| |
Greenough, John J. |Feb. 21, 1842 |2,466
Bean, Benjamin W. |March 4, 1843 |2,982
Corliss, George H. |Dec. 27, 1843 |3,389
Howe, Elias, Jr. |Sept. 10, 1846 |4,750
Bachelder, John |May 8, 1849 |6,439
Wilson, Allen B. |Nov. 12, 1850 |7,776
Robinson, Frederick R. |Dec. 10, 1850 |7,824
Grover & Baker |Feb. 11, 1851 |7,931
Singer, Isaac M. |Aug. 12, 1851 |8,294
Wilson, Allen B. |Aug. 12, 1851 |8,296
Wilson, Allen B. |June 15, 1852 |9,041
Miller, Charles |July 20, 1852 |9,139
Avery, Otis |Oct. 19, 1852 |9,338
Hodgkins, G. |Nov. 2, 1852 |9,365
Bradeen, J. G. |Nov. 2, 1852 |9,380
Bates, W. G. |Feb. 22, 1853 |9,592
Thompson, T. C. |March 29, 1853 |9,641
Wickersham, W. |April 19, 1853 |9,679
Johnson, W. H. |March 7, 1854 |10,597
Harrison, J., Jr. |April 11, 1854 |10,763
Avery, Otis |May 9, 1854 |10,880
Singer, Isaac |May 30, 1854 |10,975
Hunt, Walter |June 27, 1854 |11,161
Roper, S. H. |Aug. 15, 1854 |11,531
Shaw, P. |Sept. 12, 1854 |11,680
Ambler, D. C. |Nov. 1, 1854 |11,884
Robertson, T. J. W. |Nov. 28, 1854 |12,015
Lyon, W. |Dec. 12, 1854 |12,066
Stedman, G. W. |Dec. 12, 1854 |12,074
Ward, D. T. |Jan. 2, 1855 |12,146
Conant, J. S. |Jan. 16, 1855 |12,233
Smith, H. B. |Jan. 16, 1855 |12,247
Singer, I. M. |Feb. 6, 1855 |12,364
Stedman, G. W. |March 20, 1855 |12,573
Stedman, G. W. |May 1, 1855 |12,798
Chilcott, J., and Scrimgeour, J. |March 15, 1855 |12,856
Durgin, Charles A. |May 22, 1855 |12,902
Bond, J., Jr. |May 22, 1855 |12,939
Singer, Isaac |June 12, 1855 |13,065
Harrison, J., Jr. |Oct. 2, 1855 |13,616
Singer, I. M. |Oct. 9, 1855 |13,661
Singer, I. M. |Oct. 9, 1855 |13,662
Langdon, L. W. |Oct. 30, 1855 |13,727
Stedman, G. W. |Nov. 27, 1855 |13,856
Swingle, A. |Feb. 5, 1856 |14,207
Watson, Wm. C. |March 11, 1856 |14,433
Singer, I. M. |March 18, 1856 |14,475
Grover, W. O. |May 27, 1856 |14,956
Blodgett, S. C. |Aug. 5, 1856 |15,469
Roper, S. H. |Nov. 4, 1856 |16,026
Singer, Isaac M. |Nov. 4, 1856 |16,030
Gibbs, James E. A. |Dec. 16, 1856 |16,234
Jennings, L. |Dec. 16, 1856 |16,237
Johnson, A. F. |Jan. 13, 1857 |16,387
Gibbs, J. E. A. |Jan. 20, 1857 |16,434
Howe, Elias, Jr. |Jan. 20, 1857 |16,436
Alexander, Elisa |Feb. 3, 1857 |16,518
Gray, Joshua |Feb. 3, 1857 |16,566
Belcher, C. D. |March 3, 1857 |16,710
Pratt, S. F. |March 3, 1857 |16,745
Nettleton & Raymond |April 14, 1857 |17,049
Gibbs, J. E. A. |June 2, 1857 |17,427
Harris, Daniel |June 9, 1857 |17,508
Harris, Daniel |June 16, 1857 |17,571
Sage, William |June 30, 1857 |17,717
Lathbury, E. T. |July 7, 1857 |17,744
Wickersham, W. |Aug. 25, 1857 |18,068
Wickersham, W. |Aug. 25, 1857 |18,069
Behn, Henry |Aug. 25, 1857 |18,071
Nettleton, Wm. H., and |Oct. 6, 1857 |18,350
Raymond, Charles | |
Roper, S. H. |Oct. 27, 1857 |18,522
Fetter, George |Dec. 1, 1857 |18,793
Watson, W. C. |Dec. 8, 1857 |18,834
Behn, H. |Dec. 15, 1857 |18,880
Hubbard, George W. |Dec. 22, 1857 |18,904
Lazelle, W. H. |Dec. 22, 1857 |18,915
Clark, David W. |Jan. 5, 1858 |19,015
Fetter, George |Jan. 5, 1858 |19,059
Clark, David W. |Jan. 12, 1858 |19,072
Clark, David W. |Jan. 19, 1858 |19,129
Dimmock, Martial, and |Jan. 19, 1858 |19,135
Rixford, Nathan | |
Boyd, A. H. |Jan. 19, 1858 |19,171
Angell, Benjamin J. |Feb. 9, 1858 |19,285
Clark, David W. |Feb. 23, 1858 |19,409
Raymond, Charles |March 9, 1858 |19,612
Hendrick, Joseph E. |March 16, 1858 |19,660
Parker, Sidney |March 16, 1858 |19,662
Gray, Joshua |March 16, 1858 |19,665
Coates, F. S. |March 23, 1858 |19,684
Clark, David W. |March 23, 1858 |19,732
Reynolds, O. S. |March 30, 1858 |19,793
Bartholf, Abraham |April 6, 1858 |19,823
Savage, E. |April 6, 1858 |19,876
Atwood, J. E., J. C., and O. |April 13, 1858 |19,903
Bosworth, Chas. F. |April 20, 1858 |19,979
Clark, David W. |June 8, 1858 |20,481
Herron, A. C. |June 15, 1858 |20,557
Johnson, A. F. |June 22, 1858 |20,686
Barnes, W. T. |June 29, 1858 |20,688
Smith, E. H. |June 29, 1858 |20,739
West, H. B., and |June 29, 1858 |20,753
Willson, H. F. | |
Miller, W. |June 29, 1858 |20,763
Blake, Lyman R. |July 6, 1858 |20,775
Carpenter, Lunan |July 27, 1858 |20,990
Moore, Charles |July 27, 1858 |21,015
Smith, E. H. |Aug. 3, 1858 |21,089
Wheeler and Carpenter |Aug. 3, 1858 |21,100
Gibbs, J. E. A. |Aug. 10, 1858 |21,129
Uhlinger, W. P. |Aug. 17, 1858 |21,224
Clark, David W. |Aug. 31, 1858 |21,322
Blodgett, S. C. |Sept. 7, 1858 |21,465
Hubbard, G. W. |Sept. 14, 1858 |21,537
Hendrick, J. E. |Oct. 5, 1858 |21,722
Gibbs, J. E. A. |Oct. 12, 1858 |21,751
Sangster, Amos. W. |Oct. 26, 1858 |21,929
Avery, O. and Z. W. |Nov. 9, 1858 |22,007
Spencer and Lamb |Nov. 23, 1858 |22,137
Perry, James |Nov. 23, 1858 |22,148
Burnet and Broderick |Nov. 30, 1858 |22,160
Hook, Albert H. |Nov. 30, 1858 |22,179
Raymond, Charles |Nov. 30, 1858 |22,220
Bishop, H. H. |Dec. 7, 1858 |22,226
Pratt, S. F. |Dec. 7, 1858 |22,240
Atwood, J. E. |Dec. 14, 1858 |22,273
Fosket, W. A., and |Jan. 25, 1859 |22,719
Savage, Elliot | |
Snyder, W. |Feb. 15, 1859 |22,987
Clark, D. W. |May 3, 1859 |23,823
Boyd, A. H. |May 17, 1859 |24,003
Gray, Joshua |May 17, 1859 |24,022
Hook, Albert H. |May 17, 1859 |24,027
Spencer, James C. |May 17, 1859 |24,061
Carhart, Peter S. |May 24, 1859 |24,098
McCurdy, J. S. |June 14, 1859 |24,395
Goodwyn, H. H. |June 21, 1859 |24,455
Grout, William |July 5, 1859 |24,629
Hensel, George |July 12, 1859 |24,737
Parker, Sidney |July 12, 1859 |24,780
Hall, William |July 26, 1859 |24,870
Hayden, H. W. |Aug. 2, 1859 |24,937
Kelsey, D. |Aug. 2, 1859 |24,939
Emswiler, J. B. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,002
