See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1901-1904.

LAND: In the United States:

Reclamation of Arid Lands.

Wasteful Culture.

See (in this Volume)

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

LAND: The Small Holdings Act in Great Britain.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1907-1908.

LAND: Taxation proposed in the British Budget of 1909.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LAND LAWS, IRISH: THE WORKING OF THE SUCCESSIVE LAWS.

The Act of 1903.

See (in this Volume)

IRELAND: A. D. 1870-1903, 1905.

LAND LAWS, RUSSIAN: THE AGRARIAN LAW.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1909 (APRIL).

LAND OFFICE FRAUDS.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

LAND PURCHASE ACT, of 1909, IRISH.

See (in this Volume)

IRELAND: A. D. 1909.

LAND QUESTION, IN AUSTRALIA.

See (in this Volume)

IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION: AUSTRALIA.

LAND, RUSSIAN CROWN: SALE TO PEASANTS OPENED.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.

LAND SYSTEM, OF NEW ZEALAND.

See (in this Volume)

NEW ZEALAND: A. D. 1905.

LANDIS, Judge K. M.:

Judgment against the Standard Oil Company, imposing a Fine

of $29,000,000.

See (in this Volume)

COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &C.:

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904-1909.

LANDLORDISM:

Overthrown Politically in Denmark.

See (in this Volume)

DENMARK: A. D. 1901.

LANGLEY, Samuel P.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: AERONAUTICS.

{411}

LANSDOWNE, Henry Charles, Marquess of:

Secretary for Foreign Affairs.

Despatch explanatory of Agreements between England and France,

April, 1904.

See (in this Volume)

EUROPE: A. D. 1904 (APRIL).

On each of the Two Defensive Agreements with Japan.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1902, AND 1905 (AUGUST).

On the Budget of 1909.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LARRINAGA, Tulio:

Delegate to Third International Conference

of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)

AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

LATHAM, Hubert.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION; RECENT: AERONAUTICS.

LATIN BIBLE, Revised Translation of.

See (in this Volume)

PAPACY: A. D. 1907-1909.

LAURIER, Sir Wilfred, Premier of Canada:

At Colonial Conference in London, 1902.

See (in this Volume)

BRITISH EMPIRE.

At the Imperial Conference of 1907.

See (in this Volume)

BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.

LAURIER MINISTRY:

Supported in the Canadian Elections, 1904.

See CANADA: A. D. 1904.

LAVERAN, Charles L. A.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

LAW AND ITS COURTS: England:

Institution of a Court of Criminal Appeal.

An important innovation in the administration of criminal law

was introduced in Great Britain by an Act of Parliament "to

Establish a Court of Criminal Appeal," approved August 28,

1907. In part, the enactment was as follows:

"1.

(1) There shall be a Court of Criminal Appeal, and the Lord

Chief Justice of England and eight judges of the King’s Bench

Division of the High Court, appointed for the purpose by the

Lord Chief Justice with the consent of the Lord Chancellor for

such period as he thinks desirable in each case, shall be

judges of that court.

"(2) For the purpose of hearing and determining appeals under

this Act, and for the purpose of any other proceedings under

this Act, the Court of Criminal Appeal shall be summoned in

accordance with directions given by the Lord Chief Justice of

England with the consent of the Lord Chancellor, and the court

shall be duly constituted if it consists of not less than

three judges and of an uneven number of judges.

"If the Lord Chief Justice so directs, the court may sit in

two or more divisions. The court shall sit in London except in

cases where the Lord Chief Justice gives special directions

that it shall sit at some other place. …

"3. A person convicted on indictment may appeal under this Act

to the Court of Criminal Appeal—

(_a_) against his conviction on any ground of appeal

which involves a question of law alone; and

(_b_) with the leave of the Court of Criminal Appeal

or upon the certificate of the Judge who tried him that it

is a fit case for appeal against his conviction on any

ground of appeal which involves a question of fact alone or

a question of mixed law and fact, or any other ground which

appears to the court to be a sufficient ground of appeal;

and

(_c_) with the leave of the Court of Criminal Appeal

against the sentence passed on his conviction, unless the

sentence is one fixed by law.

"4.

(1) The Court of Criminal Appeal on any such appeal against

conviction shall allow the appeal if they think that the

verdict of the jury should be set aside on the ground that it

is unreasonable or cannot be supported having regard to the

evidence, or that the judgment of the court before whom the

appellant was convicted should be set aside on the ground of a

wrong decision of any question of law or that on any ground

there was a miscarriage of justice, and in any other case

shall dismiss the appeal: Provided that the court may,

notwithstanding that they are of opinion that the point raised

in the appeal might be decided in favour of the appellant,

dismiss the appeal if they consider that no substantial

miscarriage of justice has actually occurred.

"(2) Subject to the special provisions of this Act, the Court

of Criminal Appeal shall, if they allow an appeal against

conviction, quash the conviction and direct a judgment and

verdict of acquittal to be entered.

"(3) On an appeal against sentence the Court of Criminal

Appeal shall, if they think that a different sentence should

have been passed, quash the sentence passed at the trial, and

pass such other sentence warranted in law by the verdict

(whether more or less severe) in substitution therefor as they

think ought to have been passed, and in any other case shall

dismiss the appeal.

"5.

(1) If it appears to the Court of Criminal Appeal that an

appellant, though not properly convicted on some count or part

of the indictment, has been properly convicted on some other

count or part of the indictment, the court may either affirm

the sentence passed on the appellant at the trial, or pass

such sentence in substitution therefor as they think proper,

and as may be warranted in law by the verdict on the count or

part of the indictment on which the court consider that the

appellant has been properly convicted.

"(2) Where an appellant has been convicted of an offence and

the jury could on the indictment have found him guilty of some

other offence, and on the finding of the jury it appears to

the Court of Criminal Appeal that the jury must have been

satisfied of facts which proved him guilty of that other

offence, the court may, instead of allowing or dismissing the

appeal, substitute for the verdict found by the jury a verdict

of guilty of that other offence, and pass such sentence in

substitution for the sentence passed at the trial as may be

warranted in law for that other offence, not being a sentence

of greater severity.

"(3) Where on the conviction of the appellant the jury have

found a special verdict, and the Court of Criminal Appeal

consider that a wrong conclusion has been arrived at by the

court before which the appellant has been convicted on the

effect of that verdict, the Court of Criminal Appeal may,

instead of allowing the appeal, order such conclusion to be

recorded as appears to the court to be in law required by the

verdict, and pass such sentence in substitution for the

sentence passed at the trial as may be warranted in law.

"(4) If on any appeal it appears to the Court of Criminal

Appeal that, although the appellant was guilty of the act or

omission charged against him, he was insane at the time the

act was done or omission made so as not to be responsible

according to law for his actions, the court may quash the

sentence passed at the trial and order the appellant to be

kept in custody as a criminal lunatic."

{412}

LAW AND ITS COURTS: France:

Reform of Judicial Procedure in Criminal Trials.

Criticism of French judicial procedure in criminal trials,

under the system which puts the duties of a prosecuting

attorney on the judge, was much sharpened in the autumn of

1909 by the attention drawn to a sensational murder trial at

Paris—the Steinheil case. The result was to impel the

Government to undertake measures of reform, beginning with the

appointment, November 20, of an extra-Parliamentary commission

to study the whole question of reform. Within a month after

the appointment of the commission one of its leading members,

in an article in the _Matin_, indicated the main points

of the recommendations which the commission was already

prepared to make. It would recommend that the authority of the

President of the Assize Court should remain intact, and that

the Judge should as heretofore continue to direct the jury and

preside over the whole process of the instruction or

preliminary inquiry. In the view of the Commission the Judge's

moral authority cannot but be augmented by the proposal to

relieve him of the duty of cross-examining a prisoner at the

bar. It would be recommended that in future a summary

statement of the case by the Public Prosecutor, or in a civil

suit by the plaintiff, should be followed by a presentation of

the defendant’s case on the part of counsel for the defence.

The jury would thus be made acquainted with the issue, and the

witnesses would then be called. Each witness would be liable

to cross-examination on behalf both of the defence and of the

prosecution, and the Judge, remaining aloof from the

discussion in his new rule as arbitrator, could not but gain

moral authority in a degree which would materially promote the

ends of even-handed justice.

A Bill on these lines was introduced by the Minister of

Justice in the following month.

LAW AND ITS COURTS: International:

Naval Prize Court, and proposed Judicial Arbitration Court.

See (in this Volume)

WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER).

LAW AND ITS COURTS: United States:

The Question of Injunctions in Labor Disputes.

The question of the issuance of writs of injunction by the

courts in connection with labor disputes came much into

discussion during the canvass preliminary to the American

presidential election of 1908, and was a prominent subject of

declaration in the platforms of the political parties.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908, APRIL-NOVEMBER).

