THE IRISH CHURCH DURING THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS OF ELIZABETH'S REIGN.
[Sidenote: The Queen aims at outward uniformity.]
Outward uniformity was what Elizabeth chiefly aimed at in the first years
of her reign, and before a Papal excommunication forced her to be the
enemy of all who adhered to Rome. The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity
were passed as a matter of course, but a clause in the latter statute
shows that there was every disposition to treat the Irish tenderly. Most
parts of Ireland, the Act declares, were devoid of English ministers to
read the Common Prayer and administer the sacraments; 'and for that also,
that the same may not be in their native language, as well for difficulty
to get it printed, as that few in the whole realm can read Irish
letters,' it was ordained that ministers and priests who knew no English
might do their office in Latin. It was a singularly ill-advised plan, for
the Jesuits and friars all knew Latin, and the Irish people knew it even
less than English.
[Sidenote: The English Bible and Prayer-book. Images.]
In Dublin, however, everyone spoke English, and the Common Prayer Book of
Edward VI. was used at the installation of Sussex. Open opposition was
impossible, but on the following Sunday an attempt was made to discredit
the new ritual by a trick. Christ Church contained a marble Christ with a
crown of thorns on His head. This statue, which had been removed by
Browne and replaced by Curwen, was observed to bleed during the service,
and many were ready to believe in a miracle. Sedgrave, the mayor, who had
sat quiet during the former service, produced a rosary and prayed openly
before the bloody effigy. A former monk of the cathedral, named Leigh,
cried out that Christ could not but sweat blood since heresy had come
into the Church. A tumult seemed imminent, and Sussex and his suite
hurried out of the choir. But Curwen stood upon a bench and showed the
congregation that Leigh had placed a sponge filled with blood within the
crown of thorns. The Protestants were triumphant, the Roman party
confounded, and Curwen's orders to have the statue broken up were obeyed
without demur. Parker made good use of this occurrence to persuade the
Queen to have images removed from all the churches. The exposure of so
gross a fraud may have contributed to secure outward conformity in
Dublin; but among the Irish-speaking people in the country it was perhaps
scarcely heard of. The counter-reformation was everywhere in progress
under teachers trained at Louvain. The actual state of the question as
between Crown and Pope may best be arrived at by considering each diocese
separately. A large Bible presented by Archbishop Heath to one or both of
the Dublin cathedrals was eagerly read, and more than 7,000 copies are
said to have been bought for the Irish market in two years; but they can
have been of little use to those who did not know a word of English.[360]
[Sidenote: See of Armagh. Adam Loftus.]
The primatial see of Armagh was vacant at the accession of Elizabeth, and
remained so until 1563. Sussex recommended Adam Loftus, a Yorkshireman,
who was already in Ireland and distinguished as a preacher. Loftus, who
was educated at Cambridge, was the friend of Cartwright, and this may
have retarded his promotion for a time. In November, 1561, his preferment
was announced, and almost immediately afterwards the news was
contradicted on authority. 'I know not,' said Sussex, 'who hath informed
that he is not worthy of that place, but if a vehement zeal in religion,
good understanding in the Scriptures, doctrines, and other kinds of
learning, continual study, good conversation of life, and a bountiful
gift of God in utterance, be sufficient to enable him, I undertake I have
better ground to enable him than any man of that land or this, of what
vocation soever he be, hath to disable him.' Loftus made the usual
professions of unwillingness, and Sussex remarked that the primacy was
great in name, but the living very small. He had searched for three years
without finding a fit man. The Lord Deputy's entreaties prevailed, and in
October 1561 a _congé d'élire_ was addressed to the Dean and Chapter of
Armagh. This is remarkable, because the necessity for such instruments in
Ireland had been already abolished by Act of Parliament. The letter was
sent down to Armagh, and the Dean replied that no election was possible.
The greater part of the Chapter were 'temporal men and Shane O'Neill's
horsemen.' The appointment was accordingly made by patent. Perhaps it had
been the Queen's intention to obtain only a permissive dispensation. At
all events, the failure of the first attempt at capitular election was
enough for her, and she did not repeat the experiment. Loftus was
consecrated by Archbishop Curwen in March 1563, and the succession was
thus preserved, for Curwen's authenticity has never been questioned at
Rome. At the beginning of 1565 Loftus was elected Dean of St. Patrick's,
and was empowered to hold the deanery along with his archbishopric, from
which it must be allowed that he derived little or no profit. It does not
appear that he ever saw his cathedral, which was burned by Shane O'Neill
in 1566 lest it should shelter the English; and he was ready to resign a
dignity which brought him not more than 20_l._ a year. 'Of the whole
revenues,' he said, 'there remaineth nothing but the bare house and
fourscore acres of ground at Termonfeckin. Though peace ensue the
repressing of this rebel, yet these wastes will not be inhabited, nor the
spoils recovered many years hereafter.' In the following year Loftus was
translated to Dublin and forced to resign his deanery, which he did very
unwillingly. Curwen, he said, had so impoverished his see that it was
worth only 400_l._ Irish with 1,200 acres of land, and he was 'minded
rather to continue in the poor state' of nominal primate with St.
Patrick's thrown in. He had, however, admitted that he could do no good
in the Northern see, 'for that altogether it lieth among the Irish.' Love
of money was throughout the bane of Loftus, and went far to neutralise
the good effects of his learning and eloquence.[361]
[Sidenote: Loftus is removed to Dublin.]
Having determined to remove Loftus to Dublin, the Queen seriously thought
of making the Dean, Terence Daniel, Primate of All Ireland. He had been
thought of in 1564, but was very unfit for the office, and the
appointment, which would have been avowedly political, was perhaps
prevented by Sidney or Parker. Loftus recommended his friend Cartwright;
but Thomas Lancaster, an Englishman who had formerly been Bishop of
Kildare, was preferred, and in consideration of the state of his see was
allowed to hold other preferment both in England and Ireland.[362]
[Sidenote: Papal primates.]
But neither Loftus nor Lancaster was acknowledged at Rome, and a Primate
not acknowledged at Rome had small chance of reverence from the Irish
masses. Donat O'Teige was provided by the Pope, and was at Armagh in the
summer of 1561, when Shane O'Neill made his first attempt to burn the
cathedral and its garrison of English soldiers. The pretended 'Papist
Primate,' said Sussex, 'sung mass with all the friars. After mass the
Primate and the friars went thrice about Shane's men, saying certain
prayers, and willed them to go forward, for God was on their side.
Whereupon he and all his men made a solemn vow and took their oaths never
to turn their faces from the church till they had burned it and all the
English churches, and so with a great shout set forward and assaulted the
churchyard, where divers of them quickly left their bodies, and the rest,
setting on fire the friars' house and other old houses in another part of
the town, ran away.' We cannot wonder at the difficulty of obtaining
canonical election for Loftus. O'Teige died in the following year, and in
1564 Richard Creagh was provided in his room.[363]
[Sidenote: Archbishop Creagh. His sufferings.]
If martyrdom consists in suffering for one's opinions, few men have
earned the crown better than Archbishop Creagh. He was a Limerick man,
the son of a merchant, and himself engaged in trade. A ship in which he
was about to sail put to sea while he was engaged in prayer. She
foundered with all hands, and this escape made Creagh more serious than
ever. He went to Louvain, and afterwards intended to enter the severe
Theatine order, which had been founded about the time of his birth; but
Pius IV., under pain 'of cursing,' obliged him to accept the Irish
Primacy. During Queen Mary's life he had already refused the
Archbishopric of Cashel. From Rome he went by way of Augsburg to Antwerp,
and thence to Louvain, where, dressed in his archiepiscopal robes, he
gave a dinner to the doctors. He then sailed in a ship bound for Ireland,
was driven to Dover by a contrary wind, and made his way to Rochester.
'There,' says his evidence before the Recorder of London, 'he found an
Irish boy begging, whom he took with him to London, and there lodged at
the Three Cups in Broad Street, where he tarried not past three days, and
went to Paul's Church, and there walked but had no talk with any man, and
so to Westminster Church to see the monuments there, and from thence came
to Westminster Hall the same time that he heard say Bonner was
arraigned.' He made his way to Ireland, landed in his own province, and
went to a monastery to hear mass. Immediately afterwards, and within an
hour of setting foot on dry land, he was arrested by soldiers and sent to
England. He was imprisoned and examined in the Tower, whence he escaped
after a few weeks. By some extraordinary negligence, or possibly on
purpose, all the doors were left open one morning. Creagh passed out at
the main gate and was stopped by the Beefeaters, to whom he represented
himself as the servant of Bilson, a Roman Catholic priest who was
undergoing an easy imprisonment. He was allowed to go free, and it is not
surprising that he should have thought his escape miraculous.[364]
[Sidenote: Fate of Creagh.]
Creagh made his way back to Ulster. According to his own account he was
at all times friendly to Englishmen, anxious to serve the Queen as far as
conscience would allow, and careful to prevent Shane O'Neill from
plundering the Pale 'according to his cursed custom.' No sincere
priest--and Creagh was undoubtedly a virtuous man--could have approved
Shane's doings, and no Archbishop could be well pleased to see his
cathedral a blackened ruin. But his language in the Tower differed
greatly in tone from that which he held in Ulster. On Christmas Day 1566
he was with Shane, and wrote to Sidney suggesting that 'if peace should
be or not, whether it should please your lordship, that we should have
our old service in our churches, and suffer the said churches to be up
for that use, so that the said Lord O'Neill should the less destroy no
more churches, and perhaps should help to restore such as by his
procurement were destroyed.' In the same letter he admits that he had
close relations with Spain, and throughout uses the first person plural.
Sidney's winter campaign, which broke Shane's power, perhaps made Ulster
untenable, or that chief may not have been unwilling to surrender him in
order to make room for Terence Daniel. However that may be, Creagh seems
to have wandered into Connaught, for it was by O'Shaughnessy that he was
arrested, just four months after his letter to Sidney. He was indicted in
Dublin for conspiring with Shane, but the intention to try him there was
abandoned. There may have been considerable doubt of the fact, and much
more of Irish judges and juries; or perhaps Sidney disliked the odious
task. Once more Creagh escaped, but was again arrested by some of
Kildare's people and sent to London. He was never put on his trial, and
remained eighteen years in the Tower. In 1579, after he had been more
than eleven years in prison, one Hupton, his keeper for the last five,
who thought himself, says Creagh, 'ordained to take harm by Papists,' was
in custody 'only for papistry.' Colwick, another keeper, was accused of
carrying letters to the poor Archbishop, but he said he had never given
him anything but certain sums of 20_s._, 10_s._, or 5_s._ at a time,
'sent him by his countrymen.' In 1574 Creagh wrote a long letter to the
Council, in which he defended himself from all charges of treason or
rebellion, while acknowledging that he owed obedience to the Pope. One of
his legs, he said, was rendered useless by the pressure of irons for
eight years. He had lost most of his teeth, and suffered from rupture,
stone, 'and many other like miseries.' Yet he lived on till 1585. A
memorandum made in the spring of that year notes him as 'a dangerous man
to be among the Irish, for the reverence that is by that nation borne
unto him, and therefore fit to be continued in prison.' A few months
afterwards he died. It has been said that he was poisoned; but his
manifold diseases would account for his death, and Holing the Jesuit, a
contemporary writer, says simply that he was worn out by years and by the
filth of his prison. The story is bad enough as it stands.[365]
[Sidenote: See of Meath. Bishop Staples.]
Edward Staples, who was appointed both by King and Pope in 1529, was
deprived in 1554, but remained in Ireland. 'I was,' he says, 'driven
almost to begging, thrust out of my house, cast from estimation, and made
a jesting among monks and friars, nor any cause why was laid against me;
but for that I did marry a wife they did put an Irish monk in my place,
whose chief matter in preaching hath been in railing against my old
master.' Pole, he adds, chiefly objected to his praying for Henry VIII.'s
soul, but promised that he should have some means of support. He was,
however, left to beg, and could not even afford the journey to London. He
probably died soon after Elizabeth's accession, for the Cistercian
William Walsh was left in possession of his see until 1560, when he was
deprived for preaching against the royal supremacy and the Book of Common
Prayer. Though appointed by Pole, Walsh received no regular Papal
provision till 1564. He was soon afterwards imprisoned, but escaped to
France in 1572. In 1575 he had a Brief to act both for Armagh and
Dublin, Creagh being in the Tower and the other primacy vacant; but it is
not clear that he returned to Ireland. 'He is,' said Loftus, who had vain
hopes of converting him, 'of great credit among his countrymen, and upon
whom, as touching causes of religion, they wholly depend.' But Walsh
could hardly live safely in Ireland, and he died in Spain in 1578, having
for some time acted as suffragan to the Archbishop of Toledo. Hugh Brady,
appointed by patent in 1563, was a purely Protestant bishop.[366]
[Sidenote: See of Clogher. Meiler Magrath.]