Farr, C. N. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,004
Harrison, James, Jr. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,013
Tapley, G. S. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,059
Barnes, W. T. |Aug. 16, 1859 |25,084
Booth, Ezekial |Aug. 16, 1859 |25,087
Hinkley, J. |Aug. 23, 1859 |25,231
Harrison, James, Jr. |Aug. 30, 1859 |25,262
Buell, J. S. |Sept. 13, 1859 |25,381
Vogel, Kasimir |Oct. 4, 1859 |25,692
Woodward, F. G. |Oct. 11, 1859 |25,782
Barrett, O. D. |Oct. 11, 1859 |25,785
Barnes, William T. |Oct. 25, 1859 |25,876
Sawyer, Irwin, and Alsop, T. |Oct. 25, 1859 |25,918
Budlong, William G. |Nov. 1, 1859 |25,946
Fosket, William A., |Nov. 1, 1859 |25,963
and Savage, E. | |
Hicks, W. C. |Nov. 8, 1859 |26,035
Scofield, C. |Nov. 8, 1859 |26,059
Pearson, William |Nov. 22, 1859 |26,201
McCurdy, James S. |Nov. 22, 1859 |26,234
Clark, Edwin |Dec. 6, 1859 |26,336
Dickinson, C. W. |Dec. 6, 1859 |26,346
Miller, Charles |Dec. 13, 1859 |26,462
Rowe, Jas. |Dec. 27, 1859 |26,638
Johnson, A. F. |Jan. 24, 1860 |26,948
Thomson, J. |Feb. 7, 1860 |27,082
Juengst, George |Feb. 14, 1860 |27,132
Davis, Job A. |Feb. 21, 1860 |27,208
Gibbs, James E. A. |Feb. 21, 1860 |27,214
Rowe, James |Feb. 21, 1860 |27,260
Dopp, H. W. |Feb. 28, 1860 |27,279
Paine, A. R. |March 6, 1860 |27,412
Smalley, J. |March 20, 1860 |27,577
Newlove, T. |April 3, 1860 |27,761
McCurdy, J. S. |May 1, 1860 |28,097
Arnold, G. B. |May 8, 1860 |28,139
Bean, E. E. |May 8, 1860 |28,144
Holly, Birdsill |May 8, 1860 |28,176
Chamberlain, J. N. |May 29, 1860 |28,452
Ruddick, H. |May 29, 1860 |28,538
Scofield, Chas., and |June 5, 1860 |28,610
Rice, Clarke | |
Smith, Wilson H. |June 19, 1860 |28,785
Rose, I. M. |June 19, 1860 |28,814
Gibbs, J. E. A. |June 26, 1860 |28,851
McCurdy, J. S. |July 3, 1860 |28,993
Mueller, H. |July 3, 1860 |28,996
Sutton, Wm. A. |July 17, 1860 |29,202
Hicks, W. C. |July 24, 1860 |29,268
Tracy, D. |Sept. 11, 1860 |30,012
Washburn, T. S. |Sept. 11, 1860 |30,031
Arnold, G. B., and A. |Sept. 25, 1860 |30,112
Leavitt, Rufus |Nov. 13, 1860 |30,634
Payne, R. S. |Nov. 13, 1860 |30,641
Heyer, Frederick |Nov. 27, 1860 |30,731
Hardie, J. W. |Dec. 4, 1860 |30,854
Earle, T. |Jan. 22, 1861 |31,156
Bruen, J. T. |Jan. 22, 1861 |31,208
Smith, J. M. |Feb. 5, 1861 |31,334
Smith, L. H. |Feb. 12, 1861 |31,411
Rice, Quartus |Feb. 12, 1861 |31,429
Rose, I. M. |March 5, 1861 |31,628
Ross, Noble G. |March 26, 1861 |31,829
Boyd, A. H. |April 2, 1861 |31,864
Mallary, G. H. |April 2, 1861 |31,897
Shaw, H. L. |April 9, 1861 |32,007
Burr, Theodore |April 9, 1861 |32,023
Jones, William, and |May 14, 1861 |32,297
Haughian, P. | |
Wilder, M. G. |May 14, 1861 |32,323
Smith, Lewis H. |May 21, 1861 |32,385
Stoakes, J. W. |May 28, 1861 |32,456
Fuller, William M. |June 4, 1861 |32,496
Norton, B. F. |July 9, 1861 |32,782
Raymond, C. |July 9, 1861 |32,785
Raymond, Charles |July 30, 1861 |32,925
Case, G. F. |Aug. 13, 1861 |33,029
Hodgkins, C. |Aug. 20, 1861 |33,085
Marble, F. E. |Oct. 8, 1861 |33,439
Mann, Charles |Oct. 22, 1861 |33,556
Grover, W. O. |Nov. 26, 1861 |33,778
Hendrickson, E. M. |Feb. 4, 1862 |34,330
Derocquigny, A. C. F., |March 25, 1862 |34,748
Gance, D., and Hanzo, L. | |
Thompson, R. |April 8, 1862 |34,926
Smith, John C. |April 15, 1862 |34,988
Palmer, Aaron |May 13, 1862 |35,252
Hall, W. S. |Aug. 5, 1862 |36,084
McCurdy, James S. |Aug. 19, 1862 |36,256
Grover, W. O. |Sept. 9, 1862 |36,405
Wilkins, J. N. |Sept. 30, 1862 |36,591
Humphrey, D. W. G. |Oct. 7, 1862 |36,617
House, H. A., and J. A. |Nov. 11, 1862 |36,932
Crossby, C. O., and Kellogg, H. |Dec. 2, 1862 |37,033
Shaw, A. B. |Dec. 16, 1862 |37,202
Pipo, John A. |Jan. 27, 1863 |37,550
Hollowell, J. G. |Feb. 10, 1863 |37,624
Howe, A. B. |March 17, 1863 |37,913
Weitling, W. |March 17, 1863 |37,931
Shaw & Clark |April 21, 1863 |38,246
Baldwin, Cyrus W. |April 28, 1863 |38,276
Grote, F. W. |May 5, 1863 |38,447
Palmer, C. H. |May 5, 1863 |38,450
Mack, W. A. |May 19, 1863 |38,592
Bosworth, C. F. |June 9, 1863 |38,807
McCurdy, J. S. |June 16, 1863 |38,931
Langdon, Leander W. |July 14, 1863 |39,256
House, J. A., and H.A. |Aug. 4, 1863 |39,442-39,445
(4 patents on 1 machine) | |
Tracy and Hobbs |Sept. 15, 1863 |40,000
Wagener, Jeptha A. |Oct. 13, 1863 |40,296
Rehfuss, G. |Oct. 13, 1863 |40,311
Lathrop, Lebbeus W., |Oct. 27, 1863 |40,446
and de Sanno, Wm. P. | |
Heyer, W. D. |Nov. 17, 1863 |40,622
Simmons, A. G., and Scofield, C. |March 1, 1864 |41,790
Guinness, W. S. |March 15, 1864 |41,916
Willcox, Charles H. |March 22, 1864 |42,036
(4 patents on 1 machine) |Aug. 9, 1864 |43,819
|Sept. 27, 1864 |44,490
|Sept. 27, 1864 |44,491
Sibley, J. J. |March 29, 1864 |42,117
Thompson, R. |April 19, 1864 |42,449
McKay & Blake |May 24, 1864 |42,916
Chittenden, H. H. |June 28, 1864 |43,289
Hall, Luther |July 5, 1864 |43,404
Planer, Louis |Aug. 23, 1864 |43,927
Atwater, B. |Sept. 6, 1864 |44,063
Dale, John D. |Oct. 11, 1864 |44,686
Gritzner, M. C. |Oct. 18, 1864 |44,720
Smith, DeWitt C. |Dec. 20, 1864 |45,528
Weitling, W. |Jan. 3, 1865 |45,777
Cadwell, C. |Jan. 24, 1865 |45,972
Bartlett, J. W. |Jan. 31, 1865 |46,064
McCurdy, James S. |Feb. 7, 1865 |46,303
Lamb, Thomas, and |Aug. 15, 1865 |49,421
Allen, John | |
Humphrey, D. W. G. |Aug. 29, 1865 |49,627
Tarbox, John N. |Sept. 5, 1865 |49,803
Crosby, C. O. |Oct. 3, 1865 |50,225
Cajar, E. |Oct. 3, 1865 |50,299
Hart, William |Oct. 17, 1865 |50,469
Hecht, A. |Oct. 17, 1865 |50,473
Emerson, John |Nov. 14, 1865 |50,989
Keats, John, and Clark, Wm. S. |Nov. 14, 1865 |50,995
Rehfuss, George |Nov. 21, 1865 |51,086
