Eumelan | | | | * |
Faith | | * | | |
Fern Munson | | | | * |
Gaertner | | | * | |
Geneva | | | * | |
Goethe | | | * | |
Gold Coin | | | * | |
Grein Golden | | * | | |
Hartford | | | * | |
Headlight | | | * | |
Helen Keller | | | * | |
Herbert | | | * | |
Hercules | | | * | |
Hicks | | | * | |
Hidalgo | | | * | |
Hosford | | | * | |
Iona | | | | * |
Isabella | | * | | |
Janesville | * | | | |
Jefferson | | | | | *
Jessica | | * | | |
Jewel | | | * | |
Kensington | | * | | |
King | | | * | |
Lady Washington | | | | * |
Lindley | | | * | |
Lucile | | | * | |
Lutie | | | * | |
McPike | | | * | |
Manito | | | | * |
Martha | | | * | |
Massasoit | | | * | |
Maxatawney | | | * | |
Merrimac | | | * | |
Mills | | | * | |
Missouri Riesling | | * | | |
Montefiore | | | * | |
Moore Early | | | * | |
Moyer | | | * | |
Nectar | | | * | |
Niagara | | | * | |
Noah | | * | | |
Northern Muscadine | | * | | |
Norton | | | | | *
Oporto | * | | | |
Ozark | | | | * |
Peabody | | | * | |
Perfection | | | * | |
Perkins | | | * | |
Pierce | | | * | |
Pocklington | | | * | |
Poughkeepsie | | | | * |
Prentiss | | | * | |
Rebecca | | | * | |
Regal | | | * | |
Requa | | | * | |
Rochester | | | * | |
Rommel | | | * | |
Salem | | | * | |
Secretary | | | * | |
Senasqua | | | | | *
Stark-Star | | | | | *
Triumph | | | | | *
Ulster | | * | | |
Vergennes | | | * | |
Winchell | | | * | |
Worden | | | * | |
Wyoming | | | * | |
=====================================================================
RINGING GRAPE VINES
The ringing of woody plants is a well-known horticultural practice.
Three objects may be attained by ringing: unproductive plants may be
brought into bearing by ringing; the size of the fruits may be
increased and thereby the plants be made more productive; and the
maturity of the fruit may be hastened. In European countries, ringing
has long been practiced with all tree-fruits and the grape, but in
America the operation is recommended only for the apple and the grape
and with neither fruit is ringing widely practiced. Experiments
carried on at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station by Paddock,
as reported in Bulletin 151 from this Station, show that ringing may
well be practiced by grape-growers under some conditions. Since
Paddock's experiments, and possibly to some extent before, the grape
has been ringed to produce exhibition fruits or a fancy product for
the market.
Ringing consists in taking from the vine a layer of bark around the
vine through the cortex and bast of the plant. The width of the wound
varies from that of a simple cut made with a knife to a band of bark
an inch in diameter. The operation is performed during that period of
growth in which the bark peels most readily from the vine, the period
of greatest cambial activity. The term "ringing" is preferred to
"girdling," a word sometimes used, since the latter properly
designates a wound which extends into and usually kills the plant.
The theory of ringing is simple. Unassimilated sap passes from the
roots of the plant to the leaves through the outer layer of the woody
cylinder. In the leaves this raw material is acted on by various
agents, after which it is distributed to the several organs of the
plant through vessels in the inner bark. When plants are ringed, the
upward flow of sap is continued as before the operation, but the newly
made food compounds cannot pass beyond the injury, and therefore the
top of the plant is supplied with an extra amount of food at the
expense of the parts below the ring. The extra food produces the
results noted.
