"The Guide to Memory, or a New and Complete Treatise of Analogy between
the French and English Languages," compiled by Charles Turrell,
Professor of Languages, and published in 1828, contains the words which
are the _same_ in each language (alphabet, banquet, couplet, &c.), and
those almost the same--"Letters necessary in English, and superfluous in
French, are included in a parenthesis, thus Bag(g)age. Letters necessary
in French, and superfluous in English are printed in Italics, thus
Hom_m_age." At first sight it seems as if this plan were a good one (and
some still recommend it[H]). But of the words which are the same in both
languages, some of them have meanings one rarely if ever needs to
express, while others are seldom seen except in Dictionaries, so the
student who uses this method does not make much _useful_ progress. The
Rev. W. Healy, of Johnstown (Kilkenny), long before he had finished my
course of lessons, stated: "_I wrote out the French words that
correspond to the English of everything around us and that are in common
use, and found that by the aid of Rec. Syn. I could commit them much
faster than the time taken to write them out._"
[H] The "New Memory-Aiding French Vocabulary" by Albert Tondu, published
by Hachett et Cie, London, in 1881, is a somewhat similar work to
Charles Turrell's.
The words he had made himself familiar with were those most frequently
met with in reading, and useful in speaking and writing.
Mr. D. Nasmith employed a clerk in finding the number of occurrences of
the same word in three books. Some words occurred thousands of times,
and others only five, or fewer. The words which frequently occurred he
arranged in order, the commonest first, and compiled exercises to suit
them. His "Linguists" (German and French) are published by Mr. D. Nutt,
of 270, Strand, London, and by the aid of them, and of my System, a
useful knowledge of German (or French) can be rapidly acquired.
A pupil who had a very slight acquaintance with French learned an
Analytic Series of French words, asking a French friend the meaning and
pronunciation of the words unfamiliar to him. By doing this he in about
an hour learned the spelling, pronunciation, and meaning of nearly 100
French words. Since then he has been extending the exercise, and in that
way he has learned 1,000 French words. In doing so he is strengthening
his memory by exercising it in accordance with its own laws, increasing
the control his will has over his attention, and extending his French
vocabulary.
1. Do we ever see words spelt differently but with the same
pronunciation?
2. Is the use of the Dictionary required?
3. What examples have we here of the benefits derived from
Rec.-Synthesis?
4. With what words did he make himself familiar?
5. Does the same word frequently occur in a book?
6. What proof can you mention?
7. What task was accomplished in about one hour by one of my
pupils?
8. What language was he studying?
To remember Unfamiliar English Words or FOREIGN WORDS, correlate the
Definition as the BEST KNOWN to the Unfamiliar or Foreign Word, and
memorise the Correlation. In the case of Foreign Words, the last
Intermediate is necessarily a case of Inclusion by sound. Sometimes
there is In. by sight or by sound between a part or the whole of the
English word, and a part or the whole of its Foreign equivalent, as
_Ap_ple--_ap_fel [German]. Of course, the pupil will not need the aid of
a correlation in such cases if he notice the analytic relation. The
French word _Anachorete_ might have for its equivalent by sound either
"_Anna_," or "_Core_," or "_Ate_," or "_Anna goes late_," or "_Ann a
core ate_," or "_Anna's cold hate_," and perhaps to some of my readers
it would seem like something else. _Cravache_ might sound like "_Crack
of lash_." Pupils often disagree as to what is good Inclusion by sound;
let each use what suits himself, and not trouble about other people's
ears. _In. by sound, or by sense, or by spelling_, is sufficient even if
it refers to _only one syllable_.
ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. GREEK.