Eickemeyer, Rudolf |Feb. 20, 1866 |52,698
Hanlon, John |Feb. 27, 1866 |52,847
McCurdy, J. S. |April 3, 1866 |53,743
Bartram, W. B. |May 15, 1866 |54,670
Bartram, W. B. |May 15, 1866 |54,671
Goodspeed, G. N. |May 15, 1866 |54,816
Hayes, J. |May 22, 1866 |55,029
McCloskey, John |June 19, 1866 |55,688
House, J. A. and H. A. |June 26, 1866 |55,865
Tucker, Joseph C. |July 24, 1866 |56,641
Warth, Albin |July 24, 1866 |56,646
Destouy, A. |July 31, 1866 |56,729
Schwalback, M. |July 31, 1866 |56,805
Cately, William H. |Aug. 7, 1866 |56,902
Piper, D. B. |Aug. 7, 1866 |56,990
Leyden, Austin |Aug. 14, 1866 |57,157
Clements, James M. |Aug. 21, 1866 |57,451
Davis, Job A. |Oct. 9, 1866 |58,614
Rodier, Peter |Nov. 13, 1866 |59,659
Duchemin, Wm. |Nov. 13, 1866 |59,715
Kilbourn, E. E. |Nov. 20, 1866 |59,746
Reed, T. K. |Dec. 4, 1866 |60,241
Singer, I. M. |Dec. 11, 1866 |60,433
Bartram, W. B. |Jan. 1, 1867 |60,669
Rehfuss, G. |Jan. 8, 1867 |61,102
Singer, Isaac |Jan. 15, 1867 |61,270
Cajar, Emil |Feb. 5, 1867 |61,711
Craige, E. H. |Feb. 19, 1867 |62,186
Reed, T. K. |Feb. 19, 1867 |62,287
Bartram, W. B. |March 5, 1867 |62,520
Fuller, H. W. |March 19, 1867 |63,033
Stannard, M. |April 23, 1867 |64,184
Craige, E. H. |Aug. 13, 1867 |67,635
Doll, Arnold |Sept. 3, 1867 |68,420
Bruen, L. B. |Sept. 17, 1867 |68,839
Hodgkins, C. |Oct. 8, 1867 |69,666
Baker, G. W. |Oct. 29, 1867 |70,152
Cadwell, Caleb |Nov. 19, 1867 |71,131
Fanning, J. |Dec. 31, 1867 |72,829
Warth, Albin |Jan. 7, 1868 |73,064
Rehfuss, George |Jan. 7, 1868 |73,119
Cornely, E. |Jan. 28, 1868 |73,696
Blake, L. R. |Feb. 11, 1868 |74,289
Fales, J. F. |Feb. 11, 1868 |74,328
Jencks, G. L. |Feb. 18, 1868 |74,694
Clark, Edwin E. |Feb. 25, 1868 |74,751
Halbert, A. W. |March 31, 1868 |76,076
Gritzner, M. C. |April 7, 1868 |76,323
Bartlett, Joseph W. |April 7, 1868 |76,385
Waterbury, Enos |June 16, 1868 |79,037
Cole, W. H. |June 30, 1868 |79,447
Lamson, Henry P. |July 7, 1868 |79,579
French, S. |July 28, 1868 |80,345
Stein, M. J. |Sept. 8, 1868 |81,956
Hancock, H. J. |Oct. 27, 1868 |83,492
Bartram, W. B. |Nov. 3, 1868 |83,592
Benedict, C. P. |Nov. 3, 1868 |83,596
Bonnaz, A. |Nov. 10, 1868 |83,909
Bonnaz, A. |Nov. 10, 1868 |83,910
Elliott, F. |Jan. 19, 1869 |85,918
Canfield, F. P. |Jan. 19, 1869 |86,057
Arnold B. |Jan. 26, 1869 |86,121
Jones, John |Jan. 26, 1869 |86,163
Russell, W. W. |Feb. 9, 1869 |86,695
Eldridge, G. W. |March 2, 1869 |87,331
House, J. A. and H. A. |March 2, 1869 |87,338
Gird, E. D. |March 9, 1869 |87,559
Carpenter, William |March 9, 1869 |87,633
Dunbar, C. F. |March 30, 1869 |88,282
McLean, J. N. |March 30, 1869 |88,499
Billings, C. E. |April 6, 1869 |88,603
Winter, Wm. |April 13, 1869 |88,936
Tittman, A. |April 20, 1869 |89,093
Swartwout, H. L. |April 27, 1869 |89,357
Lyons, Lucius |April 27, 1869 |89,489
Crosby, C. O. |May 25, 1869 |90,507
Gutmann, J. |May 25, 1869 |90,528
Duchemin, William |June 8, 1869 |91,101
Adams, John Q. |July 6, 1869 |92,138
Bond, Joseph, Jr. |Aug. 10, 1869 |93,588
Hoffman, Geo. W. |Aug. 24, 1869 |94,112
Brown, John H. |Aug. 31, 1869 |94,389
Heery, Luke |Sept. 14, 1869 |94,740
Gray, Joshua |Oct. 5, 1869 |95,581
Smith, E. H. |Oct. 26, 1869 |96,160
Page, Chas. |Nov. 2, 1869 |96,343
Lyon, Lucius |Nov. 9, 1869 |96,713
Clever, P. J. |Nov. 16, 1869 |96,886
Mills, Daniel |Nov. 16, 1869 |96,944
Woodruff, Geo. B., and |Nov. 16, 1869 |97,014
Browning, Geo. | |
Keith, Jeremiah |Dec. 7, 1869 |97,518
Hurtu, Auguste J., and |Dec. 21, 1869 |98,064
Hautin, Victor J. | |
Lamb, Thomas |Dec. 28, 1869 |98,390
Rudolph, B. |Feb. 1, 1870 |99,481
Porter, Alonzo |Feb. 8, 1870 |99,704
Smith, W. T. |Feb. 8, 1870 |99,743
Meyers, N. |Feb. 15, 1870 |99,783
Grover, W. O. |Feb. 22, 1870 |100,139
Spoehr, F. |April 12, 1870 |101,779
Kendall, George F. |April 12, 1870 |101,887
Cooney, W. |April 26, 1870 |102,226
Brown, F. H. |April 26, 1870 |102,366
Howard E., and Jackson, W. H. |May 31, 1870 |103,745
Bartram, W. B. |June 14, 1870 |104,247
Henriksen, H. P. |June 21, 1870 |104,590
Martine, Charles F. |June 21, 1870 |104,612
Nasch, Isidor |June 21, 1870 |104,630
Hall, L. |July 12, 1870 |105,329
Lyon, Lucius |July 26, 1870 |105,820
Bennor, Joseph |Aug. 9, 1870 |106,249
Barnes, M. M. |Aug. 16, 1870 |106,307
Leslie, Arthur M. |Oct. 18, 1870 |108,492
Rayer, William A.,and |Nov. 1, 1870 |108,827
Lincoln, Wm. S. | |
Landfear, Wm. R. |Nov. 22, 1870 |109,427
Parham, Charles |Nov. 22, 1870 |109,443
Lamb, I. W. |Nov. 29, 1870 |109,632
Moreau, Eugene |Jan. 3, 1871 |110,669
Robinson, Charles E. |Jan. 3, 1871 |110,790
Goodyear, Charles, Jr. |Jan. 24, 1871 |111,197
Stevens, G., and Hendy, J. |Jan. 31, 1871 |111,488
Carpenter, Mary P. |Feb. 21, 1871 |112,016
Hancock, Henry J. |Feb. 21, 1871 |112,033
Sidenberg, W. |March 14, 1871 |112,745
Chase, M. |April 11, 1871 |113,498
Stein, M. J. |April 11, 1871 |113,593
Tate, Wm. J. |April 11, 1871 |113,704
House, J. A. and H. A. |May 2, 1871 |114,294
Sidenberg, W. |May 23, 1871 |115,117
Beuttels, Charles |May 23, 1871 |115,155
Thompson, G. |May 23, 1871 |115,255
Willcox and Carleton |June 27, 1871 |116,521
(3 patents on 1 machine) | |116,522
| |116,523
Willcox and Carleton |July 4, 1871 |116,783
Goodyear, Charles, Jr. |July 11, 1871 |116,947
Necker, Carl |July 18, 1871 |117,101
Pitt, James; Joseph; |July 18, 1871 |117,203
Edward; and Wm. | |
Jones, John T. |Aug. 1, 1871 |117,640
West, E. P. |Aug. 1, 1871 |117,708
Jones, Solomon |Aug. 29, 1871 |118,537
(2 patents on 1 machine) | |118,538
Lamb, Thomas |Sept. 5, 1871 |118,728
Bosworth, C. F. |Jan. 9, 1872 |122,555