At the accession of Elizabeth, Raymond MacMahon was Bishop of Clogher. He
died in 1560 probably, and it is not pretended that he conformed. There
is a regular Papal succession from his death, but the Queen made no
appointment till 1570, when she preferred the notorious Meiler Magrath.
Eugene Magennis was Bishop of Down and Connor, and perhaps made some show
of conformity, for he was present in the Parliament of 1560. He died in
1563, and Shane O'Neill tried to get the see for his brother, who was
only twenty-three years old. The Pope refused, and in 1565 Meiler Magrath
was appointed at Rome. Magrath, who was utterly unscrupulous, made all
the official submissions required of him, and in 1580 was deprived by the
Pope 'for the crime of heresy and many other enormities.' From that date
there is a regular Papal succession. Magrath, who had been originally a
Franciscan friar, became the Queen's Archbishop of Cashel in 1570; her
Majesty having previously appointed John Merriman to Down and Connor.
Magrath therefore enjoys the unique distinction of having been Protestant
Archbishop of Cashel and Papal Bishop of Down and Connor at one and the
same time. He was no ornament to either Church.[367]
[Sidenote: Derry. Raphoe. Dromore. Clonmacnoise.]
Eugene O'Dogherty was Bishop of Derry at Elizabeth's accession. He was
appointed by provision, and there is a regular Papal succession from him,
but it does not appear that the Queen ever interfered. The same may be
said of Raphoe and Dromore. Peter Wall, a Dominican, became Bishop of
Clonmacnoise in 1556. On his death, in 1568, the see was united to Meath
by Act of Parliament, and the Popes made no appointment until 1647.
Patrick MacMahon was Bishop of Armagh from 1541 to 1568 at least, in
which latter year he appears to have been deprived by bull. He died
before November 1572, and in 1576 the Pope provided a successor as from
his death and not from his deprivation, which may cast some doubt on the
above-mentioned document. The Queen made no appointment till 1583.
Kilmore was vacant at her accession, and she made no appointment till
1585. There is, however, a regular Papal succession. As a plain matter of
fact the Government had no ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Ulster during
the early part of Elizabeth's reign. It was different with Meath, and
Bishop Brady has the credit of restoring the ruined church of Kells in
1578. That it should have been then in ruins says little for the position
of religion where the State had power.[368]
[Sidenote: Dublin.]
A sentiment attaches to Armagh, but Dublin was much more really
important. It was beyond Shane O'Neill's power to burn either St.
Patrick's or Christ Church, and a Papal nominee could hardly venture into
the city or even into the diocese. Hugh Curwen, who was Archbishop from
1555 to 1568, when he was translated to Oxford, undoubtedly conformed,
and it is through him that Irish Protestant bishops derive what is called
apostolical succession. The Pope did not make even a titular appointment
until 1600. Thomas Leverous, Kildare's old tutor, and a most excellent
man, was Bishop of Kildare at Mary's death, was deprived in 1559, so far
as the Government could deprive him, for refusing to take the oath of
supremacy, and supported himself as a schoolmaster till his death in
1577. He was buried at Naas, within his own diocese, and his body was
said to have performed many miracles. The Popes made no appointment until
1629, and the history of the Protestant see is very curious.[369]
[Sidenote: Kildare.]
[Sidenote: Robert Daly.]
[Sidenote: Irish Protestantism naturally Puritanical.]
Alexander Craik, a Scot, was appointed by patent in 1560, and was allowed
to hold the Deanery of St. Patrick's also. He is accused of impairing
his bishopric by alienating the lands, but he was in the direst poverty,
and he evidently had a conscience, so perhaps this may be calumny.
'Neither,' he wrote to Leicester, 'I can preach to the people nor the
people understand me.' Loftus was his chaplain and only ally, and he
begged to be released. His deanery of St. Patrick's was valueless to him,
for William Basnet claimed to hold it by a lease of Henry VIII.
Nevertheless the Crown pressed him for first-fruits, and he had not
wherewithal to pay the bare expenses of his removal to Ireland. As a
preacher he was overworked, and when he imported an assistant from
Hampshire, the Bishop of Winchester cited the latter for non-residence.
Both for the sake of his health and his pocket he begged leave to visit
England, but apparently the request was refused, and in 1563 he was
actually in prison for 632_l._ due on account of first-fruits which he
had not the means to pay. He died in the following year, and the see was
given, unsolicited, to Robert Daly, a Prebendary of St. Patrick's, whose
power of preaching in the Irish language recommended him to the Queen.
The net value of his bishopric not being more than 50_l._ a year, Daly
was allowed to retain his prebend as well as the vicarage of Swords. He
was a sincere and energetic Calvinist, and in 1565 he wrote to Cecil
lamenting the measures taken against the Puritans. 'The poor
Protestants,' he said, 'being amazed at the talk doth oft resort towards
me to learn what the matter means: whom I do comfort with the most
fruitful texts of Scripture that I can find, willing them to put their
trust in God, who promised that the faith should not decay in His elect,
and never to leave His flock comfortless.' We have here the germ of many
future troubles. Irish Protestantism, being the religion of a minority in
a Roman Catholic country, naturally took a Calvinistic hue, and the
attempt to make it conform to the views of Parker, Whitgift, Laud, and
others destroyed any chance which the State Church might have had. Daly
begged for such encouragement as would enable him not only to comfort his
friends, but to 'suppress the stout brags of the sturdy and proud
Papists.' He remained Bishop of Kildare for eighteen years, during which
he was turned out of house and home three times by the rebels. The last
outrage was in 1582, and is supposed to have caused his death.[370]
[Sidenote: Ossory.]
The see of Ossory, which it was in Ormonde's power to protect, would
naturally have been one in which the State religion might have had a fair
chance. John Thonery was in possession at Mary's death, and Bale was also
alive. The Kilkenny historian says the Protestant Bishops derive their
succession through Thonery, but there is a difficulty about this, for an
official document written in 1565 declares the see to have been long
vacant, and another paper written while Bale was still alive also treats
it as vacant. Now Bale died in 1563, and Thonery certainly not before
1565. Thonery was employed by the Government in 1559, and there is some
evidence that he was considered still Bishop in 1567. But the Queen
appointed Christopher Gafney towards the end of 1565. From these rather
contradictory data it may perhaps be inferred that Thonery never
conformed, but that he was not formally deprived. Probably he left the
country, for he was certainly considered the true Bishop at Rome. The
consistorial act nominating Thomas Strong in 1582 declares the see to
have been many years vacant, since the death of Thonery, the last Bishop.
Strong made his way to Ireland in 1584, but found his position untenable,
and died in Spain in 1602, having long acted as suffragan to the Bishop
of Compostella.[371]
[Sidenote: Leighlin.]
Thomas O'Fihily, or Field, was Bishop of Leighlin at Elizabeth's
accession, and undoubtedly conformed, fully abjuring the Pope's
authority. He died in 1566, and was buried in his own cathedral. Here,
therefore, is an undoubted link between the Marian and Elizabethan
Churches. Alexander Devereux, who was made Bishop of Ferns in 1539, and
consecrated by Browne, managed to hold his see through the remainder of
Henry's reign, and through the reigns of Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth,
till his death in 1566. He is acknowledged both in the Papal and
Protestant successions, but was a man of indifferent character and no
credit to either Church.[372]
[Sidenote: Cashel.]
[Sidenote: Rival Archbishops.]
Roland Baron was made Archbishop of Cashel by Mary, and held the see till
his death in 1561. But this case does not affect the succession, for
Baron, on account of some informality perhaps, was never acknowledged at
Rome. In 1567 rival archbishops were appointed. The Queen's nominee was
James MacCaghwell, an Irishman, whose learning and virtue had recommended
him to Jewel. Jewel handed him on to Loftus, who advised that he should
have Cashel, 'the living being very small and not meet for any but of
that country birth.' The Primate evidently thought all fat things should
be reserved for Englishmen like himself. The still poorer diocese of Emly
was added during MacCaghwell's episcopate; but he had little enjoyment of
either see. Maurice Reagh FitzGibbon was appointed by the Pope, and in
some way violently dispossessed the Queen's man. Hooker says he wounded
him with a knife, but if that happened it was more probably the act of
some kerne. MacCaghwell seems, however, to have been closely imprisoned,
so that his whereabouts became doubtful. Primate Lancaster said that
FitzGibbon had carried his rival into Spain. For a time at least
FitzGibbon got possession of the cathedral, and is said to have forced
his rival to remain in the choir while he celebrated mass. The rough
treatment to which MacCaghwell was subjected may have shortened his life.
At all events he died in 1570, and Meiler Magrath was appointed in his
place. FitzGibbon's triumph was shortlived, for he did not venture to
visit his diocese. From 1569 to 1578, he seems to have remained on the
Continent defying Walsingham's schemes to entrap him, and it is doubtful
if he ever returned to Ireland.[373]
[Sidenote: Waterford and Lismore.]
The sees of Waterford and Lismore were united in the fourteenth century.
Patrick Walsh, an Oxford graduate, who had been Dean of Waterford since
1547, was appointed in 1551 by _congé d'élire_, followed by capitular
election, and remained in possession during the reign of Mary. The
probability is that he was at first a waverer whose English education
induced him to conform to Henry VIII.'s arrangements, and that he
gradually reverted to Rome. When Sussex entered Waterford in 1558 the
Bishop received him in his robes, but the Protestant ritual had not yet
been re-established. Walsh resigned his deanery in 1566 in favour of
Peter White, who was a very good man but certainly no Protestant. The
Bishop retained his place in both successions, but when he died in 1578,
Waterford, in the opinion of English Protestants, was thoroughly given up
to 'superstition and idolatry,' to 'Rome runners and friars;' and so it
remained during the whole of Elizabeth's reign. Walsh's Protestant
successor, Marmaduke Middleton, only sat some three years, and was
practically expelled by the hostility of his flock. He was translated to
St. David's, and the diocese then fell for several years into the
all-devouring maw of Meiler Magrath. The Popes made no appointment till
1629.[374]
[Sidenote: Cork and Cloyne. Ross.]
Cork and Cloyne were united in the fifteenth century, and Dominic Tirrey
was appointed in 1536. He held possession of the see for twenty years,
but was never acknowledged at Rome, and there is a double succession from
the year 1540. The remote see of Ross does not appear to have been filled
either by Henry VIII., Edward VI., or Mary. Papal appointments were made
in 1519, 1526, 1554, 1559, and 1561. In 1582 William Lyon was appointed
by patent, and soon afterwards received Cork and Cloyne also. The three
sees have since been united in the Protestant succession, but the Papal
see of Ross has continued separate, though no appointment appears to have
been made between 1582 and 1647.[375]
[Sidenote: Limerick.]
William Casey, who was undoubtedly a Protestant, was appointed Bishop of
Limerick in 1551. He was deprived by Mary, but restored by Elizabeth in
1571. Between 1556 and 1571 the see was held by Hugh Lacy, who was not a
Protestant, though he seems to have been something of a trimmer. Yet he
made no attempt at concealment when Sidney visited his cathedral in 1568.
Lacy cannot be held to have conformed, for when the temporalities were
restored to Casey he continued to act as Papal Bishop till his death in
1580, not long before which he suffered a short detention in his own
house. There is a regular double succession from 1571.[376]
[Sidenote: Ardfert and Aghadoe. Killaloe. Kilfenora.]
James Fitzmaurice, Cistercian Abbot of Odorney, was made Bishop of
Ardfert and Aghadoe by the Pope in 1536. Queen Elizabeth made no
appointment till 1588, some years after Fitzmaurice's death. Her nominee
was unable to hold his ground in Kerry, nor was the Papal Bishop
permanently resident. The facts about Killaloe are not very clear. From a
comparison of dates it would appear that Bishop James O'Corren, who took
the oath of supremacy in 1539, was deprived or suspended at Rome, that he
afterwards resigned, that the see was for a time governed by vicars, and
that Terence O'Brien was made Bishop by the Pope in 1554. Bishop O'Brien
died in 1569, and the Government seems not to have interfered with him.
