territory. two-thirds requirement.
Two-thirds Four-fifths of Territory "dry"
majority required. in 12 months is prediction.
Arkansas 44 Prohibition 57 Prohibition counties.
counties. State certain in next
29 License. Legislature.
2 Partially
license.
California 175 Prohibition 250 "dry" towns.
towns. Sentiment rapidly growing
for State Prohibition.
Colorado Few Prohibition towns. 100 towns "dry."
No local-option law. Stricter law enforcement.
Prohibition sentiment growing.
Connecticut Half of State Large increase in no-license
local Prohibition. vote. Legislature passed
several important restrictive
measures.
Delaware Few small Two-thirds of State Prohibition.
Prohibition towns.
{17}
District of
Columbia Apathy dominant. New high license law.
Sentiment for Prohibition
organizing.
Stricter enforcement.
Florida 30 Prohibition 35 counties "dry."
counties. Popular vote State
Prohibition November, 1910.
Georgia 104 Prohibition State Prohibition.
counties out Supporting sentiment grows.
of 134. Atlanta elects law-enforcement
Large cities Mayor. Crime largely decreasing.
all license.
Idaho No Prohibition County law passed.
territory. Seven vote "dry."
"Wide-open" State. State Prohibition campaign on.
Illinois 8 Prohibition 36 "dry" counties.
counties. 2500 "dry" towns.
500 Prohibition 23 "dry" cities.
towns. No license fight on in Chicago.
"Wide open" Sunday.
Indiana 140 Prohibition 70 Counties "dry."
townships. "Net Prohibition majority 67,025.
Three-fourths of the
State population under Prohibition.
Sentiment for State Prohibition
very active;
1,780,839 or 65 per cent of
State population in "dry"
territory;
32 "dry" cities (5,000 and over).
Iowa 25 License counties. Campaign for State Prohibition
Lax enforcement developing great enthusiasm.
of law.
Kansas STATE PROHIBITION. Legislature passed 1909
Lax enforcement. important additions to
Law enforcement State law.
crusade at Kansas The sale of alcohol in any
City, Kan., form absolutely prohibited.
a "fizzle." Strict enforcement the rule.
Kentucky 47 Prohibition 96 Prohibition counties;
counties. 1,541,613 or 66 per cent of
Legislature defeated total population in "dry"
very moderate territory.
local option bill. State Prohibition campaign
launched in earnest.
Louisiana 20 Prohibition Prohibition sentiment grows.
parishes out of 54. Local Prohibition proves
notable success in
33 "dry" parishes.
Maine STATE PROHIBITION. Move for resubmission
Lax enforcement. emphatically defeated
by State Legislature.
Sentiment for law enforcement
growing steadily.
Maryland 15 Prohibition Some locals gains.
counties. New high-license
law for Baltimore.
Massachusetts. 250 Prohibition Some local gains.
towns and cities. Twenty-five thousand
State majority against license.
Definite campaign for State
Prohibition;
261 towns "dry" out of 321;
20 cities "dry" out of 33;
26,297 State majority
against license.
Michigan 2 Prohibition Thirty Prohibition counties.
counties. Important new restrictive
400 Prohibition towns. legislation took effect
September 1, 1909.
State Prohibition campaign on.
Minnesota 400 Prohibition 1,611 "dry" towns.
towns. State wide union
of Prohibition forces.
Mississippi 65 Prohibition Enforcement of State-wide
counties. law passed February, 1908.
Legislature defeated Governor Noel a vigorous
State Prohibition prohibitionist.
amendment.
Missouri 3 Prohibition 77 'dry' counties.
counties 1905. State Prohibition
campaign definitely under way.
Vote November, 1910.
Montana No Prohibition Prohibition sentiment
territory. growing with notable increase
of party vote in several
districts.
Nebraska 200 Prohibition 26 Prohibition counties.
towns. Many local gains.
State capital Lincoln, 50,000,
voted "dry."
State Prohibition campaign on;
48 "dry" county seats.
Nevada No Prohibition Sentiment against gambling
territory. and liquor selling growing.
State Prohibition of gambling
effective October 1, 1910.
New Hampshire. State Prohibition 183 "dry" towns.
repealed 1903.
New Jersey "Wide-open" State. Whole year of 1909 filled
with agitation.
Law-defying Atlantic City
ring provokes widespread
public sentiment.
County option expected.
{18}
New Mexico Nothing. Prohibition forces very
active at legislative
session. Strong sentiment for
State Prohibition growing.
New York 285 Prohibition towns. Few changes. Concerted State
Cities all license wide campaign on in 300 local
by State law. Prohibition contests.
North Carolina. Local-option passed 1903. Success of State
Raleigh, capital, had Prohibition shown by
dispensary run by church official statistics.
deacons. In force January, 1908.
North Dakota STATE PROHIBITION. Same law. Sentiment
Lax enforcement in back of Prohibition
some sections. law overwhelming
throughout State.
Strong supplementary
legislation passed 1909.
Ohio First State 61 counties "dry."
local-option law Campaigns in largest
passed. cities, and State
Prohibition scheduled
for near future.
Net Prohibition majority
in 70 county contests,
66,132.
Oklahoma Few Prohibition towns. Enforcement of State
Prohibition law
steadily growing success.
Governor Haskell heartily
supporting it.
Prohibition Party
organized September 27,
1909.
Oregon No Prohibition State Prohibition vote
territory. November, 1910.
No local-option law. 21 counties "dry."
Pennsylvania Prohibition sentiment County option defeated
apathetic. 1909 but sentiment
rapidly growing.
Confident of advanced
legislation at next
session.
Rhode Island 20 Prohibition towns. Little change
South Carolina State dispensary. 37 Prohibition counties
(Abolished 1908.) out of 42.
Sweeping Prohibition
victories August 17, 1909.
State campaign definitely on.
South Dakota Scattering Prohibition Few local changes.
towns. Sentiment for State
Prohibition campaign
developing.
Tennessee* 8 License cities. State Prohibition passed
Liquor men threatened January, 1909.
repeal of Adams Effective July 1, 1909.
local-option law. Liquor manufacture
prohibition.
Law effective
January 1, 1910.
Remarkably beneficial
effects of Prohibition
immediately shown in
Nashville and other
cities.
* A proposal to embody state-wide prohibition in a constitutional
amendment was voted down heavily in Tennessee on the 29th of
November, 1909.
Texas 140 Prohibition 154 Prohibition counties.
counties. State Prohibition
referendum narrowly
defeated by Legislature,
only increased agitation
for that object.
Vote expected within
two years.
Utah No Prohibition County Prohibition and
territory. State referendum
defeated in Legislature,
expected at next session.
Vermont Prohibition 216 towns "dry."
repealed 1903. Demand for resubmission
138 Prohibition of State Prohibition growing.
towns out of Prohibition majority
240 in 1904. of 8,819 in whole State.
Virginia Local-option law 71 Prohibition counties.
passed 1903. Democratic primary being
fought out on Prohibition
issue.
Washington Few Prohibition towns. Compromise local
Prohibition law,
passed Legislature, 1909.
Prohibition sentiment
growing. Alaska-Yukon
Exposition, Seattle,
first big "dry" exposition.
West Virginia. 40 out of 54 Some local gains.
counties "dry" Charleston, state capital
"dry" since July 1.
Only three wholly "wet"
counties.
State campaign on.
Wisconsin 300 Prohibition towns 789 towns "dry."
Prohibition sentiment
growing rapidly;
4,000 business men
cheer argument for
Prohibition in great
debate at Milwaukee
March, 1909.
Wyoming No Prohibition New law effective
territory. January, 1910, puts
whole State under
Prohibition outside
of incorporated towns.
{19}
ALCOHOL: A. D. 1908-1909.
Diminished consumption of whiskey and beer.
According to the annual report of the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909, there were
about 5,000,000 less gallons of whiskey contributing to the
Federal revenue than in the fiscal year preceding, and
something like 2,500,000 fewer barrels of beer and ale. "This
seems clearly to mirror the effect of the prohibition movement
which has lately gained such headway in certain sections of
the South and West. Ordinarily, the consumption of spirits and
malt liquor is fairly steady in times of depression; and when
an industrial revival is under way, their use increases and
reflects itself in larger revenue returns. The absolute
shrinkage in consumption in the past fiscal year, therefore,
is doubly significant."
----------ALCOHOL: End--------
ALCORTA, Jose Figueroa:
President of Argentine Republic.
See (in this Volume)
ACRE DISPUTES.
ALDERMAN, Edward Anderson:
President of the University of Virginia.
See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.
ALDRICH, Nelson W.:
Work on the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.
See (in this Volume)
TARIFFS: UNITED STATES.
ALEXANDER, King of Servia:
His murder.
See (in this Volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: SERVIA.
ALEXEIEFF, Admiral:
Appointed Viceroy in Manchuria, 1903.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1901-1904.
ALFARO, General Elroy:
Made President of Ecuador by a revolution.
See (in this Volume)
ECUADOR: A. D. 1905-1906.
ALFONSO XIII.:
His Coronation.
See (in this Volume)
SPAIN: A. D. 1901-1904.
ALFONSO XIII.:
Marriage.
Attempted assassination.
See (in this Volume)
Spain: A. D. 1905-1906.
ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE, and Act.
See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906, and
MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909.
ALGIERS: A. D. 1896-1906.
Encroachments on the Moroccan boundary.