Subsequently, President Taft, in his first annual message to

Congress, cited the pronouncement of the Republican party on

this question, and said: "I recommend that in compliance with

the promise thus made, appropriate legislation be adopted. The

ends of justice will best be met and the chief cause of

complaint against ill-considered injunctions without notice

will be removed by the enactment of a statute forbidding

hereafter the issuing of any injunction or restraining order,

whether temporary or permanent, by any Federal court, without

previous notice and a reasonable opportunity to be heard on

behalf of the parties to be enjoined; unless it shall appear

to the satisfaction of the court that the delay necessary to

give such notice and hearing would result in irreparable

injury to the complainant and unless also the court shall from

the evidence make a written finding, which shall be spread

upon the court minutes, that immediate and irreparable injury

is likely to ensue to the complainant, and shall define the

injury, state why it is irreparable, and shall also endorse on

the order issued the date and the hour of the issuance of the

order. Moreover, every such injunction or restraining order

issued without previous notice and opportunity by the

defendant to be heard should by force of the statute expire

and be of no effect after seven days from the issuance

thereof, or within any time less than that period which the

court may fix, unless within such seven days or such less

period, the injunction or order is extended or renewed after

previous notice and opportunity to be heard."

LAW AND ITS COURTS: National and State Legislation.

Need of Uniformity.

Movements to secure it.

Speaking in 1906 at a dinner of the Pennsylvania Society, the

Honorable Elihu Root, then United States Secretary of State,

addressed, in a few words, a very pregnant suggestion and

admonition to the lawmakers of the States in the American

Union. He spoke first of the strongly nationalized sentiment

of patriotism that has had its rapid growth of late in the

country, saying: "Our country as a whole, the noble and

beloved land of every citizen of every State, has become the

object of pride and devotion among all our people. North and

South, within the limits of the proud old colonial

commonwealths, through out that vast region where Burr once

dreamed of a separate empire dominating the valley of the

Mississippi, and upon the far distant shores of the Pacific:

and by the side of this strong and glowing loyalty to the

nation, sentiment for the separate States has become dim and

faint in comparison." Then he added, warningly: "There is but

one way in which the States of the Union can maintain their

power and authority under the conditions which are now before

us, and that way is by an awakening on the part of the States

to a realization of their own duties to the country at large.

Under the conditions which now exist, no State can live unto

itself alone and regulate its affairs with sole reference to

its own treasury, its own convenience, its own special

interests. Every State is bound to frame its legislation and

its administration with reference not only to its own social

affairs but with reference to the effect upon all its sister

States."

Quoting and affirming these remarks of the thoughtful

statesman, the _National Civic Federation Review_, of

July, 1909, says: "The plain truth is that the movement of

people and of merchandise goes on in our day without any

regard to State lines; and it is becoming increasingly clear

that unless the States will legislate with substantial

uniformity on a number of subjects the tendency toward

centralization and a corresponding increase of Federal power

cannot permanently be resisted."

In its preceding issue, of March, the _Review_ had made

the following announcement: "The National Civic Federation,

through its experience in holding national conferences on such

subjects as the trusts, taxation, immigration and election

reform—conferences to which the Governors of States sent

official representatives—has become impressed with the

necessity for a systematic national effort toward securing,

within reasonable limits, more uniform legislation in the

States of the Union.

{413}

"There are useful national organizations of farmers,

manufacturers, wage-earners, bankers, merchants, lawyers,

economists and other organizations which hold national

meetings for the discussion of affairs peculiar to their own

pursuits and callings. The Civic Federation, however, provides

a forum in its annual conference for representatives of all

these elements to discuss national problems in which they have

a common interest. Heretofore there has been no effort to

crystallize into State organizations this representative

membership for the accomplishment of concrete aims.

"A committee has been appointed to organize a Council of one

hundred representative men in each State. Mr. John Hays

Hammond has accepted the chairmanship of this committee, of

which the following are also members: Messrs. Alton B. Parker,

New York; Myron T. Herrick, Ohio; David R. Francis, Missouri;

Curtis Guild, Jr., Massachusetts; Nahum J. Bachelder, New

Hampshire; Edwin Warfield, Maryland; Herman Ridder, New York;

C. F. Brooker, Connecticut; Bruce Haldeman, Kentucky; Victor

Rosewater, Nebraska; Clark Howell, Georgia; P. I. Bonebrake,

Kansas; James Lynch, Indiana; Harry Pratt Judson, Illinois; A.

H. Revell, Illinois; John B. Lennon, Illinois; John H.

Holliday, Indiana, and Benjamin Ide Wheeler, California.

"The continued existence for eighteen years of the Annual

Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, created by

the different States at the instance of the American Bar

Association, shows that the State Executives and Legislatures

are fully alive to the importance of this subject. The

last-named organization has been instrumental in securing the

passage in thirty-five States of a uniform negotiable

instruments law, and is promoting other commercial measures,

including a uniform food law to conform to the national law.

"This necessity for uniform legislation is further illustrated

by the proceedings at the annual meetings of the National

Association of the State Attorneys General and of the State

Labor Commissioners, Insurance Commissioners, etc., etc."

Discussing the subject in the July issue of the _Review_,

President Amasa M. Eaton of the Commissioners on Uniform State

Laws, said: "The subject of uniform legislation is in the air

all over the United States. At the instance of the President,

a National Conference to secure the conservation of our

national resources has been held in Washington, and to carry

into effect the conclusions of this Conference there must

follow uniform State legislation. At the instance of Governor

Guild a conference of the Governors of the New England States,

with other delegates, met in Boston last fall on the subject

of forestry, shell fisheries and automobiles, all subjects

calling for uniform legislation. A similar conference of the

Governors of New York and the adjoining States has met in New

York, at the instance of Governor Hughes of New York, to

consider a uniform automobile law. A National Divorce

Congress, called by Governor Pennypacker by virtue of an act

of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, has framed a uniform

divorce law which has been indorsed by the Conference of

Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. In March a Conference on

Uniform Child Labor Laws in the Southern States was held in

New Orleans at the call of the Governor of Louisiana, at which

the Governors and Delegates of those States were present. The

result was the formation of a permanent organization, with the

Governor of Louisiana as Chairman, and the executive committee

of that organization is to draft a Uniform Child Labor Law and

to submit it to the legislatures of the several Southern

States.

"All these are but expressions of the deep-seated necessity

for uniform legislation that has existed ever since we

acquired our independence of Great Britain, intensified by the

requirements of a progressive civilization knitting us ever

more and more closely into union as a nation."

The whole movement was planned to receive effective

organization at a National Conference in Washington which the

National Civic Federation, after consultation with other

bodies, announced, in the summer of 1909, its intention to

call, for January 5-7, 1910. The Conference was held

accordingly, in conjunction with a meeting of the Governors of

States, which gave attention to the same subject.

LAW AND ITS COURTS:

President Taft’s Recommendations for Expediting Procedure.

The following is from President Taft’s first annual Message to

Congress, December, 1909:

"The deplorable delays in the administration of civil and

criminal law have received the attention of committees of the

American Bar Association and of many State Bar Associations,

as well as the considered thought of judges and jurists. In my

judgment, a change in judicial procedure, with a view to

reducing its expense to private litigants in civil cases and

facilitating the dispatch of business and final decision in

both civil and criminal cases, constitutes the greatest need

in our American institutions. I do not doubt for one moment

that much of the lawless violence and cruelty exhibited in

lynchings is directly due to the uncertainties and injustice

growing out of the delays in trials, judgments, and the

executions thereof by our courts. Of course, these remarks

apply quite as well to the administration of justice in State

courts as to that in Federal courts, and without making

invidious distinction, it is, perhaps, not too much to say

that, speaking generally, the defects are less in the Federal

courts than in the State courts. But they are very great in

the Federal courts. The expedition with which business is

disposed of both on the civil and the criminal side of English

courts, under modern rules of procedure, makes the delays in

our courts seem archaic and barbarous.

"The procedure in the Federal courts should furnish an example

for the State courts. I presume it is impossible, without an

amendment to the Constitution, to unite under one form of

action the proceedings at common law and proceedings in equity

in the Federal courts, but it is certainly not impossible by a

statute to simplify and make short and direct the procedure

both at law and in equity in those courts. It is not

impossible to cut down still more than it is cut down the

jurisdiction of the Supreme Court so as to confine it almost

wholly to statutory and constitutional questions. Under the

present statutes, the equity and admiralty procedure in the

Federal courts is under the control of the Supreme Court, but

in the pressure of business to which that court is subjected,

it is impossible to hope that a radical and proper reform of

the Federal equity procedure can be brought about.

{414}

I therefore recommend legislation providing for the

appointment by the President of a commission with authority to

examine the law and equity procedure of the Federal courts of

first instance, the law of appeals from those courts to the

courts of appeals and to the Supreme Court, and the costs

imposed in such procedure upon the private litigants and upon

the public treasury, and make recommendation with a view to

simplifying and expediting the procedure as far as possible,

and making it as inexpensive as may be to the litigant of

little means."

See (in this Volume),

CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY.

LEAGUE, ALL-INDIA MOSLEM.

See (in this Volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1907 (DECEMBER).

LEAGUE OF LIBERATION.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1905-1907.

