FAITH.--THE NEW TESTAMENT.
The earliest reference we have to any writings or collection of
writings now in the New Testament, and in which they are recognized
as authoritative scripture, is in the second Epistle of Peter. That
apostle, writing about the year 65 A. D., says: "Account that the long
suffering of our Lord is salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul
also according to the wisdom given unto him hath written unto you; as
also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which
are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned
and unstable wrest as they do _the other scriptures_, unto their own
destruction."[A]
[Footnote A: II. Peter iii: 15, 16.]
It will be observed that the reference to the Epistles of Paul is of
such a character that it leads us to infer that those Epistles were
well and generally known by the church at large; for this Epistle of
Peter's which we quote, is written to no particular branch of the
church, but "to them that have obtained like precious faith with us
through the righteousness of God and our Savior Jesus Christ;"[B] in
other words, to the church universal; and it can scarcely be doubted
that some of the larger branches of the church, even in that early day,
had the Epistles of Paul in a collected form. It will also be observed
that Peter places these Epistles of Paul on equal authority with
Scripture by saying, that the unlearned and unstable wrest them, "_as
they do also the other scripture_, unto their own destruction."
[Footnote B: II. Peter i: 1.]
There is a tradition that the apostle John, on his return from his
banishment to Patmos--96 A. D.--made a collection of what he considered
the inspired writings of the apostles and disciples of Christ; but
the tradition seems not to be well founded. It is generally admitted,
however, that he must have had before him the three other gospels when
he wrote the one which bears his name, because his book called "The
Gospel according to St. John," is supplemental in its character, and
in it he gives prominence to those incidents in the life of his Master
and the doctrines he taught, about which the other writers are either
silent or have said but little. This peculiarity is accounted for by
the supposition that John had before him the other three narratives of
his Master's life and mission, and that he sought to make prominent
what they had omitted or treated but briefly, that the church--in the
four books--might have a complete history of Messiah's life, and labors
and doctrines.
In his admirable work on the "Evidences of Christianity," Archdeacon
Paley maintains that the following allegations respecting the books
comprising the New Testament are capable of proof; in fact, to my mind,
the learned Archdeacon does prove them, and places them beyond the
power of successful contradiction:
I. That the historical books of the New Testament, meaning thereby
the four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, are quoted, or alluded
to, by a series of Christian writers, beginning with those who were
contemporary with the apostles, or who immediately followed them, and
proceeding in close and regular succession from their time to the
present.
II. That when they are quoted, or alluded to, they are quoted or
alluded to with peculiar respect, as book _sui generis_;[C] as possessing
an authority which belonged to no other books, and as conclusive in all
questions and controversies amongst Christians.
[Footnote C: That is, of its own kind.]
III. That they were, in very early times, collected into a distinct
volume.
IV. That they were distinguished by appropriate names and titles of
respect.
V. That they were publicly read and expounded in the religious
assemblies of the Christians.
VI. That commentaries were written upon them, harmonies formed out of
them, different copies carefully collated, and versions of them made in
different languages.
VII. That they were received by Christians of different sects, by many
heretics as well as Catholics, and usually appealed to by both sides in
the controversies which arose in those days.
VIII. That the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, thirteen
Epistles of St. Paul, the first Epistle of John and the first of Peter,
were received, without doubt by those who doubted concerning the other
books which are included in our present canon--[authorized list].
IX. That the Gospels were attacked by the early adversaries of
Christianity, as books containing the accounts upon which the religion
was founded.
X. That formal catalogues of authentic scriptures were published, in
all of which our present sacred histories were included.
XI. That these propositions cannot be affirmed of any other books
claiming to be books of scripture; by which are meant those books which
are commonly called apocryphal books of the New Testament.[D]
[Footnote D: Evidences of Christianity, part I. ch. ix. I would also
recommend my readers to carefully study Dr. Lardner's Credibility
of the New Testament, from which Dr. Paley obtains much, I may say
nearly all of the material for his own admirable work. There is also a
fine article on the subject, in Chamber's Information for the People,
entitled _History of the Bible_; and another in Dr. Kitto's Biblical
Literature, under the heading, _Canon of Scripture_.]
Out of these eleven propositions I shall deal with but two, viz.:
the first and tenth; referring my readers to Dr. Paley's work, for
information as to the other propositions. And what is said here of
these propositions, I shall select or condense from Paley's work,
sometimes using his language as well as his facts, without troubling
myself to indicate the quotations.
Well, then, as to his first allegation, viz.: that there are a series
of Christian writers, beginning with those contemporary with the
apostles, and extending on down to the present, who have quoted the
chief books of the New Testament. To begin with, there is an epistle
ascribed to Barnabas,[E] the companion of Paul, in some of his
missionary tours. It is quoted as an Epistle of Barnabas, by Clement
of Alexandria, A. D. 194; by Origen, A. D. 230; by Eusebius, A. D.
