_Exploration of the Kapare River—Obota—Native
Geography—River Obstructions—Hornbills and
Tree Ducks—Gifts of Stones—Importance of Steam
Launch—Cultivation of Tobacco—Sago Swamps—Manufacture of
Sago—Cooking of Sago—The Dutch Use of Convict Labour._
Towards the end of January Capt. Rawling, who had gone up the Mimika
River with the first party to Parimau, made an excursion to the N.W. of
that place, and at a distance of about four miles he came to a river,
which we afterwards learnt to know as the Kapare, of much greater
volume than the Mimika, and therefore likely to spring from mountains
much higher than those that gave rise to the Mimika. Had we known at
the time that our real objective, the highest mountains of the range,
lay far to the N.E., we should have neglected the Kapare River, and
by so doing we should have spared ourselves many weeks of labour; but
at the same time we should have missed seeing a wide area of unknown
country, and we might possibly have failed to make the discovery of the
pygmy tribe, who inhabit the hilly country between the Kapare and the
upper waters of the Mimika River.
[Illustration: UPPER WATERS OF THE KAPARE RIVER. MOUNT TAPIRO IN
DISTANCE.]
It appeared that the Kapare might offer a better route to the higher
mountains than the Mimika, so it was decided that we should explore
its lower waters and see whether it was possible to reach it from our
base-camp. Accordingly on February 14th Lieut. Cramer, Marshall and
I set out in three canoes, taking with us provisions sufficient for a
week’s journey. Two miles below Wakatimi we entered and began to ascend
the Watuka River, of which, as has been noted above (p. 40), the Mimika
is but a tributary. After proceeding a mile or two up the Watuka we
came to another junction of two rivers, and for the first time we began
to realise the extraordinary network of waterways, which traverse the
low-lying lands of that part of New Guinea. We learnt afterwards that
there are inland channels joining several of the rivers to the East of
the Mimika in such a way that it is possible to travel by water from
Wakatimi to villages far distant along the coast without going by sea,
and no doubt the same is true in a Westerly direction.
The junction we had then reached was formed by a wide river coming,
apparently, from due North and a much smaller branch, not more than ten
yards wide, but deep and swift, joining it from the West. It appeared
to be quite certain that the river we were in search of must be the
Northern branch, and we should have followed it at once had not a
number of natives appeared on the bank, and asked us to go and visit
their village, which, they explained, was a short distance up the
Western branch.
[Sidenote: VISIT TO OBOTA]
We soon reached Obota, as the village was called, a collection of
about one hundred huts on both banks of the narrow river, and there we
were accorded the usual welcome by a large crowd of people. As it was
still early in the day we were anxious to continue our journey, and we
proposed to go up the Northern branch, but the natives assured us that
that led to nowhere and broke up into branches in the jungle, while
the small stream which flowed through the village was the river flowing
directly from the mountains.
It should be explained that this information was conveyed to us partly
by long speeches of which we understood little or nothing, but chiefly
by means of maps drawn on the ground. Some of the men drew their rivers
crossing one another in a rather improbable manner, but many of them
drew charts very intelligently, and at different times we obtained
from the natives a good deal of geographical information which was
substantially correct. On this occasion their maps all agreed in
tracing the big river to branches in the jungle, and the small river
to the mountains, so we were rather reluctantly persuaded that they
were right, and we tried to induce some of them to go with us. Many
of them offered to go the next day, but not one would start then—it
was too late, it was going to rain, they had not eaten, and many other
excuses—so we got into our canoes and attempted to paddle up the stream
and found, what the natives doubtless knew, that we could not advance
at all. Several times we tried, but were always driven back by the
strong current, to the great delight of the natives who lined the banks
and laughed at our feeble efforts, so there was nothing for it but to
make a camp near the village and wait till the next day.
[Sidenote: RIVER OBSTACLES]
There was some difficulty about inducing the men to start in the
morning, for it was raining, and, like other naked peoples, the
Papuans dislike being wetted by rain, but we got off eventually with
two natives, one at the bow and one at the stern, in each canoe, in
addition to the crews of four Javanese soldiers and convicts. It was
soon evident that without the help of the natives we could not possibly
have ascended the river. For a mile or two above Obota the water ran
like a mill-race in a very narrow channel full of rocks and sunken
trees, and it was only by the most skilful poling and, when a chance
occurred, by hauling the canoes along a side channel that we were able
to proceed. When we returned a few days later, we skimmed in fifteen
minutes down the rapids which we had taken more than three hours to
ascend.