See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1895-1906.
ALIENS ACT, The English.
See (in this Volume)
IMMIGRATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1909.
ALIENS, Rights of:
Pan-American Convention.
See (in this Volume)
American Republics.
ALI RIZA PASHA.
See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).
ALL INDIA MOSLEM LEAGUE.
See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907 (DECEMBER), and 1907-1909.
ALLIANCES:
Franco-Russian.
Effect of Russo-Japanese War.
See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1904-1909.
ALLIANCES:
Great Britain with Japan.
See Japan: A. D. 1902, and 1905 (August).
ALLIANCES:
The Triple Alliance.
See TRIPLE ALLIANCE.
ALMENARA, Dr. Domingo.
See (in this Volume)
PERU.
ALSOP CLAIM, The.
See (in this Volume)
CHILE: A. D. 1909.
ALVERSTONE, Sir Richard Everard Webster, Lord Chief Justice:
On the Alaska Boundary Commission.
See (in this Volume)
ALASKA: A. D. 1903.
ALVES, Rodriquez.
See (in this Volume)
ACRE DISPUTES.
AMADE, General d’:
Operations in Morocco.
See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909, and 1909.
AMADOR, Manuel:
President of Panama.
See (in this Volume)
PANAMA.
AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION, of Iron, Steel, and Tin Plate Workers:
Its strike in 1901.
See (in this Volume)
Labor Organization, &c.: United States: A. D. 1901.
AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF RAILWAY SERVANTS, British:
In Taff Vale case.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION, &c.: ENGLAND: A. D. 1900-1906.
AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF RAILWAY SERVANTS, British:
In strike of 1907
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION, &c.: ENGLAND: A. D. 1907-1909.
AMARAL, Admiral Ferreira do.
See (in this Volume)
PORTUGAL: A. D. 1906-1909.
AMBAN, Chinese.
See (in this Volume)
TIBET: A. D. 1902-1904.
AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION.
See (in this Volume)
SOCIAL BETTERMENT: UNITED STATES.
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION, &c.: UNITED STATES.
"AMERICAN INVASION" OF CANADA, The.
See (in this Volume) CANADA: A. D. 1896-1909.
----------AMERICAN REPUBLICS: Start--------
AMERICAN REPUBLICS:
The South and Central American nations:
Their recent rapid advance in character, dignity, and importance.
Among the astonishing. changes that have come upon the
political face of the world within a few years past, producing
new arrangements of rank or standing and new distributions of
influence in the great family of nations, the emergence of the
South American republics from generally chronic disorder and
obscure unimportance to a position, almost suddenly
recognized, of present weight and dignity and great promise to
the future, is far from the least.
In 1890, when Mr. Blaine, as Secretary of State, opened the
first well-planned endeavor of our government to put itself
into such relations with them, of friendly influence, as the
elder and stronger in the family of American republics ought
to hold, there was little appreciation of the importance of
the movement. Even Mr. Blaine did not seem to be fully earnest
and fully sanguine in it, or else his chief and his colleagues
in the government were not heartily with him; for his
admirable scheme of policy was almost wrecked in the second
year of its working, by the unaccountable impatience and
harshness with which President Harrison wrung humiliating
apologies from Chili for a trifling offense in 1892. The
seeming arrogance of power then manifested cast a reasonable
suspicion on the motives with which the great republic of
North America had made overtures of fraternity to the
republics of the South, and it freshened an old distrust in
their minds.
{20}
Happily, however, Mr. Blaine, in 1890, had brought about the
creation of a harmonizing and unifying agency which needed
only time to effect great results. This was the Bureau of the
American Republics, established at Washington, by a vote of
the delegates from eighteen North, South, and Central American
governments, at an International American Conference, held in
that city in March of the year named. Its immediate purpose
was the promotion of commercial intercourse; but the
information spread with that object, through all the countries
concerned, has carried with it every kind of pacific
understanding and stimulation. The common action with common
interests thus organized must have had more than anything else
to do with the generating of a public spirit, lately, in the
Spanish-American countries, very different from any ever
manifested before. It has wakened national ambitions in them
and sobered the factious temper which kept them in political
disorder so long.
Ten years ago, the Central and South American republics had so
little standing among the nations that few of them were
invited to the Peace Conference of 1900, and the invitation
was accepted by none. Spanish America was represented by
Mexico alone. At the conference of 1907 at The Hague there
were delegates from all, and several among their delegates
took a notably important part, giving a marked distinction to
the peoples they represent. It was by a special effort on the
part of our then Secretary of State that they were brought
thus into the council of nations.
Mr. Root has had wonderful success, indeed, in realizing the
aim of the policy projected and initiated by Mr. Blaine. He
has cleared away the distrust and won the confidence of our
fellow Americans at the middle and south of the continent,
bringing them to a friendly acceptance of the leading which
goes naturally with the power and the experience of these
United States. The resulting weight in world politics of what
may be called the Concert of America, paralleling the Concert
of Europe, is one of the greater products of the present
extraordinary time.
AMERICAN REPUBLICS:
Their Second International Conference, at the City of
Mexico, in 1901-1902.
Its proceedings, conventions, resolutions, etc.
The First International Conference of American Republics was
held at Washington in the winter and spring of 1889-1890,
attended by delegates from eighteen Governments of the New
World.
See, in Volume VI. of this work,
American Republics.
On the suggestion of President McKinley, ten years later, and
on the invitation of President Diaz, of Mexico, a second
Conference was convened at the City of Mexico, on the 23d of
October, 1901. The sessions of this Conference were prolonged
until the 31st of January, 1902. It was attended by delegates
from every independent nation then existing in America, being
twenty in number; but the delegation of Venezuela was
withdrawn by the Government of that State on the 14th of
January, and the withdrawal was made retroactive to and from
the preceding 31st of December. The delegation from the United
States was composed of ex-United States Senator Henry G.
Davis; Mr. William I. Buchanan, formerly Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic; Mr.
John Barrett, formerly Minister Resident of the United States
to Siam; and Messrs. Charles M. Pepper and Volney W. Foster.
The following account of the work of the Conference and its
results is compiled from the report made by the delegates of
the United States to the Department of State:
"Señor Raigosa, chairman of the Mexican delegation, was chosen
temporary president, and the Conference then preceded to its
permanent organization by the election of his excellency Señor
Lic. Don Ignacio Mariscal, minister of foreign affairs of
Mexico, and Honorable John Hay, Secretary of State of the
United States, honorary presidents; Senor Lic. Don Genaro
Raigosa, of Mexico, president; Senhor Don José Hygino Duarte
Pereira, of Brazil, first vice-president, and Señor Doctor Don
Baltasar Estupinian, of Salvador, second vice-president. …
Under the rules adopted 19 committees were appointed and the
work of the conference was apportioned among them. …
"Discussion between the representatives of the Republics that
would constitute the conference began months previous to its
opening upon the subject of arbitration, and while every
desire was manifested then and thereafter by all to see a
conclusion reached by the conference in which all might join,
unsettled questions existed between some of the Republics that
would participate in the conference of a character that made
their avoidance difficult in any general discussion of the
subject. … This difficulty became more apparent as the
conference proceeded with its work. … It was tacitly agreed
between delegations, therefore, that the discussion of the
subject should be confined, so far as possible, to a
committee. … There was at no time any difficulty with regard
to securing a unanimous report favoring a treaty covering
merely arbitration as a principle; all delegations were in
favor of that. The point of discussion was as to the extent to
which the principle should be applied. Concerning this, three
views were supported in the conference:
(a) Obligatory arbitration, covering all questions pending or
future when they did not affect either independence or the
national honor of a country;
(b) Obligatory arbitration covering future questions only and
defining what questions shall constitute those to be excepted
from arbitration; and
(c) Facultative or voluntary arbitration, as best expressed by
The Hague convention. …
"A plan was finally suggested providing that all delegations
should sign the protocol for adhesion to the convention of The
Hague, as originally suggested by the United States
delegation, and that the advocates of obligatory arbitration
sign, between themselves, a project of treaty obligating their
respective governments to submit to the permanent court at The
Hague all questions arising or in existence, between
themselves, which did not affect their independence or their
national honor. Both the protocol and treaty were then to be
brought before the conference, incorporated in the minutes
without debate or action, and sent to the minister of foreign
relations of Mexico, to be officially certified and
transmitted by that official to the several signatory
governments. After prolonged negotiations this plan was
adopted and carried out as outlined above, all of the
delegations in the conference, excepting those of Chile and
Ecuador, signing the protocol covering adherence to The Hague
convention before its submission to the conference.
{21}
These, after a protracted debate on a point of order involving
the plan adopted, later accepted in open conference a solution
which made them—as they greatly desired to be, in another
form than that adopted—parties to the protocol. The project of
treaty of compulsory arbitration was signed by the delegations
of the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Santo Domingo, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and
Venezuela. …
"By the above plan the conference attained the highest
possible end, and for the first time each of the American
Republics, as a result of that action, takes her place by the
side of the other countries of the world in favor of
international arbitration; more than this, by the unanimous
acceptance thus of The Hague convention on the part of the 19
Republics represented in the conference, it is given that
force and character which places it to-day as the formal
expression of the governments of the entire civilized world in
favor of peace. The delegates of the United States believe,
hence, that substantial progress and a noteworthy and historic
step in advance has been taken in the interests of peace, and
that means have been provided by which wars will be rendered
less frequent, if not wholly avoided, between the countries of
the Western Hemisphere. The opening of the doors of the
permanent tribunal of The Hague to all of the Republics of
America, as this protocol has done, is of itself an
achievement of the greatest importance. As a result of this
action the American Republics now have at their command the
machinery of that great international body for the pacific
settlement of any dispute they may desire to refer to
arbitration. Beyond this the obligations imposed by their
adhesion to the convention to have recourse, as far as
circumstances allow, to the good offices or mediation of any
one or more friendly powers, and to permit these offers to be
made without considering them unfriendly, is certainly a point
of great value gained by all.
