But James applies his illustration again. He hammers the objector while
he has him. “But wilt thou know, O vain man?” (“you senseless fellow,”
Moffatt). The word is used like the Latin _vanus_ of boasters or
impostors, men whose word cannot be depended upon. You can know, if you
wish to know,[73] “that faith apart from works is barren,” “faith
without deeds is dead” (Moffatt), according to some manuscripts. One may
note 2 Peter 1:8, “not idle nor unfruitful.” Faith without works is like
a barren woman, without children to comfort her. “Children” and “works”
are sometimes used as parallel. “Wisdom is justified by her works”
(Matt. 11:19); “wisdom is justified of all her children” (Luke 7:35).
James thus shows irritation at the dulness of his objector, but he hopes
to make even such a man see the point by appealing to the axiomatic case
of Abraham. The faith of Abraham was one of the commonplaces of
theological discussion in the rabbinical schools (Oesterley). See Sirach
44:20 ff.; Wisdom 10:5. It is no wonder that Paul (Rom. 4; Gal. 3:7)
makes use of the case of Abraham. He considers it so important that in
Romans he devotes a whole chapter to the subject. Paul lays chief
emphasis (Rom. 4:17-21) on Abraham’s faith in the promise of a son. Paul
also proves that Abraham had the justifying faith before he was
circumcised. James shows that Abraham lived up to his faith when put to
the test. Both points are true.
There was abuse of the faith of Abraham. Thus Rabbi Nehemiah (_Mechilta_
on Ex. 14:31) says: “So Abraham, solely for the merit of his faith,
whereby he believed in the Lord, inherited this world and the other.”
The Jews came to rely so much on the “merit” of Abraham’s faith that
they felt that all they had to do was to say, “We have Abraham to our
father” (Matt. 3:9). They leaned[74] on “Father Abraham.” In 1 Maccabees
2:52 the same use is made of the case of Abraham that we have in James:
“Was not Abraham found faithful in trial, and it was reckoned to him for
righteousness?” In Hebrews 11 the same exposition of faith is set forth
by the glorious list of heroes who exemplified faith. Among these heroes
is Abraham, who obeyed to go out (11:8) to a distant land and who
offered up his only begotten son (11:17).
James appeals confidently, therefore, to the example of Abraham in
offering up Isaac upon the altar (cf. Gen. 22:9). He had shown that he
served God from love and not merely from fear. His faith had stood the
severest of all tests—believing that God would go with him down into the
darkness of death and make plain his command that was so hard to obey.
James interprets the case of Abraham with his usual pungency. “Thou
seest,” or at least, “thou oughtest to see.” The deduction is
inevitable. “Faith wrought with his works,” “faith cooperated with
deeds” (Moffatt), just the opposite of “apart from works.” It is thus
clear that James did not mean to say that Abraham had only works and not
faith. It is faith and works with Abraham, as he had contended in verse
18. It is like Paul’s “faith working through love,” energetic faith. So
James adds: “by works was faith made perfect,” “completed by deeds”
(Moffatt).
Thus with Abraham faith was shown to be alive, not dead; fruitful, not
barren; brought to a good result or end, not cut short with mere
profession or promise. So the Scripture was fulfilled (made full or
complete) in the case of Abraham: “And Abraham believed God, and it [the
faith] was reckoned [set down to his credit] unto him for
righteousness.” Paul in Romans 4 lays emphasis on the verb “believed,”
and James stresses the obedience which proves the reality of the trust.
Both points are justly made. In each instance faith precedes the works.
We are set right with God by trust, but the life must correspond to the
new relation with God. It was so with Abraham. He was called “the friend
of God.” Compare 2 Chronicles 20:7. “Shall I hide from Abraham that
which I do?” (Gen. 18:17). With the Arabs the term “Khalil Allah”
(Friend of God) is the current name for Abraham. Epictetus (bk. II,
chap, xvii, § 29) speaks of looking “up into heaven as the friend of
God.” Plato calls the righteous man “on terms of friendship with God.”
Jesus calls his disciples “friends,” no longer “servants,” in John 15:14
f. There cannot be such friendship without trust of the most absolute
kind, a trust that means loyalty to the end.
One must not think that James discredits faith. He does not. He assumes
the need of it. In verse 24 James uses “justified” more in the sense of
final approval (set right at last) than of the initial restoration of
peace with God. And even so “the faith as a ground of justification is
assumed as a starting point” (Hort).
“Ye see,” says James, leaving his imaginary opponent and turning again
to his readers. They can see the point, whether the empty-headed
disputant does or not. It is hard for a controversialist to see anything
but his own side of the question. It is “not only by faith” that a man
is justified. The case of Abraham shows that works must follow faith in
the natural order of grace. James has administered a severe rebuke to
the antinomians who deny any responsibility for holy living and disclaim
the force of the moral law. There has always been a curious type of
pietism that runs easily into immorality with no compunctions of
conscience, a sort of emotionalism without ethical tone or flavor.
Abraham was not simply the father of the Jewish people but the father of
all the spiritual Israel—the believing children of God in all the ages
since, who form the elect of God and of the earth.