The temporalities were soon afterwards handed over to Maurice MacBrien
Arra, who, on account of his youth, was not consecrated till 1576. In the
meantime the Pope had appointed Malachy O'Molony. MacBrien was educated
at Cambridge, and doubtless conformed, as he remained Bishop till 1612.
Being chief as well as pastor, he had a better chance of success than
most of Elizabeth's men, but he had trouble with his Papal rivals,
O'Molony and O'Mulrian, the latter of whom was appointed in 1576.
O'Mulrian, who was a sharp thorn in the side of Government during the
Desmond rebellion, died in Portugal in 1616, having been an exile for
many years. John O'Nialain, appointed by Papal provision, was Bishop of
Kilfenora from 1541 till his death in 1572. The Popes made no fresh
appointment until 1647, nor is it certain that the Queen made any at
all.[377]
[Sidenote: Tuam. Kilmacduagh. Clonfert. Achonry. Elphin. Ardagh.]
Christopher Bodkin was Archbishop of Tuam at Elizabeth's accession. He
was on fairly good terms with the Government, but there seems no reason
to suppose that he turned Protestant in any real sense. As he sat
uninterruptedly from 1536 to 1572, we may not uncharitably suppose him to
have had rather an elastic conscience. After his death the two
successions are separate. Redmund O'Gallagher was Bishop of Killala from
1549 to 1569, from which latter date the successions are separate.
O'Gallagher was not at any time a Protestant. Kilmacduagh was held by
Bodkin with Tuam, after which Stephen Kirwan was appointed by the Queen
and Dermot O'Diera by the Pope. Elizabeth never made any appointment to
Achonry, which may be considered purely Papal during her reign. The see
of Elphin was held along with Clonfert till 1580, when Thomas Chester, an
Englishman, was appointed by the Queen. The Papal succession is
altogether separate. The local influence of Roland de Burgo enabled him
to keep possession of Clonfert from 1534 till his death in 1580. He
conformed so far as to take the oath of allegiance in 1561, but he was
not a Protestant. The successions separate after his death. On the whole
it may be said that Queen Elizabeth scarcely interfered in Church matters
in Connaught; at least towards the end of her reign.[378]
[Sidenote: Spiritual peers, 1560 and 1585. Papal and Protestant
succession.]
Lists have been preserved of three archbishops and seventeen bishops 'in
a certain Parliament' held in 1560, and of four archbishops and
twenty-two bishops 'answerable to the Parliament in Ireland, and summoned
unto the Parliament holden in 1585.' It has been assumed by some writers
that all the prelates mentioned in the first list actually attended
Parliament; whereas it is much more probable that many were only
summoned, as is expressly stated in the second list. The mere fact of
certain sees being named in any such list is no proof that the incumbents
conformed to Elizabeth's arrangements. Some of the bishops, even if
present, may have voted against the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. The
position of the twenty dioceses mentioned in the list may be briefly
summarised thus:--One archbishop, Curwen of Dublin, conformed.
Christopher Bodkin of Tuam may, from his character, have conformed
insincerely, but this is not proved. Baron of Cashel had never been
confirmed by the Pope, so that his case does not count, though there is
no proof of his having conformed. Walsh of Meath and Leverous of Kildare
were deprived. O'Fihily of Leighlin conformed. In the remaining cases,
the evidence is not very distinct as to formal conformity or the reverse,
but many can be proved to have been Roman Catholics, and none can be
proved to have been Protestants. No doubt some bishops took the oath of
allegiance at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign who could not have done
so after her excommunication. Some had already acknowledged the supremacy
of Henry VIII., in which they were countenanced by Gardiner himself. The
fact that no Christian name is assigned to the Bishops of Emly, Ross,
Killaloe, Achonry, Killala, Ardfert, and Ardagh, tends to prove that many
of the sees given in the list were not really represented. The Dublin
officials knew something about the Leinster, and a few of the Munster
bishops; of the more distant sees they knew no more than the bare
names.[379]
The state of the Irish Church during the early years of Elizabeth was as
lamentable as it is possible to conceive. A report made in 1566 by the
Irish Council to the Privy Council says that Curwen of Dublin, Loftus of
Armagh, and Brady of Meath did their best, both in preaching and in
looking after their clergy. 'Howbeit,' they continue, 'the work goeth
slowly forward within their said three dioceses by reason of the former
errors and superstitions inveterated and leavened in the people's hearts;
and in want of livings sufficient for fit entertainment of well chosen
and learned curates amongst them, for that those livings of cure being
most part appropriated benefices in the Queen's Majesty's possession, are
letten by leases unto farmers with allowance or reservation of very small
stipends or entertainments for the vicars or curates, besides the decay
of the chancels, and also of the churches universally in ruin, and some
wholly down. And out of their said dioceses, the remote parts of Munster,
Connaught, and other the Irish countries and borders thereof (saving the
commissioners for the ecclesiastical causes have travelled with some of
the bishops and others, their ministers residing in the civil and nearer
parts), order cannot yet so well be taken with the residue until the
countries be first brought into more civil and dutiful obedience. I, the
Deputy (Sidney), have given charge to the said bishops to make diligent
search, and to certify me in the next term, of every the said decayed
chancels and churches in their dioceses, &c.... The livings of the
prebendaries of St. Patrick's are most part in benefices with cure, and
they for the most part aged men who, with the rest of the ministers of
that College, according the rules of the same, give their due attendance
on that collegiate church, daily doing divine service, and devotion with
due reverence and harmony convenient, and some of them do preach also.
Nevertheless, they have been treated with by us the Archbishops of Dublin
and Armagh, and Bishop of Meath, and are found conformable to depart with
such portion of their livings as shall be thought fit by her Highness for
the setting forth and maintenance of learning and teaching for this
realm.... We know not as yet of any alienations or wastes suffered to be
made by the clergy, nor of any appropriations of benefices by them put in
use, nor that the clergy of this realm are greatly inclined to offend in
that part, except the alienations or wastes done by the Bishop of Ferns,
who to the use of his sons hath put away the most part of the living of
his bishopric.'[380]
[Sidenote: The Jesuit, David Wolfe.]
Meanwhile the Popes were busily countermining. The Jesuit, David Wolfe, a
Limerick man who had spent several years at Rome, was selected by Pius
IV. for the Irish service. The Pope wished to make Wolfe a bishop, and to
invest him with all the pomp proper to a nuncio. Lainez, who had
recommended Wolfe, opposed this, lest the humility of the society should
be offended, and lest the Papal insignia should make the envoy's work
harder. The General's advice was taken, and Wolfe started for Ireland
with the full power of a nuncio, but without noise or show. After having
been arrested in France as a Lutheran, he reached Cork in January 1561.
All his luggage had been lost at sea, and he found it difficult to obtain
bare subsistence, being unwilling either to incur obligations or to beg.
He managed, however, to maintain himself for several years in Connaught
and Western Munster. In 1563 he issued a commission to Thady Newman, a
Dublin priest, giving him power to grant absolution 'to all and singular
persons, both lay and ecclesiastical, and of either sex, in all cases
even if grave and enormous, and specially from the crimes of heresy and
schism, and to reconcile them to mother church on doing penance, and
making a public or private abjuration.' Wolfe, who wrote from Limerick,
says the danger of the journey would not suffer him to visit Leinster. He
reported among other things that Tuam Cathedral had been used as a
fortress for 300 years, during which time mass had not been said there;
and that Archbishop Bodkin had restored it to its proper use. There were
only twenty or thirty houses in Tuam. Ardagh Cathedral was also used as a
fort and in lay hands. About 1566 Wolfe fell into the power of the
Government, and was confined in Dublin Castle. A bishop, probably
Leverous, visited him there, and was driven away by the stench. In 1572
or 1573 Wolfe made his escape, perhaps by means of money sent from Spain,
to which country he fled. The Protestant Bishop of Cork says 'he
foreswore himself,' whence it seems probable that the severity of his
confinement had been relaxed. Wolfe returned to Ireland with James
Fitzmaurice. Perhaps he did as much as any one man to preserve the Papal
power in Ireland.[381]
FOOTNOTES:
[360] The story of the bleeding Christ is in Strype's _Life of Parker_.
The item about the Bibles is given by Mant on the authority of the Loftus
MS.
[361] Sussex to Cecil, Dec. 25, 1561; Lord Deputy and Council to the
Queen, Sept. 2, 1562; Loftus to Cecil, Nov. 3, 1566, and March 21, 1567;
Richard Creagh to Sidney, Dec. 25, 1566.
[362] The Queen to Lord Deputy Sidney, July 6, 1567, authorising him to
make Terence Daniel Primate; Terence to Cecil, Oct. 5, accepting the
charge. In a letter to Lord R. Dudley, July 23, 1564, Sir T. Wrothe says
Daniel 'would promise to do much with Shane O'Neill, and some think he
could perform it.'
[363] Brady's _Episcopal Succession_. Lord-Lieutenant and Council to the
Queen, July 16, 1561.
[364] Brady's _Episcopal Succession_. Creagh's own statement in
_Spicilegium Ossoriense_, i. 41, from the Vatican archives; his
examinations, in the _Irish State Papers_, Feb. 22, March 17 and 23,
1565.
[365] Most of the documents relating to Creagh are collected in
_Spicilegium Ossoriense_, vol. i. pp. 38-58. Holing's account is at p.
84. The Jesuit makes Creagh's escapes miraculous, but admits that he was
on parole not to leave the Tower. This may account in some degree for the
severity with which he was afterwards treated. See also a story, which
may be apocryphal, in _O'Sullivan Beare_, tom. ii. lib. iv. cap. 10.
[366] Brady; Loftus to Cecil. July 16, 1565; Holing in _Spicilegium
Ossoriense_.
[367] Brady; Cotton's _Fasti_.
[368] Brady; Cotton.
[369] Brady; Cotton; Holing in _Spicilegium Ossoriense_.
[370] Brady; Cotton; Ware; Alexander Craik to Lord R. Dudley, April 30,
1561; to Cecil, Jan. 2 and 10, Feb. 10 and 18, April 23, 1562, and Aug.
5, 1563; Robert Daly to Cecil, July 2, 1565.
[371] Brady; Cotton; Instructions to Sir H. Sidney, July 4, 1565;
Shirley's _Original Letters_, p. 101; Graves's _History of St. Canice's
Cathedral_, p. 295.
[372] Brady; Cotton; Memoranda of private suits, July 16, 1559.
[373] Brady collects most that is known about this curious rivalry; see
also _Spicilegium Ossoriense_, i. p. 83, and Hooker under the year 1567.
For MacCaghwell, see Loftus to Cecil, July 3 and Nov. 7, 1566, and
Shirley's _Original Letters_, p. 132.
[374] Brady; Cotton; Captain Gilbert Yorke to Walsingham, Dec. 5, 1579;
and several letters of Bishop Middleton, with recriminating answers on
the part of the townsmen.
[375] Brady and Cotton.
[376] Brady and Cotton.
[377] Brady; Cotton. Ware mentions a Bishop-elect of Kilfenora in 1585,
but the appointment seems to have come to nothing. No doubt the see was
extremely poor.
[378] Brady and Cotton.
[379] The above is from a close comparison of the data in Cotton and
Brady, and in the Parliamentary Lists in _Tracts Relating to Ireland_,
vol. ii. The twenty prelates mentioned in the list of 1560 are thus
disposed of:--
Conformed 2
Deprived 2
Never confirmed by the Popes 2
More or less doubtful 14
--
Total 20
[380] Lord Deputy Sidney and Council to the Privy Council, April 15,
1566.
[381] Hogan's _Hibernia Ignatiana_, pp. 15 to 20. Wolfe's commission to
Thady Newman is in the R.O., Dec. 7, 1563; Interrogatories for Kian
O'Gara and others, May 1572; Matthew Seaine, Bishop of Cork, to Lord
Deputy Fitzwilliam, in the latter's letter to Burghley, Oct. 13, 1573.
INDEX
TO
THE SECOND VOLUME.
Achonry, see of, 367
Adare, 135, 227
Affane, 86, 87, 92, 237
Agard, Captain Francis, seneschal of the Tooles' and Byrnes' country,
228, 229, 311, 366
Aherlow, Glen of, 168, 185, 186, 188, 191, 221, 223, 224, 233
Alcala, 200
Alen, John, 297
-- Sir John, 1
-- Thomas, 1
Alva, Duke of, 191, 192, 200, 202, 204, 216, 258
Amboise, 8
American Indians, 34
Anjou, Henry, Duke of, Monsieur (afterwards Henry III.), 206
Antrim County, 40, 213, 239;
_see_ Clandeboye.