"In addition to accepting The Hague convention the conference
went further. It accepted the three Hague conventions as
principles of public American international law, and
authorized and requested the President of the Mexican
Republic, as heretofore explained, to enter upon negotiations
with the several American Governments looking toward the most
unrestricted application of arbitration possible should the
way for such a step appear open. In addition to the protocol
and treaty referred to, another step was taken in the
direction of the settlement of international controversies by
the adoption and signing, on the part of every country
represented in the conference, of a project of treaty covering
the arbitration of pecuniary claims. Under this the several
republics obligate themselves for a period of five years to
submit to the arbitration of the court at The Hague all claims
for pecuniary loss or damage which may be presented by their
respective citizens and which cannot be amicably adjusted
through diplomatic channels, when such claims are of
sufficient importance to warrant the expense of arbitration.
Should both parties prefer that a special jurisdiction be
organized, according to article 21 of the convention of The
Hague this may be done, and if the permanent court of The
Hague shall not be open to one or more of the signatory
republics for any cause, they obligate themselves to stipulate
then in a special treaty the rules under which a tribunal
shall be established for the adjustment of the matter in
dispute and the form of procedure to be followed in such
arbitration. As a supplement to the protocol and treaty above
referred to, this project of treaty is of great importance and
will most certainly be of wide benefit to the good relations
and intercourse between the United States and her sister
republics of this Hemisphere." …
"Among the most important recommendations made by the First
International American Conference, held in Washington in
1889-1890, with a view to facilitating trade and communication
between the American Republics, was that looking to the
construction of an intercontinental railway, by which all of
the republics on the American continent would be put into rail
communication with each other. In pursuance of the
recommendations of that conference, an international railway
commission was organized, and under its direction surveys were
made which showed that it would be entirely practicable, by
using, as far as possible, existing railway systems and
filling in the gaps between them. … The report of the
intercontinental railway commission showed that the distance
between New York and Buenos Ayres by way of the proposed line
would be 10,471 miles, of which a little less than one-half
had then been constructed, leaving about 5,456 miles to be
built. Following up the work of the first conference and the
intercontinental railway commission, the present conference
adopted a strong report and a series of carefully considered
recommendations on this subject. …
"The resolution … providing for the meeting of an
international American customs congress in the city of New
York within a year, to consider customs administrative
matters, is one of the subjects on which early action should
be taken by our Government if the success of the congress is
to be assured. The governing board of the International Bureau
of the American Republics is to fix the date for the meeting
of this congress. … This congress will have nothing whatever
to do with the subject of tariff rates in any of the countries
represented. Its functions … briefly stated, are to consider
means for bringing about, as far as may be practicable, the
adoption by the several republics of uniform and simple
methods of custom-house procedure and a uniform and simple
system of port regulations and charges; measures to secure the
adoption and use in customs schedules and laws of a common
nomenclature of the products and merchandise of the American
republics, to be issued in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and
French, and that it may become the basis for the statistical
data of exports and imports; to provide for the organization
of a permanent customs committee or commission, composed of
persons having technical and expert knowledge, which, as a
dependency of the International Bureau of the American
Republics, or otherwise, shall be charged with the execution
of the resolutions and decisions of the congress and the study
of the customs laws of the American republics, in order to
suggest to the several governments the adoption of laws and
measures which, with regard to custom house formalities, may
tend to simplify and facilitate mercantile traffic. …
{22}
"Another resolution which contemplates that early action must
be taken by the several Governments is that regarding
quarantine and sanitary matters. In dealing with this subject
the object of the conference was to make sanitation take the
place of quarantine. When the ideal had in view by the
conference shall have been realized, the cities of the Western
Hemisphere will have been put in such perfect sanitary
condition that the propagation of disease germs in them will
be impossible and quarantine restrictions upon travel and
commerce, with their vexations and burdensome delays and
expenses, will be unnecessary.
"The conference fully recognized the value and importance to
all the Republics of the International Bureau of the American
Republics, which was established in Washington in pursuance of
the action of the First International American Conference. …
With a view to rendering the Bureau still more useful to all
the countries represented in its administration, and making it
still more valuable in establishing and maintaining closer
relations between them, the conference adopted a plan of
reorganization, or rather of broadening and expanding the
existing organization. … The new regulations adopted provide
that the Bureau shall be under the management of a governing
board to be composed of the Secretary of State of the United
States, who is to be its chairman, and the diplomatic
representatives in Washington of all the other governments
represented in the Bureau. This governing board is to meet
regularly once a month, excepting in June, July, and August of
each year. …
"In order that the archæological and ethnological remains
existing in the territory of the several Republics of the
Western Hemisphere might be systematically studied and
preserved, the conference adopted a resolution providing for
the meeting of an American international archæological
commission in the city of Washington, D. C., within two years
from the date of the adoption of the resolution. …
"The conference gave its most hearty indorsement to the
project for the construction of an interoceanic canal by the
Government of the United States." …
"The recommendation of the conference that there be
established in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, New Orleans,
Buenos Ayres, or any other important mercantile center, a bank
with branches in the principal cities in the American
republics, is in line with the similar resolution adopted by
the First International American Conference in Washington in
1889-1890."
"In addition to the protocol for the adhesion of the American
Republics to the Convention of The Hague, the treaty of
compulsory arbitration signed by nine delegations, and the
treaty for the arbitration of pecuniary claims, the Conference
agreed to and signed a treaty for the extradition of
criminals, … including a clause making anarchy an extraditable
offense when it shall have been defined by the legislation of
the respective countries; a convention on the practice of the
learned professions, providing for the reciprocal recognition
of the professional diplomas and titles granted in the several
Republics; a convention for the formation of codes of public
and private international law; … a convention on literary and
artistic copyrights; … a convention for the exchange of
official, scientific, literary, and industrial publications; …
a treaty on patents of invention, etc.; … and a convention on
the rights of aliens." The treaty on patents and the
convention on the rights of aliens could not be signed by the
delegates of the United States, for reasons set forth in their
report.
"The delegates desire especially to express their most
grateful appreciation of the courtesy extended by the Mexican
Government in preparing for the comfort of delegates and in
all the arrangements for the conference. Every convenience at
the command of that Government was placed at the disposal of
delegates to assist them in the discharge of their labors. …
"It is the belief of the delegates of the United States that
the results of the Second International American Conference
will be of great and lasting benefit to the nations
participating in its deliberations. … That the relations
between the American Republics have been improved as a result
of the conference cannot be doubted. The intimate daily
association for nearly four months, of leading men from every
American Republic of itself tended toward this result.
Delegates learned that, while existing international relations
made differences of opinion inevitable between the
representatives of some of the countries, they all had many
interests in common. As a result, toleration for the opinions
of others was shown by delegates to a marked degree, and the
sessions of the conference were remarkably free from
acrimonious debates and reflections on the policies of
delegations or their Governments."
_57th Congress, 1st Session 1901-1902,
Senate Document 330._
AMERICAN REPUBLICS:
Their Third International Conference,
at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1906.
Proceedings, conventions, resolutions.
The Third International Conference of American Republics was
held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from July 21st to August 26th,
1906. It was attended by delegates from each of the 21
American Republics, excepting only Hayti and Venezuela. The
delegates from the United States of America were the Honorable
William I. Buchanan, chairman, formerly Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic; Dr. L.
S. Rowe, Professor of Political Science, University of
Pennsylvania; Honorable A. J. Montague, ex-Governor of
Virginia; Mr. Tulio Larrinaga, Resident Commissioner from
Porto Rico in Washington; Mr. Paul S. Reinsch, Professor of
Political Science, University of Wisconsin; Mr. Van Leer Polk,
ex-Consul-General; with a staff of secretaries, etc., from
several departments of the public service at Washington.
The Conference was attended also by the Secretary of State of
the United States, the Honorable Elihu Root, incidentally to
an important tour through many parts of South America which he
made in the months of that summer. In the course of his
journey he visited, on invitation, not only Brazil, but
Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Panama, and Colombia; and, as
stated in the next annual Message of President Roosevelt, "he
refrained from visiting Paraguay, Bolivia, and Ecuador only
because the distance of their capitals from the seaboard made
it impracticable with the time at his disposal. He carried
with him a message of peace and friendship, and of strong
desire for good understanding and mutual helpfulness; and he
was everywhere received in the spirit of his message."