Smyth, D. M. |Jan. 9, 1872 |122,673
Fish, Warren L. |Feb. 13, 1872 |123,625
Palmer, C. H. |March 19, 1872 |124,694
Baker, G. W. |April 9, 1872 |125,374
Gordon and Kinert |April 16, 1872 |125,807
Howard, C. W. |April 23, 1872 |126,056
(second machine) | |126,057
Smyth, D. M. |May 14, 1872 |126,845
Beckwith, W. G. |May 21, 1872 |126,921
Bouscay, Eloi, Jr. |May 28, 1872 |127,145
Braundbeck, E. |June 11, 1872 |127,675
Heidenthal, W. |June 11, 1872 |127,765
Cleminshaw, S. |June 25, 1872 |128,363
Wardwell, S. W., Jr. |July 2, 1872 |128,684
Springer, W. A. |July 9, 1872 |128,919
Fanning, John |July 16, 1872 |129,013
Parks, Volney |July 30, 1872 |129,981
Baker, G. W. |July 30, 1872 |130,005
Smyth, D. M. |Aug. 6, 1872 |130,324
McClure, A. T. |Aug. 13, 1872 |130,385
Ashe, Robert |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,555
Bartram, W. B. |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,557
West, Elliot P. |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,674
Happe, J., and Newman, W. |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,715
Hinds, Jesse L. |Sept. 10, 1872 |131,166
Brown, F. H. |Oct. 1, 1872 |131,735
Beckwith, W. G. |Nov. 26, 1872 |133,351
Turner, S. S. |Dec. 3, 1872 |133,553
Chandler, R. |Dec. 10, 1872 |133,757
Venner, O. |Dec. 10, 1872 |133,814
Duchemin, W. |Jan. 21, 1873 |135,032
Sheffield, G. V. |Jan. 21, 1873 |135,047
Parham, Charles |Feb. 4, 1873 |135,579
Goodes, E. A. |March 11, 1873 |136,718
Tittman, A. |March 11, 1873 |136,792
Happe, J., and Newman, W. |March 25, 1873 |137,199
Ragan, Daniel |April 1, 1873 |137,321
O'Neil, John |April 8, 1873 |137,618
Kallmeyer, G. |April 8, 1873 |137,689
Ross, J. G., and Miller, T. L. |May 13, 1873 |138,764
West, Elliott P. |May 13, 1873 |138,772
Koch and Brass |May 13, 1873 |138,898
Arnold, B. |May 20, 1873 |138,981
Arnold, B. |May 20, 1873 |138,982
Lathrop, L. W. |May 20, 1873 |139,067
Chandler, Rufus |May 27, 1873 |139,368
Jones, S. H. |July 8, 1873 |140,631
Smyth, D. M. |July 22, 1873 |141,088
Wardwell, S. W., Jr. |July 29, 1873 |141,245
Stewart, J., Jr. |July 29, 1873 |141,397
Walker, William |July 29, 1873 |141,407
Blanchard, Helen A. |Aug. 19, 1873 |141,987
Springer, W. A. |Aug. 26, 1873 |142,290
Cushman, C. S. |Sept. 2, 1873 |142,442
Porter, D. A. |Nov. 25, 1873 |144,864
Koch & Brass |Dec. 2, 1873 |145,215
Richardson, E. F. |Dec. 16, 1873 |145,687
Weber, Theo. A. |Dec. 23, 1873 |145,823
Scribner, Benjamin, Jr. |Jan. 13, 1874 |146,483
Black, Samuel S. |Jan. 20, 1874 |146,642
Taylor, F. B. |Jan. 20, 1874 |146,721
Richardson, Everett P. |Jan. 27, 1874 |146,948
Muir, William |Feb. 3, 1874 |147,152
Goodes, E. A. |Feb. 10, 1874 |147,387
Springer, Wm. A. |Feb. 10, 1874 |147,441
True, C. B. |March 10, 1874 |148,336
Wardwell, S. W., Jr. |March 10, 1874 |148,339
Shorey, Samuel W. |March 17, 1874 |148,765
Smith, James H. |March 24, 1874 |148,902
Horr, Addison D. |April 21, 1874 |149,862
Page, Chas. |May 5, 1874 |150,479
Crane, Thomas |May 5, 1874 |150,532
Buhr, J. |May 26, 1874 |151,272
Smyth, D. M. |June 9, 1874 |151,801
Wensley, James |June 16, 1874 |152,055
Dinsmore, A. S., and |June 30, 1874 |152,618
Carter, John T. | |
Speirs, J. |July 7, 1874 |152,813
Brewer, A. G. |July 14, 1874 |152,894
Baglin, Wm. |Aug. 18, 1874 |154,113
Howard, E. L. |Aug. 25, 1874 |154,485
Landfear, Wm. R. |Sept. 22, 1874 |155,193
Drake, Ellis |Oct. 13, 1874 |155,932
Barney, Samuel C. |Oct. 20, 1874 |156,119
Moreau, Eugene |Oct. 20, 1874 |156,171
Huntington, Thomas S. |Dec. 29, 1874 |158,214
Bartlett and Plant |Jan. 26, 1875 |159,065
Garland, H. P. |Feb. 16, 1875 |159,812
Dinsmore, Alfred S. |March 9, 1875 |160,512
McCloskey, John |March 30, 1875 |161,534
Schmidt, Albert E. |April 27, 1875 |162,697
Darling & Darling |May 25, 1875 |163,639
Richardson, Everett P. |July 13, 1875 |165,506
Whitehill, Robert |July 27, 1875 |166,172
Weber, Theodore A. |Aug. 3, 1875 |166,236
Pearson, Wm. |Aug. 17, 1875 |166,805
Beckwith, William G. |Sept. 7, 1875 |167,382
Hall, John S. |Oct. 11, 1875 |168,637
Jones, J. T. |Oct. 26, 1875 |169,106
Garland, H. P. |Oct. 26, 1875 |169,163
Wormald & Dobson |Nov. 9, 1875 |169,881
Rose, R. M. |Nov. 30, 1875 |170,596
Keith, Jeremiah |Dec. 7, 1875 |170,741
Keith, T. K. |Dec. 14, 1875 |170,955
Leavitte, Albert |Dec. 14, 1875 |171,147
Toll, Charles F. |Dec. 14, 1875 |171,193
Keats, Greenwood, & Keats |Dec. 28, 1875 |171,622
Thayer, Augustus |Jan. 11, 1876 |172,205
Frese, B. |Jan. 18, 1876 |172,308
Pearson, William |Jan. 18, 1876 |172,478
Sawyer & Esty |Feb. 29, 1876 |174,159
Porter & Baker |March 14, 1876 |174,703
Walker, William |April 11, 1876 |176,101
Upson, L. A. |April 18, 1876 |176,153
Witherspoon, S. A. |April 18, 1876 |176,211
Rice, T. M. |April 25, 1876 |176,686
Murphy, E. |May 2, 1876 |176,880
Bradford, E. F., and |May 16, 1876 |177,371
Pierce, V. R. | |
Applegate & Webb |May 25, 1876 |177,784
Sullivan, John J. |June 27, 1876 |179,232
Appleton, C. J., and |July 4, 1876 |179,440
Sibley, J. J. | |
Marin, Chas. |July 11, 1876 |179,709
Gullransen, P. E., and |July 25, 1876 |180,225
Rettinger, J. C. | |
Butcher, Joseph |Aug. 1, 1876 |180,542
Jackson, William |Sept. 5, 1876 |181,941
Barton, Kate C. |Sept. 12, 1876 |182,096
Eickemeyer, Rudolf |Sept. 12, 1876 |182,182
Webster, W. |Sept. 12, 1876 |182,249
Knoch, C. F. |Oct. 17, 1876 |183,400
Cushman, C. S. |Nov. 21, 1876 |184,594
Harris, David |Dec. 12, 1876 |185,228
Wood, J. |Dec. 26, 1876 |185,811
Oram, Henry |Jan. 2, 1877 |185,952
Palmer, Frank L. |Jan. 2, 1877 |185,954
Hall, John S. |Feb. 6, 1877 |187,006
