exertions are therefore employed to support himself and family;
and it is only in cases of sickness, or other corporeal
impediment, that he ever has recourse to alms.
In the Island of St. Mary’s wheat and barley are chiefly
cultivated, but little Indian corn; much waste land is to be
seen, arising from the absence of the great proprietors, who
live in St. Michael’s or at Lisbon.
At Terceira more wheat than Indian corn is to be seen under
cultivation; much land lying waste from the want of capital or
enterprise in the proprietors.
At St. George’s, being a volcanic soil, there are more
vineyards and pasture land than arable.
Gracioza being flat in surface, and having a strong clay soil,
much barley and wheat is grown, but little Indian corn; the
poor subsist chiefly on barley-bread, pulse, &c.; it also
produces much brandy from the low-priced wines.
Pico being very mountainous and volcanic, the whole island is
one continued vineyard; little soil for corn; the inhabitants
depend upon the other islands for the supplies of bread.
Fayal, partly vineyard, the rest corn land and pasture: all the
principal proprietors of Pico living at Fayal, the poor of Pico
are chiefly supplied from thence by their landlords.
Corvo produces grain, &c., for its consumption only.
Flores: some wheat and Indian corn is exported from thence,
also bacon and hams, as large quantities of hogs are bred in
that island.
A great deal of land is still uncultivated throughout the
Azores, so that no able-bodied labourer can want employment,
and for two centuries to come there will be employment for
the increasing population. The temperature of the climate,
ranging from 55° to 76° of Fahrenheit, reducing the physical
wants of man as to clothing, fuel, &c.; and the abundance of
vegetables, fruits, &c., renders the poor man’s lot easier
than in colder climates. In the hospitals there is no limit of
rations to the sick patients; they have bread, meat, poultry,
milk, &c., in abundance. The state of criminals in the prisons
is however dreadful; they are not fed by government, and must
die if not succoured by relatives, and the casual supply of
bread sent them from the misericordia in cases of extreme need:
this however is not obligatory on the part of the hospital.
Criminals, after sentence to the galleys, are allowed a loaf of
bread per day, but nothing more.
St. Michael’s, April 20, 1834.
CANARY ISLANDS.
_Mendicity, Vagrants, Destitute Able-bodied, Impotent through
Age._
Mendicity does prevail to a great extent in the Canary Islands.
There is no legal provision whatever for the relief or support
of the poor included in the denominations stated above; casual
charity is the only resource; but as the natives for the most
part remain in the places where they were born, there are
very few who have not some relations and acquaintance, from
whom they receive occasional assistance. From the nature of
the climate, the wants of the poor, when not suffering from
sickness, are very limited; having food sufficient to satisfy
their hunger, they are scarcely affected by the privations
so sensibly felt by the poor in northern climates. “Goffro,”
(which is maize, barley or wheat, roasted, and ground by the
hand between two stones,) mixed with water or milk, potatoes
and other vegetables, with sometimes a small piece of salt
fish, constitute the general food of the peasantry throughout
the islands. In the towns the artisans live better, obtaining
bread, potatoes, salt fish, and sometimes butcher’s meat.
_Sick._
In Santa Cruz there is one hospital for the poor, but the
accommodation is very limited (24 beds), in no degree
proportional to the wants of the population.
In the town of Laguna is one also, larger than Santa Cruz, and
tolerably maintained.
At Las Palmas, the capital of the island of Canary, is the
largest and best hospital in the islands; near that town also,
is the hospital of St. Lazarus, exclusively for lepers, of
which there are considerable numbers. This hospital is well
kept up, and the building in a good state of repair, with a
garden walled round. The unfortunate inmates are said to be
comfortably provided for.
_Children, Illegitimate; Orphans, Foundlings, Deserted
Children._
There are no legal regulations as to illegitimate children;
their support therefore falls on the mother. There is a
foundling hospital at Laguna in Teneriffe, and another at Las
Palmas in Canary; in each a turning-box, and a great number
of children are by this means disposed of. In the hospital
of Santa Cruz is also a turning-box; the infants left are
understood to be sent to Laguna. Children placed in the box
have usually some mark by which they may be recognised, and
they are given up to parents when claimed. There is no other
provision for children.
_Cripples, Deaf, Dumb, and Blind._
Live with their parents or relations, or subsist by casual
charity. No provision.
_Idiots and Lunatics._
No particular establishment; live with their relations. When
violent, they are placed in the hospitals or gaols.
Almost all the land in the Canary Islands is cultivated by
agreement between the owners of the land and a class of persons
called “medianeros” (middlemen), intelligent husbandmen; the
conditions are simple: that the medianero shall cultivate the
land, and find half the seed, he retaining half the produce;
the other half is delivered to the landlord in kind.
The peasantry are a robust and hardy race, laborious and
frugal. There is a great deal of family affection among them.
Considerable numbers emigrate to the Havannah and Puerto Rico
ostensibly, but it is believed that they are taken to Caraccas
and other American countries, once dependencies of the Spanish
crown.
GREECE.
There are two sets of answers from Greece to the Commissioners’
questions. One a general one, by the Secretary of State for the
Interior, the other from Patras, by Mr. Crowe, His Majesty’s Consul.
It will be seen from the following extracts from the Government
report, (pp. 665, 666, 667,) that there are scarcely any charitable
institutions.
_Vagrants._
Before the Revolution, two classes of vagrants existed in
Greece; of these, one class consisted of those individuals
who, having no property of their own, and being averse to
labour, lived by robbery; the other class consisted of those
persons who were indeed destitute, but refusing to labour, did
not at the same time resort to robbery: the latter existed
by the charity of their relations, and of other benevolent
individuals, the former were constantly pursued by the Turkish
police.
In two provinces only of the new Greek State, viz. Thravari in
Acarnania, and Cloutzinas of Kalavryta, does systematic beggary
exist; in these places, many persons mutilated their new-born
children for the express purpose of exciting the compassion
of the public; but neither before the Revolution, during the
Revolution, nor even now, is there any public establishment for
the relief of either of the above two classes of vagrants; and
notwithstanding that during the Revolution the number of these
vagrants increased it is now certain that their numbers have
sensibly diminished and it is to be hoped that as soon as the
municipalities are regularly established, all these individuals
will be obliged to labour for their subsistence.
There exists no public institution or decree organizing the
relief to be granted to the poor in Greece; neither did
anything of the kind exist before the Revolution, although the
country was formed into municipalities. It was feared that
the Ottoman authorities would appropriate to themselves any
resources which might be set apart for the poor. Charitable
subscriptions were therefore the only means by which the poor,
sick, &c. obtained relief.
_Impotent through Age, and Sick._
No regulations ever existed on these heads. The aged who
were destitute received, and still receive, assistance from
the charitably disposed, and from the monasteries; but this
assistance is voluntary, not obligatory.
With regard to hospitals, there are only two, one at Nauplia
and one at Syra; the first is at present given up to the
military service, and the second, belonging to the municipality
of Syra, is maintained by a small duty levied on merchandize;
the one at Nauplia was formerly supported in the same manner.
_Children._
The support of bastards falls upon their fathers. With regard
to foundlings, who are generally left clandestinely at the
church doors, the local authorities take charge of them, and
intrust them to nurses, whose expenses are defrayed by the
government; benevolent individuals likewise frequently take
charge of them, and bring them up at their own expense. The
number of foundlings supported by the government barely exceeds
forty throughout the whole State, by which it appears that
depravity of morals in Greece is not great.
For the support of destitute orphans, an establishment (the
Orphanotropheion) exists at Ægina, where many are brought up
at the expense of the government, and are taught to read and
write, and various trades. However, the nearest relations of
the orphans generally consider it to be a religious duty to
take care of them; so that, in consequence of this praiseworthy
feeling, they are seldom left entirely destitute, unless they
have no relations, or unless the latter have no means of
assistance at their disposal. Moreover, there are numerous
benevolent persons who are in the habit of taking orphans into
their houses, and bringing them up at their own expense.
Labour hitherto has not much increased in Greece; the labourers
are industrious, frugal, and attached to their relations.
I may add, that in consequence of the vast extent of land in
Greece in comparison with the number of its inhabitants, the
latter apply themselves mostly to agriculture and the care of
flocks, by which means they procure ample means of subsistence;
and the few manufactures which exist in Greece being all made
by hand, sufficient employment is to be procured by every
individual. These are the reasons why the number of the poor
is so limited, notwithstanding that late events were so much
opposed to the progress of arts and industry.
EUROPEAN TURKEY.
The only remaining portion of Europe which has furnished answers to the
Commissioners’ questions is European Turkey; with respect to which it
may be enough to say, that the only charitable institutions mentioned
in the return are religious establishments and khans, in which vagrants
are allowed to remain a few days, and receive food; and schools
attached to the mosques, in which children of every description receive
gratuitous instruction in reading and writing.
ABSENCE OF SURPLUS POPULATION.
[Sidenote: General absence, in the countries not subject to compulsory
relief, of a surplus population.]