Antwerp, 108, 141, 357
Apsley, Captain, 168, 284
Aranjuez, 226
Ardagh, see of, 367, 368, 370
Ardee, 300, 310
Ardfert, 366, 368
Ardglass, 60
Ards, in Down, 149, 211, 232, 233, 247, 304
Argyle, Earl of, 7, 11, 19, 77, 91, 107, 128, 149
-- Countess of, 75
Armagh, 108, 126, 149, 305
-- County, 304
-- church and see of, 15, 23-26, 29, 32, 41, 55, 59-61, 63, 109, 118,
150, 176, 355;
for Archbishops, _see_ Loftus, Lancaster, O'Teige, and Creagh.
Arnold, Sir Nicholas, Lord Justice (1564-1565), 50, 51, 57, 65, 68-74,
77-82, 98-100, 197
Arra, 12, 146
Arundel, name of, 314
Askeaton, 137
Athboy, 300
Athenry, 114, 253, 318, 321
Athlone, 110, 127, 183, 218-220, 254, 318, 322
Athy, 298
Audley, Lord, 257
Augsburg, 357
Austria, Don John of, 227, 346
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, 156, 298
Bagenal, Lady, wife of Sir Nicholas, 128
---- Nicholas, Marshal of the Army (1546-1553, and 1565-1590), 104, 128,
150, 198, 306, 310
-- Sir Ralph, 1, 2, 48
Baker, Captain, 303
-- a soldier, 160
Bale, John, Bishop of Ossory, 363
Balgriffin 17
Balla, 127
Balliknockane, 159
Ballinagarde, 222
Ballinasloe, 318
Ballintober, 183, 215
Ballycastle, or Market-town in Antrim, 90, 243
Ballymoney, 243
Ballyshannon, 110, 127
Ballyvolane, 135
Baltimore, 188
Baltinglass, Rowland Eustace, Viscount, 30, 47, 50, 158, 332
Banbridge, 284
Bangor, in Down, 127
Bann River, 79, 126, 240, 243, 249
Barkley, Captain or Mr., 243, 246
Barnesmore, 109
Barnewall, Sir Christopher, 152, 154
Baron, Roland, Archbishop of Cashel (1553-1561), 368
Barrett, family of, 314
Barrow River, 228
Barry, or Barrymore, James, Lord, 42, 89, 165, 186, 233, 237, 313, 336
-- Oge, 313
Barry's Court, 312
Barrys, the, 222, 263
Bartholomew, St., 236
Basnet, an officer, 182
-- William, 362
Beaumaris, 125, 238
Belfast, 126, 127, 149, 239, 243, 246, 288, 305
Belleek, in Fermanagh, 55, 110
Bellingham, Sir Edward, 277
Benburb, 109, 284
Berkshire, 272
Bermingham, Baron of Athenry, 318
-- William, 50, 57, 65, 70-74, 138
Berwick, 27, 106
Bewley, 86
Bilson, a priest, 357
Blackwater River, in Munster, 43, 84, 87
---- Ulster, 24, 60, 61, 109, 126, 127, 150, 293-295
Bodkin, Christopher, Archbishop of Tuam (1537-1572), 218, 284, 286, 367,
368
Boleyn, Anne, 203
Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London, 357
Bordeaux, 192
-- Huon of, 103
Bourchier, Captain George, 243, 264, 277, 280, 282
Bowers, Captain, 131, 225
Boyle, 110
-- Richard, first Earl of Cork, 256
-- Robert, 257
Brady, Hugh, Bishop of Meath (1563-1585), 256, 319, 360, 361, 369
Braintree, 61
Breconshire, 335
Brefny-O'Reilly (Cavan), proposed earldom of, 19
Brereton, Andrew, 60, 61
Brest, 191
Brett, Jerome, 237
Brill, 216
Briskett, Ludovic, 348
Bristol, 108
Brittany, 191, 315
Broughshane, 90
Browne, George, Archbishop of Dublin, 353, 363
-- Robert, 228, 229
Brunker, Mr., 243
Bunneygal, in Antrim (perhaps the same as Cushendun), 243
Bunratty, 172, 215
Burgate, Thomas, 180
Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 178, 192, 198, 221, 230-232, 236-238,
241, 242, 256, 260, 264, 265, 273, 274, 276, 286, 290, 291, 308,
324, 326, 336, 346;
_see_ Cecil.
Burgo, de, or Burke, Roland, Bishop of Clonfert (1534-1580), 367
Burke, or de Burgh, Richard, second Earl of Clanricarde;
_see_ Clanricarde.
-- John, afterwards Baron of Leitrim, son of the second Earl of
Clanricarde, 114, 159, 171, 217-220, 266, 318, 321, 323, 338, 339,
341, 343
-- Ulick, half-brother of John and afterwards third Earl of Clanricarde,
114, 217-220, 318, 321, 323, 339
-- of Mayo, 217
-- MacWilliam, Eighter, or Iochtar of Mayo, 317
-- Shane MacOliver, of Tyrawley in Mayo, claiming to be MacWilliam
Iochtar, 182, 222
-- William, of Clanwilliam in Limerick, 165, 186
Burkes of Clanricarde, 318
Burnell, name of, 46
-- Henry, 255, 329-331, 333
Burren, 171
Burrows, Captain, 259
Bush River, 244
Butler, Thomas, tenth Earl of Ormonde;
_see_ Ormonde.
-- Sir Edmund, brother of the tenth Earl of Ormonde, 80, 85, 87, 146,
153, 154;
heads the rebels in the 'Butlers' war,' 156-169, 171, 174-176, 190,
223, 224, 233, 263, 307, 311
-- John, brother of the tenth Earl of Ormonde, 66
-- Piers, brother of the tenth Earl of Ormonde, 112, 159, 160, 162, 163,
166, 168, 169, 171, 174-176, 307
-- Edward, brother of the tenth Earl of Ormonde, 112, 146, 147, 151,
159, 160, 163-166, 168, 169, 171, 174-176, 185, 188, 221, 223-224,
252, 307, 324
-- Piers, of Cahir, 85
-- Sir Theobald, of Cahir, brother of Piers, 164, 283 (where the name is
wrongly given as Thomas)
Butlers, Barons of Dunboyne;
_see_ Dunboyne.
-- Eleanor, daughter of Lord Dunboyne and second wife of the sixteenth
Earl of Desmond, 85, 131, 209, 235-238, 280, 284
Buttevant, 165
Byrne, Edmund, 215, 216
Cadiz, Bishop of, 226
Cahir, 164, 283
Caistor, 204
Calais, 105, 191
Calatrava, 199
Campbell, Lady Agnes, daughter of Argyle and widow of James MacDonnell,
afterwards married to Tirlogh Luineach O'Neill, 92, 150, 169, 215,
304, 305
Campbells, the, 128, 150, 295
Campion, Edmund, Jesuit and historian, 118, 350
Canice's, St., the cathedral of Kilkenny, 341
Cantire, 60, 90
Carbery, in Cork;
_see_ MacCarthy Reagh.
Carbery, in Kildare, 311
Carew Castle, 180
-- an Irish Marquis about 1400, 142
-- Dygon, 145
-- Sir Peter, 139-145, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 162, 177, 190, 242,
246, 250, 292, 298, 309-311
-- Sir Peter, nephew of the last-named, 309, 311, 342
-- George, brother of Sir Peter the younger and afterwards Earl of
Totnes, 130, 342
Carleton, George, 243
Carlingford, 39, 59, 89, 270, 273
Carlos, Don, 216
Carlow, 59, 94, 122, 229, 311, 333, 344
-- County, 46, 59, 81, 348
Carrickbradagh, 30
Carrickfergus, 60, 79, 91, 95, 116, 118, 127, 129, 133, 148, 149, 213,
215, 232, 233, 240, 243, 244, 246, 271-273, 300, 301, 303
Carrick-on-Suir, 186
Carrigaline, 165
Cartwright, Thomas, 356
Casey, William, Protestant Bishop of Limerick (1551-1556 and 1571-1591),
366
Cashel, 84, 112, 186, 221, 248
-- Archbishops of;
_see_ Baron, MacCaghwell, Magrath, Fitzgibbon.
Castleblayney, 126
Castlederg, 109
Castlemaine, 188, 189, 207, 219, 222, 248, 253, 264
Castle Martyr, 165, 248, 253, 264, 312
Catherine of Arragon, 203
Cé, Lough, annals of, 130
Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, 1, 2, 9, 11, 12, 19, 25, 34, 35, 38, 58,
73, 74, 101, 105, 106, 108, 120, 123, 126, 127, 134, 139, 155, 156,
190, 197, 226;
_see_ Burghley.
Celestine, Pope, 193
Champernowne, Mr., 243
Charles V., Emperor, 197
Charles IX. of France (wrongly given in the text as Henry III.), 107,
173
Chattertons, two brothers who tried to settle in Ulster, 231, 239, 304
Cheapside, 39
Cheevers, Sir Christopher, 57, 144
Cheke, Sir John, 141, 310
Cheshire, 101, 273
Chester, 89, 101
-- Thomas, Protestant Bishop of Elphin (1580-1584), 367
Cheston, Captain, 132, 215
Chinamen thought scarcely more strange than Irishmen, 34
Christ Church, Dublin, 71, 353, 361
Clancare, Daniel or Donald MacCarthy More, Earl of, 94, 114, 150, 151,
157, 161, 167, 168, 175, 180, 186, 196, 223, 233, 313;
_see_ MacCarthy More.
Clandeboye, or Antrim, 36, 149, 213, 239, 240, 272, 274, 284, 286, 301,
305
Clandonnells, 317
Clanmaurice, in Kerry, 145
Clan O'Neill, proposed earldom of, 305
Clanricarde, Richard Burke or De Burgh, second Earl of, called
'Sassanagh,' 5, 6, 29, 41, 52, 61,82, 114, 115, 119, 124, 170, 171,
182, 183, 196, 217-219, 227, 238,254, 263, 266, 317, 318, 321, 322,
338, 339;
_see_ John and Ulick Burke.
Clansheehy, 166;
_see_ MacSheehy.
Clanwilliam, in Limerick, 165
Clare;
_see_ Thomond.
Clogh, 90
Clogher, 61, 109, 284;
see of, 360
-- Bishops of;
_see_ Raymond, MacMahon, and Meiler Magrath.
Clogrennan, 157, 160
Clonfert, church and see of, 218, 318, 367
-- Bishops of;
_see_ De Burgo.
Clonmacnoise, see of, 361
Clonmel, 10, 11, 85, 87, 112, 163, 186, 221, 248, 265, 266, 283, 345
Cloyne, see and Bishops of, 313, 365;
and _see_ Tirrey.
Coleraine, 79, 90, 116, 126, 127, 229, 243
Colley;
_see_ Cowley.
Collins, Arthur, compiler of the 'Sidney Papers,' 98
Collyer or Collier, Captain, 162, 182, 211, 323
Columba, St., 116
Colwick, officer of the Tower, 358
Comber, 247
Compostella, 226, 363
Conna, near Fermoy, 85
Connaught, Presidency proposed, 96;
Presidency formed, 170, 219, 220, 227, 230, 318, 323;
_see_ Fitton.
Connello in Limerick, 165, 167
Connemara, 219
Connigse, a place, 135
Coonagh, in Limerick, 223
Copeland Islands, 243
Cork, 43, 44, 82, 159, 116;
the harbour, 188, 221, 224, 242, 249, 264, 282, 309, 313, 336
-- Beg, 191
-- County of, 113
-- see of, 313, 365;
for Bishops, _see_ Scaine and Tirrey.
Cormac, a Dominican, 226, 227
Cornwall, Mr., 179
Cosby, Francis, Governor of Maryborough and Seneschal of Queen's Co.