Palmateer, William A. |Feb. 20, 1877 |187,479
Cummins, William G. |Feb. 27, 1877 |187,822
Esty, William |Feb. 27, 1877 |187,837
Leavitt & Drew |Feb. 27, 1877 |187,874
Henriksen, H. P. |March 20, 1877 |188,515
McKay, Gordon |March 27, 1877 |188,809
Follett, J. L. |April 10, 1877 |189,446
Bond, James, Jr. |April 17, 1877 |189,599
Jacob, F. |April 24, 1877 |190,047
Beck, A. |May 1, 1877 |190,184
Hallett, H. H. |June 5, 1877 |191,584
Randel, William |June 12, 1877 |192,008
Corbett, E., and Harlow, C. F. |July 3, 1877 |192,568
Brown, F. H. |July 24, 1877 |193,477
Melhuish, R. M. |Aug. 28, 1877 |194,610
Atwood, K. C. |Sept. 4, 1877 |194,759
Macaulay, F. A. |Oct. 9, 1877 |195,939
Dimond, George H. |Oct. 16, 1877 |196,198
Sedmihradsky, A. J. |Oct. 23, 1877 |196,486
Keith, J. |Nov. 6, 1877 |196,809
Beck, August |Nov. 6, 1877 |196,863
Keith, T. H. |Nov. 6, 1877 |196,909
Keats, John |Dec. 11, 1877 |198,120
Briggs, Thomas |Jan. 1, 1878 |198,790
Corey, J. W. |Jan. 8, 1878 |198,970
Howard, T. S. L. |Jan. 15, 1878 |199,206
Bosworth, C. F. |Jan. 22, 1878 |199,500
Dancel, C. |Jan. 29, 1878 |199,802
Pearson, M. H. |Feb. 5, 1878 |199,991
Morrell, Robert W.; |April 23, 1878 |202,857
Parkinson, Thomas; and | |
Parkinson, Joseph | |
Barcellos, D. |April 30, 1878 |203,102
Elderfield, F. D. |June 4, 1878 |204,429
Heberling, J. |June 4, 1878 |204,604
Beukler, William |June 11, 1878 |204,704
Varicas, L. |June 11, 1878 |204,864
Stewart, W. T. |July 2, 1878 |205,698
House, Jas. A. |July 23, 1878 |206,239
Martin, W., Jr.; Dawson, D. R.; |Aug. 6, 1878 |206,743
and Orchar, R. | |
Conklin, N. A. |Aug. 6, 1878 |206,774
Wollenberg, H., and Priesner, J. |Aug. 6, 1878 |206,848
Young, E. S., and Dimond, G. H. |Aug. 13, 1878 |206,992
Hoffman, Clara P., and |Aug. 13, 1878 |207,035
Meyers, Nicholas | |
Wensley, Jas. |Aug. 20, 1878 |207,230
Dimond, G. H. |Aug. 27, 1878 |207,400
Steward, A. |Aug. 27, 1878 |207,454
Wood, Richard G. |Sept. 10, 1878 |207,928
McCombs, Geo. F. |Sept. 24, 1878 |208,407
Keith, Jeremiah |Oct. 22, 1878 |209,126
Wells, W. W. |Nov. 12, 1878 |209,843
Bayley, C. H. |Feb. 11, 1879 |212,122
Parmenter, Charles O. |Feb. 18, 1879 |212,495
Ingalls, N., Jr. |Feb. 25, 1879 |212,602
Cleminshaw, S. |March 18, 1879 |213,391
Webb, T., and Heartfield, C. H. |March 25, 1879 |213,537
Borton, Stockton |April 8, 1879 |214,089
Henriksen, H. P. |May 20, 1879 |215,615
Bland, Henry |June 3, 1879 |216,016
Morrison, T. W. |June 10, 1879 |216,289
Bosworth, Charles F. |June 17, 1879 |216,504
Simmons, Frederick |June 24, 1879 |216,902
Junker, Carl |July 1, 1879 |217,112
Legat, Desire Mathurin |Aug. 12, 1879 |218,388
Willcox, C. H. |Aug. 12, 1879 |218,413
Cornely, Emile |Sept. 2, 1879 |219,225
Hamm, E. |Sept. 16, 1879 |219,578
Tuttle, J. W., and Keith, T. K. |Sept. 16, 1879 |219,782
Stackpole, G., and |Oct. 7, 1879 |220,314
Applegate, J. H. | |
Otis, S. L. |Oct. 28, 1879 |221,093
Bland, H. |Nov. 11, 1879 |221,505
Bracher, T. W. |Nov. 11,1879 |221,508
Snediker, J. F. |Nov. 25, 1879 |222,089
Mooney, J. H. |Dec. 2, 1879 |222,298
Osborne, J. H. |Feb. 3, 1880 |224,219
Smith, W. M. |March 2, 1880 |225,199
Banks, C. M. |March 23, 1880 |225,784
Haberling, J. |May 4, 1880 |227,249
Haberling, J. |May 11, 1880 |227,525
Wiseman, Edmund |June 8, 1880 |228,711
Juengst, George |June 15, 1880 |228,820
Morley, J. H. |June 15, 1880 |228,918
Curtis, G. H. W. |June 22, 1880 |228,985
Lipe, C. E. |June 29, 1880 |229,322
Miller, L. B., and Diehl, P. |July 6, 1880 |229,629
Willcox, C. H. |July 20, 1880 |230,212
Shaw, E. |July 27, 1880 |230,580
Dinsmore, A. S. |Aug. 17, 1880 |231,155
Thurston, C. H. |Oct. 12, 1880 |231,300
Butcher, J. |Oct. 26, 1880 |233,657
Smyth, D. M. |Nov. 23, 1880 |234,732
Hesse, J. |Dec. 7, 1880 |235,085
Kjalman, H. N. |Dec. 21, 1880 |235,783
Morley, J. H. |Jan. 4, 1881 |236,350
Thomas, J. |Jan. 11, 1881 |236,466
Benson, G. |March 8, 1881 |238,556
Green, G. F. |March 8, 1881 |238,678
Eickemeyer, Rudolf |March 29, 1881 |239,319
Palmer, C. H. |April 26, 1881 |240,758
Campbell, D. H. |May 17, 1881 |241,612
Campbell, Duncan H. |May 17, 1881 |241,613
Leslie, A. M. |May 24, 1881 |241,808
Newell, George F. |June 7, 1881 |242,470
Gritzner, Max C. |June 28, 1881 |243,444
Keith, Jeremiah |July 5, 1881 |243,710
Choquette, A. E. |July 12, 1881 |244,033
Mooney, J. H. |July 19, 1881 |244,470
Beardslee, W. F. |Aug. 16, 1881 |245,781
Hine, Charlie M. |Aug. 23, 1881 |246,136
Willcox, C. H. |Sept. 6, 1881 |246,700
Hoefler, J. |Sept. 13, 1881 |246,883
Woodward, E. |Sept. 20, 1881 |247,285
Richards, Jean E. |Jan. 24, 1882 |252,799
Abbott, W. W. |Jan. 31, 1882 |252,984
Secor, J. B. |Feb. 14, 1882 |253,772
Deschamps, O. L. |Feb. 21, 1882 |253,915
Hull, E. H. |Feb. 28, 1882 |254,217
Roberts, William |March 7, 1882 |254,696
Willcox and Borton |March 28, 1882 |255,576
Borton and Willcox |March 28, 1882 |255,577
Borton and Willcox |March 28, 1882 |255,580
Borton and Willcox |March 28, 1882 |255,581
Veukler, W. |April 4, 1882 |255,916
Hurtu, A. J. |May 30, 1882 |258,761
Keats, Alphonso |July 11, 1882 |260,990
Ramsden, John W. |Aug. 1, 1882 |262,116
Koch, William |Aug. 8, 1882 |262,298
Bigelow, J. |Aug. 29, 1882 |263,467
Mills, Daniel |Oct. 10, 1882 |265,850
Wilkinson, Charles E. |Dec. 19, 1882 |269,251
Carlisle, W. S. |Jan. 9, 1883 |270,540
Holden, O. J., and Griswold, L. |Feb. 13, 1883 |272,050
Cameron, James W. |Feb. 20, 1883 |272,527
Miller, L. B., and Diehl, P. |March 20, 1883 |274,359
Ludeke, W. |April 10, 1883 |275,506
Bolton, J., and Petnz, A. D. |May 8, 1883 |277,106
