_The first and principal thing the pupil requires to do in this lesson
after learning the definition of the following Three Laws--is to be able
to clearly understand the examples under each Law, and whether they
verify or illustrate that Law._
I. INCLUSION indicates that there is an _overlapping_ of _meaning_
between two words, or that there is a _prominent idea_ or _sound_
that belongs to both alike, or that a similar fact or property
belongs to two events or things as, to enumerate a few
classes:--
WHOLE AND PART.--(Earth, Poles.) (Ship, Rudder.) (Forest, Trees.)
(Air, Oxygen.) (House, Parlor.) (Clock, Pendulum.)
(Knife, Blade.) (India, Punjab.) (14, 7.) (24, 12.)
GENUS AND SPECIES.--(Animal, Man.) (Plant, Thyme.) (Fish, Salmon.)
(Tree, Oak.) (Game, Pheasant.) (Dog, Retriever.) (Universal
Evolution, Natural Selection.) (Silver Lining, Relief of
Lucknow.) (Empress Queen, Victoria.) (Money, Cash.)
ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE.--[The same Quality appears both in the
Adjective and in the Substantive.]--(Dough, Soft.)
(Empty, Drum.) (Lion, Strong.) (Eagle, Swift.) (Courage, Hero.)
(Glass, Smoothness.) (Gold, Ductility.) (Sunshine, Light.)
(Fire, Warmth.)
SIMILARITY OF SOUND.--(Emperor, Empty.) (Salvation, Salamander.)
(Hallelujah, Hallucination.) (Cat, Catastrophe.) (Top, Topsy.)
[Inclusion by sound is not punning.]
SIMPLE INCLUSION embraces cases not found in either of the
foregoing classes, but where there is _something in common_
between the pairs, as (Church, Temple.) (Pocket, Black Hole.)
II. EXCLUSION means _Antithesis_. One word excludes the other, or both
words relate to one and the same thing, but occupy opposite
positions in regard to it, as (Riches, Poverty.) (Hot, Cold.)
(Old, Young.) (Damp, Dry.) (Life, Death.) (Love, Hate.)
(Joy, Sorrow.) (Courage, Cowardice.) (Health, Sickness.)
(Righteous, Wicked.) (Beauty, Ugliness.) (Peace, War.)
III. CONCURRENCE is the sequence or co-existence of impressions or
ideas that have been either accidentally or causally together.--It
is either the accidental conjunction of experiences or the
operation of cause and effect; since even in the latter case, it
is merely the sensuous facts of immediate succession that we know
about, as (Gravitation, Newton, Apple.) (Dives, Lazarus,
Abraham, Bosom.) (Pipe, Tobacco.) (Michaelmas, Goose.)
(Columbus, America.) (Bartholomew Diaz, Cape of Good Hope.)
(Grandmother, Knitting.) (Socrates, Hemlock.) (Bruce, Spider.)
(Nelson, Trafalgar.) (Demosthenes, Seashore, Stammering, Pebbles.)
(Job, Patience.) (Wedding, Slippers, Cake.) (Wellington, Bonaparte,
Waterloo.) (Depression, Fall of Silver.) (Lightning, Thunder.)
[In the case of the following pairs, one word has been so often
appropriated to the other, that there seems to be something in common in
the meaning of the terms--but it is not so, they are mere cases of
Concurrence, but of almost indissoluble Concurrence. For instance, a man
might examine a "spade" in all its parts and might even make one after a
model, and not even know what "dig" means. The mention of "dig" is as
likely to make us think of pickaxe as of spade. "Spade" does not mean
"dig," nor does "dig" mean spade. "Dig" merely means the _action_ of the
"spade," or the _use_ to which it is put. Hence this pair of words does
not furnish an example of Inclusion. But as "dig" is frequently
appropriated to "spade"--as we have often thought of those words
together--this is a case of strong Concurrence. The term "swoop" is
almost exclusively applied to "eagle." A certain action or movement of
the eagle is termed swooping. But "eagle" does not mean "swoop," nor
does "swoop" mean "eagle." We always think of "eagle" when we think of
"swoop," but we do not often think of "swoop" when we think of "eagle."
It is not In., but Con.]
(Spade, Dig.) (Razor, Shaving.) (Coffin, Burial.) (Chair, Sitting.)
(Scythe, Cut.) (Sword, Wound.) (Pen, Write.) (Ears, Hearing.)
(Road, Travel.) (Food, Eating.) (Paper, Write.) (Wine, Drink.)
(Worm, Crawl.) (Bird, Fly.) (Eagle, Swoop.) (Hawk, Hover.) (Ram, Butt.)
(Teeth, Gnash.) (Wheel, Turn.)