(1565-1577), 130, 131, 228, 253, 266, 338-340, 342, 344
Cowley or Colley, Sir Henry, Governor of Philipstown (1562-1586), 47,
227, 228, 253
Craik, Alexander, Bishop of Kildare and Dean of St. Patrick's
(1560-1564), 361
Creagh, Richard, Papal Archbishop of Armagh (1564-1585), 356-360
Croft or Crofts, Sir James, formerly Lord Deputy, 213, 307
Cromaboo, 99
Cromwell, Oliver, 349
Cumnor, 12
Curlew Mountains, 110
Curraghmore, 86, 312
Curry, Dr. John, the Roman Catholic historian, 130
Curtis, Alderman, 197
Curwen, or Curwin, Archbishop of Dublin (1555-1567), and Bishop of
Oxford (1567-1568), 94, 354, 355, 361, 368
Cusack, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor (1550-1555), 11, 62-67, 74-78,
82-84, 88, 89, 91, 102
-- Thomas, of Gerardstown, in Meath, 330
Cushendun, in Antrim, 90, 117, 243
Dalkey, 5
Daly, Robert, Bishop of Kildare (1564-1582), 362, 363
Daniel, or Danyel, Terence, Dean of Armagh for many years, from about
1550, 16, 52, 78, 356
-- a goldsmith, 39
Darcy, Lord, 242
Darton, Nicholas, 5
Davells, Henry, 143, 312
David's, St., 365
Decies, the western part of Waterford, 84, 85, 93, 94
-- Lords of;
_see_ Sir Maurice and Sir James Fitzgerald.
Delacroix, a French officer, 191
De la Roche, a French officer, 201
Delves, Captain George, 72
Delvin, Christopher Nugent, ninth Baron of, 108, 261, 282, 332
Dempsey, or O'Dempsey, family of, 131
Denny, Sir William, proposed as President for Munster, 318
Derrinlaur, near Clonmel, 283
Derry, attempts at a settlement there, 109, 111, 115, 116, 215, 285
-- see of, 360;
for Bishops, _see_ Eugene O'Dogherty.
Desmond, Thomas Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, 150
-- Gerald Fitzgerald, sixteenth Earl of, attends Parliament, 6;
will not pay cess, 7;
suspected, 8;
on bad terms with Ormonde, 10;
suspected, 14;
on bad terms with Ormonde, 41;
insubordinate, 42;
goes to England, 43;
his behaviour in London, 48, 61;
his difficult position, 65-67;
his quarrel with and capture by Ormonde, 82-89, 92-94, 96-98;
a prisoner, 113, 121, 122;
sent to London, 125;
charges against him, 134-137, 145, 150, 151, 165-167, 208, 209;
in the Tower, 234-238;
returns to Ireland, 239, 247-249;
his escape from Dublin, 251-253, 260;
he dabbles in treason, 263-268, 273, 275, 276;
his treasonable attitude, 278-284, 297-299, 309, 313-316;
offers to submit, 336, 341, 345
-- Sir John Fitzgerald of, brother to the sixteenth Earl, 66, 97, 98,
122, 125, 136, 150, 208, 209, 236-238, 248, 283, 313, 337, 338
-- Sir James Fitzgerald of, brother of the sixteenth Earl, 281, 313
-- Joan, Countess of, mother of the tenth Earl of Ormonde, and first
wife of the sixteenth Earl of Desmond;
_see_ Joan Fitzgerald.
-- Eleanor Butler, second wife of the sixteenth Earl of;
_see_ Eleanor Butler.
Devereux, Alexander, Bishop of Ferns (1539-1566), 363, 364
-- John, Bishop of Ferns (1566-1578), 156
-- Penelope, daughter of Walter, Earl of Essex, and successively Lady
Rich and Lady Mountjoy, 326
Devon men in Ireland, 259
-- Earl of, 206
Dillon, name of, 46
-- Sir Lucas, Solicitor-General (1565), Attorney (1566), Chief Baron
(1570-1593), 153, 297, 317, 330
Dingle, 191, 221
Dixe, William, Government auditor, 65, 69, 72, 73
Dominicans, 79, 127, 226, 227
Donegal, 109, 110, 227;
_see_ Tyrconnel.
Dormer, Jane, Duchess of Feria, 203
Dover, 357
Dowdall, Sir James, Chief Justice of Munster, and afterwards of the
Queen's Bench, 180, 276
Dowling, Thady, Chancellor of Leighlin (1595-1628), and author of
Ireland, 130
Down, County of, 6, 211-214
-- see of, 360;
for Bishops, _see_ Eugene Magennis, Meiler Magrath, and John Merriman.
D'Oysel, Monsieur, 9
Drake, Sir Francis, 301
Draycott, Henry, Master of the Rolls (1565-1572) 95, 125
Drishane, in Cork, 135
Drogheda, 13, 17, 53, 62, 102, 108, 178, 293, 300, 310
Dromana, 84, 87
Dromore, see of, 360
Drury, Sir William, Lord President of Munster (1576-1579), 282, 320,
322-324, 336-339, 343, 346, 347, 349
Dublin, 5, 13, 17;
Castle, 94, 176, 178, 219, 252, 300, 324, 335
-- see of, 361;
for Archbishops, _see_ Curwen and Loftus.
-- Mayors of, 17;
and _see_ Sedgrave and Fagan.
Dudley, Edmund, 350
-- Lord Robert, created Earl of Leicester, 4, 12, 39-41, 47, 75;
_see_ Leicester.
-- Castle, 300
Dufferin, in Down, 36, 304
Duhallow, in Cork, 357
Duleek, 142
Dunboyne, Edmund Butler, first Baron of, 85, 89, 108, 112
-- James Butler, second Baron of, 151, 284, 313
-- Julia MacCarthy, wife of Edmund, first Baron of, 151
Dundalk, 2, 4, 15, 18, 29, 35, 52, 53, 58, 59, 61, 62, 80, 91, 102, 107,
150, 270, 272, 284, 310
Dundrum, 104
Dungannon, 61
-- first Baron of, Matthew Ferdoragh O'Neill, or Kelly, 2, 15, 16;
_see_ O'Neill and Kelly.
Dungannon, second Baron of, Brian O'Neill, 9, 15, 23, 39, 75;
_see_ O'Neill.
-- third Baron of, Hugh O'Neill, afterwards Earl of Tyrone, son of
Matthew and brother of Brian, 39, 75;
_see_ O'Neill.
Dungarvan, 86, 127, 185, 191, 215
Dunluce, 90, 243
Dunmanus Bay, 313
Dunsany, Christopher Plunket, sixth Baron of, 50
-- Patrick Plunket, seventh Baron of, 261, 331, 333
Dunseverick, 90, 242
Dursey Island, 142
Edenduff Carrick, or Shane's Castle, 90
Edmond Boy, a Geraldine, 7, 298
Edward IV., his coinage, 12;
his title to Tyrone, 38
Elphin, see of, 367;
_see_ Chester, Bishop of.
Ely O'Carroll, 147
Emly, see of, 364, 368
Ennis, 170
Enniscorthy, 161
Erne, Lough and River, 55, 110, 127
Essex, Walter Devereux, created Earl of, his attempt to colonise Ulster,
239-247;
his failure, 257-261;
Governor of Ulster, 267-276;
his dealings with Desmond, 280-282;
with the O'Neills, 284-287;
seizes Sir Brian MacPhelim, 288;
his later proceedings, 289-294;
the colonisation scheme abandoned, 294-296;
arrests Kildare, 298;
his later proceedings in Ulster, 299-306;
goes to England, 324;
return and death, 325-327
-- Robert Devereux, second Earl of, 9, 327
-- Lettice Knollys, wife of Walter, Earl of Essex, and afterwards
married to Leicester, 239, 269, 327
Eustace, James, afterwards Lord Baltinglass, 229
Eva MacMurrough, wife of Strongbow, 145
Exeter Cathedral, 310
Fagan, Christopher, Mayor of Dublin in 1573, 252
Fair Head, 90, 126
Farnese, Alexander, 346
Farney, or Ferney, 310, 325
Farsetmore, 117
Fathom, in Armagh, near Newry, 126
Fénelon, De la Motte, 315
Fenton, Geoffrey, and his daughter Catherine, 256
Feria, Duchess of;
_see_ Dormer.
Fermanagh, 55, 61, 285, 305
Fermoy, 233
Ferney;
_see_ Farney.
Ferns, 156
-- see of, 365;
for Bishops, _see_ Devereux.
Fethard, in Tipperary, 112, 186
Fideli, Alessandro, 199
Field, Bishop;
_see_ O'Fihily.
Finglas, Richard, Prime Serjeant (1554-1574), 125
Finisk River, 86, 87
Fitton, or Fytton, Sir Edward, first Lord President of Connaught
(1569-1579);
Vice-treasurer (with a brief interval, 1575-1579), 170-173, 182, 183,
216-220, 238, 243, 245, 247, 254-257, 275, 321
Fitzdavy, Edmund, 277
Fitzgerald;
for the sixteenth Earl of Desmond and his brothers, _see_ Desmond;
for the Earls of Kildare, _see_ Kildare.
-- at the Mullaghmast massacre, 131
-- Edward, brother of the eleventh Earl of Kildare, 264-267, 274, 276
-- Sir Maurice na Totane of Desmond, and his son Thomas, 42
-- Sir Thomas Roe of Desmond, 165, 172, 185, 186, 233, 313
-- Sir Maurice, afterwards Viscount of Decies, 84-87, 92, 112, 136, 137
-- Sir James, Lord of Decies, 312
-- John FitzEdmond;
_see_ Imokilly.
-- Sir John FitzEdmond of Cloyne, 284
-- Richard, 298
-- Lady Joan, married first to the ninth Earl of Ormonde, then to Sir
Francis Brian, and then to the sixteenth Earl of Desmond, mother of
the tenth Earl of Ormonde;
_see_ Ormonde
Fitzgibbon;
_see_ the White Knight.
-- or MacGibbon, Maurice, Papal Archbishop of Cashel (1576-1578), 156,
192-196, 199-206, 225, 226, 258, 364
Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, James, grandson of the fourteenth and nephew of
the fifteenth Earl of Desmond, 131, 145, 146;
proclaimed traitor, 150;
his rebellion, 159-169, 171, 172;
attainted, 175, 177, 184, 185;
his struggle with Perrott, 187-189;
makes it a war of religion, 190-192, 201;
proposed duel with Perrott, 209;
continues in rebellion, 221-225;
submits to Perrott, 233, 238, 252, 264, 276, 277, 283, 312;
in France, 314-316, 333, 336, 338, 371
-- Thomas, sixteenth Baron of Lixnaw, and Lord of Kerry, 145, 165, 233,
237, 313
-- James, Bishop of Ardfert, 366
Fitzpatrick, or MacGillapatrick, Barnaby, first Baron of Upper Ossory,
81
-- Sir Barnaby, second Baron of Upper Ossory, 81, 157, 158, 163, 254,
261, 307, 311, 344
Fitzpatricks, the, 112, 221
FitzStephen, Robert, 124
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Vice-Treasurer (1559-1575);
five times Lord Justice between 1559 and 1571;
Lord Deputy (1571-1575), 7;
he expects a general rising, 8;
Lord Justice again, 14;
temporises with Shane O'Neill, 18;
on bad terms with Kildare, 20;
thinks badly of Shane, 21;
sent to the Queen by Sussex, 26;
his instructions, 27;
returns with a pardon for Shane, 30;
Lord Justice, 33, 39, 42;
takes a gloomy view of Ireland, 43-44;
his opinion of officials, 45, 49, 51;
his valuation of Shane's loyalty, 80;
thinks ill of Desmond, 89, 99;
on bad terms with Arnold, 100;
a partisan of Ormonde, 122;
cannot get his accounts as Vice-Treasurer balanced, 123;
Lord Justice, 124;
has a bad opinion of the Desmonds, 125;
and of Tirlogh Luineach O'Neill, 129;
goes to Ulster, 133;
his accounts not audited for nine years, 134, 162, 163, 181-183, 192;
has no money, 207, 209;
his difficulties as Lord Deputy, 212-221, and 227-233;
disapproves the Essex expedition, 241, 249, 252-257;
bemoans his fate, 261, 263;
ordered to help Essex, 268, 269, 270;
his troubles, 274-279;
his campaign in Munster, 282-284, 286;
last days of his government, 290-300, 340
Fitzwilliam, John, Sir William's son, 107
-- Brian, 71
Flanders, 201, 202
Fleming, name of, 46, 314
-- Gerot, Shane O'Neill's secretary, 91, 92
-- Robert, attorney of Drogheda, 53, 54
Florida, 197, 225
Fortescue, Captain, 71
Four Masters, Annalists, 130, 245, 251, 289, 300
Foyle, Lough and River, 30, 108, 109, 127, 295
France and Frenchmen, 7, 113, 149, 226, 249
Francis II., 8
Frobisher, Martin, 336, 337
Furlong, Matthew, 228
Gafney, Christopher, Protestant Bishop of Ossory (1565-1576), 363
Galicia, 199
Galway, 56, 114, 127, 170, 171, 219, 227, 317, 318, 322
-- County, 317
Garland, Sir James, 30
Garratt, a pirate, 249
Garrett, Michael, a sea-captain, 315
Garrystown, 167
Gemblours, battle, 346
George, St., 60
-- Mad, 345
Gerard, or Gerrard, Sir Gilbert, Attorney-General for England, 11
---- Sir William, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1576-1579), 178, 320, 328,
331, 334-336, 346, 348, 349
Gerardiston or Gerardstown, in Meath, 330
German travellers, 192
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 158, 160, 167, 168, 171, 173, 192, 211, 277
Giraldus Cambrensis, 142
Glenarm, 118, 132, 243
Glenconkein, 29
Glendalough, 229
Glenflesk, 188
Glengariffe, 223
Glenshesk, 90
Glin in Limerick, 251, 315
-- Fitzgerald, knight of, 314
Goldsmith, Oliver, 181
Gomez, Ruy, 203
Gormanston, Christopher Preston, fourth Viscount, 331
Gort, 317
Grace, Ormonde's man, 161
-- Fulke, Ormonde's constable at Roscrea, 343
-- Piers, 124, 252
Graces, the, 254
Grangegorman, 252
Graves, Rev. James, 363
Gravesend, 237
Gray, Neal, 28
Greame, Captain George, 225
Greencastle, in Down, 150
Greenwich, 179
Gregory VIII., 233
Grenville, Sir Richard and Lady, 157
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 108, 123
Grey, Arthur, Lord, designated as Viceroy, 207
-- William, Lord, 141
Gueras, Antonio de, 257
Guises, the, 39, 192, 201
Gur, Lough, 252
Haggardston, 107
Hampton Court, 351
Harlech, 50
Harrington, Captain Henry, 255, 343, 344
Hartpole or Harpole, Robert, 130, 131, 229, 342, 344
Hatton, Sir Christopher, 349
Hawkins, John, the sea-captain, 191
Heath, Nicholas, Archbishop of York, 354
Henry III. of France, 173;
_see_ Charles IX. and Anjou.
