Footnote 83:
When railway stations were needed in Brazil after the mid century they
were actually imported, in prefabricated iron, from England.
Footnote 84:
See Haviland, J. _A Description of Haviland’s Design for the New
Penitentiary ..._, Philadelphia, 1824; Anon., _A Description of the
Eastern Penitentiary ..._, Philadelphia, 1830; Crawford, W., _Report
on the Penitentiaries of the United States_, London, 1834; Demetz,
F.-A., and Blouet, A.-G., _Rapport sur les penitenciers des États
Unis_, Paris, 1837; and Markus, T. A., ‘Pattern of the Law; Bentham’s
Panopticon Scheme’, _Architectural Review_, CXVI (1954), 251-6.
Footnote 85:
See Haviland, J., _The Builder’s Assistant_, 3 vols, Philadelphia,
1818-21—the first to include plates of the Greek orders; 2nd ed.,
Philadelphia, 1830; Benjamin, A., _The American Builder’s Companion_,
Boston, 1827 (the first edition is of 1806, but Greek orders were not
included until this latest edition); _The Practical House Carpenter_,
Boston, 1830, with later editions to 1857; _Practice of Architecture_,
New York, 1833, with later editions to 1851; _Elements of
Architecture_, Boston, 1843, 2nd ed., 1849; _The Builder’s Guide_,
Boston, 1839, with later editions to the Civil War; Lafever, M., _The
Young Builder’s General Instructor_, Newark, 1829; _The Modern
Builder’s Guide_, New York, 1833, with later editions to 1855; _The
Beauties of Modern Architecture_, New York, 1835, with later editions
to 1855; _The Architectural Instructor_, New York, 1856; Shaw, E.,
_Civil Architecture_, Boston, 1830, with later editions to 1855; and
Hills, C., _The Builder’s Guide_, Hartford, 1834, with later editions
to 1847.
Footnote 86:
See Willard, S., _Plans and Sections of the Obelisk on Bunker’s Hill_,
Boston, 1843.
Footnote 87:
See Mills, R., _The American Pharos; or, Lighthouse Guide_,
Washington, 1832; and _Waterworks for the Metropolitan City of
Washington_, Washington, 1853.
Footnote 88:
See Thayer, R., History, _Organization and Functions of the Office of
the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department_, Washington,
1886; and Strobridge, T. R., ‘Archives of the Supervising
Architect—Treasury Department’, _Journal of the Society of
Architectural Historians_, XX (1961), 198-9. See also Overby, O.,
‘Ammi B. Young in the Connecticut Valley’, _Journal of the Society of
Architectural Historians_, XIX (1960), 119-23.
Footnote 89:
See O’Neal, W. B., Jefferson’s _Buildings at the University of
Virginia_, I, Charlottesville, 1960. Like the hill-top siting of
Monticello, Jefferson’s own nearby house—begun before the American
Revolution and finally completed only in 1808—this provision of an
open end towards the view illustrates his active response to the
ideals of the Picturesque. For Monticello, moreover, drawings of
Gothick garden fabricks exist. The fact that McKim, Mead & White
blocked the view at the bottom of Jefferson’s layout with a new
building in the twentieth century is curious evidence of the lack of
understanding of the essential qualities of the architecture and
planning of this period on the part of even the most sophisticated
‘traditional’ architects—men who professed the greatest admiration for
the work of such predecessors as Jefferson and yet proceeded to
destroy its essence whenever the opportunity arose!
Footnote 90:
From the time of Latrobe’s Bank of 1798 the Greek temple paradigm for
public buildings characteristically and quite inconsistently included
vaulted interiors for protection against fire.
Footnote 91:
In Nicholson, Peter, _The Carpenter’s Guide_, London, 1849. See also
Walter, T. U., _Report(s) of the Architect of the Girard College ..._
[Philadelphia, 1834-50].