One of the most striking circumstances connected with the countries
which we have last considered is the accuracy with which the population
seems to be regulated with reference to the demand for labour. In the
ill-administered parts of England there is in general no approach
to any such regulation. That sort of population which, from our
familiarity with it, has acquired the technical name of a surplus
population, not only continues stagnant in places where its services
are no longer required, but often springs up and increases without any
increase of the means of profitable employment. The parochial returns,
forming part B. of this Appendix, are full of complaints of a want of
labourers in one parish, and of an over-supply in another; without
any tendency of the redundancy to supply the deficiency. In time, of
course, the deficient parish is filled up by natural increase; but in
the mean time the population of the redundant parish does not seem to
diminish. In general, indeed, it goes on increasing with unchecked
rapidity, until, in the worst administered portions of the kingdom, a
state of things has arisen, of which the cure is so difficult, that
nothing but the certainty of absolute and almost immediate ruin from
its increase, or even from its continuance, would have induced the
proprietors to encounter the dangers of the remedy. Nothing like this,
indeed, exists in any of the countries affording compulsory relief,
except Berne, which have given us returns. But they provide against its
occurrence, as we have already observed, by subjecting the labouring
classes, indeed all classes except the opulent, to strict regulation
and control, by restraining their marriages, forcing them to take
service, and prohibiting their change of abode unless they have the
consent of the commune in which they wish to settle. By a vigilant
exertion of these means, the population of the north of Europe and
Germany seems in general to be proportioned to the means of employment
and subsistence; but in the countries which have not adopted the
compulsory system the same results are produced without interference
or restriction. Complaints are often made in the different returns of
the idleness, the drunkenness, and the improvidence of the labouring
classes, but never of their disproportionate number.
Condition of the labouring classes.
Another and a very interesting portion of the information which the
intelligence and industry of His Majesty’s foreign Ministers and
Consuls have enabled us to submit to the public, consists of the
answers to the questions respecting labourers. In order to facilitate
a comparison between the state of the English and foreign populations,
the questions proposed were in general the same as had been already
answered in England, either by the population returns, or by the
returns to the questions circulated in England by the Poor Law
Commissioners.
The following questions, being 1, 3, 7, and 8, correspond to the
English questions 8, 10, 13, and 14, of the rural queries:--
1. (8 of English questions.) What is the general amount of the wages
of an able-bodied male labourer, by the day, the week, the month, or
the year, with and without provisions, in summer and in winter?
3. (10 of English questions.) What in the whole might an average
labourer, obtaining an average amount of employment, both in day-work
and in piece-work, expect to earn in a year, including harvest work,
and the whole of all his advantages and means of living?
7. (13 of English questions.) What in the whole might a labourer’s
wife and four children, aged 14, 11, 8, and 5 years respectively, (the
eldest a boy), expect to earn in a year, obtaining, as in the former
case, an average amount of employment?
8. (14 of English questions.) Could such a family subsist on the
aggregate earnings of the father, mother, and children; and if so, on
what food?
The following is a digest of the answers from all the agricultural
parishes in England which have given returns to the corresponding
questions circulated by the Poor Law Commissioners:--
Agricultural wages in England.
Q. 8. Weekly wages, with or without beer or cider, in summer and winter?
254 parishes give an average in summer, with beer or cider, of per
week, 10_s._ 4¾_d._
522 parishes give an average in summer, without beer or cider, of per
week, 10_s._ 5½_d._
200 parishes give an average in winter, with beer or cider, of per
week, 9_s._ 2¼_d._
544 parishes give an average in winter, without beer or cider, of per
week, 9_s._ 11¾_d._
Q. 10. What in the whole might an average labourer, obtaining an
average amount of employment, both in day-work and piece-work, expect
to earn in the year, including harvest work, and the value of all his
other advantages and means of living, except parish relief?
Q. 13. What in the whole might a labourer’s wife and four children,
aged 14, 11, 8, and 5 years respectively, (the eldest a boy,) expect to
earn in the year, obtaining, as in the former case, an average amount
of employment?
856 parishes give for the man, an average of £27 17 10
668 parishes give for the wife and children an average of 13 19 10
---------
Average annual income of the family £41 17 8
---------
Subsistence of agricultural labourers in England.
Q. 14. Could such a family subsist on the aggregate earnings of the
father, mother, and children; and if so, on what food?
--------------+----------+---------+---------+----------+-------
| Number of| No. | Yes. | Barely, | With
| Parishes |(simply).|(simply).|or without| Meat.
| answering| | | Meat. |
| Q. 14. | | | |
--------------+----------+---------+---------+----------+--------
Bedford | 15 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 11
Berks | 24 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 19
Bucks | 27 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 15
Cambridge | 33 | 2 | 11 | 3 | 17
Chester | 12 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 5
Cornwall | 24 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 21
Cumberland | 33 | 0 | 7 | 13 | 13
Derby | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5
Devon | 18 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 9
Dorset | 16 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 9
Durham | 30 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 20
Essex | 38 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 14
Gloucester | 19 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 7
Hereford | 16 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8
Hertford | 16 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 8
Huntingdon | 9 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 6
Kent | 43 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 24
Lancaster | 14 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 5
Leicester | 14 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 5
Lincoln | 14 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 8
Middlesex | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2
Monmouth | 7 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4
Norfolk | 27 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 17
Northampton | 14 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 11
Northumberland| 18 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 16
Nottingham | 19 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 11
Oxford | 21 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 10
Rutland | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1
Salop | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18
Somerset | 22 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 14
Southampton | 43 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 27
Stafford | 12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10
Suffolk | 26 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 10
Surrey | 20 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 13
Sussex | 68 | 21 | 18 | 7 | 22
Warwick | 31 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 22
Westmorland | 17 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5
Wilts | 24 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 12
Worcester | 18 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 9
York | 65 | 4 | 16 | 17 | 28
(40) +----------+---------+---------+----------+--------
| | | | |
TOTAL | 899 | 71 | 212 | 125 | 491
--------------+----------+---------+---------+----------+--------
Wages and subsistence of foreign labourers.
We now add a digest of the foreign answers to the corresponding
questions, and also to Question 6: “What can women and children under
16, earn per week in summer, in winter, and in harvest, and how
employed?” a question as to which the English answers do not admit of
tabular statement.
We have arranged the answers under seven heads: 1. Wages of artisans;
2. of agricultural labourers; 3. of labourers whom the author of the
return appears not to have included in either of the other two classes;
4. of women; 5. of children; 6. of the labourer’s wife and four
children; and 7. the food on which the supposed family could subsist,
on their average annual earnings and means of living.
DIGEST OF FOREIGN ANSWERS
|ARTISANS, Per Day.
| |AGRICULTURISTS.
| | |OTHER LABOURERS.
| | | |WOMEN.
| | | | |CHILDREN.
| | | | | |WIFE and Four Children.
| | | | | | |SUBSISTENCE.
| | | | | | |
AMERICA:
| | | | | | |
MASSACHUSETTS, p. 683
|First-rate, 2 to 3 dollars, others, 1½ dollars, 6_s._ 9_d._;
|overseers, per year, 1500 to 3500 dollars.
| |Per day, in harvest, 1 to 1½ dollars; per month, with board and
| |lodging, 14 to 18 dollars during summer and autumn (six months,)
| |some all the year; others during the other six months, 10 to 12
| |dollars a month.
| | |Per year, 250 to 300 dollars, i.e. 56_l._ 5_s._ to 67_l._
| | |10_s._
| | | |At factories per week, 2½ to 5 dollars.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |There are very few who do not eat meat,
| | | | | | |poultry, or fish twice or three times a
| | | | | | |day.
| | | | | | |
NEW YORK, p. 158
|Dollar and a half; one-fourth less in winter and dull times.
| |Per month, 1_l._ 10_s._ to 2_l._ 5_s._, with board, washing, and
| |mending; per day, in harvest, 4_s._ 6_d._ with board
| | |3_s._ 6_d._ per day; 44_l._ per year.
| | | |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ 6_d._
| | | | |Early enfranchised
| | | | | |The children quit their parents and shift
| | | | | |for themselves. The wife may earn 1_s._
| | | | | |6_d._ to 3_s._ 6_d._ a day.
| | | | | | |A family united could subsist well on
| | | | | | |their aggregate earnings have tea,
| | | | | | |coffee, and meat twice a day.
| | | | | | |
MEXICO, p. 690
|Double the wages of the agriculturists.
| |1_s._ to 1_s._ 4_d._ per day
| | |. . . .
| | | |Enough for their support.
| | | | |Enough for their support.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Most certainly. The common food of
| | | | | | |working people in Mexico is maize or
| | | | | | |Indian corn, prepared either as
| | | | | | |porridge (atole,) or in thin cakes
| | | | | | |(tortillas,) and beans (frijoles,) like
| | | | | | |the white beans so much in use in
| | | | | | |France, with addition of chile, a
| | | | | | |speckle of the hot pepper, of which
| | | | | | |they eat enormous quantities by way of
| | | | | | |seasoning. In the town wheaten bread
| | | | | | |forms a part of the food of the lower
| | | | | | |classes, and meat occasionally.
| | | | | | |
CARTHAGENA DE COLUMBIA, p. 166
|. . . .
| |. . . .
| | |Per day, town, 2_s._, country, 1_s._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; in
| | |year, about 12_l._
| | | |As servants, about one- third a man’s wages.
| | | | |Under 16, as servants, about one-third a man’s
| | | | |wages.
| | | | | |Per year about 50_l._ (supposed to include a
| | | | | |man’s wages, but even then apparently
| | | | | |excessive.)
| | | | | | |Very comfortably; chiefly on animal
| | | | | | |food.
VENEZUELA, p. 163
|. . . .
| |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ with usual provisions.
| | |. . . .
| | | |1_s._ 1½_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ per day.
| | | | |Under sixteen 1_s._ 1½_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ per
| | | | |day.
| | | | | |15_l._ per year.
| | | | | | |Maize cakes, with vegetables and fruit,
| | | | | | |form the chief aliments of the peon and
| | | | | | |his family; and they can with little
| | | | | | |difficulty subsist, if they choose to
| | | | | | |work, on their aggregate earnings.
| | | | | | |
MARANHAM, p. 693
|Per day, 1_s._
| |Generally slaves; where hired they earn about 17_s._ a month,
| |and food.