-- VIII., 2, 3, 37
Heron, Sir Nicholas, royal seneschal of Wexford (1563-1569), 74, 89,
150, 198
Holing, S. J., John, 359
Holy Cross, 14, 167
Holyhead, 34
Hooker, John, also called Vowell the chronicler, 140-144, 153, 154, 160,
161, 309, 310, 342, 364
Hooker, Richard (the 'judicious'), nephew to John, 141
Horne, Robert, Bishop of Winchester, 362
Horsey, Captain Jasper, 165
Howth, 15
-- Christopher St. Lawrence, twentieth Baron of, 50, 332
Huguenots, 171
Hungary, 106
Hungerford, Captain, 229
Hupton, a keeper at the Tower, 358
Hutchinson, William, 23, 60
Idrone, 142, 145, 158, 309
Imail, 229
Imokilly, John FitzEdmond FitzGerald, seneschal of, 85, 157, 165, 264,
314
Inchiquin, 82, 172
Innishloughane, 243
Innishowen, 127
Ireland, Dukedom of, 225, 226
Irish letters, 353
Iveagh, in Down, 305
James's, St., Church, 39
Jesuits, 191, 192;
General Mercurian, 316, 353
Jewell, John, Bishop of Salisbury, 142, 364
Josefo, an Italian, 191, 192
Kavanaghs, 143-145, 182, 311
Keating Kerne, 44, 59, 138
-- Richard, 44
Kells, in Meath, 361
Kelly, John and Alison his wife, 2, 3, 17;
_see_ O'Neill.
-- Matthew Ferdoragh, 2, 3, 17;
_see_ O'Neill.
Kelway, Mr., 243
Kenbane, 243
Kenry, in Limerick, 167, 284
Kent, 237
Kerry, 165, 168, 180, 184, 221 248
-- Fitzgerald, Knight of, 85
Kilcleif, 243
Kildare County, 46, 330, 333, 348
-- see of, 176, 361;
for Bishops, _see_ Craik, Leverous, and Daly.
Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of, 138
---- eleventh Earl of;
attends Parliament, 6;
intrigues with Desmond, 7;
and with the Irish, 8;
summoned to Court, 10, 14, 16, 17;
disagrees with Fitzwilliam, 20;
and with Sussex, 26-27;
has a Royal Commission to conclude a treaty with Shane O'Neill, 31;
humiliates Sussex, 32;
presents Shane at Court, 33, 34, 40, 41;
his loyalty suspected, 42;
his hereditary swordsmen, 44, 52;
buys Brereton's interest in Lecale, 61;
confers with Shane, 62-63, 79, 81;
his daughter, 88;
favoured by Arnold, 99-100;
his relations with Shane, 103-104;
accompanies Sidney to Ulster, 108, 119;
accused by Oliver Sutton, 138-139, 163, 221, 228, 238, 280;
vehemently suspected, 297-299, 308, 311, 331-333, 340, 341, 348;
procures arrest of Archbishop Creagh, 358
Kilfeacle, 366
Kilfenora, church and see of, 10, 66, 366
Kilkea, 228
Kilkenny, 122, 152;
besieged by rebels, 160-163, 337, 341, 343
-- County, 66, 111, 112, 311-313, 333, 348
Killala, church and see of, 368
Killaloe, see of, 366, 378;
for Bishops, _see_ O'Corren, Terence O'Brien, Maurice MacBrien,
O'Molony, and O'Mulrian.
Killarney, 313
Kilmacduagh, 317;
see of, 367;
for Bishops, _see_ Bodkin, Kirwan, and O'Dea.
Kilmacthomas, 280
Kilmainham, 1, 6, 94, 95, 298
Kilmallock, 6, 159, 165, 167, 171, 184-186, 208, 221, 223, 224, 247,
264, 277, 278
Kilmore, see of, 360
Kilsheelan, 10, 113
Kinelarty, 304
King, Matthew, 65
-- Oliver, 204
King's County, 6, 81, 96, 227, 228, 348
Kinsale, 43, 44, 208, 221, 309, 312, 313
Kirwan, Stephen, Protestant Bishop of Kilmacduagh (1573-1582), 367
Knockboy, 90
Knockfergus;
_see_ Carrickfergus.
Knocklofty, 85
Knocklong, 90
Knollys, Sir Francis, 105-107, 150, 269, 307
-- Lettice;
_see_ Countess of Essex.
-- H., 243
Lacy, Hugh, Bishop of Limerick (1556-1571), 114, 366
-- a name in the Desmond district, 166
Lagan, or Laggan River, 149, 246
Lainez, James, second general of the Jesuits, 370
Lambay Island, 44
Lancashire, 273
Lancaster, Thomas, Bishop of Kildare (1549-1554);
Archbishop of Armagh (1568-1584), 356, 364
Lanfey, 324
Larne, Lough, 126, 271;
_see_ Olderfleet.
Laud, Archbishop, 362
Lecale, in Down, 60, 61, 104, 232, 246, 304
Lee River, 10
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 74, 78, 92, 103-105, 121;
Ormonde's mortal foe, 164, 197, 214, 241;
his relations with Lord and Lady Essex, 269, 299 and 326, 290, 307,
331-333, 343, 350, 351, 362;
_see_ Dudley.
Leigh, a monk of Christ Church, 353, 354
Leighlin Bridge, 47, 94, 143, 162, 215, 309;
defended by George Carew, 342
-- see of, 130, 363;
for Bishops, _see_ O'Fihily.
Leix, 1, 9, 14, 74, 91, 253, 340;
_see_ Queen's County.
Lepanto, battle of, 226
Letterkenny, 117
Leverous, Thomas, Bishop of Kildare (1554-1560, and Papal Bishop from
that to 1577), 361, 368, 370
Lichfield, 125
Lifford, 76, 77, 109, 111, 114, 127, 285
Limerick, 7, 172, 188, 221, 222, 227, 277, 324, 336, 338, 345
Limerick County, 276, 277
-- see of, 366;
for Bishops, _see_ Casey and Lacy.
Lisbon, 226, 249
Lismore, 85, 186
-- see of, 365
Littleton, Thomas, his 'Tenures,' 297
Liverpool, 89, 101, 243
Lixnaw, 145;
Baron of, _see_ Fitzmaurice.
Loftus, Adam, Archbishop of Armagh (1562-1567);
of Dublin (1567-1605);
Lord Keeper (1573-1576, in 1577, and 1579, and 1581-1603);
Lord Chancellor (1603-1605);
Lord Justice (1582, 1597, and 1599), 71, 100, 134, 184;
his Puritan antecedents, 354, 355-356, 362, 364, 368
Lombards, 314
Longford County, 181, 311, 318
-- Castle, in Galway, 183
Lorraine, Mary of, Queen Regent of Scotland, 9, 10
-- Cardinal of, 205
Lough Rea, or Lough Reagh, 322, 323
Louth County, 37, 46, 107, 108, 348
-- Patrick Plunket, third Baron of, 313, 348
-- Thomas Plunket, second Baron of, 132, 146
Louvain, 40, 190, 257, 354, 357
Luke, St., 133
Lyon, William, Bishop of Ross from 1582, and of Cork and Cloyne in
addition (1586-1617), 365
MacAulliffe of Duhallow, in Cork, 135
MacBrien Arra, in Tipperary, 146, 147, 182, 366;
_see_ Bishop Maurice O'Brien.
-- Coonagh, in Limerick, 222
MacCaghwell, James, Protestant Archbishop of Cashel (1567-1570), 362
MacCartane, or MacArtane, of Kinelarty, in Down, 36, 304
MacCarthies, all in the counties of Cork and Kerry, 151, 222, 237
MacCarthy More (Cork and Kerry), 6, 85, 89, 94, 103, 136, 159;
_see_ Clancare.
-- Reagh, of Carbery, 186, 233, 313, 386
MacCarthy of Muskerry, Sir Cormac MacTeige, 186, 223, 233, 313
-- MacDonough, of Duhallow, 135, 168
-- Donough, 136
-- Julia;
_see_ Lady Dunboyne.
MacCoghlans, of Garrycastle, in King's County, 20
MacCongail, Papal Bishop of Raphoe (1562-1589);
present at the Council of Trent, 110
MacCragh, Rory, 283
MacDavid, Simon (probably an O'Byrne), 229
MacDermot of Moylurg, in Roscommon, 130, 183, 318
MacDonnell James, Lord of Antrim and Cantire, 11, 19, 60, 90, 92, 117,
118, 128, 132;
his widow, 150, 169;
_see_ Lady Agnes Campbell.
-- Sorley Boy, brother of James, 9, 19, 54, 60, 90, 92, 117, 128, 215,
231, 232, 294, 301-304
-- Angus, brother of the two foregoing, 90
-- Alexander Oge, brother of the three foregoing, 90, 117
-- Donnell Gorm, brother of the four foregoing, 150
-- Alaster MacRandal Boy, 53, 60, 61
-- Gillespie, 60, 61
-- Teig, 135, 136
MacDonnells, the, of Scotland and Antrim, 11, 55, 117, 295, 374
MacGibbon;
_see_ Fitzgibbon.
MacGillapatrick;
_see_ Fitzpatrick.
MacHenry, James (apparently an O'Neill), 243
MacIarlas, or Earl's sons;
_see_ John and Ulick Burke.
MacLeans, 54
MacLeods, 90
MacMahon, Raymond, Bishop of Clogher, died about 1560, 360
-- Patrick, Bishop of Ardagh (1541-1568), 361
MacMahons, the, of Monaghan, 24, 30, 36, 52, 54, 62, 181, 287, 293, 305,
348
-- or O'Mahons, the, of Clonderalaw, and Moyarta in Clare, 173, 316
MacMorragh, Teig (an O'Brien), 172
MacMurrough;
_see_ Kavanagh.
MacNamaras, of Clare, 316
MacQuillins, the, of the Route in Londonderry and Antrim, 15, 137, 288
Macroom, 233
MacShane, 135
---- Gerot (an O'Connor), 136
---- Rory, 221
MacSheehy's, Desmond, gallowglasses, 166, 277
MacSwiney gallowglasses, settled in Munster, 186, 187, 314, 323
MacSwineys, the, of Donegal, 110
MacWilliam, Iochtar, or Eighter (Lower), chief of the Mayo Burkes, 182,
183, 317;
_see_ Burke.
