CERARGYRITE CHAMBERS
CERBERUS CHAMBERSBURG
CERDIC CHAMBERY
CERDONIANS CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES DIEUDONNE
CEREALIS, PETILLIUS CHAMBORD
CERES CHAMBRE ARDENTE
CERIGNOLA CHAMELEON
CERIGOTTO CHAMFER
CERINTHUS CHAMFORT, SEBASTIEN ROCH NICOLAS
CERIUM CHAMIER, FREDERICK
CERNUSCHI, HENRI CHAMILLART, MICHEL
CEROGRAPHY CHAMINADE, CECILE
CERRO DE PASCO CHAMISSO, ADELBERT VON
CERTALDO CHAMKANNI
CERUSSITE CHAMOIS
CERUTTI, GIUSEPPE GIACHIMO CHAMOMILE
CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, MIGUEL DE CHAMONIX
CERVERA, PASCUAL TOPETE CHAMPAGNE
CESAREVICH CHAMPAGNY, JEAN BAPTISTE NOMPERE DE
CESARI, GIUSEPPE CHAMPAIGN
CESAROTTI, MELCHIORE CHAMPAIGNE, PHILIPPE DE
CESENA CHAMPARAN
CESNOLA, LUIGI PALMA DI CHAMPEAUX, WILLIAM OF
CESPEDES, PABLO DE CHAMPERTY
CESPEDES Y MENESES, GONZALO DE CHAMPION
CESS CHAMPIONNET, JEAN ETIENNE
CESSIO BONORUM CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE
CESTI, MARC' ANTONIO CHAMPLAIN
CESTIUS, LUCIUS CHAMPMESLE, MARIE
CESTUI, CESTUY CHAMPOLLION, JEAN FRANCOIS
CETACEA CHAMPOLLION-FIGEAC, JACQUES JOSEPH
CETHEGUS CHANCE
CETINA, GUTIERRE DE CHANCEL
CETTE CHANCELLOR
CETTIGNE CHANCELLORSVILLE
CETUS CHANCE-MEDLEY
CETYWAYO CHANCERY
CEUTA CHANDA
CEVA CHANDAUSI
CEVENNES CHAND BARDAI
CEYLON CHANDELIER
CHABAZITE CHANDERNAGORE
CHABLIS CHANDLER, HENRY WILLIAM
CHABOT, FRANCOIS CHANDLER, RICHARD
CHABOT, GEORGES ANTOINE CHANDLER, SAMUEL
CHABOT, PHILIPPE DE CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH
CHABRIAS CHANDOS, BARONS AND DUKES OF
CHABRIER, ALEXIS EMMANUEL CHANDOS, SIR JOHN
CHACMA CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA
CHACO CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS ANNE THEODULE
CHACONNE CHANG-CHOW
CHAD, SAINT CHANG CHUN, KIU
CHAD CHANGE
CHADDERTON CHANGELING
CHADERTON, LAURENCE CHANGOS
CHADWICK, SIR EDWIN CHANGRA
CHAEREMON (Athenian dramatist) CHANNEL ISLANDS
CHAEREMON (Stoic philosopher) CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY
CHAERONEIA CHANSONS DE GESTE
CHAETOGNATHA CHANT
CHAETOPODA CHANTABUN
CHAETOSOMATIDA CHANTADA
CHAFER CHANTAGE
CHAFF CHANTARELLE
CHAFFARINAS CHANTAVOINE, HENRI
CHAFFEE, ADNA ROMANZA CHANTILLY
CHAFFINCH CHANTREY, SIR FRANCIS LEGATT
CHAFING-DISH CHANT ROYAL
CHAGOS CHANTRY
CHAGRES CHANUTE
CHAIN CHANZY, ANTOINE EUGENE ALFRED
CHAIR CHAOS
CHAISE CHAPBOOK
CHAKRATA CHAPE
CHALCEDON CHAPEL
CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF CHAPELAIN, JEAN
CHALCEDONY CHAPEL-EN-LE-FRITH
CHALCIDICUM CHAPEL HILL
CHALCIS CHAPELLE ARDENTE
CHALCONDYLES CHAPERON
CHALDAEA CHAPLAIN
CHALDEE CHAPLIN, HENRY
CHALICE CHAPMAN, GEORGE
CHALIER, JOSEPH CHAPMAN
CHALK CHAPONE, HESTER
CHALKHILL, JOHN CHAPPE, CLAUDE
CHALKING THE DOOR CHAPPELL, WILLIAM
CHALLAMEL, JEAN AUGUSTIN CHAPRA
CHALLEMEL-LACOUR, PAUL AMAND CHAPTAL, JEAN ANTOINE CLAUDE
CHALLENGE CHAPTER
"CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION CHAPTER-HOUSE
CHALLONER, RICHARD CHAPU
CHALMERS, ALEXANDER CHAR
CHALMERS, GEORGE CHAR-A-BANC
CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL CHARACTER
CHALMERS, JAMES CHARADE
CHALMERS, THOMAS CHARCOAL