{23}
In the instructions to the delegates from the United States,
prepared by Secretary Root, this wise admonition was
conveyed:—
"It is important that you should keep in mind and, as occasion
serves, impress upon your colleagues, that such a conference
is not an agency for compulsion or a tribunal for
adjudication; it is not designed to compel States to make
treaties or to observe treaties; it should not sit in judgment
upon the conduct of any State, or undertake to redress alleged
wrongs, or to settle controverted questions of right. A
successful attempt to give such a character to the Conference
would necessarily be fatal to the Conference itself, for few
if any of the States represented in it would be willing to
submit their sovereignty to the supervision which would be
exercised by a body thus arrogating to itself supreme and
indefinite powers. The true function of such a conference is
to deal with matters of common interest which are not really
subjects of controversy, but upon which comparison of views
and friendly discussion may smooth away differences of detail,
develop substantial agreement and lead to coöperation along
common lines for the attainment of objects which all really
desire. It follows from this view of the functions of the
Conference that it is not expected to accomplish any striking
or spectacular final results; but is to deal with many matters
which, not being subjects of controversy, attract little
public attention, yet which, taken together, are of great
importance for the development of friendly intercourse among
nations; and it is to make such progress as may now be
possible toward the acceptance of ideals, the full realization
of which may be postponed to a distant future. All progress
toward the complete reign of justice and peace among nations
is accomplished by long and patient effort and by many
successive steps; and it is confidently hoped that this
Conference will mark some substantial advancement by all the
American States in this process of developing Christian
civilization. Not the least of the benefits anticipated from
the Conference will be the establishment of agreeable personal
relations, the removal of misconceptions and prejudices, and
the habit of temperate and kindly discussion among the
representatives of so many Republics."
The following account of the Conference and its action is
derived from the subsequent official report of the Delegates
of the United States:—
"The sessions of the Conference were held in a spacious and
ornate building, erected especially for this purpose by the
Brazilian Government, and situated on the superb new boulevard
that for nearly four miles follows the shore of the Bay of
Rio, and at the end of the new Avenida Central. The building
is a permanent one, reproduced in granite and marble from the
plans of the palace erected by Brazil at the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis. It is surrounded by an
exquisite garden, and, facing as it does the entrance to the
wonderfully beautiful Bay of Rio, the building is a notable
landmark. It was christened 'The Monroe Palace' by special
action of the Brazilian Government. The Brazilian Government
installed in the palace a complete telegraph, mail, and
telephone service, and telegrams, cables, and mail of the
different delegations and of individual delegates were
transmitted free. Recognition is due in this connection to the
governments of the Argentine Republic, Paraguay, Uruguay, and
Chili, which officially extended, through the director of
telegraphs of Brazil, the courtesy of free transit for all
telegrams sent by delegates over the telegraph lines of their
respective countries. This marked courtesy on the part of
Brazil and of the Republics mentioned was greatly appreciated
by the delegates. In connection with the work of the
Conference, the Brazilian Government organized and maintained
at its expense an extensive and competent corps of
translators, stenographers, and clerical assistants, whose
services were at all times at the command of the delegates. A
buffet lunch, for the convenience and comfort of delegates and
their guests, was maintained in the palace throughout the
period of the Conference. The palace was elaborately lighted
and was the center of attraction day and night for great
crowds of people, and nothing in connection with its equipment
and administration or that concerned the comfort or
convenience of delegates was left undone by the Brazilian
Government. The Monroe Palace now becomes a national meeting
place for the people of Brazil. It will remain as an adornment
of the splendid new Rio that has risen from the old city during
the past two or three years, and as an evidence of the
progress and energy of the Brazilian people.
"The Conference was formally opened in the presence of a large
and distinguished audience on the evening of July 23, 1906, by
His Excellency the Baron do Rio Branco, the distinguished
Brazilian minister for foreign affairs. The approaches to the
palace were lined with troops, the public grounds and avenues
of the city brilliantly illuminated and packed with people. …
The Conference unanimously chose as its president, His
Excellency Señor Dr. Joaquim Nabuco, the Brazilian Ambassador
to the United States; as honorary vice-presidents, His
Excellency the Baron do Rio Branco, and the Honorable Elihu
Root, Secretary of State of the United States, and as its
Secretary-General, His Excellency, Señor Dr. J. F. de
Assis-Brasil, the Brazilian envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic. The latter selected
as his assistants one of the most competent and distinguished
groups of men that has served any of the preceding
conferences. … These officers left nothing undone toward
aiding and facilitating the work of delegates, and to them the
United States delegation feels greatly indebted for the many
courtesies and the great kindness extended on all occasions.
"The conference was attended by delegates from each of the 21
American Republics, with the exception of Haiti and
Venezuela." …
{24}
"The distinguishing note of the Conference was the
extraordinary session convened to receive the Secretary of
State of the United States, Honorable Elihu Root, who, as
stated earlier in this report, had been named one of the two
honorary presidents of the Conference. The reception accorded
the Secretary of State by the Conference was one of the most
notable political events that has taken place in our relations
with Central and South America, and manifested the feeling of
good fellowship and sympathy that exists between the American
Republics. We believe the visit of the Secretary of State to
South America has resulted in greater good to our relations
with Central and South America than any one thing that has
heretofore taken place in our diplomatic history with them.
The extraordinary session of the Conference to receive the
Secretary of State was held on the evening of July 31 and was
one of great brilliancy. In introducing the Secretary of State
to the Conference, His Excellency Dr. Joaquim Nabuco, the
Brazilian Ambassador to the United States and President of the
Conference, delivered a notable address, to which the
Secretary of State replied."
It was, indeed, a notable utterance of pregnant and impressive
thought which Mr. Root addressed to this important congress of
the American Republics, and it well deserved the distinction
that was accorded to it by the President of the United States,
when he appended it to his Message to Congress the following
December. A considerable part of the brief but richly filled
address may fitly be quoted here:
"I bring from my country," said the Secretary, "a special
greeting to her elder sisters in the civilization of America.
Unlike as we are in many respects, we are alike in this, that
we are all engaged under new conditions, and free from the
traditional forms and limitations of the Old World in working
out the same problem of popular self-government.
"It is a difficult and laborious task for each of us. Not in
one generation nor in one century can the effective control of
a superior sovereign, so long deemed necessary to government,
be rejected and effective self-control by the governed be
perfected in its place. The first fruits of democracy are many
of them crude and unlovely; its mistakes are many, its partial
failures many, its sins not few. Capacity for self-government
does not come to man by nature. It is an art to be learned,
and it is also an expression of character to be developed
among all the thousands of men who exercise popular
sovereignty.
"To reach the goal toward which we are pressing forward, the
governing multitude must first acquire knowledge that comes
from universal education, wisdom that follows practical
experience, personal independence and self-respect befitting
men who acknowledge no superior, self-control to replace that
external control which a democracy rejects, respect for law,
obedience to the lawful expressions of the public will,
consideration for the opinions and interests of others equally
entitled to a voice in the state, loyalty to that abstract
conception—one’s country—as inspiring as that loyalty to
personal sovereigns which has so illumined the pages of
history, subordination of personal interests to the public
good, love of justice and mercy, of liberty and order. All
these we must seek by slow and patient effort; and of how many
shortcomings in his own land and among his own people each one
of us is conscious!
"Yet no student of our times can fail to see that not America
alone but the whole civilized world is swinging away from its
old governmental moorings and intrusting the fate of its
civilization to the capacity of the popular mass to govern. By
this pathway mankind is to travel, whithersoever it leads.
Upon the success of this our great undertaking the hope of
humanity depends. Nor can we fail to see that the world makes
substantial progress towards more perfect popular
self-government. …
"It is not by national isolation that these results have been
accomplished or that this progress can be continued. No nation
can live unto itself alone and continue to live. Each nation’s
growth is a part of the development of the race. There may be
leaders and there may be laggards, but no nation can long
continue very far in advance of the general progress of
mankind, and no nation that is not doomed to extinction can
remain very far behind. It is with nations as with individual
men; intercourse, association, correction of egotism by the
influence of others' judgment, broadening of views by the
experience and thought of equals, acceptance of the moral
standards of a community the desire for whose good opinion
lends a sanction to the rules of right conduct—these are the
conditions of growth in civilization. …
"To promote this mutual interchange and assistance between the
American republics, engaged in the same great task, inspired
by the same purpose, and professing the same principles, I
understand to be the function of the American Conference now
in session. There is not one of all our countries that cannot
benefit the others; there is not one that cannot receive
benefit from the others; there is not one that will not gain
by the prosperity, the peace, the happiness of all. …
"The association of so many eminent men from all the
Republics, leaders of opinion in their own homes; the
friendships that will arise among you; the habit of temperate
and kindly discussion of matters of common interest; the
ascertainment of common sympathies and aims; the dissipation
of misunderstandings; the exhibition to all the American
peoples of this peaceful and considerate method of conferring
upon international questions—this alone, quite irrespective of
the resolutions you may adopt and the conventions you may
sign, will mark a substantial advance in the direction of
international good understanding.
"These beneficent results the Government and the people of the
United States of America greatly desire. We wish for no
victories but those of peace; for no territory except our own;
for no sovereignty except the sovereignty over ourselves. We
deem the independence and equal rights of the smallest and
weakest member of the family of nations entitled to as much
respect as those of the greatest empire, and we deem the
observance of that respect the chief guaranty of the weak
against the oppression of the strong. We neither claim nor
desire any rights, or privileges, or powers that we do not
freely concede to every American republic. We wish to increase
our prosperity, to expand our trade, to grow in wealth, in
wisdom, and in spirit, but our conception of the true way to
accomplish this is not to pull down others and profit by their
ruin, but to help all friends to a common prosperity and a
common growth, that we may all become greater and stronger
together.