It turns out in practice that ringing is usually harmful to the plant,
as one might expect from so unnatural an operation. Injury to the
plant arises from the fact that parts of the vine are starved at the
expense of other parts; and because, when the bark is removed, the
outer layers of the woody cylinder dry out very quickly and thus check
to some extent the upward flow of sap through evaporation from the
exposed wood. Thus, not infrequently, the plant's vitality is
seriously drained. Nevertheless, vineyards may be found in which
ringing has been extensively practiced many seasons in succession and
which continue to yield profitable crops, the growers having learned
to perform the work of ringing so as to injure the vines but little.
Ringing without harm to the plant depends much on the way in which the
vines have been pruned. For instance, if the vines are pruned to the
two-arm Kniffin method, the ringing of bark should be done from both
arms just beyond the fifth bud. Thus, the ten buds left on the vine
produce enough leaf surface to supply the food necessary to keep the
vine in vigorous condition. When the four-arm Kniffin method is used,
the two top arms only are ringed, and even so three or four buds must
be left on each for renewals. Whatever the method of training, it will
be seen from these examples that some unringed wood must be left to
the vine with which to supply leafy shoots to support the vine. Some
growers ring their vines only every other year, thus giving them an
opportunity to recover from whatever loss of vigor they may have
sustained in the season of ringing.
Several other considerations are important in ringing: First, the
vines must not be permitted to carry too large a crop. Again, the
amount of fruit on the ringed portion of the vine must depend on the
amount of leaf surface not only of the plant but of the ringed arms,
each ringed arm acting somewhat independently so far as its crop is
concerned. If too many clusters are left on the ringed arms, it always
follows that the fruit is inferior and often worthless. Lastly, all
fruit between the rings and the trunk must be removed, for it does not
mature properly and so adds only to the drain on the plant's vitality.
As to the results, it is certain from the experiments that have been
conducted and from the experience of grape-growers, that the maturity
of the fruit is hastened, and berries and bunches are larger when the
ringing has been done intelligently. Many growers hold that fruit
produced on ringed vines is never quite up to the mark in quality and
in firmness of fruit. There seems to be a difference in opinion about
this falling off in quality, however, although unquestionably, choice
sorts, as Delaware, Iona and Dutchess, suffer more or less in quality.
It is commonly agreed, also, that varieties, the fruits of which crack
badly, as the Worden, suffer more from cracking on ringed than on
unringed vines.
Experiment and experience prove that the best results of ringing are
obtained if the work is done when the grapes are about one-third
grown. Of course the exact time depends on the season and on the
variety. The operation is variously performed and is easily done with
a sharp knife, but when large vineyards are to be ringed the grower
ought to provide himself with some simple tool. Paddock, in the
bulletin previously mentioned, pictures two of these tools and these
are reproduced in Fig. 52.
[Illustration: FIG. 52. Tools used in ringing grape-vines are shown in
1 and 2; while 3 and 4 show ringed vines at the beginning and the
close of the season.]
In conclusion it must be said that it is doubtful whether the gains
attained by ringing offset the losses. The practice is chiefly of
value only when exhibition clusters of grapes are wanted or when it is
necessary to hasten the maturity of the crop. Always, however, the
work must be performed with intelligence and judgment or the losses
will offset the gains.
BAGGING GRAPES
In some localities bagging is considered an essential to profitable
grape-growing. The bags serve to protect the grapes against birds. In
some grape regions vineyards suffer more from the depredations of
robins and other birds than from all other troubles. Grapes bearing
small berries and having tender pulp and those which shell most
readily from the stem suffer most. Of standard sorts, Delaware is
probably more enticing to robins than any other variety. There is only
one way of preventing damage to grapes from birds and that is by
bagging the clusters.
Bagging is also an effective means of protecting the grape from
several fungi and insects. In home plantations or small commercial
vineyards, bagging the bunches often eliminates the necessity of
spraying for fungi and for most of the insects that trouble the grape.
Because of the warmth afforded by the bags, bagged grapes ripen a
little earlier and are of somewhat higher quality than those not
bagged. Grapes bagged are protected from early frost, thus prolonging
the season. Grapes that have been protected from the elements during
the summer are more attractive than those exposed to the weather,
since the fruits are free from weather marks and present a fresh,
bright appearance, which puts them in a grade above unbagged grapes.