CHALONER, SIR THOMAS CHARCOT, JEAN MARTIN
CHALONS-SUR-MARNE CHARD, JOHN ROUSE MERRIOTT
CHALON-SUR-SAONE CHARD
CHALUKYA CHARDIN, JEAN SIMEON
CHALYBAUS, HEINRICH MORITZ CHARDIN, SIR JOHN
CHALYBITE CHARENTE
CHAMBA CHARENTE-INFERIEURE
CHAMBAL CHARENTON-LE-PONT
CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH CHARES
CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE CHARES
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES CHARES
CHAMBERLAIN CHARGE
CHAMBERLAYNE, WILLIAM CHARGE D'AFFAIRES
CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM CHARGING ORDER
CHAMBERS, GEORGE CHARIBERT
CHAMBERS, ROBERT CHARIDEMUS
CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM CHARING CROSS
CERARGYRITE, a mineral species consisting of silver chloride; an
important ore of silver. The name cerargyrite is a Greek form (from
[Greek: keras], horn, and [Greek: argyros], silver) of the older name
hornsilver, which was used by K. Gesner as far back as 1565. The
chloro-bromide and bromide of silver were also included under this term
until they were distinguished chemically in 1841 and 1842, and described
under the names embolite and bromargyrite (or bromyrite) respectively;
the chloride then came to be distinguished as chlorargyrite, though the
name cerargyrite is often now applied to this alone. Chloro-bromo-iodide
of silver has also been recognized as a mineral and called iodembolite.
All these are strikingly alike in appearance and general characters,
differing essentially only in chemical composition, and it would seem
better to reserve the name cerargyrite for the whole group, using the
names chlorargyrite (AgCl), embolite (Ag(Cl, Bl)), bromargyrite (AgBr)
and iodembolite (Ag(Cl, Br, I)) for the different isomorphous members of
the group. They are cubic in crystallization, with the cube and the
octahedron as prominent forms, but crystals are small and usually
indistinct; there is no cleavage. They are soft (H = 2-1/2) and sectile
to a high degree, being readily cut with a knife like horn. With their
resinous to adamantine lustre and their translucency they also present
somewhat the appearance of horn; hence the name hornsilver. The colour
varies somewhat with the chemical composition, being grey or colourless
in chlorargyrite, greenish-grey in embolite and bromargyrite, and
greenish-yellow to orange-yellow in iodembolite. On exposure to light
the colour quickly darkens. The specific gravity also varies with the
composition: for the pure chloride it is 5.55, and the highest recorded
for an iodembolite is 6.3.
The hornsilvers all occur under similar conditions and are often
associated together; they are found in metalliferous veins with native
silver and ores of silver, and are usually confined to the upper
oxidized parts of the lodes. They are important ores of silver (the pure
chloride contains 75.3% of silver), and have been extensively mined at
several places in Chile, also in Mexico, and at Broken Hill in New South
Wales. The chloride and chloro-bromide have been found in several
Cornish mines, but never in very large amounts. (L. J. S.)