Blodgett, John W. |June 12, 1883 |279,320
Haberling, J. |Sept. 4, 1883 |284,300
Thimonnier, E., and Vernaz, C. |Oct. 30, 1883 |287,592
Duchemin, William |Nov. 20, 1883 |288,929
Lawrence, G. H. |Dec. 25, 1883 |290,895
Clever, Peter J. |April 8, 1884 |296,529
Palmer, John H. |May 6, 1884 |298,228
Dowling, James, and |May 27, 1884 |299,118
Connolly, John | |
Boecher, Adam |June 10, 1884 |300,199
Luedeke, Waldemar |June 17, 1884 |300,380
VanVechten, Orville R. |July 15, 1884 |302,063
Carr, Wm. H., and Ostrom, F. W. |Aug. 12, 1884 |303,361
Trip, J. |Dec. 2, 1884 |308,711
Farrar, Arthur |Dec. 30, 1884 |309,837
Turner, M. G. |Feb. 17, 1885 |312,306
Mills, D. |March 3, 1885 |313,359
Hurtu, August J. |April 7, 1885 |315,037
Charmbury, Henry |April 28, 1885 |316,745
Woodward & Keith |April 28, 1885 |316,927
Walker, William |June 16, 1885 |320,099
Tucker, R. D. |June 23, 1885 |320,898
Wheeler and Dial |Oct. 13, 1885 |328,165
Thomas, Joseph |Nov. 10, 1885 |330,170
Muegge, C. A. |Dec. 8, 1885 |332,207
Diehl, P. |April 13, 1886 |339,623
Diehl, P. |Aug. 24, 1886 |347,776
Helwig, Arthur |Oct. 5, 1886 |350,364
Miehling, Charles |Nov. 2, 1886 |351,992
Dieterle, H. E. |Nov. 30, 1886 |353,542
Walker, William |Dec. 7, 1886 |353,720
Rosenthal, S. A. |Dec. 7, 1886 |353,970
Temple, John |Feb. 22, 1887 |358,088
Gee, W. V. |April 19, 1887 |361,406
Lingley, John W. |Aug. 16, 1887 |368,538
Boppel, Jacob |Jan. 29, 1889 |396,979
Webster, William |April 30, 1889 |402,497
Osterhout and Hallenbeck |May 7, 1889 |402,610
Bennett and Dowling |Aug. 27, 1889 |409,728
Hine, Charles M. |Jan. 28, 1890 |420,382
Wheeler, Nathaniel |Feb. 4, 1890 |420,847
Hallenbeck, J. P. |April 8, 1890 |425,422
Lisle, Myron C. |May 20, 1890 |428,171
Walker and Bennet |May 20, 1890 |428,548
Stewart, James, Jr. |July 15, 1890 |432,449
Dewees, J. W. |July 22, 1890 |432,746
Powell, Thomas |Dec. 16, 1890 |442,695
Fletcher, James H. |Dec. 30, 1890 |443,756
Rudolph, Ernst B., deceased, |April 7, 1891 |449,927
Boulter, W. E., administrator | |
Goodwin, Julius C. |April 21, 1891 |450,793
Cook, Hugo |June 23, 1891 |454,610
Bowyer, J. T. |June 23, 1891 |454,708
Willcox, C. H., and Borton, S. |April 5, 1892 |472,094
Legg and Weston |May 17, 1892 |474,840
Kern, Ferdinand |July 19, 1892 |479,369
Jackson, Francis |May 1, 1894 |519,064
Charles Abercrombi |June 5, 1892 |520,977
Taft, J. C. |Oct. 15, 1895 |547,866
IV. 19th-Century Sewing-Machine Leaflets in the Smithsonian Collections
_Machine or Manufacturer_ |_Date_ |_Type_
| |
American B.H.O. and Sewing Machine |1874 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Buckeye sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, directions for using
| | the machine
New Buckeye |ca. 1872 |Illustrated, directions for using
| | the machine
Centennial sewing machine |1876 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Domestic sewing machine |1872 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Florence sewing machine |1873 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Florence sewing machine |1878 |Illustrated, directions for using
| | the machine
Goodes sewing machine |ca. 1876 |Advertising leaflet
Grant Brothers sewing machine |1867 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
| | (Xerox copy)
Grover and Baker sewing machine |1853 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Grover and Baker sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Home sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Howe sewing machine, new "B" machine |1868 |Illustrated, instruction booklet
Howe sewing machine |1876 |Illustrated, catalog of machines
Independent Noiseless sewing machine |ca. 1874 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Ladd, Webster sewing machine |1861 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Little Monitor sewing machine |ca. 1872 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Remington Family sewing machine |ca. 1874 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Shaw and Clark sewing machine |1864 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Singer sewing machine |1871 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Singer sewing machine |1893 |Catalog of machines shown at the
| | Columbian Exposition
Standard Shuttle sewing machine |ca. 1875 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Ten Dollar Novelty sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Weed sewing machine |1873 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Wheeler and Wilson sewing machine |ca. 1869 |Illustrated, instruction booklet
Wheeler and Wilson sewing machine |ca. 1870-1875 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
Wheeler and Wilson no. 8 machine |ca. 1878 |Illustrated, instruction booklet
Wilson sewing machine |1872 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet
V. A Brief History of Cotton Thread
Although Samuel Slater's wife is credited with making the first cotton
sewing thread from yarns spun at the Pawtucket, Rhode Island, mill in
about 1794, cotton thread did not become a manufactured item at that
time. Slater turned all his interests to producing cotton-twist yarns
needed for the warps of cotton fabrics. By 1809, however, the agents of
Almy and Brown, partners and distributors for Slater, were advertising
cotton thread as follows:
Factory Cotton and Thread Store, No. 26 Court Street opposite
Concert Hall. George Connell, Agent for Almy and Brown of
Providence and Pawtucket Manufactories, has now for sale from eight