Footnote 92:
Once more, as with Latrobe and Mills, the importance of Strickland’s
work as an engineer should at least be noted. The principal
publications of the period in this domain are his _Reports on the
Canals, Railways, Roads and other Subjects_, Philadelphia, 1826, and
his _Reports, Specifications and Estimates of Public Works in the
United States_, London, 1841.
Footnote 93:
The history of the building is so complex that it is difficult to know
to whom the credit should be assigned for its distinguished design.
The competition held in 1838 was won by Walter, who actually laid the
foundations in 1839-40; but the executed design certainly owes more to
the competition project of the painter Thomas Cole (1801-48). See
Cummings, A. L., ‘The Ohio State Capitol Competition’, _Journal of the
Society of Architectural Historians_, XII (1953), 15-18. Modifications
of the scheme initiated in 1839-40 were made with Walter’s assistance
in 1844, and building was resumed in 1848 under the direction of
William Russell West of Cincinnati. On his resignation in 1854 Nathan
B. Kelly (1808-71) of Columbus succeeded, and the work was finally
brought to a finish by Isaiah Rogers in 1858-61.
Footnote 94:
See Wheildon, W. W., _Memoir of Solomon Willard_, Boston, 1865.
Footnote 95:
Greenough is better known today as the ‘herald of functionalism’ than
as a sculptor. See Wynne, N., and Newhall B., ‘Horatio Greenough:
Herald of Functionalism’, _Magazine of Art_, XXII (1939), 12-15. For
his theories, see Greenough, H., _Aesthetics at Washington_,
Washington, 1851; _Travels, Observations, and Experience of a Yankee
Stone-cutter_, New York, 1852; and _Form and Function: Remarks on Art_
(H. A. Small, ed.), Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1947.
Footnote 96:
There are measured drawings of these commercial buildings in
Hitchcock, H.-R., _Guide to Boston Architecture_, New York, 1954.
Footnote 97:
The most thorough study of American industrial building of this
period, including the housing of operatives, is Coolidge, J. P., _Mill
and Mansion_, New York, 1942, which deals with Lowell, Mass.
Considerable Rhode Island work is illustrated in Hitchcock, H.-R.,
_Rhode Island Architecture_, Providence, R.I., 1939.
Footnote 98:
See Eliot, W. H., _A Description of the Tremont House_, Boston, 1830.
Footnote 99:
Davis intended to include a central domed space on the model of
Latrobe’s Bank of 1798. This was omitted when the design of the
interior was revised by Samuel Thomson or William Ross and executed by
John Frazee. See Torres, L., ‘Samuel Thomson and the Old Custom
House’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XX
(1961), 185-90.
Footnote 100:
See Schuyler, M., ‘A Great American Architect; Leopold Eidlitz’,
_Architectural Record_, XXIV, 163-79, 277-92, 364-78, and, for a more
general treatment, Meeks, C. L. V., ‘Romanesque before Richardson in
the United States’, _Art Bulletin_, XXXV (1953), 17-33.
Footnote 101:
See Stone, E. M., _The Architect and Monetarian: a Brief Memoir of
Thomas Alexander Tefft_, Providence, R.I., 1869, and Wriston, B.,
‘Architecture of Thomas Tefft’, _Rhode Island School of Design
Bulletin_, XVIII (1940), 37-45.
Footnote 102:
See Meeks, C. L. V., ‘Henry Austin and the Italian Villa’, _Art
Bulletin_, XXX (1948), 145 ff.
Footnote 103:
See Smith, R. C., _John Notman and the Atheneum Building_,
Philadelphia, 1951.
Footnote 104:
See Young, A. B., _New Custom House_, Boston, Boston, 1840. The tower
that now replaces the dome was built by Peabody & Stearns in 1913-15;
it was the first real skyscraper in Boston.
Footnote 105:
See Young, A. B., _Plans of Public Buildings in Course of Construction
under the Direction of the Secretary of the Treasury_, [Washington]
1855-6.
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