LEAGUE OF UNION AND PROGRESS.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER), and after.

LECOT, Cardinal.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

LEGARDA, BENITO.

See (in this Volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901.

LEGISLATION.

See (in this Volume)

LAW AND ITS COURTS.

LEGUIA, Augusto B.:

President of Peru.

See (in this Volume)

PERU: A. D. 1908-1909.

LENARD, PHILIPPE.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

LEO XIII.: Death.

See (in this Volume)

PAPACY: A. D. 1903 (JULY-AUGUST).

LEOPOLD II., KING OF BELGIUM:

His Administration of the Congo State.

See (in this Volume)

CONGO STATE.

LEOPOLD II., KING OF BELGIUM:

His death.

See (in this Volume)

BELGIUM: A. D. 1909 (DECEMBER).

LERROUX, Señor:

Socialist-Republican Leader in Spain.

See (in this Volume)

SPAIN: A. D. 1907-1909.

LÈSE MAJESTÉ:

Prosecutions in Germany.

See (in this Volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1903 .

LETCHWORTH PARK.

See (in this Volume)

NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1907.

LEWIS, THOMAS L.:

President of the United Mine Workers of America.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPOSITION.

See (in this Volume)

PORTLAND, OREGON.

LEWIS ESTATE, Evicted Tenants of the.

See (in this Volume)

IRELAND: A. D. 1907.

LHASA: A. D. 1904.

Reached by British Expedition under Colonel Younghusband.

See (in this Volume)

TIBET: A. D. 1902-1904.

LIAO-TUNG PENINSULA.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

LIAO-YANG, Battle of.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

LIAUTEY, General:

Operations in Morocco.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909, and 1909.

LIBERAL-CONSERVATIVE SEPARATIST PARTY.

See (in this Volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1904.

LIBERIA: A. D. 1904-1905.

Good Relations between Colonists and Natives.

Improved Prospects.

"When it was decided in the United States to found a home for

repatriated Africans, the prior experiment of Sierra Leone

turned attention toward the same coast, and in 1821 and at

subsequent dates settlements were effected, firstly at

Monrovia, and later on at Roberts Port, Grand Basa, Sino, and

Harper (Cape Palmas). Usually those who conducted the

enterprise went through the form of buying small plats of land

from local headmen or chiefs; but, as a rule, the promoters of

this movement did not trouble overmuch about the rights of the

‘bush niggers,’ as the indigenous natives were termed.

Consequently the first fifty years of the history of Liberia

were marked by constant struggles between the

American-Liberian invaders and the native blacks. During the

last ten years, however, there has been a marked advance in

good relations between the American settlers and their native

subjects, as many of them may fairly be called. The wise

policy of President Barclay has greatly promoted this good

feeling since 1904. He has been able to assemble at different

times at the capital chiefs or their representatives from

almost all parts of Liberia, even from the Mandingo districts

just beyond the limits of the coast belt. Therefore they have

no subject of disagreement. Curiously enough one example of

this mild rule of black by black is that the white man in

Liberia is everywhere received with great friendliness,

because he is not associated in the minds of the natives with

anything like conquest or oppression.

"How far the original experiment will succeed the next twenty

years will, perhaps, indicate. The negroes of American origin

who have settled in Liberia have not, as a general rule, been

able to stand the climate very much better than Europeans,

and, as a rule, they have not been able to rear large families

of children. Yet it seems to me as though Liberians of the new

generation born in the country are beginning to take hold, but

this is partly due to the increasing and I think very sensible

practice of intermarriage with women of the fine, vigorous,

indigenous races. Probably the future of Liberia will be a

negro state very like Sierra Leone in its development, with

English as its government language, and such English or

American institutions as may prove to be suited to an African

country, a coast belt inhabited by negroes professing

Christianity and wearing clothes of European cut, and a

hinterland of Mohammedans dressed in the picturesque and

wholly suitable costume worn at the present day by the

Mandingos and by most Mohammedan negroes between Senegal and

the White Nile."

_Sir Harry Johnston,

Liberia

(Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1904-1905,

pages 254-255)._

LIBERIA: A. D. 1907-1909.

English, French, and American attention to Conditions

in the Republic.

"The policy of the Liberian Republic has caused anxiety for

some time past both to England and to France, the Powers whose

territory adjoins the Liberian boundary. Some two years ago

President Barclay came to Europe to discuss the situation with

the British and French Governments. As a result of this

exchange of views, Liberia appointed Europeans to her Customs

Department, secured a gunboat to patrol her coast-line, and

arranged for a frontier force. These measures were approved by

the British and French Governments and also by the American

Government, and their execution was facilitated by a loan

negotiated on behalf of Liberia by the Liberian Development

Company.

{415}

The growth of British interests in the Republic led the

Foreign Office to appoint a Consul-General at Monrovia, the

capital, in the person of Captain Braithwaite Wallis, formerly

acting district commissioner in Sierra Leone. So far as the

first part of the reform programme was concerned the

consequences have been eminently satisfactory. Liberia has

been able to pay off some of her debts, and her revenue has

increased."

_Correspondent London Times,

April 22, 1909._

While these movements were in progress, in June, 1908, three

commissioners from Liberia came to Washington asking for aid

in maintaining and administering its government. Probably in

course of this application, the American Ambassador in London,

Mr. Reid, addressed a note to the British Secretary of State

for Foreign Affairs, on the 29th of June, in which he wrote:

"We should be glad to have your views as to how the two

Governments could best co-operate at the present time towards

promoting the welfare of Liberia."

In his reply to this Sir Edward Grey said:

"As I had the honour to explain in March last to the United

States Charge d’Affaires, his Majesty’s Government have in any

measure they may be called upon to take in Liberia no designs

whatever upon the independence or integrity of the country,

and they do not intend to undertake any responsibility with

regard to it. The services of British officials have been lent

to the Liberians solely with a view to the better preservation

of order, more particularly in that part of Liberia which

marches with Sierra Leone, and improved administration.

"The French Government also, as your Excellency is doubtless

aware, takes a special interest in the affairs of the

Republic, and his Majesty’s Government have already assured

them that they would have no objection to the services of some

French officials being lent for the same objects as the

British officials. It is doubtful, therefore, whether there is

at the present time any scope for the co-operation of the

United States Government in the Customs or police, and if they

desire to render active assistance to the Liberian Government

they will perhaps prefer to direct their attention to other

branches of the administration which are as urgently in need

of reform.

"That reforms are required in one other branch at least his

Majesty’s Government have reason to know, for among the chief

difficulties which his Majesty’s Government experience in

regard to Liberia are the frequent complaints received from

British subjects as to the treatment they receive in the

Liberian Courts. If therefore the United States could see

their way to introducing reforms into the judiciary, either by

lending the services of an official to act as judicial advisor

or in some other manner, much good would in the opinion of his

Majesty’s Government be derived not only by the various

subjects of foreign nationalities resident in the country but

also by the Liberians themselves.

"While calling attention more specially to this one branch of

the administration, which has been a frequent source of

trouble, I need hardly add that his Majesty’s Government would

welcome the co-operation of the Government of the United

States with them in Liberia in any other manner which may

appear more suitable or more desirable on a consideration of

all the circumstances."

This and other information obtained by the State Department

led President Roosevelt, on the 18th of January, 1909, to ask

Congress for an appropriation of $20,000 to pay the expenses

of a commission to go to Liberia "to examine into the

situation, confer with the officers of the Liberian

government, and with the representatives of other governments

actually present in Monrovia, and report recommendations as to

the specific action on the part of the United States most apt

to render effective relief to the Republic of Liberia under

the present critical circumstances." The conclusion reached by

the State Department was that it "is quite clear that Liberia

is very much in need of assistance, that the United States can

help her substantially, and that it is our duty to help her."

The seriousness of the situation was set forth by Secretary

Root in a memorandum to the President. Between forty and fifty

thousand civilized negroes, for the most part descendants of

the original colonists from the United States, occupy a

territory comprising 43,000 square miles, in which there are

also over a million and a half members of uncivilized native

tribes. The civilized part of the population have been to a

great degree cut off from any intimate relation with the rest

of the civilized world for two-thirds of a century. They began

with little education, with no acquired skill in the art of

government, and they have had little opportunity to improve

through intercourse with other and more advanced communities.

They find it especially difficult to control the native

tribes, or to conduct their own government in accordance with

modern requirements.

The British colony of Sierra Leone to the north and the French

possessions closing in their hinterland to the east are almost

continuously complaining of the failure of Liberia to maintain

order upon the border. "Notwithstanding the very kindly

disposition on the part of Great Britain, and the similar

disposition on the part of France, there is imminent danger

that the republic, unless it receives outside assistance, will

not be able to maintain itself very long," said Secretary

Root.

The Commission to visit Liberia was appointed in the following

April, and was conveyed soon afterward to Monrovia by a

squadron of three cruiser scouts. It was composed of three

members, Mr. W. Morgan Shuster, who had been for a number of

years in the Philippine service of the United States, Dr.