{25}
"Within a few months, for the first time the recognized
possessors of every foot of soil upon the American continents
can be and I hope will be represented with the acknowledged
rights of equal sovereign states in the great World Congress
at The Hague. This will be the world’s formal and final
acceptance of the declaration that no part of the American
continents is to be deemed subject to colonization. Let us
pledge ourselves to aid each other in the full performance of
the duty to humanity which that accepted declaration implies;
so that in time the weakest and most unfortunate of our
republics may come to march with equal step by the side of the
stronger and more fortunate. Let us help each other to show
that for all the races of men the liberty for which we have
fought and labored is the twin sister of justice and peace.
Let us unite in creating and maintaining and making effective
an all-American public opinion, whose power shall influence
international conduct and prevent international wrong, and
narrow the causes of war, and forever preserve our free lands
from the burden of such armaments as are massed behind the
frontiers of Europe, and bring us ever nearer to the
perfection of ordered liberty. So shall come security and
prosperity, production and trade, wealth, learning, the arts,
and happiness for us all."
The fruits of the Conference were embodied in four conventions
and a number of important resolutions. The text of a
convention agreed to, which establishes between the States
signing it the status of naturalized citizens who again take
up their residence in the country of their origin, will be
found elsewhere in this Volume, under the subject-heading
Naturalization. Another, which amends and extends the
operation of a treaty signed at the Second Conference, at
Mexico, in 1902 (see above) is as follows:—
"Sole article.
The treaty on pecuniary claims signed at Mexico January
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and two, shall continue in force,
with the exception of the third article, which is hereby
abolished, until the thirty-first day of December, nineteen
hundred and twelve, both for the nations which have already
ratified it, and for those which may hereafter ratify it."
The third Convention signed was a modification and extension
of another of the agreements of the Second Conference, at
Mexico, having relation to patents of invention, literary
property, etc. The fourth Convention provides for an
"international Commission of Jurists, composed of one
representative from each of the signatory States, appointed by
their respective Governments, which Commission shall meet for
the purpose of preparing a draft of a code of Private
International Law and one of Public International Law,
regulating the relations between the nations of America." The
more important of the resolutions adopted were the following:
"To ratify adherence to the principle of arbitration; and, to
the end that so high a purpose may be rendered practicable, to
recommend to the Nations represented at this Conference that
instructions be given to their Delegates to the Second
Conference to be held at The Hague, to endeavor to secure by
the said Assembly, of world-wide character, the celebration of
a General Arbitration Convention, so effective and definite
that, meriting the approval of the civilized world, it shall
be accepted and put in force by every nation."
"To recommend to the Governments represented therein that they
consider the point of inviting the Second Peace Conference, at
The Hague, to examine the question of the compulsory
collection of public debts, and, in general, means tending to
diminish between Nations conflicts having an exclusively
pecuniary origin."
Other resolutions of the Conference were directed to a
broadening of the work and an enlargement of the influence of
the International Bureau of the American Republics; to the
erection of a building for that Bureau and for the
contemplated Library in Memory of Columbus; to the creation in
the Bureau of a section having "as its chief object a special
study of the customs legislation, consular regulations and
commercial statistics of the Republics of America," with a
view to bringing them into more harmony, and to securing the
greatest development and amplification of commercial relations
between American Republics; to promote the establishment and
maintenance of navigation lines connecting the principal ports
of the American continent; to bring about more effective
cooperation in international sanitary measures; to advance the
construction of lines that shall form, connectedly, the
desired Pan-American Railway, extending through the two
continents.
The time and place of future conferences are to be determined
by the Governing Board of the Bureau of American Republics.
AMERICAN REPUBLICS: The International Bureau:
Its increased efficiency.
The gift of a building to it by Mr. Carnegie.
The International Bureau of the American Republics, instituted
at Washington in 1890 (see in Volume VI. of this work),
assumed larger functions and increased importance in 1906,
after the return of Mr. Root, United States Secretary of
State, from his tour of visits to the South American States.
The Honorable John Barrett, who had successively represented
the Government of the United States in Panama, in Argentina
and in Colombia, as well as at the Second Pan-American
Conference, in Mexico, was made Director of the Bureau, and
entered upon its duties with an exalted belief in the
possibilities of good to be done in the American hemisphere by
an energetic promotion of more intimate relations between its
peoples. At the same time a new dignity was given to the
International Union of the American Republics, embodied in the
work of the Bureau, by the provision of a stately building for
its use. Mr. Root had persuaded Congress to appropriate
$200,000 for the site and building of such a home, to be
offered to the Union, and this inadequate sum was supplemented
by a generous private gift. It was easy to interest Mr. Andrew
Carnegie in a project which bore so directly on the promotion
of international friendliness and peace, and he offered an
addition of $750,000 to the fund for the Pan-American
Building.
The site secured for the structure is that of the old Van Ness
mansion, about half-way between the State, War and Navy
Building and the Potomac River. It covers a tract of five
acres, facing public parks on two sides. There the corner
stone of a central seat of Pan-American coöperations and
influences was laid in May, 1908, in the presence of official
representatives from twenty-one American republics, and under
their assembled flags.
{26}
AMERICAN SCHOOL PEACE LEAGUE, The.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1908.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF EQUITY.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1909.
AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY (the "Sugar Trust").
See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1907-1909, and 1909.
AMSTERDAM: A. D. 1907.
Meeting of International Woman Suffrage Alliance.
See (in this Volume)
Elective Franchise: Woman Suffrage.
AMUNDSEN, Roald: Arctic Exploration.
Magnetic Pole Researches.
See (in this Volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION.
ANAM: Deposition of the King.
Toward the end of 1906, France asserted sovereignty over Anam,
which had been a French Protectorate for many years, by
adjudging its king to be insane, placing him in confinement,
and thus ending his reign. He was accused of almost incredible
atrocities, in torturing and murdering his wives and other
subjects within his reach. Even cannibalism was included among
his alleged crimes.
ANARCHISM IN INDIA.
See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907-1908, and 1907-1909.
ANATOLIAN RAILWAY.
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: TURKEY: A. D. 1899-1909.
ANDERSON, Judge A. B.:
Acquittal of the Standard Oil Company.
See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904-1909.
ANDRASSY, Count.
See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1905-1906.
ANGELL, James Burrill:
Retirement from Presidency of University of Michigan.
See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.
ANGLE HILL, Capture of.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).
ANJUMAN,
ENJUMEN.
A term which seems to signify in Persia either a local
assembly or a political association of any nature.
See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1908-1909.
ANNUITIES, for Workingmen.
See POVERTY, PROBLEMS OF.
ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION.
See POLAR EXPLORATION.
ANTHRACITE COAL:
The Railroad Monopoly.
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1906-1909.
ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKES.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES.
ANTI-REBATE LEGISLATION.
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1870-1908,
and 1903 (FEBRUARY).
ANTI-SEMITIC DEMONSTRATIONS.
See (in this Volume)
JEWS.
ANTI-TRUST, or Sherman Act, of 1890 .
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1890-1902.
ANTI-TRUST DECISIONS, in United States Courts.
See (in this Volume)
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
ANTUNG: Opened to Foreign Trade.
See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1903 (MAY-OCTOBER).
ANTUNG-MUKDEN RAILWAY QUESTION, between Japan and China.
See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1905-1909
APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTION OF THE CURIA.
See (in this Volume)
PAPACY: A. D. 1908.
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN FORESTS, Preservation of the.
See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: UNITED STATES.
APPONYI, Count Albert.
See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1904; 1905-1906; 1908-1909.
ARABIA: A. D. 1903-1905.
"Holy War" with the Sultan opened by the Sheik Hamid
Eddin, of the Hadramaut, claiming the Caliphate.
See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1903-1905.
ARBITRATION, INDUSTRIAL.
See LABOR ORGANIZATION.
ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL:
General Treaties, since the First Peace Conference, of 1899.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1899-1909.
ARBITRATION, SPECIAL:
Of the Pious Fund Dispute between Mexico and the
United States.
See (in this Volume)
MEXICO: A. D. 1902 (MAY).
ARBITRATION, OF CLAIMS AGAINST VENEZUELA.
See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.
ARBITRATION, Of Alaska Boundary, between the United
States and Great Britain.
See (in this Volume)
ALASKA: A. D. 1903.
ARBITRATION, Of Brazil and British Guiana:
Boundary Dispute.
See (in this Volume)
BRAZIL: A. D. 1904.
ARBITRATION, Of Great Britain and Russia:
The Dogger Bank Incident.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (OCTOBER-MAY).
ARBITRATION, Of Fisheries Questions between the United
States and Great Britain.
See (in this Volume)
NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1905-1909.
ARBITRATION, Central American Court of Justice.
See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1907.
ARBITRATION, Of Casablanca Incident, between Germany and France,
at The Hague.
See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909.
ARCTIC EXPLORATION.
See (in this Volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1901-1906.
Participation in Second and Third International Conferences
of American Republics, at Rio de Janeiro.
See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1902.
Noble ending of naval rivalries with Chile.
A model arbitration treaty.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1902.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1903.
The Foreign Population.
"Statistics of 1903 showed 1,000,000 foreigners in Argentina
in a total of 5,000,000. Of these 500,000 were Italians,
200,000 Spaniards, 100,000 French, 25,000 English, 18,000
Germans, 15,000 Swiss, 13,000 Austrians, and the remainder of
many nationalities. The number of Americans did not exceed
1,500, although many are coming now, to go into cattle-raising
and farming in the country or into all kinds of business in
Buenos Ayres. English influence is very strong, especially in
financial circles, with the Germans almost equally active."