315, and more frequently by writers after that time, and is referred
to by the writers above named, as an ancient work in their time, and
as well known and read among Christians, though not accounted a part
of scripture. It purports to be written soon after the destruction of
Jerusalem under Titus.
[Footnote E: There is a manuscript copy of this epistle in connection
with a copy of the New Testament entire, dating back to the fourth
century, now in the St. Petersburg Library. It was found by Tischendorf
in the convent of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, in 1859, and is known
as the Sinaitic Manuscript--the oldest one in existence.]
In this epistle appears the following remarkable passage: "Let us,
therefore, beware lest it come upon us, _as it is written_; There are
many called, few chosen." From the expression, "as it is written,"
we infer, with certainty, that at the time when the author of this
epistle lived, there was a book extant well known to Christians, and
of authority among them, containing the words "many are called, few
chosen." Such a book is our present Gospel of St. Matthew, in which
this text is twice found,[F] and found in no other book which existed
in those days; therefore Barnabas must have referred his readers to
Matthew's Gospel. Furthermore, the writer of the epistle was a Jew. The
phrase, "It is written," was the very form in which the Jews quoted
their scriptures. Hence, it follows that he would not have used this
phrase, and without qualification, of any books but what had acquired
scriptural authority. So that while the quotation "many are called, few
chosen," confirms the existence of Matthew's Gospel; the expression "It
is written," gives to it the authority or dignity of scripture.
[Footnote F: Matt. xx: 16; xxii: 14.]
There are other passages in the epistle which are the same in sentiment
as some of the passages in Matthew,[G] some in which we recognize the
same words. For example, "Give to every one that asketh thee;" and he
says that Christ chose as his apostles men who were great sinners that
he might show that he came, "not to call the righteous, but sinners to
repentance."
[Footnote G: Matt. v: 42; ix: 13.]
There is also extant an epistle of Clement, bishop of Rome, whom the
ancient writers without doubt or scruple assert to have been the
Clement whom Paul mentions in Phil. iv, 3.[H] This epistle is spoken
of by the early Christian writers as an epistle acknowledged by all.
Of it Irenaeus says (writing in the second century) it was "written by
Clement, who had seen the blessed apostles, and conversed with them,
who had the preaching of the apostles still sounding in his ears, and
their traditions before his eyes." Dionysius, bishop of Corinth (the
epistle is addressed to the Church of Christ) says, about the year 170
A. D., that the epistle of Clement "had been wont to be read in that
church from ancient times."[I]
[Footnote H: "With Clement also, and with other my fellow-laborers
whose names are written in the book of life."]
[Footnote I: A copy of this epistle dating back to the fifth century,
is connected with the Alexandrian manuscript of the New Testament now
in the British Museum. The manuscript was given to Charles the I. in
1628 by Cyril Lucas, Patriarch of Constantinople.]
In the said epistle are found the following passages, evidently taken
from our New Testament scriptures: "Especially remembering the words of
the Lord Jesus which he spake, teaching gentleness and long suffering,
for thus he said: 'Be ye merciful, that ye may obtain mercy;[J] forgive
that it may be forgiven unto you;[K] as you do so shall it be done unto
you; as ye judge so shall ye be judged; as ye show kindness, so shall
kindness be shown unto you; with what measure ye mete, with the same
shall it be measured to you.'"[L]
[Footnote J: Matt. v: 7.]
[Footnote K: Luke vi: 37, 38.]
[Footnote L: Matt. vii: 1, 2.]
In another place he says: "Remember the words of the Lord Jesus, for he
said: 'Woe to that man by whom offenses come; it were better for him
that he had not been born, than that he should offend one of my elect;
it were better for him that a millstone should be tied about his neck,
and that he should be drowned in the sea than that he should offend one
of my little ones.'"[M]
[Footnote M: Matt. xviii.]
The reference in the foregoing to the passages I have indicated is too
palpable to leave any room for doubt.
Connected with the Sinaitic manuscript copy of the New Testament,
now in the St. Petersburg Library, to which I have already called
attention in a foot note, is a manuscript copy of the "Shepherd" or
"Pastor" of Hermas, dating from the fifth century; but that copies
of it existed at a still earlier date is evident from the fact that
it is quoted by Irenaeus, A. D. 178; by Clement of Alexandria, A. D.
194; by Tertullian, A. D. 200; Origen, A. D. 230. In this ancient work
are many allusions to and some direct quotations from the Gospels of
Matthew, Luke and John. Of the allusions may be cited, the confessing
and denying of Christ;[N] the parable of the seed sown;[O] and the
comparison of Christ's disciples to little children. Of the more direct
quotations I mention the following: "He that putteth away his wife and
marrieth another, committeth adultery;"[P] the singular expression,
"having received all power from his Father," is undoubted allusion to
Matthew xxviii, 18; and Christ being the "Gate," or only way of coming
"to God," in plain allusion to John xiv, 6, and x, 7, 9.