George Sale, and Mr. Emmett J. Scott, private Secretary of Dr.

Booker Washington. These Commissioners were accompanied by

Captain Sydney A. Cloman, as Military Attache, and by Major

Percy W. Ashburn, of the United States Of America Medical

Department, who would study the sanitary conditions in

Liberia.

Early in October the Commission returned, but its report to

the State Department was not transmitted to Congress until the

25th of March, 1910. It recommended an extension of prompt and

effective aid to the Liberian Government, in the refunding of

its debt, the reform of its finances, the settlement of its

boundary disputes, and the organizing of a competent

constabulary force. Also that the United States establish in

Liberia a naval coaling station and a research station.

{416}

LICENSE LAWS.

See (in this Volume)

ALCOHOL PROBLEM.

LIFE INSURANCE.

See (in this Volume)

INSURANCE.

LILIENTHAL, Otto.

See (in this Volume)

Science and Invention: Aeronautics.

LIMA, WENCESLAO DE.

See (in this Volume)

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1906-1909.

LINCOLN, ABRAHAM.

February 12, 1909, the 100th anniversary of his birth, was

made a legal holiday by act of Congress. The same bill

appropriated $50,000 for making a highway from Washington to

Gettysburg, to be known as the Lincoln Way.

LINDSEY, JUDGE BEN D.:

His Juvenile Court at Denver.

See (in this Volume)

CHILDREN, UNDER THE LAW; AS OFFENDERS.

LINEVITCH, General.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (SEPTEMBER-MARCH).

LIPPMAN, GABRIEL.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

LIQUOR QUESTION.

See (in this Volume)

ALCOHOL PROBLEM.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:

President of the Board of Trade.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1906.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:

Address at the Imperial Conference of 1907

on Preferential Trade.

See (in this Volume)

BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:

Success in arranging for the Pacific Settlement

of Labor Disputes in the English Railway Service.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1907-1909.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:

Chancellor of the Exchequer.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1908 (APRIL).

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:

On the Working of the Old Age Pensions Act and

its Disclosures of Poverty.

See (in this Volume)

POVERTY, PROBLEMS OF: PENSIONS.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:

On the Development of the Natural Resources of Great Britain.

See (in this Volume)

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: GREAT BRITAIN.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:

His Budget of 1909.

His speech on it.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LOCAL OPTION:

Progress in the United States.

See (in this Volume)

ALCOHOL PROBLEM: UNITED STATES.

LOCKOUTS.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION.

LODGE, SIR OLIVER.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

LODZ, Disturbances in.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.

LOEB, WILLIAM, JR.:

Collector of Customs at New York.

His unearthing of Corruptions.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

LOISY, ABBÉ:

Appointment to be Professor of the History of Religions

in the College de France.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

LONDON, ENGLAND: A. D. 1907-1909.

Control of the London County Council lost by the Progressives.

Defeat in Borough Councils Elections of 1909.

The local party of Progressives, so called, who had controlled

the London County Council since 1889, lost their majority in

the elections of the spring of 1907, and the Conservatives, or

Moderates, or Reformers, as they are variedly styled, were

brought into power, electing 120 members, against 85. The

Progressives, in their eighteen years of ascendancy, had

wrought immense changes in the great city, widening congested

streets, such as the Strand, opening great new thoroughfares

and new parks, electrifying the street railways, remodelling

antiquated public institutions, and the like. The cost of

their works had been heavy, and ratepayers had become

persuaded that there was extravagance in the progressiveness

of the party. It had antagonized many powerful interests in

the city, moreover, and the wonder seems to be that it had

been permitted to conduct the City Government so long.

Again, in elections to the borough councils, in 1909, the

Progressives lost heavily, and the Conservatives, who have

taken the name of Municipal Reformers, are strongly entrenched

in most of the boroughs. Several women were elected, 61 of

their sex having been candidates.

LONDON, ENGLAND: A. D. 1908.

Statistics of Elementary Schools.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1909.

LONDON, ENGLAND: A. D. 1908-1909.

International Naval Conference.

See (in this Volume)

War, The Revolt against: A. D. 1907

(appended to account of Second Peace Conference at The Hague).

LONG, John D.:

Secretary of the Navy.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905.

LOPUKHIN, M.:

His exposure of the Police Spy, Azeff,

to the Russian Revolutionists.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-JULY).

LORDS, British House of:

Decision in case of the Free Church of Scotland.

See (in this Volume)

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1904.

LORDS, British House of:

Defeat of Education Bill, 1906.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1906.

LORDS, British House of:

Menaced Limitation of its Legislative Powers

by the House of Commons.

Its own proposals of Constitutional Change.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1906 (APRIL-DECEMBER); 1907-1908;

1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER), and 1910.

LORDS, British House of:

Rejection of Licensing Bill.

See (in this Volume)

ALCOHOL PROBLEM: ENGLAND: A. D. 1908.

LORDS, British House of:

Rejection of Budget of 1909.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LORENTZ, HENRIK ANTON.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA:

Recent Rapid Growth of the City.

"The advance of this city to the important position of

metropolis of Southern California falls into two quite

distinct periods, each, however, beginning with the advent of

a transcontinental railroad. The first period opened with the

completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad as a through line

from San Francisco to the East, in 1881, and saw the

transformation of Los Angeles from a sleepy, half-Spanish town

of about 12,000 souls into a bustling progressive city of

70,000 population. The second period of advance began with the

entrance of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in

1885. This improved communication with the States east of the

Rocky Mountains gave an impetus to tourist travel, especially

in the winter season, and the fame of the city and of near-by

localities as places of winter resort spread far and wide. The

people of Los Angeles were quick to recognize the opportunity

for gain and the whole community joined in methods of

advertising of the most systematic character. By the aid of

its local press and through the agency of an energetic Chamber

of Commerce Los Angeles has become one of the best known

cities of North America.

{417}

"Since 1900, railroad communication has been further improved

by the opening of an additional road to San Francisco by way

of the ocean shore and the Salinas and Santa Clara Valleys.

This line, known as the Southern Pacific ‘Coast Line,’ avoids

the heavy grades of the Tehachapi Mountains and greatly

shortens the running time between Los Angeles and San

Francisco. The opening of the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt

Lake Railroad eastward of Los Angeles in 1903 gave the city

direct connection with the central Rocky Mountain region.

"Two other important influences within the past decade

contributed to the city’s remarkable advance in wealth and

population. These are the building of a vast system of

suburban electric railways making a large region of fertile

attractive land, now densely populated, directly tributary to

Los Angeles, and secondly, the introduction of cheap fuel

through the discovery of local supplies of oil. The net-work

of suburban electric railways of which Los Angeles is the

center is one of the most perfect in the world. These lines

reach out in every direction through distances of from 10 to

50 miles, and connect Los Angeles with the many rapidly

growing cities of Los Angeles County and its neighbor, Orange

County.

"Manufacturing in Los Angeles was for a long time handicapped

by the high cost of fuel. This difficulty has been removed by

the introduction of crude oil as fuel, and the city now has

over 1500 manufacturing establishments, employing over 12,000

people, with an annual output of over $40,000,000. These

include rolling mills, brass-works, paper-box factories,

manufactories of mining machinery, pumps, glass, etc. Los

Angeles is becoming a manufacturing center for the mining and

agricultural lands of Utah, Southern Nevada, Arizona, New

Mexico and the Northern parts of Mexico, as well as Southern

California itself.

"The steady expansion of Los Angeles has been maintained by a

policy of annexation of suburbs. The latest event in this line

of growth has elevated the city into the rank of a sea-port.

The city has long enjoyed abundant means of ocean traffic by

way of Santa Monica, Redondo and San Pedro, but by the

annexation of San Pedro and Wilmington, in 1906, with a

connecting strip of territory 19 miles long by ½ mile in

width, Los Angeles itself becomes a sea-port with the control

of traffic on San Pedro Bay. The city thus achieves an extreme

length from north to south of 33 miles."

_Frederick H. Clark, Head of History Department,

Lowell High School, San Francisco._

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA:

Experiments and Experiences in Municipal Government.

See (in this Volume)

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA: A. D. 1905-1909.

Water Supply.

The Owens River Aqueduct.

"The present water supply of the city of Los Angeles is taken

from the flow of the Los Angeles River, supplemented by the

underground flow of the San Fernando Valley in which the river

lies. The demand for water within the city is supplemented by

the need for water for irrigation purposes in the surrounding

country. Some years ago it became evident that an increased

supply must be obtained, or the further development of the

city and its environs be brought to a standstill. Extensive

investigations resulted in the decision that Owens River

offered the best source of supply. This river, the principal

drainage of the Owens Valley region, at the base of the Sierra

Nevada Mountains, has a large number of tributaries, and

empties into Owens Lake, from which the waters escape by

evaporation only. The Los Angeles authorities adopted the plan

of an aqueduct to conduct the waters of this river along the

mountain slopes, over the Mojave Desert, and, by tunnel,

through the San Fernando Mountains, to their city,--a total

distance of 217½ miles. On the 7th of September, 1905, an

election was held at which the voters of Los Angeles, by a

majority of about fourteen to one, declared in favor of a bond

issue of $23,000,000 for the undertaking. Besides the

construction of the conduit, the project includes the building

of a large reservoir in Long Valley, above the Owens Valley

proper, for the storage of flood waters; also the construction

of a system of additional reservoirs along the line of the

aqueduct for the regulation of flow as well as for storage;

and a terminal reservoir from which the distributing system

proceeds. All of this work is well under way at this date

(1909), and according to the last published report of the

Aqueduct Bureau the chief engineer confidently expects that

this great project will be brought to completion within the

estimated period of five years--and within the estimated cost

of $23,000,000.