_John Barret,
Argentina
(American Review of Reviews, July, 1905)._
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1904.
Inauguration of President Quintana.
Dr. Manuel Quintana, elected President of the Republic, was
inaugurated on the 12th of October, 1904, and entered on an
administration which promised much good to the country.
{27}
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1905.
A revolutionary movement promptly suppressed.
A revolutionary undertaking, in Buenos Aires and several
provinces, had its outbreak on the 4th of February, but was
suppressed so promptly that the public disturbance by it was
very brief. Particulars of the affair were reported by the
American Minister at Buenos Aires, Mr. Beaupré, as follows:
"On the afternoon of the 3d instant rumors of an intended
movement subversive of the established government of this
country came to the Federal authorities from various parts of
the Republic. These rumors were at first discredited, but
finally proved so persistent that the President and heads of
the various departments of the government proceeded to take
measures of precaution. In the early hours of the morning of
the next day, the 4th instant, the anticipated outbreak came
simultaneously in the capital, Rosario, Mendoza, Cordoba, and
Bahia Blanca, these being the largest cities of the Republic
and the principal political and military centers.
"In the capital the plan of the revolutionists seems to have
been to attack the police stations and military arsenal, with
a view perhaps of forcing the police of the capital into their
ranks and of supplying themselves with arms and munitions. At
the arsenal, by a simple stratagem of the minister of war, the
malcontents were lured into the building and arrested. About
the police stations there was some fighting, particularly at
Station No. 14; but the insurgents proved unprepared and
insufficiently organized, so that by dawn the movement had
completely failed in this city. Except that many of the shops
remained closed throughout the day of the 4th, and except for
the presence of armed police in the streets, there were no
evidences of any revolutionary effort. Some half dozen
fatalities are reported.
"The prompt and effective suppression of the revolution in
this city is due in large measure to the energy and judgment
displayed by the President and his ministers, who spent the
entire night in the Government House in council. Following up
the precautionary measures of the 3d instant and the active
measures of the night of the 3d and 4th, the President
proceeded at 8 A. M. of the 4th to declare the Republic in a
state of siege for a period of thirty days, to call out the
reserves and to establish a censorship of the press and of the
telegraph service.
"The movement in Rosario was about as brief and unsuccessful
as that in the capital, so that by the forenoon of the 4th it
was known to have failed in the two principal cities of the
Republic. Here there was also some blood shed.
"In the meantime the real center of the movement was the city
of Cordoba, while serious trouble seemed in view in the city
of Mendoza, where the revolutionists were said to be in a
strong position, and in the province of Buenos Aires, where
troops and marines were already in movement from Bahia Blanca
upon the capital."
Forces despatched to those points made as quick an ending of
the revolt there as at the capital. "The revolutionary forces
at Cordoba had made prisoners of the vice-president of the
Republic, Dr. Figueroa Alcorta, and other prominent citizens.
These prominent men they are reported to have proposed putting
in their vanguard unless concessions were made to them. This
and the conditions of the revolutionists the vice-president
telegraphed to the Executive, who did not allow himself to be
moved by threats or even by sympathy for his colleague.
Consequently the revolutionists, finding threats and
resistance vain, fled yesterday before the government troops
arrived. With the failure of the movement in Cordoba the
revolution is considered at an end and the country has
returned to its former condition of peace and tranquillity."
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1906.
Death of its President.
Dr. Manuel Quintana, the much esteemed President of the
Argentine Republic, died in March, 1906, and was succeeded by
the Vice-President, Dr. Figuero Alcorta, who will fill the
office until 1910.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1908.
Dreadnought building.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1909.
Assassination of Colonel Falcon.
As Colonel Falcon, Prefect of Police at Buenos Ayres, was
returning from a funeral, with his secretary, on the 14th of
November, a bomb was thrown into the carriage and exploded,
with fatal effects to both. The assassin, a youth of nineteen
years, was captured. The murder had been preceded by a number
of bomb explosions in the past six months, all attributed to
anarchists from Europe, of whom large numbers were said to
have been collected in Buenos Ayres.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1909.
Chief food supply to Great Britain.
"How many readers of _The Times_ (said a special
correspondent of the _London Times_ writing from Buenos
Aires, October 15, 1909), if asked to name the country which
supplied the United Kingdom last year with the largest
quantity of wheat, of maize, and of refrigerated and frozen
cattle, would unhesitatingly award the first place to the
Argentine Republic? How many English people realize that this
South American Republic is changing places with the North
American Republic in the exporting of these and other food
products to the United Kingdom? The Argentine Republic last
year occupied, and may in the future occupy, the first, whilst
the United States may have to be content with the second,
place in the exportation of foodstuffs. The change is partly
due to the shortage of meat in America, and partly to the fact
that with their increasing population the United States will
have less and less surplus provisions with which to supply the
world. Last year, the Argentine Republic sent England three
times more maize than the United States did, something like
four and a half million cwt. more wheat, and considerably over
twice the amount of refrigerated and frozen cattle. The
shipments of meat are considerably heavier for the first nine
months of 1909, so the proportion shipped by the Argentine
Republic is not likely to be less for the present year."
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1909.
Arbitration of the Acre boundary dispute between
Bolivia and Peru.
See (in this Volume)
ACRE DISPUTES.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1909.
Building of the Transandine Railway Tunnel.
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: ARGENTINA-CHILE.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1910.
Agreement with Uruguay concerning the River Plate.
The following message came from Buenos Ayres on the 6th of
January, 1910: "A burning question between Argentina and
Uruguay, which for two years was seemingly insoluble and
possibly involved Brazil, has been settled by Señor Roque
Saenz-Peña.
{28}
As Argentine Plenipotentiary he signed a Protocol at
Montevideo yesterday, of which the following is a summary:
Recognizing the reciprocal desire for friendly relations,
fortified by the common origin of the two nations, the parties
agree to declare that past differences are not capable of
being regarded as a cause of offence and shall not be allowed
to continue. The navigation and use of the waters of the River
Plate will continue as heretofore without alteration, and
differences which may arise in the future will be removed and
settled in the same spirit of cordiality."
ARICA-LA PAZ RAILWAY.
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: CHILE-BOLIVIA.
ARICA QUESTION.
See (in this Volume)
CHILE: A. I). 1907.
ARID LANDS, Reclamation of.
See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
ARIZONA:
Refusal of statehood in union with New Mexico.
See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1906.
ARMENIANS: A. D. 1903-1904.
Incursions of Armenian revolutionists from Russia and Persia.
Exaggerated accounts of massacre.
See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1903-1904.
ARMENIANS: A. D. 1905.
Massacre by Tartars in the Caucasus.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1905 (FEBRUARY-NOVEMBER).
ARMENIANS: A. D. 1909.
Massacre at Adana and vicinity.
See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY) and (APRIL-DECEMBER).
ARMAMENTS.
Armies.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATION FOR.
ARMOUR & CO.,et al.,
The case of the United States against.
See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.
ARMOUR PACKING COMPANY:
Decision against in rebating case.
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908.
ARMSTRONG, Vice-Consul J. P.:
Reports on affairs in the Congo State.
See (in this Volume)
CONGO STATE: A. D. 1906-1909.
ARMSTRONG INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE.
See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE, LIFE.
ARNOLDSEN, K. P.
See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.
ARRHENIUS, SVANTE AUGUST.
See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.
ARYA SAMAJ, The:
This is "an organization founded in Bombay more than 30 years
ago by a devout Gujerati Brahmin who was born in Kathiawar. So
far as I am aware, it has few followers in Bombay nowadays:
but in the last few years it has waxed very strong in the
Punjab. Originally it was a purely religious movement, based
upon the teaching of the Vedas. It promotes the abolition of
caste and idolatry, condemns early marriages, and permits the
remarriage of widows. At the same time it is violently hostile
to Christianity. There can be no question that large numbers
of members of the Arya Samaj are only concerned with its
spiritual side; but there can be equally no question that the
organization, as a whole, has developed marked political
tendencies subversive of British rule. …
"In the United Provinces it is believed that there are now
about 40,000 members of the Arya Samaj. I have entirely failed
to secure any trustworthy estimate of the number of its
members in this province [the Punjab], but there are
flourishing branches of the Samaj in every large town and in
many of the important villages, and proselytism is being
actively pursued with marked success. The members of the Samaj
strenuously deny that their organization has a political side.
The literature of the sect, and particularly the writings of
their founder, the ardent ascetic Dayanand Saraswati, who came
from Kathiawar, show no trace of any interest in mundane
politics. Dayanand was an enthusiast who denounced the
idolatrous tendencies of modern Hinduism, and advocated a
return to the earlier, purer faith. … Dayanand’s clarion call
of "Back to the Vedas" produced a complete revulsion of
feeling, and he made the Punjab a stronghold of the new creed.
For that reason, the Arya Samaj is to this day the bitterest
opponent of Christianity in India; and Punjabi Mahomedans
declare that it is also their most formidable foe."
_India correspondence of The Times._
ASHOKAN RESERVOIR.
See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1905-1909.
ASIATIC IMMIGRATION:
The resistance to it in South Africa, Australia,
America, and elsewhere.
See (in this Volume)
RACE PROBLEMS.
ASQUITH, Mr. Herbert Henry, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905 (DECEMBER), and 1905-1906.