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |The necessaries of life are few, and
| | | | | | |easily obtained.
| | | | | | |
BAHIA, p. 731
|2_s._ per day; 25_l._ per year.
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |Women and children,
| | | |nothing
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
URUGUAY, p. 723
|. . . .
| |Herdsmen, slaves, or guachos, 8 dollars a month, by the year.
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |A family may subsist on the labour of
| | | | | | |the husband alone, and have a meal with
| | | | | | |meat three times a day.
| | | | | | |
HAYTI, p. 168
|Per day, from 2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._; per year, 38_l._
| |Per day, 7_d._; per year, 9_l._ 10_s._
| | |. . . .
| | | |As servants, from 10_s._ to 20_s._ a month.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |A family can easily subsist on the
| | | | | | |earnings of their parents. Their food
| | | | | | |consists of what are termed “ground
| | | | | | |provisions,” i. e., plantains, sweet
| | | | | | |potatoes, and other vegetables and
| | | | | | |fruits, which if not raised by
| | | | | | |themselves are obtained at a cheap
| | | | | | |rate.
| | | | | | |
EUROPE:
| | | | | | |
NORWAY, p. 698
|Per week, 5_s._ 4_d._ to 7_s._ 2_d._, with food and lodging and
|tools.
| |Per day, 3_d._ to 5½_d._, with food.
| | |Per day, in or near Christiania, summer, 10½_d._; winter,
| | |8½_d._; per year, 11_l._ 10_s._ 9_d._
| | | |Per week, summer, and occasionally in winter, 3_s._
| | | |6_d._
| | | | |Per week, above 14, and under 16, 17_d._
| | | | | |Per year, about 6_l._ 4_s._ 3_d._
| | | | | | |Except in illness, it can subsist on
| | | | | | |its aggregate earnings. The labourers
| | | | | | |live on very simple food: salt
| | | | | | |herrings, oatmeal porridge, potatoes,
| | | | | | |coarse oatmeal bread, may-be twice a
| | | | | | |week a piece of bacon or salt beef, and
| | | | | | |along the coast, and the rivers and
| | | | | | |lakes, on fresh fish. Corn brandy is in
| | | | | | |general use.
| | | | | | |
SWEDEN:
STOCKHOLM (Mr. Bloomfield’s Return), p. 374
|Per day, during nine months, 1_s._ 7_d._; winter, indoors, 1_s._
|7_d._ nearly; outdoors, nothing.
| |Per day, skilled, 7_d._ to 8_d._, unskilled, 3_d._ to 4_d._;
| |average the year, about 11_l._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 4_d._
| | | | |Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 2_d._
| | | | | |Per year, as agriculturists:
| | | | | | £. _s._
| | | | | | Wife 5 0
| | | | | | Boy of 14 2 10
| | | | | | Children of 11 and 8 1 0
| | | | | | ----
| | | | | | £8 10
| | | | | |As artisans:
| | | | | | £. _s._
| | | | | | Wife 8 0
| | | | | | Boy of 14 4 10
| | | | | | Children of 11 and 8 2 0
| | | | | | -----
| | | | | | £14 10
| | | | | | |It could subsist. The agriculturists in
| | | | | | |the southern provinces on potatoes and
| | | | | | |salt fish, in the northern, on porridge
| | | | | | |and rye bread; the artisans on better
| | | | | | |food than the agriculturists, with
| | | | | | |coffee, and occasionally fresh meat.
| | | | | | |
Count Forsell’s Statement, p. 380
|The support of a cottager’s household, consisting of husband, wife,
|and three children, in the middle part of Sweden, costs yearly about
|146⅔_r.d._, according to the prices of last year; the husband being
|occupied during the whole year, and his wife having enough to do with
|the care of her children, so that neither she nor her husband can
|calculate on any additional earnings.
|
|The labourer receives 2½ barrels of rye, or in money 16_r.d._
|32_sk._; 1 barrel of corn, 5_r.d._ 16_sk._; half barrel of pease,
|3_r.d._ 16_sk._; half ditto of malt, 2_r.d._ 32_sk._; 2 ditto
|potatoes, 2_r.d._; 1½ lb. salt, 32_sk._; 4 lbs. herrings, 2_r.d._
|16_sk._; 1 lb. of butter, 4_r.d._ 16_sk._; 3 lbs. of hops, 1_r.d._;
|1½ pint of sweet milk per day, 10_r.d._ 16_sk._; 3 pints of sour milk
|during the summer, 4_r.d._ 16_sk._; 9 gallons of bränvin (a kind of
|whiskey), 5_r.d._ 16_sk._; lodging and fuel, 16_r.d._ 32_sk._; annual
|wages in money, 44_r.d._; earnest, 3_r.d._ 16_sk._; contributions,
|3_r.d._ 16_sk._; sundries, 6_r.d._ 34_sk._; total banco, 146_r.d._
|32_sk._ That is, on an average, 29_r.d._ 16_sk._ annually for every
|individual; and daily, 3_sk._ 10½_rst._
|
|On a gentleman’s estate in the neighbourhood of Stockholm, the
|following was given last year: Annual pay in money, 33_r.d._ 16_sk._;
|¼ barrel of wheat, 2_r.d._ 32_sk._; 4 barrels of rye, 24_r.d._; 2
|barrels of corn, 9_r.d._ 16_sk._; 2 ditto potatoes, 2_r.d._; 10 heads
|of white cabbage, 32_sk._; ½ barrel of herrings, 4_r.d._ 32_sk._; 1
|lb. salt, 21 _sk._; 2 lbs. of meat, 2_r.d._; 1 lb. of bacon, 2_r.d._
|32_sk._; 1 lb. of hops, 16_sk._; 2 pairs of shoes, 3_r.d._ 16_sk._;
|sweet milk, 10_r.d._; sundry expenses, 5_r.d._; lodging, wood,
|earnest, taxes, 25_r.d._; equal to 123_r.d._ 21_sk._ Were that sum
|divided among five persons, 25_r.d._ 29_sk._ would accrue to each;
|and daily, 3_sk._ 3_rst._
|
|The household of a cottager belonging to this estate, about 10
|English miles from Stockholm, was bound, according to a written
|contract, for 10 years to perform the following labour for the estate
|or landowner; namely,
|
| _r.d._ _sk._
|208 days’ work for a man, at 21_sk._ 6_rst._ 93 8
| 40 ditto for a woman at 10_sk._ 8_rst._ 8 42
| 14 journeys to Stockholm, 1_r.d._ 14 0
|To mow and get in 14 acres of meadow 10 32
|To cut down and carry home 5 sawn timbers 2 32
|Ditto ... ditto ... 4 fathoms of firewood 5 16
|Ditto ... ditto ... 100 pairs of stakes 2 0
|To put out fishing-lines 3 0
|To keep in order a portion of the main road 2 0
|Ditto ... ditto ... bye-road 6 0
|To spin for wages 2 0
|To gather berries 0 32
|Sundry accidental jobs 3 0
| --------
| Total _r.d._ banco 143 18
| |
| |In Stockholm, a poor mechanic’s household, consisting of
| |husband, wife, and four children, can hardly be supported on
| |less than 546_r.d._ banco annually, as follows:
| |
| | _R.d._
| |Bread, meal, salad, potatoes and other vegetables 120
| |Meat, butter, cheese, herrings and other fish 176
| |Milk, beer, bränvin (or whiskey) 26
| |Candles, coals, wood 24
| |Clothes 60
| |Rent and furniture 50
| |Taxes, medicines, and sundries 24
| | ----
| | Total _R.d._ 546
| |
| |Hence will be seen that the master of such a family must earn
| |daily, during the whole year, nearly 2_r.d._ banco, and
| |consequently no masons, carpenters, smiths, &c. can be included
| |in this class. If the husband, wife, or children are sick for
| |any length of time, the state of such a family is far more
| |deplorable than that of the agricultural peasantry of Sweden.
| |
|_Note._--146⅔_rds._ = 11_l._
| 1 lb. = 20 lbs. English.
| 1 dollar = 48 skillings.
| 1 skilling = 1½ farthing.
|A dollar therefore is worth 72 farthings, or 1_s._ 6_d._
| | | | | | |
GOTTENBURGH (Consul’s Return), p. 386
|Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._
| |Per day, 6_d._ to 9_d._; per year, 7_l._ 13_s._ (Few such
| |labourers).
| | |Per day, 10_d._ to 1_s._
| | | |In towns, per week, summer, 6_s._ to 9_s._; winter,
| | | |4_s._ to 6_s._ (This seems too large).
| | | | |Under 16, in harvest, per day, 2_d._ to 3_d._
| | | | | |Per year, about 3_l._
| | | | | | |Yes; on the following food, viz., 11
| | | | | | |bushels of rye, cost 1_l._ 5_s._;
| | | | | | |4¾ bushels of barley, 8_s._; 4¾
| | | | | | |ditto of peas, 5_s._; 4¾ ditto of
| | | | | | |malt, 4_s._; 9½ ditto of potatoes,
| | | | | | |3_s._ 2_d._; 19 lbs. of salt, 1_s._; 75
| | | | | | |lbs. of herrings, 3_s._ 6_d._; 19 lbs.
| | | | | | |of butter, 6_s._ 6_d._; 3 lbs. of hops,
| | | | | | |1_s._; 19 lbs. of stockfish, 2_s._
| | | | | | |3_d._; 19 lbs. of pork, 4_s._ 6_d._;
| | | | | | |half a cow, 15_s._; about three pints
| | | | | | |of sweet milk daily, 15_s._ 2_d._; and
| | | | | | |six pints of sour milk, in summer,
| | | | | | |daily, 6_s._ 6_d._; 42 bottles of
| | | | | | |potatoe brandy, 8_s._ 3_d._; lodging
| | | | | | |and wood, 1_l._ 5_s._; taxes, 5_s._;
| | | | | | |sundries, 10_s._ Wages, about 3_l._
| | | | | | |10_s._, or in the whole, say, 10_l._
| | | | | | |18_s._ 10_d._ The above statement
| | | | | | |applies to a small farmer; reduce it
| | | | | | |about one-third, and it may apply to a
| | | | | | |common (married) labourer in the
| | | | | | |country.