Madrid, 200, 226
Magee Island, in Antrim, 243, 271, 272
Magennis, Eugene, Bishop of Down and Connor (1541-1560 or later), 360
---- Sir Hugh, chief of Iveagh, in Down, 36, 52, 54, 284, 287, 305, 348
Magrath, Meiler, Bishop of Down by Papal provision (1565), Protestant
Bishop of Clogher (1570 to, apparently, 1605), Archbishop of Cashel
and Bishop of Emly (1571-1622), Bishop of Waterford and Lismore
(1582-1589 and 1592-1608), Bishop of Killala and Achonry
(1608-1622), 188, 360, 364
Maguire, Shane, chief of Fermanagh, 11, 30, 31, 36;
oppressed by Shane O'Neill, 52-56,61, 63;
with the English, 107-109
-- successor to the foregoing, 181, 285, 287
-- Art, 220
Malicorne, a Frenchman, 200
Mallow, 165
Malo, St., 315, 316
Maltby, Captain (afterwards Sir Nicholas), employed in Ulster till 1575,
129, 132, 133, 183, 232, 233, 242, 243, 245, 293, 295, 304, 323,
324;
military governor of Connaught, 338-340, 344
Man, Isle of, 149, 244, 257
Manchester, 178
March, Earl of, 240
Marseilles, 249
Marward, Janet, 261
Maryborough, 121, 122, 215, 290
Mary Stuart, 117, 191, 201, 239
Massareene 127, 243, 246
Massingberd, Sir Oswald, last Prior of Kilmainham, 1, 6
Maston, in Meath, 144
Mayo, 217, 317
Meade, James, 255
Meath, 30, 46, 96, 176, 310, 330, 333, 334, 348
Medici, Catherine de', 8, 173
Medina Celi, Duke of, 192, 201
Meelick, 219
Mellifont, 163
Melvin, Lough, 110
Mendoza, Don Juan de, 191, 192, 198
Mercurian, Everard, General of the Jesuits, 316
Merles, Don Francesco de, 199, 204
Merriman, John, Protestant Bishop of Down and Connor (1569-1572), 360
Middlemore, a patentee, 179
Middleton, Marmaduke, Bishop of Waterford (1579-1582), translated to St.
David's, 214, 365
Mocollop, in Waterford, 186
Monaghan, 305, 348
Monmouthshire, 335, 336
Montague, Sir Edward, proposed for the presidency of Connaught, 318
Montgomeryshire, 335
Moore, Lieutenant, 183
-- Thomas, a patentee, 178
Morgan, Captain John, 188
-- William, 243
Morlaix, 191
Morris, Captain, 273
Morton, James Douglas, Regent of Scotland from 1574, 181, 320
Mullaghmast massacre, 130, 342
Mullaly, William, Archbishop of Tuam (1573-1595), 318
Mullingar, 219, 330
Munster, Presidency of, 91, 96, 104, 170, 191, 221-224, 318, 337-339;
for Presidents, _see_ Pollard, Perrott, and Drury.
Naas, 300, 361
Nantes, 206, 315
Neagh, Lough, 61, 126, 127, 240, 243
Netherlands, 179, 201, 216, 346, 348
Netterville, name of, 46
-- Richard, 329, 331-333
Newman, Thady, Papal Vicar-General, 370
Newry, 30, 39, 59, 91, 126, 150, 169, 231, 233, 270, 272, 284, 293, 306,
348
Norfolk, Duke of, 141, 171
Norris, or Norreys, Captain (afterwards Sir) John, 246, 289, 301, 302,
348
---- William, brother of John, 246
Northumberland, Duke of, 350
-- Earl of, 239
Northumbria, 221
Nugent, Christopher, ninth Baron of Delvin, 261;
_see_ Delvin.
-- William, brother of the foregoing, 261
-- Nicholas, Solicitor-General in 1568, afterwards second Baron of the
Exchequer, 125, 261
O'Boyle, chief of Boylagh, in Donegal, 110
O'Brien, Connor, third Earl of Thomond;
_see_ Thomond.
-- Sir Donnell or Donald, brother of the second Earl of Thomond, 7, 82,
317
-- Murrough, 338
-- Teig Mac Murrough, Sheriff of Clare, 170, 172, 317
-- (more properly MacBrien Arra), Maurice, Bishop of Killaloe
(1570-1612), 366
-- Terence, Bishop of Killaloe (Papal) (1555-1569), 366
-- Cornelius, nominated for the Bishopric of Killaloe by Sidney, but not
appointed by the Queen, 313
O'Briens, the, of Clare, 9, 85, 173
O'Byrne, Feagh MacHugh, 167, 228, 229, 298, 311, 340, 343, 344
O'Byrnes, the, of Wicklow, 25, 266, 298
O'Cahan, or O'Kane, of Londonderry County, 40, 116
O'Callaghan of Duhallow, in Cork, 135, 145, 237
O'Carroll, Sir William, chief of Ely, 148
-- Mulrony, 266
-- Thady, 147
O'Carrolls, the, of Ely, in King's County, 112
O'Connor, Brian, chief of Offaly, 7
O'Connor, Cahir, and Cormac, sons of Brian, 134-137, 254
-- Calvagh (of the Offaly family), 80, 81
-- Connor MacCormac, of Offaly, 136, 341, 343
-- Art, of Offaly, 136
-- Lysaght MacMurrough, of Offaly, 135, 136
-- Don, in Roscommon, 183, 216, 318
-- Roe, in Roscommon, 338
-- of Iraghticonnor, in Kerry, 136
-- of Sligo, 110, 127, 170, 321
O'Connors, the, of Offaly, in King's and Queen's Counties, 52, 85, 99,
229, 266, 310
O'Corren, James, Bishop of Killaloe (1526 to about 1539), 366
O'Daly, Ferdinando, 20
O'Dea, Cornelius, Papal Bishop of Kilmacduagh (1542-1576) (confounded in
the text with Dermot O'Diera), 367
O'Dempsey of Clanmalier, in Queen's County, 131
O'Diera, Dermot, called Papal Bishop of Kilmacduagh in text, really
Papal Bishop of the minor see of Mayo, 367
O'Dogherty of Innishowen, in Donegal, 109, 111, 285, 295
-- Eugene, Bishop of Derry (by Papal provision, 1554 to about 1569),
109, 360
O'Donnell, Manus, chief of Tyrconnel, 54
-- Calvagh, son of Manus, chief of Tyrconnel, 7, 11, 19, 20;
seized by Shane O'Neill, 21;
his wife, 21, 23, 29, 40;
tortured by Shane, 53, 63;
his treatment by Shane, 76;
released and goes to England, 76-79, 91, 97, 99, 104, 107, 108;
restored, 110;
his death, 111
-- Hugh, brother and successor of Calvagh, 55, 56, 111;
totally defeats Shane O'Neill, 117, 120, 124, 127, 132, 213, 285, 305,
320, 321
-- Con, son of Calvagh, 30, 54, 55, 76, 77, 285
-- Edmund, a Jesuit, 233
O'Donnells, the, 4, 7, 21, 52
O'Donoghue in Kerry, 313
Odorney Abbey in Kerry, 366
O'Dunne, or O'Doyne of Iregan, or Tinnahinch, in Queen's Co., 311
O'Farells, or O'Ferrals, in Longford, 181, 311
O'Farrell Bane, chief of his name, 181
Offaly, 1, 9, 74, 91, 253
O'Fihily, or Field, Thomas, Bishop of Leighlin (1555-1566), 363, 368
O'Flaherties of Iar-Connaught, 219, 318
O'Gallagher, a minor chief in Donegal, 110
-- Redmond, Bishop of Killala (1549-1569), translated by the Pope to
Derry (1569), lived till 1601, 193
O'Hanlon, chief of Orior in Armagh, 36, 53, 54, 111, 231
O'Herlihy, Thomas, Papal Bishop of Ross (1561-1580), 156;
wrongly called Archbishop in the text, 192
O'Keeffe of Duhallow, in Cork, 135
O'Kellies (of the tribe of the Hy-Maine) in Roscommon and Galway, 220,
318
Olderfleet or Larne, 243
O'Loghlens, or O'Loughlins, the, of Burren in Clare, 173, 316
O'Maddens, the, of Longford, in Galway, 20, 222, 318
Omagh, 30, 109
O'Mahon, or O'Mahony, of Carbery, in Cork, 313
O'Mahon of Clare, 173;
_see_ MacMahon.
O'Malley, of Burrishoole and Murrisk, in Mayo, 317
O'Meagher, Teig Roe, 137
O'Molloys, the, of Fercall (including Ballyboy and Ballycowan), in
King's Co., 310
O'Molony, Malachi, Papal Bishop of Killaloe from 1571, 366
O'Moony, Shane, 135, 136
O'More, Rory Oge, 221, 228, 252, 297, 311, 340-345, 347
-- Moris, 130
-- Neil Maclice, 14
O'Mores, the, of Leix, 14, 52, 80-82, 229, 266, 311
O'Mulrian, chief of Owney, in Tipperary;
_see_ Ryan.
-- or O'Ryan, Cornelius, Papal Bishop of Killaloe from 1576, 366
O'Neill, Hugh Boy, chief of Clandeboye, his race, 213, 240, 289
O'Neill, Con Bacagh, chief of Tyrone;
_see_ Earl of Tyrone.
-- Shane, chief of Tyrone, eldest son and successor by Celtic law of Con
Bacagh, his claims, 2-4, 7, 9-11;
his struggle with the government and visit to England, 14-43, 49;
his affairs flourish, 51-59;
he baffles Sussex, who tries to poison him, 61-65;
his triumphant position, 74-80, 82;
supreme in the North, 89-92;
gets the best of Sir N. Arnold, 89-92, 97, 99, 100;
fills up the cup of iniquity, 102-111;
death and character, 116-120, 123-124, 127, 137, 147, 154, 197, 198,
355, 356, 358, 360
-- Tirlogh Luineach (so called from having been fostered with the
O'Looneys), chief of Tyrone, cousin and successor by Celtic law of
Shane, murders the Baron of Dungannon, 38, 39, 59, 61, 62, 116, 119,
127-129, 132, 133, 146, 149, 158-160, 169, 181, 215, 231, 244, 245,
266, 269, 271;
his struggle with Essex, 284-286, 288, 291;
relations with Essex, 293-295, 301, 305
-- Phelim Bacagh, chief of Clandeboye, 289
-- Sir Brian MacPhelim (of the race of Hugh Boy), chief of Clandeboye,
son and successor of Phelim Bacagh, 119, 124, 128, 129, 133, 149;
opposes the Smiths, 212-214;
successful against the Smiths, 231-233;
baffles Essex, 244-247, 257, 258, 271-273;
his unjustifiable seizure by Essex, 288, 305
-- Matthew Ferdoragh, first Baron of Dungannon, reputed son of Con
Bacagh, Earl of Tyrone, 2-4, 17;
_see_ Kelly and Dungannon.
-- Brian, second Baron of Dungannon, elder son of Matthew Ferdoragh, 33,
38, 39, 63
-- Hugh, third Baron of Dungannon and afterwards Earl of Tyrone, younger
son of Matthew Ferdoragh, 40, 129, 247, 284, 304
-- Brian Carragh, 243
-- Henry, 18, 62
-- Phelim Roe, 18, 41, 284
-- Art MacBaron, 128
-- Brian Ertagh, of Clandeboye, 301
-- Neill MacBrian Ertagh, 305
-- Con Macneill Oge, 305
-- Tirlogh Brasselagh, 285
-- Lady Agnes Campbell, wife of Tirlogh Luineach and widow of James
MacDonnell;
_see_ Campbell.