Merchant ... market ... emporium ... emporos
Move ... move on ... next stage ... next-of-kin ... kineo
True ... naked truth ... pith of the matter ... pithy ... pithanos
Course ... coarse hair ... camel hair ... dromedary ... dromos
Servant ... light fare ... dole out
[maid ... bride ... dowry] ... doulos
Tanner ... leather ... leather purse ... disburse ... burseus
Cup ... tea-cup ... tea-pot ... poterion
Fetters ... criminal ... desperate ... desmos
Fragile ... thin ... rapier ... "thrust us" ... thraustos
---- glass houses ... "throw stones" ----
Fruit ... fruit-knife ... fish-knife ... carp ... karpos
Round ... fat ... stout ... strong ... strongylos
Bride ... fair ... fairy ... forest nymph ... nymphe
Pearl ... Necklace ... sweetheart ... Sweet Margery ... margarites
Bread ... baker ... baker's art ... artos
Marry ... lottery of life ... risky game ... gameo
Join ... engaged--[suited ... apt] ... apt to disagree ...apto
Culprit ... cull ... select a few ... few gone ... pheugon
Milk ... milky way ... galaxy ... gala
Drink ... water ... small leak ... pinhole ... pino
Suffer
hunger ... ng of hunger ... pining away ... peinao
Time ... watch ... chronometer ... chronos
---- Father Time ... old age ... old crony ----
Deliver ... capture ... lasso ... apalasso
Spread ... Christmas feast ... deck a church ...
dye a spire ... diaspeiro
Uncover ... bare ... bare foot ... a Kaliph's toe ... ekkalypto
Shut ... shut out ... severe weather ... bad climate ... kleio
I judge ... condemn ... refute ... refuse ... cry "no" ... krino
Found ... establish ... fix ... fasten thus ... tie so ... ktizo
Soldier ... art of war ... strategy ... stratiotes
1. In the case of Foreign words, what must the last intermediate
necessarily be a case of?
2. Do pupils always agree on a good In. by S.?
3. What is sufficient, if it refers to one syllable only?
4. What are you never to do in getting at an English word?
5. What may you do in getting at a Foreign word?
6. Could you not omit "camel hair"?
7. Could you not omit "leather," which follows "tanner"?
8. Could you not omit after "cup" the word "tea-cup"?
9. Is not "tea-pot" connected by Con. with "cup"?
10. After "bread" could you not omit "baker"?
11. Are not "bread" and "baker's art" connected?
12. Could you not omit "watch," after "Time"?
ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. LATIN.
Heart ... heart-sick ... fainting ... cordial ... cor
Wickedness ... dishonesty ... blackmail ... malum
Book ... printed thoughts ... freedom of thought ...
liberty ... liber
---- ... books ... library ... ----
Breast ... front ... front view ... aspect ... pectus
Spear ... thrust ... quick motion ... hasty ... hasta
Suitor ... princely suitor ... married by proxy ... procus
Ask ... borrow ... swindle ... rogue ... rogare
Marrow ... Old English arrow ... victory ... medal ... medulla
Captain ... head of hundred ... century ... centurio
Surveyor ... measure ... dimension ... agrimensor
Furniture ... bent-wood chairs ... bent legs ... supple
legs ... supellex
Vine ... wine ... luxury ... pampered ... pampinus
Liar ... false pretence ... mendicant ... mendax
Cow ... cow-pox ... vaccination ... vacca
Sing ... boatman's song ... canoe ... cano
Kill ... kill by hanging ... broken neck ... necare
Redden ... blush ... kissing ... ruby lips ... rubesco
---- red ... ruby ... ----
Dry ... dry mouth ... feverish ... sick ... siccus
Man ... married man ... home ... homo
War ... victory ... rejoicings ... bells rung ... bellum
Rob ... robber ... hue-and-cry ... policeman's rap ... rapto
Tanner ... russet leather ... russet apple ... apple
core ... coriarius
Dove ... married love ... United States ... Columbia ... columba
Bench ... table ... shop counter ... selling ... subsellium
Oar ... Roman galley ... Rome ... Romulus and Remus ... Remus
Garret ... unhealthy ... medicine ... salts and senna ... cenaculum
Garret ... store-room ... grain store ... granaria
Horse ... race ... dead heat ... equal ... equus
Cock ... spurring ... goading ... galling ... gallus
Lazy ... tramp ... knave ... ignavus
Make heavy ... rich food ... gravy ... gravo
Sign ... musical signs ... notes ... nota
Poverty ... drafty garret ... sleeping draught ...
opium ... inopia
Messenger ... news ... false news ... nonsense ... nuntius
Top ... high perch ... hen's perch ... cackle ... cacumen
Face ... bare face ... bare headed bird ... vulture ... vultus
Useless ... needless impatience ... irritation ... irritus
Dark ... dark staircase ... insecure ... obscurus
Writer ... bad writer ... scribbler ... scriba
Harvest ... harvest home ... "Mrs. at home?" ... messis
Dog ... dog's tail ... tin can ...