ASQUITH, Mr. Herbert Henry:
On the German attitude toward an international reduction of
naval armaments.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR.
ASQUITH, Mr. Herbert Henry:
Address at the Imperial Conference of 1907
on Preferential Trade.
See (in this Volume)
BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.
ASQUITH, Mr. Herbert Henry:
Prime Minister.
See
ENGLAND: A. D. 1908 (APRIL).
ASQUITH, Mr. Herbert Henry:
On the rejection of the Licensing Bill by the House of Lords.
See (in this Volume)
Alcohol Problem: England: A. D. 1908.
ASQUITH, Mr. Herbert Henry:
On the Budget of 1909.
See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).
ASIA:
The Asiatic future of Russia as it appeared at the beginning
of the twentieth century.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA.
ASSAM:
United with Eastern Bengal.
See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1905-1909.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of King Alexander, Queen Draga, and others of the Servian
Court.
See (in this Volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: SERVIA.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Count Alexei Ignatief.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Ali Akbar Khan, the Atabek Azam.
See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1907.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Ashutosh Biswas.
See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907-1908.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of the Atabeg-i-Azam.
See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1907 (JANUARY-SEPTEMBER).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of General Beckman.
See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1909 (JUNE).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Governor-General Bobrikoff.
See (in this Volume)
FINLAND: A. D. 1904.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of M. Bogoliepoff, Russian Minister of Instruction.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A D. 1901-1904.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of King Carlos I. and Crown Prince Luiz Felipe.
See (in this Volume)
PORTUGAL: A. D. 1906-1909.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Sir Curzon-Wyllie.
See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1909 (JULY).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Premier Delyannis.
See (in this Volume)
GREECE: A. D. 1905.
{29}
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Colonel Falcon.
See (in this Volume)
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D). 1909.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Fehim Pasha.
See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER),
and 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Prince Ito.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Colonel Karpoff.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1909 (DECEMBER).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of President McKinley.
See (in this Volume)
BUFFALO: A. D. 1901;
and UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901 (SEPTEMBER).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of General Min.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906 (AUGUST).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of M. Plehve.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1901-1904.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of General Sakharoff.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Count Schouvaloff.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1905 (FEBRUARY-NOVEMBER).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Grand Duke Sergius.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of Shemsi Pasha.
See TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER).
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of M. Sipiagin.
See RUSSIA: A. D. 1901-1904.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of ex-Governor Steunenberg, of Idaho.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES. A. D. 1899-1907.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Of D. W. Stevens.
See KOREA: A. D. 1905-1909.
ASSASSINATIONS:
Attempted murder of Minister Stolypin.
See RUSSIA: A. D. 1906 (AUGUST).
ASSINIBOIA:
Absorbed in the Province of Saskatchewan.
See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1905.
ASSIS-BRAZIL, Dr. J. F.:
Secretary-general of Third International Conference of
American Republics.
See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.
ASSOCIATIONS, Law: French.
See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1902 (APRIL-OCTOBER), and 1903.
ASSOCIATIONS, Law: German.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1908 (APRIL).
ASSUAN DAM, Completion of.
See (in this Volume)
EGYPT: A. D. 1902 (DECEMBER).
ASTRONOMY OF THE INVISIBLE.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION.
ATABEG-I-AZAM: Premier of Persia.
His assassination.
See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1907 (JANUARY-SEPTEMBER).
ATABEGS,
ATABEKS.
See (in this Volume)
Persia: A. D. 1905-1906.
ATCHINESE, Dutch hostilities with the.
See (in this Volume)
NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1904.
ATHABASCA:
Absorbed in the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1905.
ATLANTA: A. D. 1906.
Anti-Negro Riot.
See (in this Volume)
RACE PROBLEMS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1906.
ATWATER, Professor W. O.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: CARNEGIE INSTITUTION.
AUSGLEICH, Austro-Hungarian.
See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1902-1903, and 1907.
----------AUSTRALIA: Start--------
AUSTRALIA:
The Race Problem.
Reasons for dread of Asiatic immigration.
The demand for a white Australia.
See (in this Volume)
RACE PROBLEMS.
AUSTRALIA:
Woman Suffrage.
See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
AUSTRALIA:
Government ownership of railways.
Disconnecting gauges in the several states.
See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: AUSTRALIA.
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1901-1902.
The Tariff Question in the First
Parliament of the Commonwealth.
Issue between the Senate and the Representative Chamber.
"The tariff originally proposed by the government was framed
on lines of extreme protection, with special reference to the
languishing industries of Victoria; it was inevitable that the
opposition, mainly representing New South Wales, should fight
tooth and nail to prevent its becoming law. The result of the
struggle, which lasted almost without a serious interruption
for nine months, has been a compromise which leaves the tariff
of the commonwealth neither one thing nor the other. There can
be little doubt that in debating power and political
generalship the victory lay generally with the opposition; but
after all the result, so far as it was a victory for the party
of free trade, was due to the action of the Senate.
"To many, and apparently not least to the cabinet, the prompt
and effective interference of the Senate in a question of
taxation, which was generally supposed to be practically
placed by the constitution almost as much beyond their control
as custom has placed it beyond that of the House of Lords in
England, was a great surprise, and as the first test of the
respective powers of the two chambers of the legislature it
can hardly fail to be of great political importance. It was
provided by the constitution not only that all bills involving
the taxation of the people, directly or indirectly, should, as
in this country, originate in the representative chamber of
the legislature, but further that such bills should not be
altered or amended in their passage through the Senate. As a
concession to the less populous states, it was agreed when the
constitution was framed that while only the chamber, elected
on a strict basis of population, should impose or control
taxation, the Senate, in which all the states enjoy, as in
America, equal representation, should have the right to
suggest, for the consideration of the other chamber, any
amendments it thought desirable in any money bill sent on for
its assent. This provision, mild and inoffensive as it was
supposed to be, has now been used in a way to upset the policy
of the government, and practically to compel the assent of the
representative chamber to the views of a Senate majority. The
tariff bill as passed by the government majority was subjected
to an exhaustive criticism by the Senate, and finally fully
fifty items of the schedule imposing duties were referred back
to the representative chamber, with a request for their
reconsideration and reduction or excision.
{30}
"The government attempted to meet the difficulty by agreeing
to a few trifling amendments on the lines suggested, and got
the chamber peremptorily to reject all the others, sending the
bill back in effect as it was. To this the Senate replied by
calmly adhering to the views it had already expressed, and
sending the bill back again for further consideration,
allowing it to be pretty plainly understood that, in the event
of their views being ignored, they would place their reasons
on record and reject the bill altogether, thus preventing any
uniform tariff being established during the session. Face to
face with so grave a difficulty the cabinet gave way, and
agreed to a compromise which they would not have dreamed of
doing but for the action of the Senate, with its free-trade
majority of two votes. The immediate result of the long
struggle has been the passing of a tariff act which pleases
neither party, but will apparently raise the required revenue
of $40,000,000, needed to meet the wants of the federal and
state governments."
_Hugh H. Lusk,
The First Parliament of Australia
(American Review of Reviews, March, 1903)_.
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1902.
The "States Rights" temper.
Question of constitutional relations between Commonwealth
and States in external affairs, as raised by South Australia.
Decision of the Imperial Government.
"State-rights" questions and the provincialistic spirit behind
them made a prompt appearance in the Australian Commonwealth
after its federation was accomplished. One of the first
wrangles to occur between the General Government and that of a
State was appealed necessarily to the Imperial Government at
London, because it arose out of a call from the latter, in
September, 1902, for information about an incident which
concerned a Dutch ship. The request for information went from
London to the Commonwealth Government, and from the latter to
the Government of South Australia, where the incident in
question occurred, involving some act of its officials. The
South Australian Ministry declined to pass the desired
information through the channel of the Commonwealth Ministry,
but would give it to the British Colonial Office, direct. A
long triangular argumentative correspondence ensued, in the
course of which much that seems like a repetition of the early
history of the United States of America appears. Such as this,
for example, in one of the letters of the Acting Premier of
South Australia to the Lieutenant-Governor of that State: "The
importance to the States, especially to the smaller States, of
strictly maintaining the lines of demarcation between
Commonwealth and State power is manifest. Already a movement
has begun to destroy the Federal element in the Constitution.
A remarkable indication of this may be gathered from a speech
made by Sir William Lyne, the Commonwealth Minister for Home
Affairs, at Kalgoorlie, in Western Australia, on the 2nd day
of the present month. Speaking of the Constitution, Sir
William Lyne said: 'If the population increased in the States
as he expected, he did not think three of the larger States
would still consent to be governed by four of the smaller
ones. He hoped that when the time came there would not be
bloodshed, but that things would settle themselves in a manner
worthy of the records of the first Parliament.’
"Believing, as Ministers do, that the peaceful and successful
working of the Constitution depends upon the strict
maintenance of the lines of demarcation between the powers of
the Commonwealth and those of the States, and that that line
is drawn clearly in the Constitution, they cannot agree to the
opinions of the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for
the Colonies, which increase, by implication, the power of the
Commonwealth, and which seem to Ministers to tend to
Unification, and to a sacrifice of the Federal to the National
principle."