Above the rapids the river widened to about forty yards and the
strength of the current was proportionately less, but in a few miles
we met with another difficulty. At a sharp bend of the river the whole
channel was blocked by an enormous barrier of huge trunks and limbs of
trees piled high upon each other and wedged below into a solid mass.
For larger boats this might have meant a delay of many days spent
in cutting a channel, but the dug-out canoe is narrow and, if not
flexible, it can be squeezed through the most unlikely openings, so
that we passed the barrier without the loss of many hours.
When we started from Obota we had been doubtful whether it was possible
that so small a river could possibly come from the mountains; but a
little way above the barrier of logs our doubts were set at rest, when
we found that our river was a mere off-shoot from another more than
twice its volume, which flowed down to the sea at a village called
Periepia. The main river, the Kapare, where we joined it, was more
than a hundred yards wide, and in the next two days’ journey it hardly
diminished at all in size. The character of the river differed markedly
from that of the Mimika; its bed was of sand, denoting its mountain
origin, in contrast to the brown mud of the Mimika and other jungle
rivers, and its course was a procession of magnificent bends, quite
unlike the paltry windings of the Mimika.
Paddling slowly up the river we disturbed companies of Hornbills
(_Rhytidoceros plicatus_) which were feeding at the tops of the trees.
These peculiarly hideous birds bark like dogs, and the loud “swishing”
of their wings, as they slowly take flight, has been likened (not
inaptly) to the starting puffs of a railway train. On this and on the
other rivers we were often pleasantly reminded of home by the note of
the Common Sandpiper (_Totanus hypoleucus_) which seemed to be quite as
much at home in New Guinea as in its northern haunts. The last of these
were seen in early April, and they began to reappear before the end of
July. Very interesting birds, of which we saw a great number on this
river, are the black and white Tree Ducks (_Tadorna radjah_). They have
the curious habit of perching very cleverly on the topmost branches of
the trees, and they make a pretty whistling by night.
[Illustration: VEGETATION ON THE BANKS OF THE KAPARE RIVER.]
There were no signs of human habitation along the banks, until on the
third day we came to a small village of a dozen huts, in the middle
of which was a tall house built of bamboos, used for ceremonials and
dancing. The few people inhabiting the place were of a very low
order of intelligence, if one may judge from the apathy with which
they received us and saw us go on our way.
As we proceeded further, on the fourth day the river became a good deal
smaller, having derived several tributaries from the low hills which
were by that time not far distant on the right bank, and as the current
became increasingly swifter it was evident that the Kapare did not
promise a better means of approach by water to the mountains than the
Mimika.
[Sidenote: THE FIRST PEBBLES]
We were rather amused, when we came to the first bank of shingle, by
the natives who were with us bringing us gifts of stones, as though
they were something new and rare: probably they thought that as we
came, for all they knew, from the sea, we had never seen such things
before.
On the fifth day we left the baggage behind and went on in one unladen
canoe, hoping to reach the point where Rawling had met the Kapare River
by walking overland from the Mimika, but we were stopped a few miles
short of that place by heavy rapids, which effectually prevented any
further investigation of the river.
The excursion up the Kapare was a further illustration, if one had been
needed, of the futility of undertaking an expedition in that country
without a steam launch or motor-boat. When it was found that the Mimika
was only an insignificant river, which the first excursion up it would
have shown, the Kapare River might have been explored from Periepia,
a matter which could have been done in two days instead of the seven
occupied by the journey in canoes, and after that other rivers to the
East might have been explored until one convenient for approaching the
mountains had been found.
After spending a night on a sand bank from which we were very nearly
washed away by a sudden flood, we paddled leisurely down the river
and came in one day again to Obota. Though the two places are so
close together and communication between them is very frequent, the
inhabitants of Obota are a much better lot of people than those of
Wakatimi. The Obota men, who came up the river with us, worked steadily
for several days, a thing we never could persuade the Wakatimi men to
do, and, a more striking sign of their superiority, the Obota people
cultivate the soil, whereas the Wakatimi people never do anything of
the kind.