[cane carrier ... cane[I]] ... canis
Egg ... boiled egg ... boiled hard ... over boiled ... ovum
Fox ... jackall ... carcass ... vulture ... vulpes
Bread ... sweat of brow ... labour ... pain ...
[bread-pan ... pan[I]] ... panis
Table ... figures ... calculation ... mensuration ... mensa
Master ... schoolboard ... fines ... magistrate ... magister
Tree ... mast ... ship ... harbour ... arbor
Mother ... wife ... helpmeet ... help-mate ... mater
[I] In some English schools the first syllable in "panis" sounds "pan,"
in others "pain." If an English word derived from a foreign word (or
from the same root) occurs to you, use it; but do not spend time hunting
for derivations. Unfamiliar words are no help; do not think the word
"panification" will help you to "panis," because it is an English word
meaning "bread-making," and you are an Englishman. You would be much
wiser to try to remember the English "panification" by the aid of the
Latin "panis," than _vice-versa_, that is, if any mortal ever does want
to remember that pedantic dictionary word.
1. If "mendicants" are known to be liars, why could not "false
pretences" be omitted?
2. If "vaccination" means inoculating with "cowpox," why could not
"cowpox" be omitted?
3. If "broken" neck means a violent death, why not omit "kill by
hanging"?
4. Ought not "billing and cooing" to be inserted after "Dove"?
5. What relation is there between "married love" and "United
States"?
6. If "musical" be added to "notes," why could not "musical signs"
be omitted?
7. If "scribbler" is a writer, why could not "bad writer" be
omitted?
ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. GERMAN.
Joy ... play-day ... free day ... Friday ... Freude
Sad ... tomb ... mason ... trowel ... traurig
Clear ... clear tones ... clarionet ... klar
Indolent ... "lazy bones" ... lazy lass ... laessig
Dangerous ... storm ... steamboat fare ... gefaehrlich
Part ... part of house ... roof ... tile ... Theil
Empty ... hollow ... fox's hole ... lair ... leer
Take ... take husband ... new name ... nehmen
Diffidence ... shy girl ... schoolgirl ... Miss ... Misstrauen
Little ... grow less ... on the wane ... wenig
Much ... more ... mourn ... feel grief ... viel
Recompense ... repayment ... loan ... Lohn
Question ... answer ... fragmentary answer ... Frage
Foot-stool ... low ... shame ... Schemel
Pressure ... too heavy ... droop ... Druck
Voice ... voice lozenges ... stimulation ... Stimme
Child ... young kindred ... Kind
Threaten ... stinging words ... stinging bee ... drone ... drohen
Mirror ... reflect ... think ... speak ... Spiegel
Beetroot ... red heart ... rib ... Ruebe
Potato ... dig up ... remove ... cart off ... Kartoffel
Love ... lovers' meeting ... meat ...
Liebig's extract ... Liebe
Campaign ... pain ... feel ... felt ... Feldzug
Medicine ... science ... arts ... (_pr._ artsnei) Arznei
Evening ... hour of prayer ... bend the knee ... Abend
Heaven ... angels ... harps ... hymns ... Himmel
Song ... choir ... choir leader ... lead ... Lied
Table ... soiled table cloth ... dirtyish ... Tisch
---- ... dinner ... dish ... ----
Chair ... chairman ... session ... Sessel
Bottle ... Leyden jar ... electric spark ... flash ... Flasche
Beloved ... attached ... hooked ... trout ... traut
1. Could not "boiled hard" be omitted?
2. If we use "mensuration tables," could not "figures ...
calculation" be spared?