| | | | | | |
RUSSIA:
General Return, p. 334
|(No distinction of classes given). The pay of labourers varies in
|different parts of Russia. In Georgia, it is 3½_d._ per day, which
|is the lowest; in St. Petersburg, it is 1_s._ 3_d._ per day, which is
|the highest.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |It would subsist. On rye bread, buck
| | | | | | |wheat, and sour cabbage soup, well
| | | | | | |seasoned with salt, and occasionally
| | | | | | |a little lard.
| | | | | | |
ARCHANGEL Return, p. 338
|Summer, 10_d._, winter, 8_d._; often doubled. } Per Year: 18_l._
| |Summer, 8_d._, winter, 6_d._; often doubled. } to 30_l._
| | |...
| | | |...
| | | | |...
| | | | | |Per year, 10_l._ to 15_l._ (This is supposed
| | | | | |to be the meaning of the answers to queries
| | | | | |6 and 7).
| | | | | | |Decidedly yes. Their food consists of
| | | | | | |fish, rye bread, gruel, kvas,
| | | | | | |occasionally meat and turnips. A great
| | | | | | |deal of tea is also drunk by the
| | | | | | |peasants of this neighbourhood.
| | | | | | |
COURLAND Return, p. 341
|Per day, skilled, 3_s._ to 4_s._; unskilled, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._
| |Paid by land for subsistence.
| | |Per day, summer, 1_s._; winter, few pence less.
| | | |Per week, summer, 3_s._ 6_d._; winter, 2_s._ 6_d._
| | | | |Per week, under 16, summer, 3_s._, winter 2_s._
| | | | | |Per year, 30_l._ to 35_l._, (supposed to
| | | | | |include man’s earnings).
| | | | | | |They can subsist on the aggregate
| | | | | | |earnings, in most cases, however, but
| | | | | | |needy; on bread, potatoes, salted fish,
| | | | | | |&c., seldom beef.
| | | | | | |
DENMARK:
COPENHAGEN Return, p. 267
|One-third more than agriculturists.
| |Per day, 6_d._ to 8_d._ (with, in harvest, provisions of poor
| |quality); per year, 15_l._ (Sunday nearly a day of work).
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, 4_d._, all the year.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |Man, wife, and four children, working on the
| | | | | |Sundays, about 12_s._ a week.
| | | | | | |It is frequently done. The food
| | | | | | |wholesome rye bread, bad milk, cheese,
| | | | | | |shocking butter, coffee (as it is
| | | | | | |called), profusion of tobacco and
| | | | | | |snuff, and too much spirits, which are
| | | | | | |unfortunately cheap and very bad.
| | | | | | |
ELSINORE Return, p. 296
|No subdivision. Per day, summer, 9_d._ to 10_d._, or 6_d._ to 7_d._
|with food: winter, 6_d._ to 7_d._, or 4_d._ to 5_d._ with food; per
|year, 12_l._ to 15_l._
| | | |Summer, four months, 2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ per week;
| | | |winter, 8 months, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ a week.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |Per year, about 6_l._
| | | | | | |With prudence and economy, which,
| | | | | | |however, are no characteristics of the
| | | | | | |peasantry of this country, I doubt not
| | | | | | |it might be done. Their principal food
| | | | | | |consists of rye bread, groats,
| | | | | | |potatoes, coffee, butter, cheese, and
| | | | | | |milk, in which articles a family
| | | | | | |consisting of man, wife, and three
| | | | | | |children, would expend about 15_l._ per
| | | | | | |annum in this neighbourhood; in other
| | | | | | |parts of the country they fare worse.
| | | | | | |Food is cheap.
| | | | | | |
Further statement, by Cons. Macgregor, p. 299
|Per week, with food, 4_s._ 6_d._ to 6_s._ 9_d._; without food, 11_s._
|to 11_s._ 6_d._ In manufactories, per week, male, 4_s._ 6_d._ to
|12_s._; female, 4_s._ 6_d._ to 5_s._; children above 14, 3_s._ 6_d._
|to 4_s._, or under 14, 1_s._ 9_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._; ropemakers, 1_s._
|9_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._ per day.
| |Per year, with food and lodging, males, 4_l._ to 5_l._; females,
| |3_l._ 10_s._ to 3_l._ 15_s._; boys, 2_l._ 10_s._ to 3_l._ 15_s._
| | |Per day, in towns, 1_s._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ Agriculture, males,
| | |6_d._ to 10_d._; females, 5_d._ to 7_d._; with food,
| | |one-half less.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
HANSEATIC TOWNS:
BREMEN, p. 413
|No subdivision. Per day, in the country, summer, 1_s._, winter,
|9_d._; per year, 17_l._ 10_s._ to 22_l._ In towns, about 25 per cent.
|higher; per year, 17_l._ 10_s._ to 25_l._
| | | |Per day, country, summer, 6_d._; winter, 4_d._, town,
| | | |4_d._
| | | | |Per week, from 12 to 16, in tobacco
| | | | |manufactories, 3_s._ 6_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Can very well support itself. They can
| | | | | | |subsist upon potatoes, beans, buck
| | | | | | |wheat or grits, and rye bread, and
| | | | | | |twice a week meat or bacon.
| | | | | | |
LUBECK, p. 415
|Per week, 7_s._ to 14_s._, or if constantly employed, and with board
|and lodging, 2_s._ 4_d._ to 4_s._; per year, 30_l._
| |Per day, summer, 9_d._; winter, 7_d._; harvest, 1_s._ Per year,
| |12_l._
| | |Per day, in the town, 14_d._; per year, 18_l._
| | | |Town, 7_d._ a day; country, in harvest, 7_d._ a day.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Even comfortably, on the usual food of
| | | | | | |the poorer classes here, namely, coarse
| | | | | | |rye bread, potatoes, bacon, fat or
| | | | | | |dripping, milk, porridge made of peas,
| | | | | | |groats or peeled barley, herrings or
| | | | | | |other cheap fish, butter and lard, but
| | | | | | |very seldom meat. Greatest luxury, a
| | | | | | |cup of coffee in the morning.
| | | | | | |
MECKLENBURG, p. 422
|Per week, in towns, 7_s._ to 10_s._ 6_d._, and free boarding. In the
|country, about two-thirds.
| |Per week, in country, 3_s._ 6_d._, a dwelling, garden, and
| |pasture for a cow and two sheep in summer, and provender for
| |them in winter.
| | |Per week, in towns, 5_s._ 3_d._ to 7_s._
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Could subsist on good sound food, and
| | | | | | |occasionally meat.
| | | | | | |
DANTZIG, p. 465
|Per day, summer, 13½_d._; winter, 23_d._
| |Per day, summer, 4⅔_d._ to 7_d._; winter, 3½_d._ to
| |4⅔_d._, besides a dwelling, either free of, or at a small rent,
| |pasture for a cow in summer, and a small load of hay in winter,
| |and fuel.
| | |Per day, summer, country, 8¼_d._ to 11¾_d._; town,
| | |8½_d._ to 16_d._ Winter, country, 4¾_d._ to 7_d._;
| | |town, 7_d._ to 12_d._ Yearly, country, 8_l._ 10_s._ to
| | |9_l._; town, 10_l._ to 10_l._ 10_s._
| | | |Per day, country, summer, 3½_d._ to 4⅔_d._;
| | | |winter, 2½_d._, to 3_d._ Towns, 4⅔_d._ to 7_d._
| | | | |Per day, from 12 to 16, country, 2⅓_d._ to
| | | | |3_d._; towns, about 2½_d._
| | | | | |Per year, country, woman, 3_l._ 15_s._; boy,
| | | | | |12 to 16, 3_l._ Towns, women, 4_l._ 10_s._;
| | | | | |boy, 12 to 16, 3_l._
| | | | | | |Very well; living in the country on rye
| | | | | | |bread, potatoes, and other vegetables,
| | | | | | |fruit, food of wheat, flour, lard,
| | | | | | |milk, meat once or twice weekly, and
| | | | | | |fish; but chiefly on rye bread and
| | | | | | |potatoes.
| | | | | | |
SAXONY, p. 481
|The average amount of wages is not more than 9_d._ a day.
| | | |A woman can earn on an average 3_d._ daily, a child,
| | | |1_d._
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Parents with four children, with
| | | | | | |management, abstemiousness and
| | | | | | |diligence, can earn their livelihood.
| | | | | | |
WURTEMBERG
(Mr. Wellesley’s Return), p. 510
|Per week, in towns, 1 to 2½ _fl._, fed and lodged. In villages,
|20_kr._ to 1 _fl._, fed and lodged.
|
|_Note._--1 _fl._ is equal to 60_kr._,
|or to 20_d._ sterling.
| |Per year, with food and lodging, in towns, 50 to 60 _fl._; in
| |villages, 20 to 40 _fl._; without food and lodging, 150 _fl._,
| |but with food and wood under market price in winter.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per week, 42 _kr._ to 1_fl._ 30 _kr._; in
| | | |manufactures, 1 _fl._ 40 _kr._ to 2 _fl._ 30 _kr._
| | | | |Per week, 20 to 40 _kr._; in manufactures, 1
| | | | |_fl._ 12 _kr._ to 2 _fl._
| | | | | |Per year, from 40 to 50 _fl._ The children
| | | | | |too much in school to earn much (supposed to
| | | | | |include man’s wages.)