Bagging often enables the grower to sell his crop as a fancy product.
Grapes are bagged as soon as the fruits are well set, the sooner the
better if protection against fungi is one of the purposes. Under no
circumstances, however, should the clusters be bagged while in
blossom. A patent bag made for the purpose may be purchased or,
serving equally well, the common one and one-half and two-pound manila
bags used by grocers prove satisfactory. One of the patent bags which
is known as the Ideal Clasp Bag has a metal clasp attached to the top
for securing the bag in place over the cluster. In using the grocer's
bag, before it is put in place the corners of both the top and bottom
are cut off by placing several bags on a firm level surface and using
a broad-shaped chisel. Cutting off the corners of the top enables the
operator to close the bag neatly over the cluster, while cutting off
the corners of the bottom furnishes a means of escape for any water
that gets in the bag. In putting the bag in place, the top is pinned
above the lateral from which the bunch hangs, and must not be fastened
about the small stem of the cluster, as the wind blowing the bag
almost invariably breaks the cluster from the vine. The largest pins
to be purchased in dry-goods stores are used in pinning the bags. The
bags remain until the grapes are picked. Wet weather does not injure
bags and seemingly they grow stronger with exposure to sun and wind.
The cost of the bags and the work of putting them on is no small item.
To secure the best results, the work must be done at the period
between the dropping of the blossoms and the formation of the seeds,
when the grapes are about the size of a small pea. This is a busy time
for the grape-grower, which adds to the cost. When the work is
conducted on a large scale, the cost is about two dollars a thousand
bags, this figure covering both the cost of bags and labor. Women do
the work more expeditiously than men and soon become very skillful in
putting on the bags. Despite the trouble and cost of bagging, growers
seeking to produce a fancy product find that the expenditure proves
profitable.
WINTER-PROTECTION OF GRAPES
With a little care as to winter-protection, grapes may be grown
profitably in northern regions where, without protection, the vines
are killed or injured by low temperatures. Indeed, it is little short
of amazing how well grapes can be grown in northern regions where
nature wears a most austere countenance in winter, if hardy early
sorts are planted in warm soils and situations, and the vines are
covered in the winter. Occasionally one finds grapes grown profitably
in commercial vineyards in the northern states in regions where
protection must be given to prevent winter-killing, the extra work of
giving protection being more than offset by the high price received in
local markets for the fruit.
In all locations in which winter-protection must be given, several
other precautions are helpful or even necessary. Thus, cultivation
must cease early in the season, and a cover-crop be sown to help
harden and mature the vines. The grapes, also, must not be planted in
soils rich in nitrogen, and nitrogenous fertilizers must be applied
with care. The pruning should be such as does not induce great growth.
These simple precautions to hasten maturity often suffice in climates
where the danger of winter-killing is but slight, but where danger is
imminent the vines must be covered either by wrapping or by laying
down. Wrapping with straw may suffice for a few vines, but when many
vines are to be protected, laying them down is cheaper and much more
effectual.
By laying down is meant that the vines must be placed on the ground
and there be protected by earth and snow or other covering. It is
obvious that to protect thus, the vines must receive special training;
otherwise the trunks may be too stiff for bending. Some method of
training must be chosen in which renewals may be made rather
frequently from the ground so that if the trunks become large, clumsy
and unpliable, a more manageable trunk can be trained. If the
provisions for renewal are kept in mind, any one of the several
methods of training grapes explained in Chapter VIII on training may
be used.
Laying down must be preceded by pruning, after which the arms and
trunk are loosened from the wires and bent to the ground. Bending is
facilitated by removing a spade full of earth from the side of the
vine in the direction in which the vine is to be bent. The trunk is
then laid on the earth and sufficient soil placed on it to keep it in
place on the ground. If the danger of winter-killing is great because
of the tenderness of the variety or the austerity of the climate, it
often becomes necessary to cover the whole plant lightly with earth.