[Sidenote: TOBACCO]
Many acres of ground on both sides of the river were cleared of bush
and planted with bananas and sweet potatoes; we never succeeded in
obtaining any of the latter, but bananas were brought for us to buy
and in the circumstances they seemed to us to be excellent. The most
extensive crop cultivated at Obota is tobacco; they plant out the
seedlings and shelter them with a low roof of bent sticks covered with
leaves, until the young plants are strong enough to bear the full force
of the sun and rain. Almost every native smokes, men and women, and
very often the children. A small handful of the dried leaves is taken
and very carefully rolled up in the form of a cigar, and then wrapped
round with a _sirih_ leaf, which has been previously warmed over the
fire; the ends are bitten square, and sometimes the leaf is tied round
the middle with a thread of fibre to prevent its unrolling. The
tobacco is strong in flavour, but not at all unpleasant to smoke. The
only other place, except among the pygmy people of the hills, where we
found cultivation was up the Keaukwa River, a few miles to the E. of
the Mimika River.
The distribution of tobacco in New Guinea is rather a puzzling
question. There are many places on the coast where its use was unknown
until quite recently, while at the same time the mountain people, for
example, in the Arfak Mountains and on the upper reaches of the Fly
and Kaiserin Augusta Rivers, have been accustomed to cultivate it and
to barter it with their neighbours in the lowlands. The Tapiro pygmy
people, who live in the mountains, cultivate tobacco and exchange
it with the Papuans of the upper Mimika who grow none themselves.
These facts have led some people to suppose that the tobacco plant is
indigenous in New Guinea.
The people of Obota were rich in worldly possessions, for as we
walked through the village we saw two Chinese brass gongs and a large
porcelain pot, which they told us came from “Tarete.” It may be that at
some time a Malay or Arab trader from Ternate came over to this part of
the coast, but it is impossible to know; perhaps the things had been
stolen and exchanged from one village to another, from the West end of
the island, which is often visited by Ternate traders.
[Sidenote: SAGO]
But the chief reason for the prosperity of Obota is the fact that it
lies at the edge of an extensive sago swamp, and sago is the mainstay
of the food of the Papuans. Sago is made from a palm (_Sagus rumphii_)
which always grows in wet places, generally in low ground near the
sea, and it will even grow where the water is brackish.[7] The palm is
thicker than a man’s body, and its height is about 25 or 30 feet. The
trunk is covered with large leaves bearing long hard spines. A mature
tree produces a large vertical spike of flowers and then dies. When
they wish to collect sago, the natives cut down a full-grown palm and
clear it of its leaves and leaf-sheaths. A wide strip of the bark is
then cut off from the side of the tree which lies uppermost and the
sago is exposed. The bark of the tree is really nothing more than a
shell about an inch in thickness, enclosing the pith or sago, which is
a brownish pulpy substance separated by fibrous strands. The pith is
separated from the bark by means of the sago-beater, which is a sort
of wooden hammer made in two pieces, a handle about a foot and a half
long, carrying a head about twelve inches long; the hitting face of the
head is about two inches in diameter, and it often bears a rather sharp
rim which is useful in clearing the pith from the bark.
[Illustration: PAPUAN WOMAN CARRYING WOODEN BOWL OF SAGO.]
When all the pith has been beaten out of the shell of the tree it is
carried away to the nearest water, where the sago is extracted. A
trough made of two wide basin-like leaf-bases of the sago palm is set
up on crossed sticks about three feet from the ground in such a way
that one basin is a little higher than the other. Lumps of the pith
are then kneaded in the upper part of the trough with water which
is constantly poured into it; the water carries away the sago into the
lower part of the trough, and nothing remains above but the coarse
fibrous stuff which is thrown away; the lower trough gradually becomes
filled with sago and the water flows away. The sago, a dirty white
substance with a rather sour smell, is made into cylindrical cakes of
about 30 lbs. weight, and neatly wrapped up in leaves of the palm to
be carried back to the village. Most of the work of collecting and
preparing the sago is done by the women.