to ten thousand weight of yarn, for weaving ... five hundred pounds
cotton thread, in hanks, from No. 12 to 60 of a superior quality
and very white.[91]
Although it was a short hop from the spinning of cotton warps to the
twisting of these cotton yarns to form a sewing thread, the general
manufacture of cotton thread as an industry did not originate in the
United States but rather in Scotland in the early 19th century.
Napoleon's blockade, which curtailed Great Britain's importation of
silk--needed not only for fabrics but also for making heddle strings for
the looms--stimulated the production of cotton thread there. James and
Patrick Clark, in desperation, attempted to substitute cotton for silk
in their manufacture of these heddle strings. When they were successful,
they considered that if cotton could be used successfully for this
purpose it could also be made suitable for sewing thread. In 1812 they
built a factory in Paisley, Scotland, which had long been noted for its
textile industries. The thread was sold in hanks. About 1820 James'
sons, James and John, who were now running J. & J. Clark & Co., began to
wind the thread on spools. For this service they charged an extra
halfpenny, which was refunded when the empty spool was returned. The
thread was usually a three-ply or so-called three-cord thread.
About 1815 James Coats, also of Paisley, started manufacturing thread at
Ferguslie, Scotland. His two sons took over the company in 1826 and
formed the J. & P. Coats Company. Another brother, Andrew Coats, became
the selling agent in the United States about 1840. But the cotton-thread
industry was not fully launched.
As reported in an 1853 _Scientific American_, there was "more American
thread made ten years ago than there is today."[92] It was not until the
six-cord cabled cotton thread, which was suitable for both machine and
hand sewing, was perfected that the industry progressed into full
operation.
FOOTNOTES:
[91] William R. Bagnall, _Textile Industries of the United States_
(Cambridge, Mass., 1893), vol. 1, p. 164.
VI. Biographical Sketches
BARTHELEMY THIMONNIER
The first man known to have put a sewing machine into practical
operation, Barthelemy Thimonnier, was a Frenchman of obscure parentage.
His father, a textile dyer of Lyon, left that city in 1793 as a result
of the Revolution and journeyed with his family to l'Arbresle where
Barthelemy was born in August of that year.
The family resources were small, and, although the young Thimonnier was
able to begin studies at the Seminaire de Saint-Jean at Lyons, he soon
was forced to leave school for financial reasons and return to his home,
then at Amplepuis. There he learned the tailoring trade and by 1813 was
fairly well established in his own shop.
At that time many of the town's inhabitants were weavers and almost
every house possessed one or two looms. The noise of the shuttle echoed
from these family workshops. Thimonnier noted the relatively small
amount of time needed to weave a fabric compared with the slow
painstaking task of sewing a garment by passing the needle in and out
for each stitch of each seam. When his mind began to dwell on the idea
of producing a machine to do this stitching, another of the town's
occupations supplied him with a clue and an additional incentive. This
village industry produced a type of embroidery work called _point de
chainette_, in which a needle with a small hook was used to form the
chainstitch, a popular type of decorative stitch long used in countries
all over the world. It was Thimonnier's plan to use this type of hooked
needle and produce the stitch by machine, employing it both as a
decorative stitch and a seam-forming one.
In 1825 Thimonnier moved to St. Etienne, where he became completely
absorbed in the idea of inventing a sewing machine. Ignorant of any of
the principles of mechanics, he worked alone and in secret for four
years, neglecting his tailoring business to the extent that neighbors
looked upon him as peculiar, if not crazy. By 1829 he had not only
mastered the mechanical difficulties of bringing his dream to
realization, but also had made the acquaintance of the man who helped
him to success. Ferrand, of l'Ecole des Mines of Saint-Etienne, became
interested in the machine and helped finance Thimonnier through his
trials and disappointments. In 1830 Thimonnier received a patent on his
machine, which produced the chainstitch by means of a needle shaped like
a small crochet hook.
[Illustration: Figure 133.--BARTHELEMY THIMONNIER, 1793-1857. From an
engraving in the _Sewing Machine Advance_, November 15, 1880.
(Smithsonian photo 10569-A.)]
Thimonnier, together with Ferrand and a M. Beaunier, made attempts to
introduce his machine in Paris. By 1841 they were successful in having
eighty of Thimonnier's machines in use sewing army clothing in a shop in
Paris. But the fears of the tailors could not be quieted. The machines
were destroyed by an ignorant and infuriated mob, as had been earlier
labor-saving devices such as the Jacquard attachment for the loom and
Hargreaves' spinning jenny. Thimonnier was forced to flee to his home in
St. Etienne, once more penniless.
Soon after this, Jean Marie Magnin, an engineer from
Villefranche-sur-Saone became interested in Thimonnier's machine and
provided the inventor again with financial backing. In 1845 under the
name of Thimonnier and Magnin the patent of 1830 was renewed, and under
it they organized the first French sewing-machine company. The machines
they manufactured could produce 200 stitches per minute.