Small growers often make use of coarse manure, straw, corn-stalks or
similar covering, in which case the vines are held on the ground by
fence-rails or other timbers; but protecting with material that must
be brought into the vineyard is expensive and not more satisfactory
than earth.
The vines can be put down at any time after the leaves drop and before
the earth begins to freeze. It is more important that the vines be
taken up at the proper time in the spring. If uncovered too early and
cold weather follows, injury may result and more harm be done than if
the vines had not been covered. On the other hand, if the earth is
permitted to remain too long, foliage and vine are tender both to
sunshine and frost. A grape-grower in New York who has had much
experience in laying down vines in a vineyard of some thirty or forty
acres says that the work may be done at a cost of $6 an acre at the
average wage paid for farm-labor. It must be expected in a large
plantation, no matter how well the work of covering is done, that
occasionally a trunk will be broken, making it necessary to graft the
vine if a shoot does not spring up from below the break.
RIPENING DATES AND LENGTH OF SEASON FOR GRAPES
Every grape-grower should know when his varieties may be expected to
ripen and the length of season that they will keep. The commercial
fruit-grower by all means should have this information. It is not
sufficient that he know only roughly at what season his varieties
ripen; for, to take the turn of the market, he must know exactly when
a variety will ripen and how long it will keep. He needs this
information, also, that he may distribute his labor better throughout
the picking season.
Unfortunately, the data as to ripening time given by originators
and introducers of varieties are not always reliable. This
untrustworthiness of data is readily accounted for in several ways:
First, growers do not generally agree as to when grapes are ripe nor
as to how long they are fit to eat. Again, much confusion as to when
varieties ripen and how long they will keep arises from the fact that
grapes ripen at different times in different places, and it is
difficult for the grape-grower in Maine to make allowance in season
for varieties, the time of ripening of which is given for Maryland.
There are also other causes than the seasonal differences in grape
regions for variability in ripening time; thus, some soils are warmer
and quicker than others, and on these grapes ripen earlier.
Application of nitrogenous fertilizers may delay the period of
ripening somewhat. Grapes ripen perceptibly earlier on old plants than
on young ones. Lastly, every vineyard in a particular region has its
own particular climate caused by the lay of land, nearness to water,
air currents and altitude which cause small differences in ripening.
The following table taken from Bulletin No. 408 of the New York
Agricultural Experiment Station gives the ripening dates of grapes at
Geneva, New York. It is necessary that the reader know something about
the conditions affecting the ripening time at Geneva. The latitude is
42 deg. 50' 46". The altitude is 525 feet above sea level. The vineyard
lies a mile west of a relatively large body of water. The soil is a
cold heavy clay which must delay ripening time somewhat. The land is
level. The data are given as an average for three seasons, 1913-1915.
The figures given for "weeks in common storage" cover a variable
number of years, but for all varieties three or more years. The
grapes, after being picked, were at once placed in common storage in a
room on the second floor of a building. There conditions were not
ideal, and no doubt the season of storage would have been prolonged
somewhat had the fruit been kept in a better storage-room.