"Outside of the above estimates, the City also plans to build

a great electric power plant which will utilize the drop of

1500 feet where the aqueduct emerges from the San Fernando

Mountains. This plant is estimated to cost from $4,500,000 to

$5,000,000, and through the sale of electric power will become

the source of very considerable revenue to the City. Taken

altogether this Owens River Aqueduct is the greatest municipal

undertaking in California at the present time, and one of the

most important engineering achievements of recent years."

_Frederick H. Clark, Head of History Department,

Lowell High School, San Francisco._

LOUBET, Emile:

President of France.

See (in Volume VI.)

FRANCE: A. D. 1899 (FEBRUARY-JUNE).

LOUBET, Emile:

Visit to the King of Italy.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

LOUBET, Emile:

Expiration of term as President of the French Republic.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1906.

LOUISIANA: A. D. 1908.

Enactment against Race-track Gambling.

See (in this Volume)

GAMBLING.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

See (in this Volume)

ST. LOUIS: A. D. 1904.

LOW, Seth:

Mayor of New York.

See (in this Volume)

NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1901-1903.

LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE:

President of Harvard University.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.

LOWTHER, JAMES WILLIAM:

Elected Speaker of the House of Commons.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1905 (JUNE).

LUBIN, DAVID:

Originator of International Institute of Agriculture.

See (in this Volume)

AGRICULTURE.

{418}

LUIZ FELIPE, CROWN PRINCE OF PORTUGAL:

His assassination.

See (in this Volume)

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1906-1909.

"LUSITANIA,"

The Turbine Steamship.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: TURBINE ENGINE.

LUZURIAGA, JOSÉ.

See (in this Volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901.

M.

McADOO, WILLIAM GIBBS.

See (in this Volume)

NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1900-1909.

McANENY, GEORGE:

President of the Borough of Manhattan.

See (in this Volume)

NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1909.

McCALL, JOHN A.:

President of New York Life Insurance Company.

See (in this Volume)

INSURANCE, LIFE.

McCLELLAN, GEORGE B.:

Mayor of New York.

See (in this Volume)

NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1901-1903, and 1905.

McCURDY, RICHARD A.:

President of Mutual Life Insurance Company.

See (in this Volume)

INSURANCE, LIFE.

MACDONALD COLLEGE, The Founding of.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: CANADA: A. D. 1907.

MACEDONIA:

The recent use of the Name.

As employed very commonly at the present time, the name

Macedonia simply signifies that part of the small remainder of

the Turkish Empire in Europe which coincides nearly with the

original Macedonia of ancient history. It is applied to the

three Turkish vilayets or provinces of Salonika, Monastir and

Kossovo, which have been the scene for years of conditions of

strife and misery that are worse, perhaps, than can be found

elsewhere in the world. Whether the wretched inhabitants have

suffered more from their political masters, the Turks, than

from their Bulgarian and Greek neighbors, who covet the ground

they occupy, seems to be much of a question. For some account

of the Macedonian troubles of late years.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY.

MCKENNA, REGINALD: First Lord of the British Admiralty.

Speech on the Navy Estimates, 1909.

See (in this Volume)

WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR: NAVAL.

MACKENZIE BASIN, Report on the.

See (in this Volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1909.

MCKINLEY, WILLIAM:

President of the United States.

His assassination.

See (in this Volume)

BUFFALO: A. D. 1901, and

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901 (SEPTEMBER).

MCKINLEY, WILLIAM:

Last public utterance.

See (in this Volume)

TARIFFS: UNITED STATES.

MACLAURIN, RICHARD C.:

President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.

MACLEAN, Kaid Sir Harry:

Capture by Raisuli and ransom.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO: A. D. 1904-1909.

MACVEAGH, FRANKLIN:

Secretary of the Treasury.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

MACVEAGH, FRANKLIN:

On the corruptions in the United States Customs Service.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

MADAGASCAR:

Agreement of England and France concerning matters in.

See (in this Volume)

EUROPE: A. D. 1904 (APRIL).

MADRIZ, Dr.: President of Nicaragua.

See (in this Volume)

CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1909.

MAGHRABI, AMINA HAFIZ.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: EGYPT.

MAGHREB EL-AKSA.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO.

MAGOON, CHARLES E.:

Governor of the Panama Canal Zone.

See (in this Volume)

PUBLIC HEALTH: PANAMA CANAL.

MAGOON, CHARLES E.:

Provisional Governor of Cuba.

See (in this Volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1906 (AUGUST-OCTOBER), and 1906-1909.

MAHDI, THE MOORISH: BU HAMARA.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO: A. D. 1903-1904.

MAHDI, A New:

His summary destruction.

See (in this Volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1903 (SUDAN).

MAHMUD SHEVKET PASHA:

Commander of the Turkish Constitutional Forces.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

MAHOMET and MAHOMETAN.

See (in this Volume)

MOHAMMED and MOHAMMEDAN.

MAKAROFF, Admiral.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).

MALARIA.

See (in this Volume)

PUBLIC HEALTH: MALARIA.

MALAY PENINSULA: A. D. 1909.

Cession of Three States to Great Britain.

See (in this Volume)

SIAM: A. D. 1909.

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1901-1904.

Persistent occupation by the Russians.

Remonstrances by the Japanese.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1901.

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1903.

Treaty opening two new Ports to Foreign Trade.

See (in this Volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1903 (MAY-OCTOBER).

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1904.

The Russo-Japanese War.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY), and after.

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1905.

Treaty between China and Japan.

See (in this Volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1905 (DECEMBER).

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1908-1909.

The question of Municipalities on the line of the Chinese

Eastern Railway.

New Russo-Chinese Agreement.

See (in this Volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1909 (MAY).

MANICKTOLLAH GARDEN, The.

See (in this Volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1907-1908.

MANIKALAND.

See (in this Volume)

AFRICA.

MANILLA: A. D. 1900-1902.

The Stamping Out of the Bubonic Plague.

See (in this Volume)

PUBLIC HEALTH.

MANITOBA: A. D. 1901-1902.

Census.

Increased Representation in Parliament.

See (in this Volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1901-1902.

MANNESMANN CONCESSION, The.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO: A. D. 1909.

MANUEL II.: King of Portugal.

See (in this Volume)

PORTUGAL.

MARCONI, Guglielmo.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

See, also,

NOBEL PRIZES.

MARISCAL, Ignacio:

Honorary President of Second International Conference of

American Republics.

See (in this Volume)

AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MARRAKESH (Morocco City), Events at.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909.

{419}

MARRIAGE WITH A DECEASED WIFE’S SISTER:

English Act to legalize it.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1907 (AUGUST).

MARSEILLES: A. D. 1902.

Strikes of Dock Laborers, Sailors, and Stokers.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: FRANCE: A. D. 1902.

MARTENS, Frederick de.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

MARTINIQUE:

Volcanic Explosion of Mont Pelée.

See (in this Volume)

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: WEST INDIES.

MARYLAND: A. D. 1909.

Defeat of Disfranchising Amendment to the Constitution.

See (in this Volume)

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE; UNITED STATES.

MASCHINE, Colonel:

Leader of the Assassins of King Alexander, at Belgrade.

See (in this Volume)

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: SERVIA.

MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1909.

Seeking a Leader for an Educational Revolution.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

MASSACRES:

In Asia Minor.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

MASSACRES:

Of "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.

MASSACRES:

Of Jews at Kishineff.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1903 (APRIL).

MATOS, Manuel A.

See (in this Volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

MATSUKATA, Count.

See (in this Volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1903 (JUNE).

MATTER, New Theory of.

(See in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: PHYSICAL.

MAURA, Señor:

Prime Minister of Spain.

See (in this Volume)

SPAIN: A. D. 1901-1904, and 1907-1909.

"MAURETANIA,"

The Turbine Steamship.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: TURBINE ENGINE.

MAURETANIE, French.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO: A. D. 1909.

MAY LAWS, The.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: PRUSSIA: A. D. 1904.

MECCA:

Railway from Damascus.

See (in this Volume)

RAILWAYS (TURKEY, ASIATIC: A. D. 1908).

MEDJLISS

MEJLIS:

The Persian Parliament or National Assembly.

See (in this Volume)

CONSTITUTION OF PERSIA.

Also

PERSIA: A. D. 1905-1907.

MELILLA:

Spanish hostilities with Moors.