3. What is the relation between "Tree" and "mast"?
4. Could not "lazy bones" be omitted after "indolent"?
5. Why could not "schoolgirl" be omitted?
6. Why could not "answer" be omitted after "question"?
ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. FRENCH.
Fat ... Fat ox ... clover ... rich grass ... gras
Mouth ... Flesh eater ... butcher ... bouche
Asphalt ... assafoetida ... fish bait ... beton
To lash ... circus ... Hengler ... cingler
Current ... nerve current ... vague function ... vagus
Armchair ... reclining ... gouty ... foot oil ... fauteuil
---- ... arm ... leg ... foot ... ----
Railway
station ... railway guard ... guard ... gare
Smoke ... tobacco ... smell ... perfumer ... fumer
Carpet ... fine design ... tapestry ... tapis
Head ... foot ... root ... potato ... tete
Oar ... boat ... war-ship ... ram ...
[See Latin] ... rame
Tears ... hysterics ... fainting fit ... alarm ... larmes
Canvas ... rope ... oakum ... hard labor ... toil ... toile
Wave ... washing ... unwashed ... vagabond ... vague
---- ... current ... nerve current ... vagus ... ----
Bed ... bed of sea ... sea-shore ... lee-shore ... lit
Pane ... pain ... sore eyes ... vitriol ... vitre
---- ... glass ... vitreous ... ----
Gun ... gunsmith ... spark ... fusee ... fusil
---- ... foot soldier ... fusilier ... ----
Shovel ... shoved about ... crowd ... Pall Mall ... pelle
---- ... sand ... spade ... pail ... ----
Side-walk ... walking fast ... trotting along ... trottoir
---- ... mid road ... horses ... trotting ... ----
Dirty ... second-hand furniture ... furniture ...
sale ... sale
Faithful ... dog-blind fiddler ... fiddle ... fidele
---- ... faithfulness ... fidelity ... ----
Pity ... pitying ... misery ... misericorde
Misfortune ... missing train ... mail hour ... malheur
Hang fire ... fire engine ... "haste" ... tear along
too ... faire longfeu
Star ... diamond ... ball dress ... toilet ... etoile
---- ... Star ... Inn ... hotel ... ----
Cake ... cheesecake ... mouse ... cat ... gateau
Sword ... soldier ... soldier's pay ... epee
---- ... war ... misery ... happy ... ----
Book ... pages ... leaves ... [See Latin] ... livre
Castle ... ruined ... shattered ... chateau
To speak ... converse ... dispute ... parley ... parler
1. Why could not "feel" be left out?
2. Why not omit "science," and say "medical arts"?
3. Why not omit "angels" and "harps," and simply add "celestial" to
"hymns"?
4. If the pupil does not know who "Hengler" is, should we not omit
the name and insert instead "singing clown"?
5. Why should not "fare" be a better In. by sound with "gare" than
"guard"?
6. If tapestry means other things besides carpets, would not
"tapestry carpet" be a sufficient intermediate?
7. If "pelle" is pronounced as if applied "pel," ought not "Pall
Mall" to be pronounced as if spelled "Pell Mell"?
ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. ITALIAN.
Basket ... horse-basket ... pannier ... paniera
" ... casket ... ring ... bull ... bellow ... corbello
Gold ... nugget ... ore ... oro
His ... his own ... zone ... bind ... sew ... suo
Thy ... thy face ... head ... foot ... toe ... tuo
Uncle ... "Dutch uncle" ... Holland ... Zuyder Zee ... Zio
Pius ... church ... pew ... Pio
Month ... Month of May ... mace ... mese
Made ... servant-maid ... cook ... fat ... fatto
Synonyms, as well as words having but a slight difference in sound like
_Insidious_ and _Invidious_ are easily discriminated by _memorised_
Correlations: INSIDIOUS ... inside ... hole ... fox ...
TREACHERY.--INVIDIOUS ... invade ... hostility ... ILL-WILL.
1. Is the letter "i" in Zio pronounced as if spelled Zeeo?
2. If so, is "pew" a good In. by sound with Pio?
3. Why would not these be good correlations, viz., INSIDIOUS,
hideous ... moral turpitude ... TREACHERY.--INVIDIOUS ...
perfidious ... betrayal. ILL-WILL.