[Footnote N: Matt. x: 32,33. Luke xii: 8,9.]
[Footnote O: Matt. xiii: 3. Luke viii: 5.]
[Footnote P: Luke xvi: 18.]
I now come to Ignatius, who became bishop of Antioch about thirty-seven
years after the ascension of Messiah; and therefore, from his time and
station, it is probable that he had known and conversed with many of
the apostles. Some of the epistles of this bishop are referred to by
Polycarp, his contemporary, the bishop of Smyrna; and some are quoted
by Irenaeus, A. D. 178; and by Origen, A. D. 230. In these epistles
are plain and undoubted allusions to the Gospels of Matthew and John,
of which the following are but specimens: "Christ was baptized of John
that all righteousness might be fulfilled by him."[Q] "Be ye wise as
serpents in all things and harmless as a dove."[R] "Yet the Spirit is
not deceived, being from God, for it knows whence it comes and whither
it goes."[S]
[Footnote Q: Matt. iii: 15.]
[Footnote R: Matthew x: 16.]
[Footnote S: John iii: 18]
I now pass over several writers in whose works are similar quotations
from the scriptures to those already noted; among them Polycarp, a
convert to Christianity through the teachings of the Apostle John; as
also Papias, his companion; Justin Martyr, separated from the last
named by but twenty years; and also Hegesippus, who came about thirty
years after Justin. This brings us to the year 170 A. D. At this time
the churches of Lyons and Vienna in France, sent a relation of the
sufferings of their martyrs to the churches of Asia and Phrygia. This
epistle is found entire in the works of Eusebius [315 A. D.], and in it
are direct allusions to the Gospels of Luke, John and the Acts of the
Apostles. The one to John is, "Thus was fulfilled that which was spoken
by the Lord, that whosoever killeth you, will think that he doeth God's
service."[T]
[Footnote T: John xvi: 2.]
At that time these churches in France had for their bishop Pothinus,
then about ninety years old, whose time, therefore, must have joined on
to the times of the apostles.
"The evidence now," says Dr. Paley, "opens upon us full and clear."
Irenaeus succeeded Pothinus as bishop of Lyons. In his youth he had
been a disciple of Polycarp, who was a disciple of John. * * * He
asserts of himself and his contemporaries, that they were able to
reckon up in all the principal churches the succession of bishops
from the first. * * * The testimony which this writer affords to the
historical books of the New Testament, to their authority, and to the
titles which they bear, is expressive and positive. One principal
passage runs as follows:
"We have not received the knowledge of the way of our salvation by
any others than those by whom the Gospel has been brought to us.
Which Gospel they first preached, and afterward by the will of God,
committed to writing, that it might be for time to come the foundation
and pillar of our faith. For after that the Lord rose from the dead,
and they [the apostles] were endowed from above with the power of the
Holy Ghost coming down upon them, they received a perfect knowledge of
all things. They went forth to all the ends of the earth, declaring to
men the blessings of heavenly peace, having all of them, and every one
alike, the Gospel of God. Matthew then, among the Jews, wrote a Gospel
in their own language, while Peter and Paul were preaching the Gospel
at Rome, and founding a church there; and after their exit, Mark also,
the disciple and interpreter of Peter, delivered to us in writing the
things which had been preached by Peter; and Luke; the companion of
Paul, put down in a book the Gospel preached by him (Paul). Afterward
John, the disciple of the Lord, who also leaned upon his breast, he
likewise published a Gospel while he dwelt at Ephesus, in Asia."
Nor is this writer less explicit respecting the book of the Acts of the
Apostles.
The force of the testimony we have considered will be strengthened by
remembering that it is the testimony, and the concurring testimony
of writers who lived in countries remote from each other. Clement
flourished at Rome; Ignatius at Antioch, and Irenaeus in France.
I deem it unnecessary to pursue this inquiry further, and shall close
by remarking that Clement of Alexandria, one of the most voluminous
of Christian writers, follows Irenaeus at a distance of but sixteen
years. In the works of Clement which remain, the four gospels are
repeatedly quoted by the names of their authors, and the Acts of the
Apostles is expressly ascribed to Luke. This brings us to the year 194
A. D. Tertullian joins on to Clement, and is no less explicit in his
reference to the New Testament than the writers who preceded him. Then
follow numerous writers, among them Origen, A. D. 230; Eusebius, 315;
and Jerome, A. D. 392.
So numerous are the references to scripture, in the writings of these
men, that were our books of scripture lost, some aver, that they
could be reproduced from the works of these writers alone. From the
date last given, there can be no question as to the existence of
our New Testament or of its acceptance by the whole of Christendom,
as containing the account of those events on which Christianity was
founded.