See (in this Volume)

MOROCCO: A. D. 1909.

MENDEL, GREGOR, and his Law of Variation in Species.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION: BIOLOGICAL.

MENELEK:

Emperor of Ethiopia.

See (in this Volume)

ABYSSINIA: A. D. 1902.

MERRY DEL VAL, CARDINAL.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

MERSINA:

Moslem attack on Armenians.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

MESSINA:

Its destruction by Earthquake.

See (in this Volume)

EARTHQUAKES: ITALY.

METCALF, VICTOR H.:

Secretary of Commerce and Labor, and Secretary of the Navy.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905, and 1905-1909.

METCHNIKOFF, PROFESSOR ELIE.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: OPSONINS.

See, also,

NOBEL PRIZES.

MEXICO: A. D. 1901-1902.

Invitation and entertainment of Second International

Conference of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)

AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MEXICO: A. D. 1902 (May).

Arbitration of the Pious Fund Question, between

the United States and Mexico.

From 1868 until 1902 a claim of the United States against

Mexico had been in dispute. It related to the right of the

Catholic missions in that part of old California which now

forms the American State of California to a portion of the

income from a certain fund which pious people of Spain and

Mexico, more than two centuries ago, had established for the

support of Catholic missions among the California Indians. In

1767 the Jesuits who held the fund were driven from the

country and the Spanish Government assumed the trust, which in

turn devolved on Mexico when that colony acquired

independence. When upper California was ceded to this country

Mexico ceased to pay to the missions there the portion of the

income due them. Their claim was finally taken up by the

American Government, to be pressed against, the Mexican, and,

after years of diplomatic controversy, was referred, May 22d,

1902, to the Hague Tribunal for arbitration. This has the

distinction of being the first controversy submitted to that

permanent tribunal. The decision of the Tribunal was rendered

on the 14th of October, 1902, in favor of the California

claim, requiring Mexico to pay $1,420,682 (Mexican currency)

of past dues, and $43,051 annually thereafter.

MEXICO: A. D. 1903.

New Legislative Palace, and other Government Buildings.

"The cities and towns of Mexico are improving at a surprising

rate, and the capital city especially is just now in the midst

of the greatest building boom that has ever, perhaps, been

known in any Latin-American city except Buenos Ayres. The

interesting monthly publication entitled Modern Mexico informs

us that the federal government alone is entering upon an

investment approximating $50,000,000 in new buildings in the

City of Mexico.

"The greatest of these buildings is the so-called Legislative

Palace, corresponding to our Capitol building at Washington.

The foundations of this building are now being laid, and it

will cost, perhaps, $20,000,000. The City of Mexico has

adopted the wise European plan of carefully regulating the

height of new buildings, and preventing the construction of

anything that would be inartistic or out of keeping with the

harmony of the city’s architecture. Next to the Legislative

Palace, perhaps the most imposing of the new Mexican buildings

will be the National Pantheon, which is to cost more than

$5,000,000, and is to be at once a memorial to Mexico’s

eminent men and a place for their entombment. Several of the

executive departments are to be housed in the buildings now

approaching completion."

_American Review of Reviews,

October, 1903._

MEXICO: A. D. 1903.

Agreement for Settlement of Claims against Venezuela.

See (in this Volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

{420}

MEXICO: A. D. 1904-1905.

Arbitration Treaty with the United States.

Reelection of President Diaz for a Seventh Term.

Extension of the Term.

Currency Reform.

End of the Free Zone.

"Mexico was one of the countries with which the United States

government negotiated an arbitration treaty early in the year

[1905], a treaty which was dropped, like its fellows, by the

Washington administration, because of the Senate amendments. …

Though the tentative arbitration treaty between the United

States and Mexico … fell through, another very practical and

useful arbitration convention was concluded between the two

nations during the year. This was the convention agreed to in

principle during the Pan-American Conference in the city of

Mexico in the winter of 1901-1902, which provides for the

settlement by arbitration of all international questions

growing out of pecuniary claims. The representatives of

several of the nations taking part in that conference affixed

their signatures to this preliminary compact, and it has since

become operative among a number of them. It was ratified by

the Mexican Senate during its spring sessions. As pecuniary

claims have in point of fact been one of the most fruitful

sources of difficulty between the United States and the other

nations of the western hemisphere, the conclusion of an

agreement, in a binding form, to dispose by arbitration of any

such cases as may arise in the future, is a distinct gain for

the cause of the rational adjustment of international

controversies, and is a guarantee, not indeed absolute, but

most substantial, of lasting peace among the nations of this

continent. …

"There were no striking developments in the political

situation in Mexico. On December 1 of the previous year (1904)

President Diaz had entered on his sixth consecutive term and

his seventh term in all. By a constitutional amendment, a

regular vice-president of the republic, for the first time

since the early days of Mexico’s history, took the oath of

office at the same time as the president, on December 1, 1904.

The gentleman previously elected, and now occupying the

position of vice-president, is the Honorable Ramon Corral,

formerly governor of the state of Sonora. By virtue of another

constitutional amendment, the present and future presidential

terms will be six years, instead of four as formerly. …

"A measure of vital importance to the economic well-being of

the nation was promulgated on March 25, 1905. This was the

decree for the reform of the currency, issued by the Executive

under an enabling Act of Congress, approved on December 9,

1904. The new monetary system, due to the initiative of the

very able finance minister Señor José Yves Limantour, went

into effect on the first of May, but the free coinage of

silver ceased on April 16. Broadly speaking, the new system

gives Mexico a fifty-cent dollar. It declares that the

theoretical unit of the monetary system of the United Mexican

States is represented by seventy-five centigrams of pure gold,

and is denominated a peso. …

"On July 1 that time-honored institution known as the Free

Zone ceased to exist."

_F. R. Guernsey,

The Year in Mexico

(Atlantic Monthly, February, 1906)._

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.

Celebration of the Centenary of Benito Juarez.

His relation to the Secularizing Movement a generation ago.

Present Pacific Relations between Church and State.

"Though Juarez is generally credited with the paternity of the

laws generically known as the Reform Laws, and although he

undoubtedly was the life and soul of the secularizing movement

of his day, it is worthy of note that he had no formal

participation in the chief measures framed against the Church.

… He was not a signatory of the Constitution of 1857, which

first attacked the existence of the religious orders; the law

for the confiscation of church property was framed by Miguel

Lerdo de Tejada, the Finance Minister of President Comoufort

(1856); and the constitutional amendments which definitely

established the separation of Church and State, instituted

civil marriage, placed monastic communities outside the pale

of the law, and forbade open-air religious services, were not

enacted until 1873 and 1874, after the death of Juarez, and

during the presidency of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada.

"March 21, 1906, was, by a decree of Congress, observed as a

general holiday in Mexico. Pilgrimages to the tomb of Juarez

took place in the morning; commemorative tablets were unveiled

in the afternoon, and at night General Diaz, surrounded by his

cabinet, presided in the Arbeu Theatre at an apotheosis of

Juarez, during which the career and character of the reforming

president were extolled in an eloquent oration by Honorable

Justo Sierra, Minister of Public Instruction. On the stage

with the President during these exercises were the son and

other surviving descendants of Juarez, who are numerous.

"Curiously enough, a question involving the interpretation of

the Reform Laws arose soon after the celebration of the Juarez

centenary. The ministers of all denominations in Mexico had

been accustomed to conduct a service at the graveside in

connection with the burial of the dead. It was generally held

that this practice did not conflict with Article 5 of the Law

of December 14, 1874, forbidding all forms of religious

service other than those held inside the churches. But in May,

1906, the Interior Department issued a circular declaring

open-air burial services conducted in the cemeteries to be

illegal. This rule has led to the erection of mortuary chapels

in the cemeteries which previously were unprovided with them,

and the burial services are held inside these chapels.

"While this episode shows that there is no intention on the

part of the governmental authorities of Mexico to relax one

iota of the laws which curtailed the power of the Church, it

is worthy of note that there is no serious religious conflict

in Mexico at the present time; and, under laws which are

probably as restrictive as those recently enacted in France,

which have so agitated that country, Church and State in the

Mexican Republic move smoothly in their separate orbits, with

conciliatory if not cordial sentiments toward each other."

_F. R. Guernsey,

The Year in Mexico

(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1907)._

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.

Joint Action with the United States

in Central American Mediation.

See (in this Volume)

CENTRAL AMERICA.

{421}

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.

Participation in Third International Conference

of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)

AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.

Nationalizing the Railway System.

See (in this Volume)

RAILWAYS: MEXICO.

MEXICO: A. D. 1909.

Extended Governmental Control of Railways.

See (in this Volume)

RAILWAYS: MEXICO.

MEXICO: A. D. 1909.

The Last Year of the Sixth Consecutive Term of Porfirio Diaz

in the Presidency.

His long practical Autocracy, and its effects on the Nation.

A Mexican View.