4. How many correlations have you made so far?
5. Have you made your own in every case, or memorised mine in every
case?
6. Have you indicated the relations in all cases by writing in 1,
2, or 3?
7. If not, why not?
HOW TO MEMORISE DATES, &c., WHERE YOU ARE UNFAMILIAR WITH THE FACTS, &c.
Let every Pupil write examples of his own selection of names Correlated
to Dates of birth and death worked out as below, or some other _pairs_
of extremes, such as name of ship to its captain on one side, and its
tonnage (or destined port) on the other.
To remember _Dates_ of _Birth_ and _Death_ (&c.) of men, correlate the
SURNAME AS BEST KNOWN to the word expressing the date of BIRTH, and
correlate the BIRTH-WORD to the DEATH [&c.] word:--
Do not look for Analytic Date-words in the following cases until you
have first memorised my Correlations or your own. You can then review
the examples and easily find Analytic Date-words if you are
_sufficiently acquainted_ with the facts of the cases, as: Lord
Beaconsfield (18)05, {S}a{l}ient.[J] Here is a supposed Analytic formula
by English Liberals, of Gladstone's birth:--Gladstone--"{S}u{p}reme"
(18)09; by Foreigners--"{S}u{p}ereminent;" by Tories, "{S}{p}oliator;" by
Home Rulers--"{S}u{p}porter;" by Parnellites--"A{s}{p}erser;" by
Churchmen--"{S}{p}iritual;" by Agnostics--"{S}u{p}erstitious;" by
Unionists--"{S}e{p}aratist;" by admirers of eloquence--"{S}{p}ellbinder;"
by decriers of speaking--"{S}{p}outer."
[J] One of the meanings of "Salient" is "to force itself on the
attention." Recall his threat when coughed down on the occasion of his
maiden speech in the House of Commons. "You will hear me" (18)05.
1. Memorise the correlation you make.
2. Do you find it difficult to get analytic date-words?
3. What is necessary in order to get them readily?
_Lord Beaconsfield_ ... beacon ... the rock ... {t}he {v}e{s}se{l}
[born 1805]
... Vessel ... anchor ... hope ... {t}o ha{v}e {f}ai{t}h
[died 1881]
_Mr. Gladstone_ ... gladness ... sorrow ... {t}he hea{v}y {s}o{b}
[born 1809]
... heavywaters ... Noah's flood ... few saved ... {t}oo {f}ew {m}e{n}
[M. P. in 1832]
_Napoleon Bonaparte_ ... banishment ... embarkation ... {T}oo{k} {sh}i{p}
[born 1769]
... Took ship ... masthead ... Godhead ... {D}i{v}i{n}i{t}y ...
[died 1821]
_Robert Burns_ ... Scottish poet ... map of Scotland ... map of the
World ... {T}he {g}{l}o{b}e
[born 1759]
... "The Globe" ... newspaper ... page ... Wai{t}i{ng} {p}a{g}e ...
[died 1796]
_Oliver Goldsmith_ ... poverty ... plenty ... {T}oo{k} e{n}ou{gh}
[born 1728]
... "bread enough" ... prodigal son ... {Th}e you{ng}e{r}
[died 1774]
_Nelson_ ... Britain's bulwark ... Whi{t}e {cl}if{f}
[born 1758]
... Whi{t}e {f}os{s}i{l}
[died 1805]
_Cardinal Wolsey_ ... butcher ... steel ... straight ... {D}i{r}e{ct}
[born 1471]
... point ... horns ... {D}i{l}e{m}ma{s}
[died 1530]
_Cardinal Newman_ ... "kindly light" ... {V}e{s}{t}a
[born 1801]
... fire goddess ... sun god ... {Ph}oe{b}u{s}
[died 1890]
_The Marquis of Salisbury_ ... St. Paul's burial ... {Th}e {f}a{m}ou{s}
[born 1830]
{Th}e famous ... Livingstone ... travelling ... {v}oya{g}i{ng}
[succeeded to title 1867]
_J. J. Rousseau_ ... "Emile" ... early education ... E{d}u{c}a{t}e {n}ow
[born 1712]
... draw out thought ... I {th}i{n}{k} o{f} you
[died 1778]
_Charles Darwin_ ... "Natural Selection" ... The chosen one ... Ha{p}py
[born (180)9][K]
... greatest happiness ... {T}o ha{v}e hea{v}e{n}
[died 1882]
_George Eliot_ ... Adam Bede ... add ... A{d}{v}a{n}{c}e
[born 1820]
... Money ... L10 ... {T}wo {f}i{v}e{s}
[died 1880]
_Richard Wagner_ ... "Music of Future" ... future time ... {T}o ha{v}e
{t}i{m}e
[born 1813]
{T}o ha{v}e {f}a{m}e
[died 1883]
_The Duke of Albany_ ... delicate ... pale ... white ... Whi{t}e
{f}{l}a{m}e
[born 1853]
{F}i{r}e
[died (18)84]
_Charles Dickens_ ... "Pickwick Papers" ... picnic biscuits ...