| | | | | | |They could. In the morning, soup and
| | | | | | |potatoes and bread; dinner, vegetables
| | | | | | |or pudding; between dinner and supper,
| | | | | | |bread; supper, potatoes and milk or
| | | | | | |soup; once or twice a week, meat.
| | | | | | |
Government Return, p. 525
|_A_) A grown-up female--
|
| _a_) By spinning and ordinary knitting can seldom gain more than 4,
|6, or 8 _kr._ daily; by finer knitting, embroidery, lace-making, and
|other such female work, which are paid by the piece, can seldom gain
|more than from 10 to 25 _kr._ one day with another.
|
| _b_) A sempstress receives, in the country, in small places, from 4
|to 6 _kr._, in larger places and towns, from 12 to 15 _kr._; in the
|capital, a dress-maker, an ironer, a plaiter, from 24, 36 to 48 _kr._
|daily, besides board.
|
| _c_) A washerwoman or charwoman receives in the country only 8, 10,
|12, 15 to 18 _kr._; in the capital, 36 _kr._ daily, with board; or
|without board, from 1 _fl._ to 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._
|
| _d_) A maid servant receives, in money and money’s worth, annually,
|besides board, in the country only 16, 18, 20, to 24 _fl._; in the
|capital, 24, 30, 36 to 40 _fl._; to which, according to
|circumstances, vails are to be added, especially in the capital.
|
|_B_) A male adult receives, namely--
|
| _a_) A journeyman workman--
|
| _aa_) In the country, with the shoemakers and tailors, 20, 24, to
|30 _kr._; with the bakers, 48 _kr._ to 1 _fl._; with the smiths, 48
|_kr._ to 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._; with calendrers and tanners, 48 _kr._ to 2
|_fl._ weekly, with board; a journeyman carpenter or bricklayer, from
|30 to 36 kr. daily, with bread and something to drink.
|
| _bb_) In the capital, with board, from 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._ to 2
|_fl._ 42 _kr._ weekly; without board, 36 _kr._ to 1_fl._ daily; on
|Sunday, nothing.
|
| _b_) A man servant receives, in the country, 20, 30, 36, to 40
|_fl._; in the capital, 50 to 60 _fl._ and more per annum, with board.
|
| _c_) A farmer’s labourer or other day labourer in the country, 12,
|15, 18, 20, to 24 _kr._ daily, with board, or, instead of the latter,
|10 or 12 _kr._ in money; in the capital, in winter, from 24 to 30
|_kr._; in summer, from 36 to 48 kr. for everything.
|
| _d_) A wood-cleaver can gain daily in all only from 20 to 24, and
|at the most, 30 _kr._
|
|All these rates of wages rise or fall according as the work requires
|more or less dexterity or exertion, as the individual workman is more
|or less distinguished by skill, strength, or diligence, as the
|scarcity and the supply of workmen is greater or less, as the days
|are longer or shorter, &c.
| | | | | | |
BAVARIA, p. 556
|. . . .
| |Good labourers, 8_d._ per day; generally provisions at harvest
| |time. There are very few day labourers in the country.
| | |In towns, from 8_d._ to 16_d._ a day.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
FRANKFORT, p. 567
|Per day, summer, 1_s._ 4_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; winter, 2_d._ less;
|2_d._ a day extra for drink-money. Per year, 14_l._ to 28_l._
| |. . . .
| | |Per day, 10_d._ to 1_s._
| | | |Per day, 8_d._ to 1_s._ 4_d._
| | | | |Per day, under 16, 2_d._ to 4_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Yes. Meat twice a week; soup,
| | | | | | |vegetables, potatoes, bread, coffee
| | | | | | |and beer daily.
| | | | | | |
HOLLAND
(General Return), p. 585
|Not classified. From 150 to 225 florins, or from 12_l._ 10_s._ to
|18_l._
| | | |15_s._ a year.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |From 20 to 30 florins, (from 1_l._ 13_s._
| | | | | |4_d._ to 2_l._ 10_s_.)
| | | | | | |They could subsist thereon, and live
| | | | | | |upon bread, principally rye, cheese,
| | | | | | |potatoes, vegetables, beans and pork,
| | | | | | |buttermilk, with buck wheat, meal, &c.
| | | | | | |
AMSTERDAM Return, p. 586
|Per day, summer, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ 8_d._; winter, 1_s._ 3_d._ to
|2_s._ 8_d._ Shoemakers and tailors, from 8_s._ 4_d._ to 20_s._ per
|week.
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
HAARLEM, p. 587
|Per week, summer, 4_s._ 4_d._ to 10_s._ 10_d._; winter, one-fourth
|less. Weavers, from 10_s._ to 13_s._ 4_d._
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per week, summer, 4_s._ 4_d._ to 5_s._; winter,
| | | |one-fourth less.
| | | | |Per week, summer, 8_d._ to 3_s._; winter,
| | | | |one-fourth less.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
NORTH HOLLAND, p. 587
|Per week, 3_s._ 4_d._ to 15_s._; firewood free.
| |Per year, 3_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ to 8_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._, with board and
| |lodging.
| | |Per day, first class, 20_d._
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
VRIESLAND and GRONINGEN, p. 587
|Per week, 2_s._ 6_d._ to 10_s._
| |Per year, 3_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ to 8_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ with board and
| |lodging. Per day, summer, 10_d._ to 20_d._; winter, 8_d._ to
| |1_s._
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
BELGIUM:
BOOM, p. 634
|Per year, brickmakers, summer, 10_l._ 16_s._ 8_d._; winter, 3_l._
|10_s._ 10½_d._; total p’ year, 14_l._ 7_s._ 6½_d._
| |Per year, farming labourers, summer, 4_l._ 14_s._ 6_d._; winter,
| |1_l._ 19_s._ 4½_d._; total, 6_l._ 13_s._ 10½_d._, with food.
| | |Per week, waterman, 5_s._ 8¾_d._, with food.
| | | |Per week, in the brick manufacture, summer, 3_s._
| | | |1½_d._
| | | | |Per week, under 16, summer, 2_s._ 9½_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Such family can subsist by their
| | | | | | |earnings only, bread, potatoes, and
| | | | | | |milk.
| | | | | | |
OSTEND, p. 639
|Per day, skilled, summer, 1_s._ 2_d._ to 1_s._ 5_d._; winter, 10_d._
|to 1_s._ 2_d._ Yearly, 20_l._ in a town. Unskilled, summer, 7_d._ to
|1_s._; winter, 5½_d._ to 8_d._
| |Per day, summer, 1_s._; winter, 10½_d._; when boarded,
| |5½_d._ is deducted. Yearly, 14_l._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, in towns, 10½_d._, with food, 1_s._ 5_d._
| | | |without. In the country, summer, 8½_d._, winter,
| | | |7½_d._, without food; summer, 4¼_d._, winter,
| | | |3½_d._, with food.
| | | | |Per day, of 11, summer, 1½_d._ and food; winter
| | | | |nothing.
| | | | | |Yearly, women and two eldest children, food
| | | | | |in summer, and from 6_l._ 8_s._ to 7_l._
| | | | | |4_s._ in the year; the third child its food.
| | | | | | |It can, in the towns, eating only
| | | | | | |potatoes and rye bread; the father
| | | | | | |being an unskilled artisan, and the
| | | | | | |towns possessing no manufacture. In the
| | | | | | |country, the same family would consume
| | | | | | |a little butter, some vegetables, and
| | | | | | |perhaps sometimes a piece of pork.
| | | | | | |
GAESBECK pp. 7, 8
|. . . .
| |Per day, summer and winter, 6_d._ with beer, and sometimes
| |coffee and bread and butter, of the value of 1_d._ more.
| |Occasional labourers, 1_d._ more.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, 6_d._ in summer, and 5_d._ in winter, without
| | | |food.
| | | | |Same as a woman.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Rye bread, cheese, butter or fat,
| | | | | | |bacon, vegetables, coffee, and very
| | | | | | |weak beer.
| | | | | | |
FRANCE:
HAVRE, p. 181
|Labourers (not stated of what description) per day, town, 2_s._;
|country, summer, 1_s._ 6_d._; winter, 1_s._ 2_d._
| | | |Per day, 10_d._ with food.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Families do subsist, and are
| | | | | | |respectable upon these earnings. Their
| | | | | | |food is bread, a few vegetables, and
| | | | | | |cider; never animal food, or very
| | | | | | |rarely. Coffee and treacle are also
| | | | | | |used.
| | | | | | |
BRITTANY, p. 726
|Per day, summer and winter, 15_d._ per year 18_l._
| |Per day, summer, 10_d._; winter, 7_d._ per year, 11_l._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, as artisans, 5_d._ to 7_d._; as
| | | |agriculturists, 3_d._
| | | | |Per day, as artisans, 2½_d._; as agriculturists,
| | | | |during at other times very little.
| | | | | |Per year, as artisans, 10_l._; as
| | | | | |agriculturists, 8_l._
| | | | | | |Artisans.--Yes; bread and a small
| | | | | | |quantity of meat (perhaps 5 lbs. a
| | | | | | |week), vegetables and fish, which are
| | | | | | |very cheap. Agriculturists.--Yes; the
| | | | | | |principal articles of food are buck
| | | | | | |wheat made into porridge and cakes,
| | | | | | |barley bread, potatoes, cabbages, and
| | | | | | |about 6 lbs. of pork weekly. A little
| | | | | | |grease for the cabbage soup, which is
| | | | | | |poured on barley bread.
| | | | | | |
LA LOIRE INFERIEURE, p. 176
|Per day, summer and winter, 1_s._ 8_d._ to 2_s._ 6_d._ Per year
|26_l._ 10_s._, in Nantes.