O'Neills, the, of Tyrone, 9, 11, 108, 169
O'Nialain, John, Bishop of Kilfenora by Papal provision (1541-1572), 366
Oporto, 206
Orange, Philibert, Prince of, 200
-- William the Silent, Prince of, 346
O'Reilly, Malachias, chief of nearly all Cavan, 11, 19, 37, 40, 53-55,
63, 99
-- Hugh Connelagh, son and successor of Malachias, 99, 310
-- Cahir, brother to last named, 99
O'Reillys, the, of Cavan, 97, 99, 111
Ormonde, Thomas Butler, tenth Earl of (called Thomas Duff or Black
Thomas), Lord Treasurer of Ireland, 5;
his relations, 6;
almost comes to blows with Desmond, 10-11;
keeps down the O'Mores, 14;
sent by Sussex to Shane O'Neill, 24;
intercedes for Jacques Wingfield, 25;
receives a messenger from Shane, 26, 27, 31;
accompanies Shane to England, 32, 40;
on bad terms with Desmond, 41;
his loyal demeanour, 42;
follows Desmond to England, 43, 44, 45;
his mother, 49, 59, 61;
has a conference with Shane, 62, 64;
complains of his wrongs, 66-67;
his brother Edmund, 80, 81, 82;
resolves to put down coyne and livery, 83-84;
fights a battle with Desmond, 85-87;
consequences of this, 87-89;
belongs to the Sussex faction at Court, 92, 93;
his submission, 94;
ordered to protect sheriffs, 96, 97;
favoured by the Queen, 98, 100;
opposed to Leicester and Sidney, 105;
his country, 111-112;
his brother tried at Clonmel, 112;
Sidney makes an award in his favour, 113;
absent from his country, 114-115, 121, 122;
crushing award in his favour against Desmond, 125, 136, 146, 147, 151,
152;
to be sent home, 155-159;
his return and its consequences, 160-169;
his expedition to Thomond, 171;
in favour of clemency, 173;
bewitched, 175;
his ambition, 176;
his power in Munster, 177-179, 180, 182;
his good service in Munster, 184-188, 190, 196, 198;
at his wit's end, 210;
cannot be spared, 215, 220, 221, 223;
goes to England, August 1572, 228-230, 235;
his relations with Desmond in England, 235-238, 247;
greatly missed, 253-254, 265;
back in Ireland, 281;
expostulates with Desmond, 281-283;
disapproves proceedings of Essex, 289, 298;
defies his detractors, 307-309;
entertains Sidney, 312, 323;
in London, 331-333;
serves against Rory Oge, 340, 343;
hostile to the Leicester faction, 346, 348, 349
Ormonde, Joan, Dowager Countess of, Countess of Desmond;
_see_ Lady Joan Fitzgerald.
O'Rourke, chief of Brefny (Leitrim), 170, 226, 320
Orrery, Roger Boyle, Earl of, 257
O'Shaughnessy, chief of Kiltartan in Galway, 20, 115, 186, 358
O'Sheehy, Manus Oge, 82;
_see_ MacSheehy.
Ossory; _see_ Upper Ossory and Fitzpatrick.
-- see of, 363;
for Bishops, _see_ Bale, Thonery, Gafney, and Strong.
Ostia, 203
O'Sullivans, the, of West Cork and Kerry, 136, 222, 237
O'Sullivan, Sir Owen, chief of Bear, in West Cork, 85, 89, 94
-- Philip, of Bear, the Catholic historian, 130
O'Teige, Donat, Papal Archbishop of Armagh (1560-1562), 356
O'Tooles, the, of Imail, in Wicklow, 298
Oxfordshire, 272
Pale, the, 17, 19;
invaded by Shane O'Neill, 30, 36, 37, 41;
grievances, 46-48, 59-61;
a Royal Commission on it, 65, 70, 81, 99, 149, 153, 269, 296;
infected by pestilence, 300, 310;
agitates against the cess, 327-336, 341, 358
Paris, 173, 205, 206
Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 354, 356, 362
-- John, Master of the Rolls (1552-1565), 11, 47, 57, 58, 65, 82
-- Lieutenant, 229
Patrick, St., 34, 193, 321
Patrick's, St., Deanery and Cathedral, 65, 94, 96, 134, 191, 256, 355,
357, 361, 362, 369
Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of, 25, 197
Perrot or Perrott, Sir John, Lord President of Munster (1570-1576);
afterwards Lord Deputy, 156, 179-181;
his courage and vigour, 184-191;
proposes to end the war by a duel, 207-210;
his vigorous exertions, 219-225;
Fitzmaurice submits to him, 233-236;
hostile to Desmond, 238;
dislikes Essex, 242;
his Munster policy, 247-253;
leaves Ireland, his character by the Four Masters, 251, 263, 265-267,
277, 282
Peryam, William, named for Chief Justice of Munster in 1568, 144, 155,
156
Phalaris, 159
Philip II., 8, 15, 40, 113, 141;
his intrigues with the Irish, 193-206, 226, 227, 257, 258
Philipstown, 47, 253, 290
Piers, William, constable of Carrickfergus (1556-1579), 60, 79, 80;
salts Shane O'Neill's head, 118, 129, 133, 213, 242, 244, 245, 258,
260
Piggott, name of, 131
Piper, a pirate, 249
Pius IV., Pope, 357, 370
-- V., Pope, 203, 204
Plunket family; _see_ Dunsany and Louth.
-- or Plunkett, John, Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench (1559-1583),
married to a niece of the eleventh Earl of Kildare, 88, 261
Pole, Reginald, 2, 359
Pollard, Sir John, first Lord President of Munster (1568), 155, 156, 170
Portrush, 123, 243
Portugal and the Portuguese, 216, 226, 249, 345
Portumna, 222
Power, John, third Lord Power of Curraghmore, 86, 87, 89, 108, 112, 132,
165, 284, 312, 313
Poyning's Law, 153
Prendergasts, the, of Tipperary, 83
Prideaux, Serjeant-at-Law, 196
Prometheus, 98
Purcells, the, of Tipperary or Limerick, 166
Puritans, 362
Quadra, de, 40
Queen's County, 6, 81, 96, 111, 159, 311, 317, 341, 347, 348
Quentin, St., 179, 200
Quin Priory in Clare, 317
Radclyffe, Thomas; _see_ Sussex.
-- Sir Henry, brother of Sussex, 42, 72-75
-- Lady Frances, sister of Sussex, sought in marriage by Shane O'Neill,
49, 52, 63, 75
Radnorshire, 335
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 239
Randolph, Colonel Edward, in charge of the first settlement at Derry,
19, 60, 106, 108, 109, 111, 115, 239
Raphoe, 109
-- see of; _see_ MacCongail.
Rathlin Island, 90, 150, 169, 240;
massacre there, 301-303, 324
Red Bay, 60, 90, 117, 243
Redshanks; _see_ MacDonnell.
Rich, Lord, 242, 243
Richmond, Henry FitzRoy, Duke of, 9
Rinuccini, Giovan Batista, Papal Nuncio (1645-1649), 201
Roche, David, Viscount Roche and Fermoy, 42, 89, 115, 132, 151, 165,
186, 223, 313
-- Catherine, Desmond's quasi-stepmother, mother of Thomas Roe, 165
Rochelle, 315
Roches, the, of Fermoy, in Cork, 222, 263
Rochester, 357
Rochforts, ancient colonists of Munster, 314
Roden, one, 255
Rokeby, Ralph, first Chief Justice of Connaught (1569-1603), 170
Rome, 40, 357
Romero, Julian, 200, 201, 204
Roscommon, 110, 127, 219
-- County, 317, 318
Roscrea, 343, 345
Roslare, 162
Ross or New Ross, in Wexford, 309
-- of Ross Carbery, in Cork, see of, 365;
_see_ O'Herlihy and Cornelius O'Brien.
Route, the, the country between the Bush and the Bann, in Antrim and
Londonderry, 36, 245
Rutlandshire, 106
Ryans, the, of Owney, in Tipperary, 276;
_see_ O'Mulrian.
St. Leger, Sir Anthony, 16, 106, 152
-- Sir Warham, grandson of Sir Anthony, 108, 111, 112, 121, 155;
Desmond in his custody, 235-237;
hostile to Ormonde, 237
-- Lady, wife of Sir Warham, 157, 163
Saintloo, Colonel Edward, 115
San Lucar, near Seville, 226
Savage, Edmond, 304
-- Henry, 232
Savages, the, of Ards, in Down, 36, 212, 247
Savoy, ambassador in London, 34
Scilly Islands, 202
Scotland, 39, 79, 107;
Irish troubles originated there, 149, 206
Scots of Antrim and the Isles, attacked by Shane O'Neill, 79, 300;
as good as six hundred Irish, 106, 108;
very strong, 127-130;
beset Carrickfergus, 215;
mercenaries in Connaught, 219, 230, 240;
oppose Essex, 244-246; mercenaries in Munster, 264;
attack Essex, 285, 293-295;
_see_ MacDonnell and Campbell.
Scott, Thomas, 125
Scurlock, Barnaby, 329, 331-333
Seaine, Matthew, Bishop of Cork (1572-1582), 371
Sedgrave, Christopher, Mayor of Dublin in 1559, 5, 353
Selby, Captain, 246
Seville, 226
Shannon River, 11, 80, 82, 173, 219, 321
Shee, Richard, 158
Shelburne, Lord, 70
Sherlock, Patrick, 112, 265
Shrule Castle, in Mayo, 182, 183
Sidney, Sir Henry, three times Lord Justice (1557-1559); Lord Justice
(1565-1567, 1568-1571, and 1575-1578), 2;
visits Shane O'Neill, 4;
sworn in with Roman Catholic rites, 5, 16;
advises the Queen, 41, 47;
proposes to suppress Shane, 91, 92;
his opinion of Ormonde and Desmond, 93;
to be Viceroy, 94;
bargains with the Queen, 95;
his instructions, 96-98;
wind-bound in Wales, 101;
pronounces Shane hopeless, 102-103;
temporises, 104;
on bad terms with Sussex, 105;
demands proper means, 106;
makes a successful winter campaign in Ulster, 108-110;
will give Shane no rest, 111;
his tour in the South, 112-114;
and West, 114-115;
receives Shane O'Neill's head, 118, 119;
both thanked and reproved by the Queen, 120-121;
his dislike to Ormonde, 121;
inclined to favour Desmond, 122;
his attempts to govern without money, 123;
goes to England, 124;
his scheme of Irish reform, 126-127;
his absence much felt, 132, 134, 138;
returns to Ireland, 144, 146;
his active policy, 148-155;
sustains Carew and depresses the Butlers, 157-169;
reconciled to Ormonde, 171, 172, 173;
his Parliament, 174-178;
opposes monopolies, 179;
in England, 181-186, 191, 192, 198, 199;
refuses the Viceroyalty, 207, 209, 213-215, 254, 274, 277, 296;
again Viceroy, 299;
lands, 300;
in Ulster, 303-306;
his dislike to Ormonde, 307;
his tour in Leinster and Munster, 309-314;
in Thomond and Connaught, 317-319;
his account of the Church, 319;
his dealings with Clanricarde and others, 319-323, 325;
his dealings with the Pale about the cess, 327-333, 337;
later acts of his government, 339-341;
finishes with Rory Oge, 341-345;
last days in Ireland, 345-349;
his character, 349-352, 356, 358, 366
Sidney, Sir Philip, 323, 326, 346
-- Lady Mary, wife of Sir Henry and sister of Leicester, 351
Silva, De, 200
Simier, Anjou's agent, 351
Skerries, 300
Skryne, or Skreen, in Meath, 261
Slane, Fleming, Baron of, 23, 30
Slieve Gullion, 29
Sligo, 110, 127 227, 317, 321
Smith, Sir Thomas, Secretary of State, proposes to colonize Ulster, 211,
212, 231, 232, 238, 239, 241, 304, 307
-- Thomas, natural son of Sir Thomas, his colonisation project, 211-214;
his proceedings in Ulster, 230-233;
his failure and death, 246, 258
Smythe, John, 64
-- Thomas, 71
Snagg, Thomas, Attorney-General (1577-1580), 348
Somersetshire, 246, 259
Southwark, 179
Spain, 40, 113, 156, 160, 191, 249
Stanihurst, James, Recorder of Dublin and Speaker of the House of
Commons, 6, 152, 153, 174
Stanley, Sir George, Marshal of the Army (1553-1565), 11, 24, 47, 48,
72, 74, 83, 88, 89, 99, 100
Staples, Edward, Bishop of Meath (1530-1554), 2, 359
Stephen's Green, St., 5
Strabane, 223, 285
Strafford, Lord, 349
Strangford, town and lough, 116, 232, 243
Strong, Thomas, Papal Bishop of Ossory (1582-1602), 363
Strongbow, 145
Strozzi, Peter, 191
Stuart, Mary, 8, 32
Stukeley, Thomas, with Shane O'Neill, 103-105;
account of him, 196-198;
his proceedings in Spain and Italy, 199-206, 225-227, 239, 348
Suck River, 219
Suffolk, Duke of, 196
Suir, river, 84, 283
Suppell, name of, 116