biscuit-tin ... {T}i{n}
[born (18)12]
{C}a{s}e
[died (18)70]
_Titus Oates_ ... barley ... mash-tub ... man's tub ... {D}io{g}e{n}e{s}
[born 1620]
... harsh critic ... He a{t}ta{ck}{s} a{l}l
[died 1705]
The specific gravity of the Iridium is 22.40
IRIDIUM ... I ridicule ... Ridiculous ... All laugh ... {n}o{n}e
{s}e{r}iou{s}.
=22.40=
See Analytic Substitutions, concerning the expression of decimals.
One pound avoirdupois equals .45355 of a kilogram--
POUND AVOIRDUPOIS ... old measure ... new measure ... new reign ...
(=.45355=) Hi{s} {r}u{l}e {m}ay ha{l}low a{l}l.
Great Earthquake at Lisbon in 1755-- =1 7 5 5=
LISBON ... Listen ... Hush!... TALK LOWLY.
Sorata (Andes) 21,286 feet high. =2 1 2 8 6=
SORATA ... sore ... cured ... salt fish ... UNEATEN FISH.
FOUNDATION OF ROME ... Seven hills ... up hill ...
(=753=) {c}{l}i{m}b.
FIRST PRINTING IN ENGLAND ... Book ... Pamphlet ...
(=1471=) {tr}a{ct}.
COUNCIL OF TRENT ... rent ... rent roll ...
(=1545=) {d}ai{l}y {r}o{l}l.
SPANISH ARMADA DESTROYED =1 5 8 8=
Many ships sunk ... few escaped ... THEY LEAVE A FEW.
America discovered in 1492-- =1 49 2=
AMERICA ... Merry ... Sad ... sad irons ... Handcuffs ... TURPIN.
Mariners' Compass invented, 1269-- =1 2 6 9=
MARINERS' COMPASS ... pocket compass-- TINY SHAPE.
[K] It is sufficient to indicate the figure 9, as we know that it could
not have been the year 9 of the Christian Era, and as it was somewhere
about the beginning of this century, the figure 9 makes an indefinite
impression definite and exact.
Learning dates and other figures by Synthesis is never recommended
except where the pupil is ignorant of the subject matter and cannot in
consequence use Analytic Substitution. Synthesis power has a good
training effect in all cases.
1. Is it always necessary for us to know the dates of the birth and
death of men?
2. Then why do we do this exercise?
3. What do I want you to get thorough control over?
4. What will you then be able to do?
5. The specific gravity of Iridium is 22.40, represented by the
phrase {n}o{n}e {s}e{r}iou{s}; of what use is the first "s" in
the word "serious"?
6. Why would you not give it the value of (0)?
7. Give a phrase indicating the height of the Washington Monument
(555 ft.).
8. Now correlate "Washington Monument" to the phrase you have
given.
9. Make original correlations for all the events on this page.
10. Are unfamiliar words of any help in a correlation?
11. Should they ever be used as intermediates?
12. Do you try to use as few intermediates as possible?
13. Are short ones more easily learned?