This communication, transmitted to London, drew from the then
Colonial Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain, an unanswerable reply,
addressed to the Lieutenant-Governor and dated April 15, 1903,
in part as follows:
"Your Ministers contend ‘that the grant of power to the
Commonwealth, notwithstanding the general terms of Section 3
of the Act, is strictly limited to the Departments
transferred, and to matters upon which the Commonwealth
Parliament has power to make laws and has made laws,’ and that
‘in the distribution of legislative and consequently of
executive power, made by the Constitution, all powers not
specifically ceded to the Commonwealth remain in the States.’
"They are unable to agree ‘with the contention that there does
not appear to be anything in the Constitution to justify this
limitation,’ and argue that the validity of any claim of the
Commonwealth to any particular power, should be tested by
enquiring:—Does the Constitution specifically confer the
power?
"The view of the Act which I take is that it is a Constitution
Act, and creates a new political community. It expressly
declares that ‘the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South
Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, and also, if Her Majesty
is satisfied that the people of Western Australia have agreed
thereto, of Western Australia, shall be united in a Federal
Commonwealth under the name of the Commonwealth of Australia.’
The object and scope of the Act is defined and declared by the
preamble to be to give effect to the agreement of the people
of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and
Tasmania 'to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth
under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, and under the Constitution hereby established.’
"The whole Act must be read in the light of this declaration
and the provisions of Section 3. So far as other communities
in the Empire or foreign nations are concerned, the people of
Australia form one political community for which the
Government of the Commonwealth alone can speak, and for
everything affecting external states or communities, which
takes place within its boundaries, that Government is
responsible. The distribution of powers between the Federal
and State Authorities is a matter of purely internal concern
of which no external country or community can take any
cognizance. It is to the Commonwealth and the Commonwealth
alone that, through the Imperial Government, they must look,
for remedy or relief for any action affecting them done within
the bounds of the Commonwealth, whether it is the act of a
private individual, of a State official, or of a State
government. The Commonwealth is, through His Majesty’s
Government, just as responsible for any action of South
Australia affecting an external community as the United States
of America are for the action of Louisiana or any other State
of the Union.
{31}
"The Crown undoubtedly remains part of the constitution of the
State of South Australia and, in matters affecting it in that
capacity, the proper channel of communication is between the
Secretary of State and the State Governor. But in matters
affecting the Crown in its capacity as the central authority
of the Empire, the Secretary of State can, since the people of
Australia have become one political community, look only to
the Governor-General, as the representative of the Crown in
that community."
The published correspondence ends with this, and it is to be
assumed that South Australia had no more to say.
_Correspondence respecting the Constitutional Relations
of the Australian Commonwealth and States in regard to
External Affairs
(Parliamentary Papers, Cd. 1587)._
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1902.
British Colonial Conference at London.
See (in this Volume)
BRITISH EMPIRE.
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1902.
The Governor-Generalship.
The office of Governor-General was resigned by Lord Hopetoun
in the summer, and he was succeeded by Lord Tennyson.
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1902-1909.
Undertakings of irrigation and forestry.
See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: AUSTRALIA.
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1903.
The Governor-Generalship.
In August, Lord Northcote, previously Governor of the
Presidency of Bombay, was appointed Governor-General of
Australia, succeeding Lord Tennyson.
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1903-1904.
Resignation of Premier Barton.
The Deakin Ministry.
Four months of power for the Labor Party.
Its influence in the Commonwealth.
Sir Edmund Barton, who had been the Prime Minister of the
Australian Commonwealth since its Union in 1900 (see Australia
in Volume VI. of this work), resigned in 1903 to accept a
place on the bench of the High Federal Court, and was
succeeded by Mr. Alfred Deakin, previously Attorney-General in
the Federal Cabinet. The most important occurrence of the year
in the Commonwealth was the election of a new House of
Representatives in the Federal Parliament and of one third of
its Senate. These were the first federal elections occurring
since those of 1900 which constituted the original Parliament,
opened in May, 1901, and the first in which women went to the
polls. The main issue in the elections was between the Labor
Party and its opponents, and the rising power of the former
was shown by its gain of six seats in each House, four from
the Ministry and two from the opposition in the Senate, and
all six from the Ministry in the lower House. This threw the
balance of power into its hands in both branches of
Parliament. Naturally, in these circumstances, labor questions
became dominant in Australian politics, with Socialistic
tendencies very strong.
The Deakin Ministry was defeated in April, 1904, on an
industrial arbitration bill which excluded State railway
employés and other civil servants from its provisions,
contrary to the demands of the Labor Party. The adverse
majority was made up of 23 Labor representatives, 13 opponents
of the protectionist policy of the Government, and 4 from the
ranks of its own ordinary supporters. The ministry resigned,
and the leader of the Labor Party, Mr. J. C. Watson, a young
compositor by trade, was called to form a Government, which he
did, drawing all but its Law Officer from the Labor Party. It
is creditable to the capability of this Labor Ministry that,
with so precarious a backing in the House, it should have held
the management of Government, with apparently good
satisfaction to the public, for about four months. It was
defeated in August on another labor question, and gave way to
a coalition Ministry of Free Traders and Moderate
Protectionists, formed under Mr. George Houston Reid.
An account of the Labor Ministry and its leader, from which
the following facts are taken, was given by _The Review of
Reviews for Australasia_ at the time of its ascendancy: The
average age of the members is only forty-three years, while in
England sixty is the average age at which corresponding rank
is attained. The nationalities of the members are as follows:
One, the prime minister, is a New Zealander, two are
Australian-born, two are Irish, two are Scotch, and one is
Welsh. There is not one who was born in England.
Mr. John Christian Watson, the premier, is but thirty-seven
years of age. He was born in Valparaiso, where his parents
were on a visit, but was only a few months old when they
returned to New Zealand. At an early age he began his
apprenticeship as a compositor, joining the Typographical
Union. When nineteen, he came to Sydney and joined the
composing staff of the _Star_. Then he became president
of the Sydney Trades and Labor Council, and president of the
Political Labor League of New South Wales. In 1894, he was
returned to a New South Wales Parliament, and took the leading
place among the Labor members. In 1901, he was returned to the
first federal Parliament. He was selected to lead the Labor
party in the federal House, and has won golden opinions in
that position. He is a born leader of men, and has rare tact.
He overcame the apprehension caused by his youth. He curbed
the extremists of his party. Power came to him at once. He
seized the advantage of leading a third party between two
opponents. It was he, rather than Sir Edmund Barton or Mr.
Deakin, who decided what should pass and what not.
The situation developed in this period is described by an
American writer, whose sympathies are ardently with the Labor
Party, as follows:
"Protectionists and Free Traders (so called) were so divided
in the Australian Parliament that neither could gain a
majority without the Labor Party. A succession of governments
bowled over by labor votes drove this hard fact into the
political intelligence. The Labor Party was then invited to
take the government. For five months men that had been
carpenters, bricklayers, and painters administered the
nation’s affairs. No convulsion of nature followed, no
upheavals and no disasters. It is even admitted that the
government of these men was conspicuously wise, able, and
successful. But having a minority party, their way was
necessarily precarious, and on the chance blow of an adverse
vote they resigned. Some scene shifting followed, but in the
end the present arrangement was reached, by which the
government is in the hands of the Protectionists that follow
Mr. Deakin, and the ministry is supported by the Labor Party
on condition that the Government adopt certain legislation.
And that is the extent of the ‘absolute rule of the Labor
gang.’ The Deakin Government does not greatly care for the
Labor Party, nor for the Labor Party’s ideas, but it rules by
reason of the Labor Party’s support, and in return therefor
has passed certain moderate and well-intentioned measures of
reform.
{32}
Indeed the sum-total of the ‘revolutionary, radical, and
socialistic laws’ passed by the Labor Party, directly or by
bargaining with the Deakin or other ministries, indicates an
exceedingly gentle order of revolution. It has done much in
New South Wales and elsewhere to mitigate the great estate
evil by enacting graduated land taxes; it has passed humane
and reasonable laws regulating employers’ liability for
accidents to workmen and laws greatly bettering the hard
conditions of labor in mines and factories. It has passed a
law to exclude trusts from Australian soil. It has stood for
equal rights for men and women. In New South Wales it has
enormously bettered conditions for toilers by regulating hours
of employment even in department and other stores and by
instituting a weekly half-holiday the year around for
everybody. It has tried with a defective Arbitration and
Conciliation Act to abolish strikes. To guard Australia
against the sobering terrors of the race problem that
confronts America, it has succeeded in keeping out colored
aliens. It has agitated for a Henry George land tax and for
the national ownership of public services and obvious
monopolies. And with one exception this is the full catalogue
of its misdeeds." [The "one exception" is the abolition of
coolie labor.]
_Charles E. Russell,
The Uprising of the Many,
chapter 24
(Doubleday, Page and Company, New York, 1907)._
See, also, (in this Volume)
Labor Organization: Australia.
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1905-1906.
Mr. Deakin’s precarious ministry.
Power of the Labor Party without responsibility.
Its principles and its "Fighting Platform."
Important legislation of 1905.
The Federal Capital question.
General election of 1906.
Mr. Reid, the Free Trade Premier, had taken office on an
agreement with Mr. Deakin, the Protectionist leader, that the
tariff question should not be opened during the term of the
existing Parliament. But the truce became broken early in
1905, each party attributing the breach to the other, and the
Reid Ministry, beaten on an amendment to the address replying
to the Governor-General’s speech, resigned. The
Protectionists, in provisional alliance with the Labor Party,
then came back to power, with Mr. Deakin at their head.