| |Per day, summer and winter, 7½_d._ to 10_d._ Per year, 12_l._
| |to 12_l._ 10_s._ If lodged and boarded, from 5_l._ to 8_l._
| |6_s._ 8_d._
| | |Per day, summer and winter, 1_s._ ½_d._ to 1_s._ 3_d._ Per
| | | year, 13_l._--_s._ 5_d._ to 15_l._ 12_s._ 6_d._ in Nantes.
| | | |Per day, summer and winter, 4_d._ to 8_d._ in the
| | | |country, 6_d._ to 10_d._ in towns.
| | | | |Per day, summer and winter, 3_d._ to 6_d._, under
| | | | |16, in Nantes.
| | | | | |Per year, in Nantes, sometimes from 15_l._
| | | | | |to 16_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._; in the country
| | | | | |considerably less.
| | | | | | |If the father obtains constant
| | | | | | |employment and applies the whole of his
| | | | | | |earnings to the support of his family,
| | | | | | |and his wife and children are enabled
| | | | | | |to add 200 or 300 francs thereto, he
| | | | | | |may have in his power to buy a little
| | | | | | |bacon or other meat now and then, and
| | | | | | |maintain his family without assistance
| | | | | | |from the bureau de bienfaisance, but
| | | | | | |that allows only 70 francs to provide
| | | | | | |fuel and clothes for the whole family,
| | | | | | |after the hire of a room. The bread and
| | | | | | |vegetables had been paid for out of the
| | | | | | |father’s wages.
| | | | | | |
BOURDEAUX, p. 235
|Per day, 1_s._ 7½_d._ to 2_s._ 5_d._
| |Daily labourer, 1_s._ 4½_d._
| |Yearly labourer:
| | Money £17 0
| | Other advantages, 4 12
| | ------
| | Annual inc. £21 12
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per week, 3_s._ 4½_d._; in harvest, 4_s._ 2½_d._;
| | | |in the vine districts, except during harvest, 2_s._
| | | |10_d._
| | | | | |Per year, 12_l._
| | | | | | |Certainly. The food varies in different
| | | | | | |districts. Throughout the district
| | | | | | |called Landes (heath) occupying alone
| | | | | | |one-third of this department, the food
| | | | | | |consists in rye bread, soup made of
| | | | | | |millet, cakes made of Indian corn, now
| | | | | | |and then some salt provision and
| | | | | | |vegetables, rarely if ever butchers’
| | | | | | |meat; their drink water, which for the
| | | | | | |most part is stagnant.
| | | | | | |
BAYONNE, p. 261
|Per day, average workmen, 1_s._ 3_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; best workmen,
|2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._
| |Per day, town and country, 1_s._ Very few in the country.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |The food of the proprietor or working
| | | | | | |farmer chiefly consists of vegetable
| | | | | | |soups, potatoes, salt fish, pork,
| | | | | | |bacon, &c., &c., seldom or ever
| | | | | | |butchers’ meat, and invariably Indian
| | | | | | |corn bread, home-baked.
| | | | | | |
MARSEILLES, p. 188
|Labourers (of what description not stated) per day, 15_d._ to 18_d._;
|by the year, 7_l._ to 8_l._, with board and lodging; 16_l._ to 20_l._
|without board and lodging.
| | | |Per day, 7_d._ to 9_d._, all the year.
| | | | |Per day, aged 11 and under 16, same as woman;
| | | | |under 11, nothing.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |They could subsist on the aggregate
| | | | | | |earnings of the father, mother, and
| | | | | | |children. Their food is generally
| | | | | | |composed of vegetables, bread, and
| | | | | | |farinaceous substances made into soup,
| | | | | | |&c.; and meat soup or bouillie probably
| | | | | | |once a week.
| | | | | | |
PIEDMONT, pp. 657, 658
|From 1_s._ 8_d._ to 4_s._ 2_d._ The first sum forming the wages of a
|carpenter or mason, the second those of a clever goldsmith.
| |Per day, summer 10_d._ to 12_d._; winter 6_d._ to 7½_d._;
| |intermediate seasons, 7½_d._ to 10_d._ Per Year, 8_l._ to
| |12_l._ The piece labourer obtains about 20 or 30 per cent. more
| |than the day labourer. Almost every family earns from 1_l._
| |13_s._ 4_d._ to 2_l._ 8_s._ 4_d._ by breeding silk-worms.
| | |Something more than those of the country.
| | | |During eight months, 2_s._ 6_d._ a week; other four
| | | |months (winter) 1_s._ 8_d._ per week, at most.
| | | | |Per day, 5_d._ in silk-mills; little other
| | | | |employment.
| | | | | |Per year, inclusive of produce of
| | | | | |silk-worms, rather less than 10_l._ to
| | | | | |12_l._
| | | | | | |I think it can, but on the simplest and
| | | | | | |coarsest food; no meat, little wine,
| | | | | | |and twice as much maize flour as wheat
| | | | | | |flour. And with all possible economy,
| | | | | | |if there has been a bad harvest, and
| | | | | | |consequently dear provisions, he must
| | | | | | |apply to the charity of his neighbours
| | | | | | |or of the inhabitants of his parish.
| | | | | | |If his character is good, he cannot
| | | | | | |fail of obtaining it.
| | | | | | |
GENOA, p. 660
|In fine manufactures, from 25_l._ to 28_l._ a year; in ordinary
|manufactures, from 16_l._ to 20_l._ a year.
| |. . . .
| | |From 12_l._ to 14_l._ a year, without food.
| | | |A little.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
SAVOY, p. 661
|. . . .
| |Per day, 15_d._ in summer; 12_d._ or 10_d._ in winter, without
| |food, or 6_d._ with food, and a pint of wine.
| | |. . . .
| | | |One-third of a man’s earnings.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
PORTUGAL, p. 642
|. . . .
| |In the cultivation of the vine and in the vintage, from 1_s._
| |6_d._ to 2_s._ 6_d._ per day, with food.
| | |. . . .
| | | |In harvest, from 3½_d._ to 6_d._ per day, with coarse
| | | |food.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Salt fish, vegetable soup with oil or
| | | | | | |lard, and bread made of maize.
| | | | | | |
THE AZORES, p. 645
|Per day, skilful, 15_d._ to 20_d._
| |Per day, 6_d._ to 8_d._; or yearly, 6_l._ to 8_l._, with
| |breakfast and dinner on certain occasions, such as harvest,
| |vintage, hoeing corn, or cutting wood on the mountains.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Children under 16; field to 5_d._ per day; boys from
| | | |10 to 14, 3_d._ to 4_d._ per day; boys from 7 to 10,
| | | |2_d._ to 3_d._ per day.
| | | | | |If employed for 250 days, 13_l._ 10_s._
| | | | | | |With the above earnings they may
| | | | | | |subsist pretty well with sufficiency
| | | | | | |of Indian corn, bread, vegetables,
| | | | | | |potatoes, and fruit; seldom any meat,
| | | | | | |but in the summer time fish, when
| | | | | | |abundant, such as mackerel, sardinhas,
| | | | | | |smelts, bonitas, abacore, and dolphin.
| | | | | | |
THE CANARY ISLANDS, p. 687
|Per Day, 3_s._
| |Per day, 14_d._ to 18_d._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, as sempstresses, at Santa Cruz, 6_d._ with
| | | |food; 10_d._ without.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |They are satisfied with the commonest
| | | | | | |food and their other wants are very
| | | | | | |limited from the nature of the climate.
| | | | | | |
GREECE, p. 666 (General Return)
|Labourers not distinguished. Per day, 17_d._, without food; per year,
|18_l._ 1_s._ 2_d._
| | | |Children under 16, per week, 4_s._ 9½_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
PATRAS, p. 668
|Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._
| |Per day, summer, 1_s._ 2½ _d._, winter, 11_d._ without food;
| |per year, 12_l._; with food and shoes, per month, 9_s._
| |N.B. Only 248 working days.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Children under 16, per day, in harvest, 6_d._;
| | | |something less in winter.
| | | | | |23_l._ (supposed to include the man’s
| | | | | |wages.)
| | | | | | |They do so, living temperately, as
| | | | | | |these persons almost all do, using both
| | | | | | |maize and wheaten bread, olives, pulse,
| | | | | | |vegetables, salt fish, and occasionally
| | | | | | |meat on great festivals. Their usual
| | | | | | |drink is water, but the men take wine
| | | | | | |also moderately.
| | | | | | |
EUROPEAN TURKEY, p. 671
|Near Towns: Skilled, per month, 1_l._ with provisions; 1_l._ 10_s._
|without provisions; unskilled summer, per month, 9_s._ with
|provisions; 1_l._ without provisions; winter, one-third less.
|
|Distant from Towns, a little more than half. Common labourer, near
|towns, per year, about 18_l._; in other districts, about 8_l._
|
|Wages of artisans, about double those of common labourers.
| | | |Per week, spinners and weavers, and in the field,
| | | |2_s._
| | | | |Under 16, apprenticed labourers and shepherds,
| | | | |about half as much as women.
| | | | | |Wife, 4_l._; eldest child, 2_l._; together
| | | | | |6_l._; (the children under 14 being employed
| | | | | |at home.)
| | | | | | |Such a family can subsist on their
| | | | | | |aggregate earnings. Their food
| | | | | | |principally consists of bread, rice,
| | | | | | |greens, dried beans and peas, olives
| | | | | | |and onions, and meat about once a week.
| | | | | | |
[Sidenote: English Statistics.]
The answers to the following eight purely statistical questions may
also be compared with the results respecting England and Wales,
obtained by the Enumeration of 1831.