CERBERUS, in Greek mythology, the dog who guarded the entrance to the
lower world. He allowed all to enter, but seized those who attempted to
escape. According to Hesiod (_Theog._ 311), he was a fifty-headed
monster with a fearful bark, the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. He was
variously represented with one, two or (usually) three heads, often
with the tail of a snake or with snakes growing from his head or twined
round his body. One of the tasks imposed upon Heracles was to fetch
Cerberus from below to the upper world, a favourite subject of ancient
vase-paintings.
CERDIC (d. 534), founder of the West Saxon kingdom, is described as an
ealdorman who in 495 landed with his son Cynric in Hampshire, where he
was attacked at once by the Britons. Nothing more is heard of him until
508, when he defeated the Britons with great slaughter. Strengthened by
fresh arrivals of Saxons, he gained another victory in 519 at
Certicesford, a spot which has been identified with the modern Charford,
and in this year took the title of king. Turning westward, Cerdic
appears to have been defeated by the Britons in 520 at Badbury or Mount
Badon, in Dorset, and in 527 yet another fight with the Britons is
recorded. His last work was the conquest of the Isle of Wight, probably
in the interest of some Jutish allies. All the sovereigns of England,
except Canute, Hardicanute, the two Harolds and William the Conqueror,
are said to be descended from Cerdic.
See _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, edited by C. Plummer (Oxford, 1892-1899);
Gildas, _De excidio Britanniae_, edited by Th. Mommsen (Berlin, 1898);
Nennius, _Historia, Brittonum_, edited by Th. Mommsen (Berlin, 1898);
Bede, _Historiae ecclesiasticae gentis Anglorum libri v._, ed. C.
Plummer (Oxford, 1896); E. Guest, _Origines Celticae_ (London, 1883);
J.R. Green, _The Making of England_ (London, 1897).
CERDONIANS, a Gnostic sect, founded by Cerdo, a Syrian, who came to Rome
about 137, but concerning whose history little is known. They held that
there are two first causes--the perfectly good and the perfectly evil.
The latter is also the creator of the world, the god of the Jews, and
the author of the Old Testament. Jesus Christ is the son of the good
deity; he was sent into the world to oppose the evil; but his
incarnation, and therefore his sufferings, were a mere appearance.
Regarding the body as the work of the evil deity, the Cerdonians formed
a moral system of great severity, prohibiting marriage, wine and the
eating of flesh, and advocating fasting and other austerities. Most of
what the Fathers narrate of Cerdo's tenets has probably been transferred
to him from his famous pupil Marcion, like whom he is said to have
rejected the Old Testament and the New, except part of Luke's Gospel and
of Paul's Epistles. (See MARCION, and GNOSTICISM.)
CEREALIS (CERIALIS), PETILLIUS (1st century A.D.), Roman general, a near
relative of the emperor Vespasian. He is first heard of during the reign
of Nero in Britain, where he was completely defeated (A.D. 61) by
Boadicea. Eight years later he played an important part in the capture
of Rome by the supporters of Vespasian. In 70 he put down the revolt of
Civilis (q.v.). In 71, as governor of Britain, where he had as a
subordinate the famous Agricola, he inflicted severe defeats upon the
Brigantes, the most powerful of the tribes of Britain. Tacitus says that
he was a bold soldier rather than a careful general, and preferred to
stake everything on the issue of a single engagement. He possessed
natural eloquence of a kind that readily appealed to his soldiers. His
loyalty towards his superiors was unshakable.
Tacitus, _Annals_, xiv. 32; _Histories_, iii. 59, 78, iv. 71, 75, 86,
v. 21; _Agricola_, 8, 17.