Since Napoleon remodeled a French republic into an empire

there has been nothing of its kind in political workmanship to

equal the masterpiece of practical autocracy which Porfirio

Diaz has erected in Mexico, on a basis of nominal democracy,

within the last 30 years. He has not throned or crowned

himself, as Napoleon did, which saves his work from the

vulgarity that the Corsican could not resist; but he has

exercised more than the sovereignty that imperial seats and

trappings could invest him with.

On the 1st of December, 1909, Diaz entered the last year of

his sixth consecutive term in the presidency—his seventh term

in all—the previous term of four years having now been

lengthened to six. Since 1884 he has held the reins of

Government by what seems to have become sheer mastery,

whatever of free popular election there may have been at the

outset of his official career. If internal and external peace,

general good order, rapid progress on all lines of material

advancement, great gains in public education and a general

uplift of the country in its standing before the world were

sufficient fruits of his government to test its quality by,

then Mexico might well be satisfied with it and with him; for

the beneficence of his autocracy on this side of its working

appears to be beyond dispute. But Mexico appears to have begun

to feel the cost in public character and spirit which

paternalized government must always exact for the superficial

benefits it bestows, and the country is said to be filled with

more than discontent.

A notable Mexican writer, Rafael de Zayes Enriquez, who is

described as a lifelong friend and supporter of Diaz, has been

bold enough to give voice to the existing feeling in a recent

book. The long administration of the masterful president is

recounted and studied with honest friendliness, for the open

purpose of addressing plain truths to the man whose life and

work are discussed. "You have disarmed the judiciary and the

Legislature," he is told, "until they are impotent, and in

reality nothing more than branches of the executive."

"Imitating the high example, almost everyone in Mexico who has

any power abuses it, and the cowed public submits." "Everyone

is permitted to despise the public and to treat it

tyrannically." And the honest friend who thus commands the

attention of Diaz to the evil workings of his dictatorship,

appeals for the ending of it—for the restoration of a

nullified constitution, for free elections, for independent

legislatures and courts; for the averting of otherwise

inevitable storms of revolution, and for the saving of himself

from a verdict of history, that "he created a nation, but

destroyed a people."

On the other hand there are foreign observers in Mexico who

believe that Diaz holds the peace and prosperity of the

country in his hand. A Press correspondent wrote not long

since: "He, Diaz, alone saved us from a disastrous panic last

fall, the effects of which would have reached beyond our

boundaries. The Government compelled the Banco Nacional to

advance ready money to every institution that was in need and

intrinsically sound. The bank was likewise compelled to sell

exchange at a loss, so that the failure to keep silver at a

parity was less apparent. The Government stood this loss.

About January first one of the largest mercantile houses in

Mexico, with many branches, was in serious difficulty. Its

chief went straight to President Diaz, and said that he must

have a million dollars or fail. Recognizing that the failure

of this house would precipitate a panic, the Government let

him have the money. … In my opinion, the most serious menace

to the prosperity of Mexico is the fear that President Diaz is

not as strong physically as is popularly believed. … The least

of the evils which might come from his death, should it occur

soon, would be increase in business stagnation and in popular

unrest. Many politicians seem ready to avail themselves of the

present wide-spread dislike of foreigners. The ferment of

anti-foreign leaven is working among the masses."

Whatever may be the kind and quality of the domination he has

exercised for twenty-five years, Mexico must inevitably be put

to a crucial test when he drops the helm of state.

MEXICO: A. D. 1909.

Meeting of President Diaz with President Taft.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

MEXICO: A. D. 1909 (FEBRUARY).

Participation in a North American Conference on the

Conservation of Natural Resources.

See (in this Volume)

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: NORTH AMERICA.

MEYER, GEORGE VON L.:

Postmaster-General.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1909; SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

MICHELSEN, PROFESSOR ALBERT A.:

Inventor of the Interferometer.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT.

See, also,

NOBEL PRIZES.

MICHELSEN, M.:

Premier of Norway.

See (in this Volume)

NORWAY: A. D. 1902-1905.

MICHIGAN: A. D. 1909.

Legislation giving Home Rule to Cities.

See (in this Volume)

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: MICHIGAN.

MIDHAT PASHA.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER).

MIGNOT, Bishop.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

MIGUEL, Dom:

Pretender to the Crown of Portugal.

See (in this Volume)

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1909.

MIGUELISTAS.

See (in this Volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1906-1909.

MILIOUKOV, PROFESSOR PAUL.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1905-1907.

MILLERAND, M.:

Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs

in the Briand Cabinet.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1909 (JULY).

MILNER, Alfred, Lord:

In South Africa.

See (in this Volume)

SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1901-1902, and after.

MILWAUKEE REFRIGERATOR TRANSIT CASE.

See (in this Volume)

COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1906.

{422}

MIN, General: Assassination of.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.

MINDANAO, Conditions in.

See (in this Volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901-1902.

MINE OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION, WESTERN.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1899-1907.

MINERS AND MINING.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR.

MINING, Wasteful.

See (in this Volume)

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

MINNESOTA: A. D. 1908.

Organization of Coöperative Stores.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR REMUNERATION: COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION.

MINTO, Gilbert John Murray K. Elliott, Earl of:

Governor-General of Canada.

See (in this Volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1904.

MINTO, Gilbert John Murray K. Elliott, Earl of:

Viceroy of India.

His initiation of the Reform in Indian Government by

the Indian Councils Bill.

See (in this Volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1908-1909.

MIRSKY, Prince Svyatopolk.

See (in this Volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.

MISSIONS, Christian:

At Large: Notable Movements of 1910.

"The year 1910 will be notable in the annals of foreign

missions. The Laymen’s Missionary Movement, now holding

meetings in this city, plans an educative campaign covering

over seventy centres and culminating next May in a national

congress in Chicago. The Student Volunteer Movement, which

enrols in its mission study classes over 25,000 collegians,

and which has sent over 4,000 workers to the foreign field,

has just closed a conference at Rochester, where were

assembled nearly 3,000 college men and women. In this month

also is the gathering of medical missionaries at Battle Creek,

Michigan. Next June the important World Missionary Conference

takes place in Edinburgh. In October the country’s oldest

foreign missionary organization, the American Board,

celebrates its centennial in connection with the National

Congregational Council at Boston."

_New York Evening Post,

January 10, 1910._

MISSIONS, Christian: China: A. D. 1906-1907.

"In view of the recent remarkable awakening in China, and the

strong desire on the part of the Chinese for a knowledge of

Western civilisation and science, an influential Committee,

‘The China Missions Emergency Committee,’ was appointed last

year, including in its membership an equal number of prominent

representatives of the Anglican Church as well as of the Free

Churches of Great Britain, to consider in what ways it might

assist the missionary societies and their representatives in

China in adjusting and extending their existing operations, so

that the momentous demands now made upon them by the

surprising changes of thought and policy that have so suddenly

emerged, may be adequately met. …

"It appointed as its representatives the Reverend Lord William

and Lady Florence Gascoyne-Cecil, of Hatfield; Sir Alexander

R. Simpson, of Edinburgh; Professor Alexander Macalister, of

Cambridge; and Mr. Francis William Fox, of London, to attend

the Missionary Conference held at Shanghai from April 26th to

May 7th last, and also to pay a series of visits to

missionaries and mission stations, for the purpose of learning

from the most experienced missionaries what measures should be

adopted to meet the new demands that had arisen."

"We found everywhere throughout the Chinese Empire that

greater religious liberty is enjoyed than is the case in many

other parts of the world, and that, so long as the laws of the

country are observed, there is, theoretically, no interference

with the conscientious opinions of individuals, with, however,

the exceptions that Chinese officials are required

occasionally to perform certain ceremonies of an idolatrous

character. …

"In the year 1906, as before stated, there were approximately

3,750 Foreign Protestant Missionaries residing in China. Of

these, 1,950 were British, 1,457 American, and some 343

Continental and Independent Workers.

The number of Bible Women:

In 1876, 90;

in 1889, 180;

in 1906, 894.

Number of Boys’ and Girls’ Day Schools:

In 1878, 289;

in 1906, 385.

Number of Scholars in Day Schools:

In 1876, 4,909;

in 1889, 16,836;

in 1906, 42,546.

Number of Intermediate, High Schools and Colleges:

In 1906, 389.

Number of Students in Colleges, etc. (male and female):

In 1906, 15,137.

Total number of Scholars and Students:

In 1906, 57,683.

"By the commencement of 1908 it is estimated that the total

number of Foreign Protestant Missionaries in China will be at

least 4,000. The number of Mission Stations (including the sub

or smaller ones) is about 5,750. The ordained Chinese Pastors

and other Chinese Preachers are now about 6,000. The number of

recognized Protestant Church (full) Members and Catechumens is

estimated as 250,000, which, with the addition of children and

others not regarded as in full connection, represents a total

of about 1,000,000 persons who are more or less closely

connected with the Protestant Christian Churches of China."

_F. W. Fox, A. Macalister, and A. R. Simpson,

Christian Missions in China

(Contemporary Review, February, 1908)._

See, also, (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: CHINA.

MISSIONS, Christian: India and Korea:

American Mission Schools.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: INDIA, AND KOREA.