14. The proportion of annual deaths to the whole population?
15. The proportion of annual births to the whole population?
16. The proportion of annual marriages to the whole population?
17. The average number of children to a marriage?
18. Proportion of legitimate to illegitimate births?
19. The proportion of children that die before the end of their 1st
year?
20. Proportion of children that die before the end of their 10th year?
21. Proportion of children that die before the end of their 18th year?
The average annual proportion, since 1820, of births and deaths, to the
whole population of England and Wales, is thus stated by Mr. Rickman:
Deaths 1 in 49[22]
Births 1 in 28[23]
The average annual proportion during five years preceding 1831, of
marriages to the whole population of England and Wales, is stated by
Mr. Rickman to be 1 to 128[24].
The average annual proportion in England and Wales, during ten years
preceding 1831, of births to marriages, to be 441 to 100[25].
The proportion in England and Wales, in the year 1830, of legitimate to
illegitimate births, to be 19 to 1[26].
The proportion in England and Wales of deaths of persons under 1 year
to the whole number of deaths during 18 years, ending in 1830, to be
778,803 out of 3,938,496, or 1 in 5¹⁄₁₇, or more nearly 1 in 5²⁄₃₅.
The proportion of deaths under the age of 10 years to be 1,524,937 out
of 3,938,496, or 1 in 2⅗, or more nearly 1 in 2²⁹⁄₅₀.
The proportion of deaths under the age of 18 years to be 1,703,941 out
of 3,938,496, or 1 in 2⅓, or more nearly 1 in 2⁵³⁄₁₇₀[27].
[22] Preface to Enumeration Abstract, p. 25.
[23] Ib., p. 44, 25.
[24] Ib., p. 34.
[25] Ib., p. 45.
[26] Preface to Enumeration Abstract, p. 44.
[27] Ib., p. 36.
The following is an Abstract of the Foreign Returns contained in this
Appendix. Those marked thus (*) appear to have been derived from
enumeration; the others to depend on estimation.
DIGEST OF ANSWERS.
PLACE.
|Proportion of Annual DEATHS to the whole Population.
| |Proportion of Annual BIRTHS to the whole Population.
| | |Proportion of Annual MARRIAGES to the whole Population.
| | | |Average Number of CHILDREN to a Marriage.
| | | | |Proportion of LEGITIMATE to ILLEGITIMATE Births.
| | | | | |PROPORTION OF CHILDREN
| | | | | |That Die before they attain their
| | | | | |First Year.
| | | | | | |Tenth Year.
| | | | | | | |Eighteenth Year.
| | | | | | | |
AMERICA:
MASSACHUSETTS, p. 684
|About 1 in 40
| |About ⅛ per cent. more than the deaths.
| | |. . . .
| | | |5
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
BOSTON, p. 685
|1 in 41⁷⁄₁₁*, ascertained by dividing the average population during
|20 years, ending 1830, by the average deaths.
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |Nearly 1 in 5*
| | | | | | |⁶¹¹⁄₁₄₇₆*
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
NEW YORK, p. 159
|1 in 30
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |5
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |27 per cent. in the city*.
| | | | | | |49 per cent. in the city*.
| | | | | | | |53 per cent. in the city*.
| | | | | | | |
MEXICO, p. 691
|Not known; but the Population increases very slowly, and the average
|duration of life is short.
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
CARTHAGENA DE COLOMBIA, p. 166
|Probably 6 to 8 per cent.
| |Probably 8 to 10 per cent.
| | |. . . .
| | | |4 to 5
| | | | |As 5 to 6 probably
| | | | | |Say one-half
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
HAYTI, p. 166
|Not known, but supposed that births and deaths are about equal, and
|the Population stationary.
| | |. . . .
| | | |3 to 4
| | | | |Probably 1 to 1000
| | | | | |Comparatively large proportion.
| | | | | | |Comparatively large proportion.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
MARANHAM, p. 693
|1 in 25
| |1 in 20
| | |Comparatively small
| | | |5
| | | | |Proportion of illegitimates great.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
EUROPE:
NORWAY, p. 699
|1 in 54*
| |1 in 28*
| | |1 in 119*
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |14 to 1*
| | | | | |Under 5 years, rather more than 1 in 3*.
| | | | | | |Under 10, nearly 1 in 2⁴⁄₇*.
| | | | | | | |Under 20, nearly 1 in 2⅜*.
| | | | | | | |
SWEDEN:
GENERAL RETURN, p. 374
|1 in 41½*
| |1 in 29*
| | |1 in 117½*
| | | |3⁶⁄₁₀ to 4⅙
| | | | |In 1749, 49 to 1
| | | | |From 1775 to 1795, 27 to 1
| | | | |---- 1795 to 1800, 20 to 1
| | | | |---- 1800 to 1805, 17 to 1
| | | | |---- 1805 to 1810, 15 to 1
| | | | |---- 1810 to 1820, 14 to 1
| | | | |---- 1820 to 1825, 13³⁄₁₀ to 1
| | | | |---- 1825 to 1830, 16 to 1*.
| | | | | |1st year, legitimate, 1 in 6¹¹⁄₁₃;
| | | | | |illegitimate, 1 in 3¹⁵⁄₁₇*.
| | | | | | |¹³⁄₂₉ die before their 16th year*.
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
GOTTENBURG Return, p. 387
|Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 40.
| |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 30.
| | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 131.
| | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, about 4¹⁄₁₆.
| | | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 16 to 1.
| | | | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 5.
| | | | | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1
| | | | | | |in 2¾.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
RUSSIA:
GENERAL RETURN, p. 334
|In the year 1831, 1 in 25⁹²⁄₁₀₀*.
| |In the year 1831, 1 in 23³⁶⁄₁₀₀*.
| | |In the year 1831, 1 in 132*.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |One-half*.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
ARCHANGEL Return, p. 339
|Annual average of 5 years, excluding 1831, (the cholera year), in
|which one-tenth of the population died, 1 in 45; average of 5 years,
|including the cholera year, 1 in 25*.
| |Average of 5 years, 1 in 24*.
| | |Average of 5 years, 1 in 100*.
| | | |3 or 4.
| | | | |Nearly 34 to 1*.
| | | | | |1 in 16⁸⁄₁₀*.
| | | | | | |One-half*.
| | | | | | | |1 in 1⁸³⁄₁₀₀*.
| | | | | | | |
COURLAND Return, p. 342
|In healthy times, 1 in 28⁵⁷⁄₁₀₀.
| |1 in 26³⁄₁₀.
| | |1 in 100.
| | | |4.
| | | | |In town, 5 to 1; in country, above 20 to 1.
| | | | | |1 in 8.
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
DENMARK, p. 297
|Average of 5 last years (3 unhealthy) 1 in 36*. Usual proportion, 1
|in 40.
| |1 in 34*.
| | |1 in 123*.
| | | |3²⁷⁄₄₀*.
| | | | |9⁶⁶¹⁄₁₀₀₀ to 1*.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |1 in 3⁵⁸¹⁄₁₀₀₀*.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
HAMBURGH, p. 394
|Within a small fraction, 1 in 29*.
| |Within a small fraction, 1 in 27*.
| | |1 in 75⁵⁄₁₀*.
| | | |About 2⅕*.
| | | | |4⅚ to 1*.
| | | | | |1 in 6⁷²⁄₃₈₅*.
| | | | | | |Rather more than 1 in 3*.
| | | | | | | |Rather less than 1 in 2½*.
| | | | | | | |
BREMEN, p. 410
|From 1 in 43 to 1 in 40.
| |From 1 in 37 to 1 in 33.
| | |About 1 in 124½.
| | | |About 4.
| | | | |About 11 to 1.
| | | | | |About 1 in 4.
| | | | | | |About 1 in 3.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
LUBECK, p. 419
|About 1 in 56.
| |About 1 in 53½.
| | |1 in 177.
| | | |3⅓ to whole number of marriages, but of legitimates
| | | |2¹¹⁄₁₆ to each marriage.
| | | | |Rather less than 6 to 1.
| | | | | |About 1 in 7.
| | | | | | |About 1 in 3¾.
| | | | | | | |About 1 in 3⁵⁄₁₆.
| | | | | | | |
MECKLENBURG, p. 423
|Nearly 1 in 46½*.
| |Nearly 1 in 27*.
| | |1 in 124*.
| | | |4
| | | | |9 to 1.
| | | | | |Before the 14th year, one fourth.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
DANTZIG, p. 466
|Nearly 1 in 24½*, ascertained by dividing the population by the
|average deaths of 3 years, one of which was 1831, the cholera year.
| |Nearly 1 in 29*.
| | |Nearly 1 in 134*.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |Nearly 6½ to 1*.
| | | | | |Rather more than 1 in 5.
| | | | | | |About 1 in 2½.
| | | | | | | |Under 20, about 1 in 2⅓.
| | | | | | | |
SAXONY, p. 479
|1 in 34½.
| |1 in 24⁸⁄₁₀.
| | |1 in 131⁸⁄₁₀.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |7 to 1.
| | | | | |Rather more than one-half die under 14*.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
WURTEMBERG, p. 507
|1 in 31¹¹⁄₃₇*.
| |1 in 27⅒*.
| | |1 in 147*.
| | | |4³⁄₁₀*.
| | | | |7⅒ to 1*.
| | | | | |34⅔ in 100*.
| | | | | | |From 1 year to 7, 1 in 10*.
| | | | | | | |From 7 to 14, 1 in 45*.
| | | | | | | |
FRANKFORT, p. 564
|1 in 43½.
| |1 in 48²⁄₁₀.
| | |1 in 188⁷⁄₁₀.
| | | |5 to 6.
| | | | |6⁷⁄₁₀ to 1.
| | | | | |1 in 6½*.