The Revolution of 1848 curtailed the manufacture and sale of the
machines. Thimonnier, remembering his unpleasant experience in 1841,
decided to go to England with Magnin, where, on February 8, 1848, they
received the English patent for his chainstitch machine. He was also
granted United States patent 7,622 on September 20, 1850. This later
machine had some advantages over his French machine of 1830, but by this
time other inventors had joined the field with machines that were more
practical. Magnin entered a sewing machine (which from the description
in the catalog must have been Thimonnier's invention) in the Crystal
Palace Exhibition in London in 1850, but because it was late in arriving
it was overlooked by the judges and not even considered in the
competition. Thimonnier died in poverty at Amplepuis on July 5, 1857.
WALTER HUNT
Walter Hunt was born near Martinsburg, New York, on July 29, 1796.
Although little is known of Hunt's early childhood, we do learn from the
author of his obituary, which appeared in _Scientific American_, July 9,
1860, that even as a child he was more interested in people and what he
could do for them than in what he could do to insure his own welfare. He
is said to have devoted his life to his friends, frequently giving away
his last cent when he did not have enough to provide for himself.
There is no record that Hunt maintained a regular business other than
the occupation of inventor. His interests were numerous and varied. He
received his first patent on June 26, 1826, for a machine for spinning
flax and hemp. During the next 33 years he patented 26 ideas. In
addition he sold or dropped several more. His second patent was for a
coach alarm, and through the years he also received patents for a
variety of things including a knife sharpener, heating stove, ice boat,
nail machine, inkwell, fountain pen, safety pin, bottle stopper, sewing
machine (1854), paper collars, and a reversible metallic heel.
[Illustration: Figure 134.--WALTER HUNT, 1796-1860. From a daguerreotype
owned by his great-grandson, C. N. Hunt. (Smithsonian photo 32066-A.)]
ELIAS HOWE, JR.
Elias Howe, Jr., was born on his father's farm in Spencer,
Massachusetts, on July 9, 1819. This was one of those barren New England
farms with many rock-filled acres. All possible ingenuity was necessary
to secure a living. The elder Howe supplemented his farming by having a
small gristmill, a sawmill, and also by manufacturing cards for the
fast-growing cotton industry of New England. Elias Jr.'s earliest
recollections were of the latter. He worked with his brothers and
sisters sticking wire teeth into strips of leather to make these cotton
cards, but, not being very good at this, his family decided to let him
"live out" with a neighboring farmer. (Children were leased in those
days; they received their board and keep in exchange for chores they
would perform.) After a few years, Elias returned home and worked in his
father's mill until he was sixteen. Then, against the wishes of his
family, he went to Lowell, Massachusetts. Here, he obtained a learner's
place in a machine shop where cotton-spinning machinery was made and
repaired.
In 1837, when a financial panic hit the country, Howe lost his job. He
then decided to go to Boston, and this marked a turning point in his
career. In Boston he met Ari Davis, a maker of mariners' instruments and
scientific apparatus. Howe began to work in Davis' shop, a place to
which inventors often came to ask advice about their ideas. Davis
sometimes helped them, but just as often he shouted at them in anger--he
is said to have been one of the noisiest men in Boston. One day Howe
overheard his employer bellowing at a man who had brought a knitting
machine to the shop to seek Davis' advice. "Why are you wasting your
time over a knitting machine?" said Davis, "Take my advice, try
something that will pay. Make a sewing machine." "It can't be done," was
the reply. "Can't be done?" shouted Davis, "Don't tell me that. Why--I
can make a sewing machine myself." "If you do," interrupted the
capitalist, "I can make an independent fortune for you." Davis, like
most men of many words, often talked of more than he planned to do. He
never attempted to invent a sewing machine.
But the loud voices interested Howe, who, it is said, determined then
that he would produce a sewing machine and win the fortune that the
prosperous-looking man had asserted was waiting for such a deed. A kind
of lameness since birth had made physical tasks painful for Howe, and he
perhaps felt that this would offer an opportunity to become independent
of hard physical work.
After marrying on a journeyman machinist's pay of $9 a week, Howe's
health worsened and by 1843 was so bad that he had to stop work for days
at a time. His wife was forced to take in sewing to maintain the family.
It was the sight of his wife toiling at her stitches together with the
pressure of poverty that recalled to Howe his earlier interest in a
machine to sew. He decided to make an earnest attempt to invent one.
Watching his wife for hours at a time, he tried to visualize a machine
that would duplicate the motions of the arm. After many trials, he
conceived the idea of using an eye-pointed needle in combination with a
shuttle to form a stitch. It is possible that, as some authors state,
the solution appeared to him in a dream, a manifestation of the
subconscious at work. Others have suggested that he may have learned of
Hunt's machine. There is a general similarity in the two, not only in
the combination of eye-pointed needle and shuttle but in the overhanging
arm and vertical cloth suspension.
After conceiving the idea, whatever his inspiration, Howe determined to
devote all of his time to producing a working model of his machine.
Elias' father, who had then started a factory for splitting palm leaves
in Cambridge, gave him permission to set up a lathe and a few tools in
the garret of the factory. Elias moved his family to Cambridge. Soon
after his arrival, unfortunately, the building burned down, and Howe
despaired of finding a place to work. He had a friend, however, in
George Fisher, who had just come into a small inheritance, and Howe
persuaded him to enter into partnership with him for the development of
the machine. Fisher agreed to board Howe and his family, which now
included two children, while Howe completed the model. Fisher also
agreed to supply $500 for material and tools in exchange for a half
interest in a patent if one was obtained.
[Illustration: Figure 135.--ELIAS HOWE, JR., 1819-1867. From an oil
painting in the Smithsonian Institution presented by the inventor's
grandson, Elias Howe Stockwell. (Smithsonian photo 622.)]
At long last Howe was able to spend his full time and concentration on
building his machine. His family was being fed and had a roof over its
head. Within a few months Howe had completed a model and by April 1845
had sewed his first seam (see fig. 14). In July of that year he sewed
all the principal seams of two suits of wool clothes, one for George
Fisher and one for himself.
Several efforts were made to solicit public interest in the new machine.
One was installed in a public hall in Boston, and a tailor was employed
to operate it at three times the regular wage. The reception was similar
to that of Thimonnier's: crowds came to see the "contraption," but, when
Howe tried to interest large clothing establishments in using the
machine, the protests of the tailors effectively blocked him. He took
his sewing machine to the Quincy Hall Clothing Manufactory and offered
to sew up any seams brought to him. Daily he sat in one of the rooms
demonstrating his machine, and finally he challenged five of the
swiftest seamstresses there to a race. Ten seams of equal length were
prepared for stitching. One was given to each of the girls while the
remaining five were given to Howe. Howe finished his five a little
sooner than the girls each finished one, and his seams were declared the
strongest and neatest. (Had any curved or angular work been brought, he
could not have stitched it.) Still Howe did not receive a single order.
The fear of throwing hand sewers out of work was again expressed, and,
in addition, the cost of the machine was said to be too high. When it
was estimated that a large shirtmaker would have to buy thirty or forty
such machines, the necessary large investment was dismissed as
ridiculous.
Howe was not too discouraged. In the meantime, he had finished a second
machine for deposit with the patent specifications, as the patent laws
then required. The second was a better made machine (fig. 15) and showed
several minor changes. As soon as the patent was issued on September 10,
1846, Howe and his partner returned to Cambridge.
Without the inventor's enthusiasm or love of his own invention, George
Fisher became thoroughly discouraged. He had boarded Howe and his family
for nearly two years, had furnished the money needed to purchase the
tools and materials for making the two sewing machines, had met the
expense of obtaining the patent and the trip of Howe and himself to
Washington; representing in all an outlay of practically $2000. Since no
orders for machines had been received from either garment makers or
tailors, Fisher did not see the slightest probability of the machine's
becoming profitable and regarded his advances of cash as a dead loss.