CERES, an old Italian goddess of agriculture. The name probably means
the "creator" or "created," connected with _crescere_ and _creare_. But
when Greek deities were introduced into Rome on the advice of the
Sibylline books (in 495 B.C., on the occasion of a severe drought),
Demeter, the Greek goddess of seed and harvest, whose worship was
already common in Sicily and Lower Italy, usurped the place of Ceres in
Rome, or rather, to Ceres were added the religious rites which the
Greeks paid to Demeter, and the mythological incidents which originated
with her. At the same time the cult of Dionysus and Persephone (see
LIBER AND LIBERA) was introduced. The rites of Ceres were Greek in
language and form. Her priestesses were Italian Greeks and her temple
was Greek in its architecture and built by Greek artists. She was
worshipped almost exclusively by plebeians, and her temple near the
Circus Maximus was under the care of the plebeian aediles, one of whose
duties was the superintendence of the corn-market. Her chief festivals
were the _ludi Cereris_ or _Cerealia_ (more correctly, _Cerialia_),
games held annually from April 12-19 (Ovid, _Fasti_, iv. 392 ff.); a
second festival, in August, to celebrate the reunion of Ceres and
Proserpine, in which women, dressed in white, after a fast of nine days
offered the goddess the first-fruits of the harvest (Livy xxii. 56); and
the _Jejunium Cereris_, a fast also introduced (191 B.C.) by command of
the Sibylline books (Livy xxvi. 37), at first held only every four
years, then annually on the 4th of October. In later times Ceres was
confused with Tellus. (See also DEMETER.)
CERIGNOLA, a town of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Foggia, 26 m.
S.E. by rail from the town of Foggia. Pop. (1901) 34,195. It was rebuilt
after a great earthquake in 1731, and has a considerable agricultural
trade. In 1503 the Spaniards under Gonzalo de Cordoba defeated the
French under the duc de Nemours below the town--a victory which made the
kingdom of Naples into a Spanish province in Italy. Cerignola occupies
the site of Furfane, a station on the Via Traiana between Canusium and
Herdoniae.
CERIGOTTO, called locally LIUS (anc. _Aegilia_ or _Ogylos_; mod. Gr.
officially _Antikythera_), an island of Greece, belonging to the Ionian
group, and situated between Cythera (Cerigo) and Crete, about 20 m. from
each. Some raised beaches testify to an upheaval in comparatively recent
times. With an area of about 10 sq. m. it supports a population of about
300, who are mainly Cretan refugees, and in favourable seasons exports a
quantity of good wheat. It was long a favourite resort of Greek pirates.
It is famous for the discovery in 1900, close to its coast, of the wreck
of an ancient ship with a cargo of bronze and marble statues.
CERINTHUS (c. A.D. 100), an early Christian heretic, contemporary with
the closing years of the apostle John, who, according to the well-known
story of Polycarp, reported by Irenaeus (iii. 3) and twice recorded in
Eusebius (_Hist. Eccl._ iii. 28, iv. 14), made a hasty exit from a bath
in Ephesus on learning that Cerinthus was within. Other early accounts
agree in making the province of Asia the scene of his activity, and
Hippolytus (_Haer_. vii. 33) credits him with an Egyptian training.
There can be no truth in the notice given by Epiphanius (_Haer_. xxviii.
4) that Cerinthus had in earlier days at Jerusalem led the judaizing
opposition against Paul.
The difficulty of defining Cerinthus's theological position is due not
only to the paucity of our sources but to the fact that the witness of
the two principal authorities, Irenaeus (1. 26, iii. 11) and Hippolytus
(_Syntagma_), does not agree. Further, Irenaeus himself in one passage
fails to distinguish between Cerinthian and Valentinian doctrines. It
would appear, however, that Cerinthus laid stress on the rite of
circumcision and on the observance of the Sabbath. He taught that the
world had been made by angels, from one of whom, the god of the Jews,
the people of Israel had received their Law, which was not perfect. The
only New Testament writing which he accepted was a mutilated Gospel of
Matthew. Jesus was the offspring of Joseph and Mary, and on him at the
baptism descended the Christ,[1] revealing the hitherto unknown Father,
and endowing him with miraculous power. This Christ left Jesus again
before the Passion, and the resurrection of Jesus was still in the
future. Together with these somewhat gnostic ideas, Cerinthus, if we may
trust the notices of Gaius the Roman presbyter (c. 290) and Dionysius of
Alexandria (c. 340), held a violent and crude form of chiliasm. But the
chief significance of the man is his "combination of zeal for legal
observances with bold criticism of the Law itself as a whole and of its
origin," which reminds us of the Clementine _Recognitions_. Cerinthus is
a blend of judaizing christian and gnostic.