According to Mr. Wallace, one fair-sized sago palm will supply one man
with food for a year, so it will be seen that the amount of labour
required to feed a community in a district where sago is plentiful is
not very overwhelming.
The usual method of cooking employed by the Papuans is to roll the
sago into lumps about the size of a cricket ball and roast them in the
embers of a fire. On one or two occasions I saw them prepare it in a
different way, which was to wrap up the sago in banana leaves and cook
it on hot stones; the result was probably more wholesome food than the
charred lumps that they usually eat.
Very often the natives of the Mimika eat the crude sago, that is to
say, the pith simply as it is cut out of the tree, without having
been washed or pounded. The stuff is roasted in the usual way and the
separation of the sago is done in the mouth of the eater, who spits out
the uneatable fibre.
As well as providing the Papuans with the bulk of their food, the sago
palm supplies them with excellent building poles in the mid-ribs of the
leaves, which are straight and very strong, and are sometimes fifteen
to twenty feet long, and the leaflets themselves are used for making
“atap” in the districts where the _Nipa_ palm is not found.
It was mentioned above that the crews of our canoes on the excursion up
the Kapare River were made up of Javanese soldiers and convicts. Our
first batch of Ambonese coolies had by that time failed us, so Lieut.
Cramer very kindly lent us some of his men for the occasion, and we had
an opportunity of testing their worth. Speaking generally, it is not
unfair to them to say that the Javanese are wholly unsuited to rough
work in a savage country; they are a peaceful race of peasants and
their proper place is in the rice fields. As soldiers they appear to
the civilian eye to be clodhoppers masquerading in (usually misfitting)
uniform. They have no military bearing and no alertness, and one ceases
to wonder that when the Netherlands East Indian native army is almost
exclusively composed of Javanese, the war-like people of Atjeh have
kept the field for so many years. It is a matter for surprise that
the Dutch do not enlist more of the warlike Bugis of Celebes, and
natives of the Moluccas, and even the Achinese prisoners themselves;
ten thousand of such men would surely be of more worth than the 30,000
Javanese who fill the ranks of their native army. Of course there are
exceptions; there are men among them who have performed splendidly
valorous deeds in time of war; but the majority are of a stuff of
which it would be impossible to make soldiers, they are soft and
unathletic and of a curiously feminine form of body, as a glance at a
group of bathing Javanese will show.
[Sidenote: CONVICT LABOUR]
The Javanese convicts were the same sort of material, but their case
was not quite the same as that of the soldiers, for they had not
voluntarily entered a profession (if the condition of convict can
be called a profession) that involved service in foreign lands. The
justice of the Dutch practice of employing convicts as coolies in
military and exploring expeditions is very much open to question,
but it need not be discussed at length here. The transport for the
military operations in Atjeh is carried out almost entirely by convict
labour, and all the Dutch exploring parties in New Guinea have made
use of convict coolies, assisted in two instances by paid Dayaks.
It is intended officially that only long-sentence men shall go on
expeditions, so that by good behaviour they may earn some substantial
remission of their sentences, but that is not invariably the case,
for several young men left our expedition because their terms had
expired. It is also supposed that only men shall be sent on expeditions
who volunteer to go; but the supply of convict volunteers is not
inexhaustible, and there were men with us whose last wish would have
been to come to New Guinea.
But even if they were all volunteers and all long-service men, it is
doubtful whether it is justifiable to send any but free men to work in
a country so full of risks as New Guinea. The native of Java is a poor
creature, particularly susceptible to beri-beri and other diseases of
the tropics, and when I saw convicts die, as did unfortunately happen,
I came to the conclusion that the balance went heavily against the
system. It must, however, be recorded that the convicts are extremely
well treated. Except in the matter of pay—convicts on expeditions
receive about one guilder (1_s._ 8_d._) a month—they are treated
in all essentials exactly like the native soldiers; they have the
same rations of food and the same tent accommodation, and many of
them enjoy themselves a good deal more than if they were occupied in
sweeping the roads in a town in Java. Their hours of labour in camp
are comparatively short, and the loads they are given to carry on the
march are by no means excessive. Nothing could exceed the kindness of
Cramer’s treatment of the men under his command, and I have no doubt
that the same may be said of the treatment of convicts elsewhere.