| | | | | | |Under 6 years, 1 in 4⁶⁷⁄₂₅₄*.
| | | | | | | |Under 19, 1 in 3¹²⁶⁄₃₁₉*.
| | | | | | | |
NORTH HOLLAND, p. 581
|In 1832, 1 in 30⁶⁄₁₀*. Nearly ¹⁄₁₅ of the deaths were of cholera.
|In Amsterdam 1 in 28¹⁴⁄₁₀₀*.
| |In 1832, 1 in 30⁷⁄₁₀*.
| | |1 in 122²⁄₁₀*.
| | | |5⅒*
| | | | |15 to 1*.
| | | | | |Nearly 1 in 7⁸⁄₁₁*.
| | | | | | |Nearly 1 in 4⁴⁄₁₀*.
| | | | | | | |Nearly 1 in 2¾*.
| | | | | | | |
BELGIUM:
The following are the results of the official enumeration in 1830
|1 in 43.
| |1 in 30.
| | |1 in 144.
| | | |4⁷²⁄₁₀₀
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |1 in 4⁵¹⁄₁₀₀.
| | | | | | |³³⁄₈₀.
| | | | | | | |¹⁷⁄₃₈.
| | | | | | | |
BOOM, p. 635
|1 in 28⁵⁄₁₀*.
| |1 in 36*
| | |1 in 95²⁄₁₀*.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |21 to 1*.
| | | | | |1 in 5*.
| | | | | | |1 in 4*.
| | | | | | | |1 in 2⁴⁄₂₁*.
| | | | | | | |
OSTEND, p. 640
|1 in 35⁴⁄₁₀*.
| |1 in 31*
| | |1 in 146⁵⁄₁₀*.
| | | |4⁷²⁄₁₀₀*.
| | | | |9 to 1*.
| | | | | |1 in 5⁷⁄₁₀*.
| | | | | | |1 in 2⁴⁄₁₀*.
| | | | | | | |45 per cent.*
| | | | | | | |
FRANCE: The following are the results of the official enumeration of 1831
|1 in 39⁶⁄₁₀.
| |1 in 32⁴⁄₁₀.
| | |1 in 131⁶⁄₁₀.
| | | |4⁷⁄₁₀₀; legitimate 3⁷⁷⁷⁄₁₀₀₀.
| | | | |13¹⁶⁴⁄₁₀₀₀ to 1.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
HAVRE, p. 182
|1 in 34.
| |1 in 25.
| | |1 in 110.
| | | |About 3
| | | | |About 9 to 1.
| | | | | |About 1 in 6.
| | | | | | |About 1 in 3.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
BRITTANY, LAMBEZELLEC, (adjoining Brest; population 8460), p. 727
|1 in 28*.
| |1 in 22¹⁴⁄₁₀₀*
| | |. . . .
| | | |In the whole province, 3*.
| | | | |In the whole province, 8⁵⁄₁₀ to 1*.
| | | | | |Under 5 years, 1 in 2¹²⁄₄₄*.
| | | | | | |Under 10 years, 1 in 2*.
| | | | | | | |Under 20 years, rather more than
| | | | | | | |1 in 2*.
| | | | | | | |
PLOUSANE (inland, population 2452)
|1 in 43*.
| |1 in 35*.
| | |. . . .
| | | |3*.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |Under 5 years, 1 in 2⅜*.
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |Under 20 years, 1 in 2⅓*.
| | | | | | | |
CONQUET (inland, population 1294)
|1 in 44⁵⁄₁₀*.
| |1 in 30*.
| | |. . . .
| | | |3*.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |Under 5 years, 1 in 9⅔*.
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |Under 20 years, 1 in 7¼*.
| | | | | | | |
LA LOIRE INFERIEURE (in 1832), p. 177
|1 in 39*.
| |1 in 34*.
| | |1 in 147*.
| | | |3⅔ legitimate*
| | | | |In Nantes, 8 to 1; in country, 12 to 1.
| | | | | |1 in 6¹²⁄₁₉₇*.
| | | | | | |1 in 2¾*.
| | | | | | | |1 in 2⁵⁄₁₄*.
| | | | | | | |
BOURDEAUX, p. 236
|. . . .
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |3*.
| | | | |18 to 1.
| | | | | |1 in 7.
| | | | | | |1 in 4.
| | | | | | | |1 in 3.
| | | | | | | |
BASSES PYRENEES, p. 260
|1 in 50³⁰⁄₈₅*.
| |1 in 38¹⁄₁₂*.
| | |1 in 165³⁵⁄₄₁*.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |14½ to 1*.
| | | | | |Under 4 years, 1 in 2⁷⁄₁₂*.
| | | | | | |Under 20 years, 1 in 1¾*.
| | | | | | | |
MARSEILLES, p. 189
|1 in 80*, in 1831
| |1 in 34*, in 1831
| | |1 in 156*, in 1831
| | | |4½*.
| | | | |Department, 9 to 1; Marseilles, 5 to 1*.
| | | | | |1 in 4⅓*.
| | | | | | |1 in 2⅙*.
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
THE AZORES, p. 643
|1 in 48.
| |1 in 19.
| | |. . . .
| | | |3 to 4.
| | | | |About 7 to 1.
| | | | | |Nearly one-half.
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
GENOA, p. 660
|About 1 in 28⁴⁄₇.
| |About 1 in 20.
| | |About 1 in 166.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |About 1 in 4.
| | | | | | |45 per cent.
| | | | | | | |48 per cent. die before the age
| | | | | | | |of 16.
| | | | | | | |
SAVOY, p. 662
|General average 1 in 42; but in some marshy districts 1 in 28; in
|some mountainous districts 1 in 52.
| |1 in 29.
| | |. . . .
| | | |4½.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
GREECE, p. 666
|Nothing ascertained, but that the deaths are far fewer than the
|births: average number of children to a marriage 4: very few
|illegitimate.
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | | |
EUROPEAN TURKEY, p. 672
|In healthy years about 1 in 50[28].
| |About 1 in 31[28].
| | |About 1 in 66[28].
| | | |4.
| | | | |Few illegitimate born, and few of those allowed
| | | | |to live.
| | | | | |About 1 in 5⁹⁄₁₀.
| | | | | | |About 1 in 4.
| | | | | | | |About 1 in 3³⁄₁₀.
| | | | | | | |
[28] These numbers cannot be correct.
Comparison between the state of the English and Foreign Labouring
Classes.
On comparing these statements respecting the wages, subsistence, and
mortality of those portions of Continental Europe which have furnished
returns with the corresponding statements respecting England, it will
be found, that on every point England stands in the most favourable,
or nearly the most favourable, position. With respect to money wages,
the superiority of the English agricultural labourer is very marked.
It may be fairly said that his wages are nearly double the average of
agricultural wages in the Continent. And as fuel is generally cheaper
in England than in the Continent, and clothing is universally so,
his relative advantage with respect to those important objects of
consumption is still greater.
On the other hand, as food is dearer in England than in any other part
of Europe, the English labourer, especially if he have a large family,
necessarily loses on this part of his expenditure a part of the benefit
of his higher wages, and, if the relative dearness of food were very
great, might lose the whole. On comparing, however, the answers to
the 14th English and 8th Foreign question, it appears probable, that
even in this respect the English family has an advantage, though of
course less than in any other. Of the 687 English parishes which have
given an answer, from which the diet of the family can be inferred,
491, or about five-sevenths, state, that it could obtain meat; and of
the 196 which give answers implying that it could not get meat, 43 are
comprised in Essex and Sussex, two of the most pauperised districts in
the kingdom. But in the foreign answers, meat is the exception instead
of the rule. In the north of Europe the usual food seems to be potatoes
and oatmeal, or rye bread, accompanied frequently by fish, but only
occasionally by meat.
In Germany and Holland the principal food appears to be rye bread,
vegetables, the produce of the dairy, and meat once or twice a week.
In Belgium, potatoes, rye bread, milk, butter and cheese, and
occasionally pork.
The French returns almost exclude fresh meat, and indicate a small
proportion of salted meat. Thus we are told, that in Havre they live on
bread and vegetables; never animal food, or very rarely. In Brittany,
on buck wheat, barley bread, potatoes, cabbages, and about 6 lbs. of
pork weekly. In the Gironde, on rye bread, soup made of millet, Indian
corn, now and then some salt provision, and vegetables, rarely if ever
butcher’s meat. In the Basses Pyrenées, on vegetable soups, potatoes,
salt fish, pork and bacon, seldom or ever butcher’s meat. In the
Bouches du Rhone, on vegetables, bread, and farinaceous substances made
into soup, and bouillie about once a week. Their food in Piedmont is
said to be the simplest and coarsest; no meat, and twice as much maize
flour as wheat flour. In Portugal, salt fish, vegetable soup, with oil
or lard, and maize bread.
Further evidence as to the relative state of the bulk of the population
of England is afforded by the ratio of its mortality.
The only countries in which the mortality appears to be so small as in
England, are, Norway, in which it is ¹⁄₅₄, and the Basses Pyrenées,
in which it is ¹⁄₅₆[29]. In all the other countries which have given
returns it exceeds the English proportion, sometimes by doubling it,
and in the majority of instances by more than one fourth.
A portion of our apparent superiority arises from the rapidity with
which our population is increasing; but though the proportion of our
births exceeds the average proportion of Europe, the difference as to
births is small when compared with the difference as to deaths, and
in a great part of the north of Europe and Germany the proportion of
births is greater than our own, and therefore the longevity of the
population still more inferior to that of England than it appears to be.
[29] We exclude Lubeck, the Azores, and European Turkey, as the
Returns from them appear to be mere guesses.
London: Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES and SONS, Stamford-street.