TABLE V.--SHOWING THE RIPENING TIME OF GRAPES
=====================================================================
| WEEKS IN | | | | |
| COMMON | VERY | | MID- | | VERY
| STORAGE | EARLY | EARLY | SEASON | LATE | LATE
-------------------+----------+-------+-------+--------+------+------
Agawam | | | | | * |
America | | | * | | |
Barry | 28 | | | * | |
Beacon | 7 | | | * | |
Bell | 8 | | * | | |
Berckmans | 21 | | | * | |
Black Eagle | 18 | | | * | |
Brighton | 20 | | | * | |
Brilliant | 11 | | | * | |
Brown | 6 | | | * | |
Campbell Early | 12 | | * | | |
Canada | 17 | | | | * |
Canandaigua | 20 | | | | * |
Carman | 17 | | | * | |
Catawba | 21 | | | | | *
Champion | 6 | | * | | |
Chautauqua | 10 | | | | * |
Clevener | 13 | | | | * |
Clinton | 21 | | | | | *
Colerain | 8 | | | * | |
Columbian Imperial | 7 | | | | * |
Concord | 8 | | | * | |
Cottage | 5 | | * | | |
Creveling | 16 | | * | | |
Croton | 23 | * | | | |
Delago | 25 | | | | | *
Delaware | 15 | | * | | |
Diamond | 10 | | * | | |
Diana | 17 | | | | | *
Downing | | | | | * |
Dracut Amber | 9 | | * | | |
Dutchess | 23 | | | * | |
Early Ohio | | * | | | |
Early Victor | 11 | * | | | |
Eaton | 6 | | | | * |
Eclipse | 7 | * | | | |
Eldorado | 17 | * | | | |
Elvira | 18 | | | * | |
Empire State | 24 | | | | * |
Etta | 15 | | | | | *
Eumelan | 17 | | * | | |
Faith | 11 | | | * | |
Fern Munson | 11 | | | | | *
Gaertner | 17 | | | * | |
Geneva | 22 | | * | | |
Goethe | 18 | | | | | *
Gold Coin | 10 | | | | * |
Grein Golden | 12 | | | | * |
Hartford | 8 | | | * | |
Headlight | 8 | * | | | |
Helen Keller | 26 | | | | * |
Herbert | 27 | | | * | |
Hercules | 13 | | | | * |
Hicks | 10 | | | * | |
Hidalgo | 12 | | | * | |
Hosford | 6 | | | | * |
Iona | 13 | | | | * |
Isabella | 11 | | | * | |
Janesville | 13 | | | * | |
Jefferson | 18 | | | | | *
Jessica | 12 | | * | | |
Jewel | 12 | | * | | |
Kensington | 19 | | | | * |
King | | | * | | |
Lady Washington | 16 | | | | * |
Lindley | 27 | | | * | |
Lucile | 9 | | | * | |
Lutie | 4 | * | | | |
McPike | 7 | | | * | |
Manito | 7 | | | | * |
Martha | 10 | | | * | |
Massasoit | 16 | | | * | |
Maxatawney | 12 | | | * | |
Merrimac | 31 | | | * | |
Mills | 29 | | | | * |
Missouri Riesling | 6 | | | | * |
Montefiore | 9 | | | * | |
Moore Early | 6 | * | | | |
Moyer | 9 | | * | | |
Nectar | 10 | | * | | |
Niagara | 10 | | * | | |
Noah | 10 | | | * | |
Northern Muscadine | 9 | | | * | |
Norton | 7 | | | | | *
Oporto | 12 | | | * | |
Ozark | 11 | | | | * |
Peabody | | | | | * |
Perfection | 8 | | | * | |
Perkins | | | | | * |
Pierce | | | | | * |
Pocklington | | | * | | |
Poughkeepsie | 15 | | * | | |
Prentiss | 16 | | | | * |
Rebecca | 18 | | | * | |
Regal | 16 | | | | * |
Requa | 30 | | | * | |
Rochester | 7 | | | * | |
Rommel | 10 | | | * | |
Salem | 27 | | | | * |
Secretary | 25 | | | | * |
Senasqua | 13 | | | | * |
Stark-Star | 10 | | | | | *
Triumph | 15 | | | | | *
Ulster | 21 | | | | * |
Vergennes | 28 | | | | * |
Wilder | 11 | | | | * |
Winchell | 6 | * | | | |
Worden | 6 | | * | | |
Wyoming | 9 | | * | | |
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[Illustration: PLATE XXII.--Lindley (x1/2). Lucile (x1/2).]