MISSIONS, Christian: Japan.

"Viscount Aoki, a former Minister for Foreign Affairs, is a

Christian, and so is Viscount Okabé, Minister of Justice in

the present Cabinet. There are 10 Christian members of the

Imperial Diet, all men of high character and enjoying the

respect of their fellow-countrymen, for there is no

constituency in Japan which would elect a Christian qua

Christian. It is perhaps among the commercial class that

Christianity is gaining most ground, and at Osaka, the great

industrial city of Japan, there are churches with Japanese

ministers, supported entirely by Japanese congregations, who

have at heart to remove the popular reproach that Christianity

is a foreign creed which cannot live without foreign subsidies.

Missionary activity has always had a free field in Japan, and

its philanthropic aspects have never received wider

recognition than of recent years. The Emperor himself has

frequently marked by handsome contributions his personal

interest in orphanages and hospitals conducted under

missionary auspices. But if Christianity should ever become

the national faith of Japan it will probably be in some new

national form impressed upon it by Japanese teachers rather

than in any sectarian form borrowed from the West.

{423}

What is meanwhile unquestionably increasing very steadily is

the influence of Christian ethics. … To quote a missionary:

‘If there are less than 200,000 professing Christians in

Japan, there are more than a million educated Japanese who

think in terms of Christian ethics, and who try to live up to

them more truly than many millions of professing Christians in

the West.’"

_Correspondent of The Times, London._

In April, 1907, a great international mission conference was

assembled at Tokyo, Japan, of which _The Outlook_ gave

the following account the next month:

"Over six hundred delegates, representing organizations in

twenty-five countries, assembled last month in Tokyo. They

constituted the seventh Conference of the World’s Student

Christian Federation. The body represented is a federation of

various national associations of Christian students. Some of

them are Young Men’s Christian Associations, organized in the

colleges; some of them are student organizations, not

affiliated with the Young Men’s Christian Association. The

delegates received many messages of greeting from officials of

high station; among these were messages from Viscount Hayashi,

the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs; Marquis Ito, who

sent a letter from Korea accompanied with a gift of five

thousand dollars; Count Okuma, Elder Statesman; the President

of the United States, the King of England, and the King of

Norway.

"The meetings were thronged by ten thousand students, mainly

Japanese and Chinese. The Conference was of course

distinctively Christian in character; it had a definite

purpose of proclaiming a Christian message: it advocated

ethical and intellectual progress by means of the Christian

religion; it assembled in a non-Christian land; yet its

existence, so far from arousing resentment or opposition,

evoked rather the warmest expression of appreciation and even

gratitude. That it stimulated emulation is not surprising. A

Buddhist Conference, for example, was summoned in the same

city at the same time; but at that Conference resolutions

expressing its ‘profound respect’ to the gathering of

Christians were passed, and a deputation to convey these

resolutions was chosen. Similarly, a Conference of Shinto

priests sent a letter to the Christian Conference expressing

their sense of the honor which the Federation had shown to

Japan by convening in Tokyo, and, in lieu of a reception which

could not be arranged for lack of time, presented material

‘mementoes and tokens of esteem,’ in order, to use their own

words, ‘to express our deep appreciation of your coming, and

to commemorate this bright event in Japan’s history.’ The

press of Japan was emphatic in its expression of good will."

MISSIONS, Christian: Turkey and the Near East:

American Mission Schools.

See (in this Volume)

EDUCATION: TURKEY.

MISSOURI: A. D. 1906-1909.

Successful Prosecution of the Waters-Pierce and

Standard Oil Companies.

See (in this Volume)

COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904-1909.

MISSOURI RIVER RATE CASE.

See (in this Volume)

RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908-1909.

MISTRAL, Frederic.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

MITCHELL, JOHN:

President of the United Mine Workers of America.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.

MITCHELL, JOHN:

Resignation on account of ill health.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

MITCHELL, JOHN:

Chairman of Trades Agreements Department

of National Civic Federation.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908.

MITCHELL, JOHN:

Sentence for alleged Violation of an Injunction.

See (in this Volume)

LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908-1909.

MITCHELL, John H.:

United States Senator, involved in Land Frauds.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

MODERATE-REPUBLICANS.

See (in this Volume)

FRANCE. A. D. 1909 (JANUARY).

MODERNISM, Papal Encyclical against.

See (in this Volume)

PAPACY: A. D. 1907.

Also,

TYRREL, FATHER GEORGE.

MODUS VIVENDI:

On American Fishing in Newfoundland waters.

See (in this Volume)

NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1905-1909.

MOHAMMED ALI:

Lately deposed Shah of Persia.

See (in this Volume)

PERSIA: A. D. 1907 (JANUARY-SEPTEMBER).

MOHAMMEDAN CONFERENCE.

See (in this Volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1907 (DECEMBER).

MOHAMMEDANS OF INDIA:

Their present Feeling.

See (in this Volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1907-1909, and 1908-1909.

MOHAMID EL AMIN, a new Mahdi.

See (in this Volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1903 (SUDAN).

MOHAMMID RESCHAD EFFENDI:

Made Sultan of Turkey as Mohammid V.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

MOHONK (LAKE) PEACE CONFERENCE.

See (in this Volume)

WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.

MOISSAN, H.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

MOLTKE, COUNT KUNO VON:

His Libel Suit against Maximilien Harden.

See (in this Volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1907-1908.

MOMMSEN, THEODOR.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

MONASTIR:

Beginnings of the Turkish Revolution.

See (in this Volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER).

MONETA, ERNESTO T.

See (in this Volume)

NOBEL PRIZES.

MONEY. See (in this Volume) Finance and

MONO-RAIL SYSTEM.

See (in this Volume)

SCIENCE AND INVENTION: RAILWAYS.

MONOPOLIES.

See (in this Volume)

COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL.

MONROE DOCTRINE:

Interpreted relatively to German Claims and Complaints

against Venezuela.

Its Recognition by Germany.

See (in this Volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1901, and

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.

MONROE DOCTRINE:

Impliedly recognized by the Hague Tribunal.

See (in this Volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

MONROE DOCTRINE:

In the case of San Domingo.

See (in this Volume)

SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1904-1905.

MONROE DOCTRINE:

Stated as an All-America Doctrine by Secretary Root, at the

Third International Conference of American Republics,

at Rio de Janeiro, in 1906.

See (in this Volume)

AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

{424}

MONROE PALACE, The.

See (in this Volume)

AMERICAN REPUBLICS: THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE.

MONTAGUE, A. J.:

Delegate to Third International Conference

of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)

AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MONTENEGRO.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

MONTES, I.:

President of Bolivia.

See (in this Volume)

ACRE DISPUTES.

MONT PELÉE, Volcanic explosion of.

See (in this Volume)

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: WEST INDIES.

MONTT, Pedro:

President of Chile.

See (in this Volume)

CHILE: A. D. 1906.

MOODY, William H.:

Secretary of the Navy, Attorney-General and Justice of the

Supreme Court.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905, and 1905-1909.

MOOR, F. R.:

Premier of Natal.

At the Imperial Conference of 1907.

See (in this Volume)

BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.

MORALES, President Carlos F.

See (in this Volume)

SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1904-1907.

MORENGA, Chief of Hereros.

See (in this Volume)

AFRICA: GERMAN COLONIES.

MORET Y PRENDERGAST:

Premier of Spain.

See (in this Volume)

SPAIN: A. D. 1907-1909.

MORGAN, J. Pierpont:

His Intervention in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902.

See (in this Volume)

labor organization: united states: A. D. 1902-1903.

MORGAN, J. Pierpont:

His organization of the International

Mercantile Marine Company.

See (in this Volume)

COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: INTERNATIONAL.

MORGAN, J. Pierpont:

Enlarged Control of Banking Interests.

See (in this Volume)

FINANCE AND TRADE: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909-1910.

MORLEY, John, Viscount:

Secretary of State for India.

See (in this Volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1906.

MORLEY, John, Viscount:

On the Indian Councils Bill.

See (in this Volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1908-1909.

MOROCCO (Maghreb el-Aksa):

The Name.

Maroc or Morocco, the name given by Europeans to the empire of

the Moorish Sultan as a whole, is not so applied by the

natives of the country. According to them, the Maroc or

country of Marrakech, the Marruecos of the Spaniards, is only

one of three States submissive to the authority of the

Sultan-Shereef. At the north the kingdom of Fez, at the

southwest the oasis of Tafilet, make up his real empire.

Beyond these, vast territories occupied by numerous

independent tribes, stretch over the space that is marked on

our maps with the name Morocco. Its inhabitants have no common

name for it as a whole. Their country, indicated in a general

manner, with no precise delimitation, is the Maghreb

el-Aksa,—that is to say, "The Extreme West."

_Élisée Reclus,

Nouvelle Geographic Universelle,

Volume 11, page 653._

MOROCCO: A. D. 1896-1906.

The Creeping of the French Algerian Boundary

into Moroccan Territory.

A Justification of the Encroachment.