Machine Co.,
Biddeford, Me.
Moore Moore Sewing Machine ca. 1860 --
Co.
Morey & Johnson Safford & Williams 1849 ca. 1851
(fig. 18) Makers, Boston,
Mass.
Morrison Morrison, Wilkinson & 1881 --
Co., Hartford, Conn.
Mower ---- ca. 1863 --
National Johnson, Clark & Co., 1874 --
Orange, Mass.
National (also sold National Sewing Machine 1890 1953
under distributor's Co. (consolidation of
name) the June and Eldredge
Companies), Belvidere,
Ill.
Ne Plus Ultra O. L. Reynolds 1857 --
(fig. 110) Manufacturing Co.,
Dover, N.H.
Nettleton & Raymond Nettleton & Raymond, ca. 1857 --
(fig. 111) Brattleboro, Vt.
New England Charles Raymond (also ca. 1859 1866
(figs. 112, 113) by: Grout & White, 1862 1863
Orange, Mass.; William 1863 --
Grout, Winchendon, 1865 1865
Mass.; and J. G. Folsom,
Winchendon, Mass.)
Newell ---- 1881 --
New Fairbanks J. H. Drew & Co. 1878 1880
Thomas M. Cochrane 1880 --
Co., Belleville, Ill.
New Home New Home Sewing Machine 1876 [A]
Co., Orange, Mass. (in
1928 became affiliated
with Free Sewing
Machine Co.)
New York ----, New York, N.Y. ca. 1855 ca. 1855
New York Shuttle N.Y. Sewing Machine Co., before 1880 1882
New York, N.Y. (later
Demorest Mfg. Co.)
Noble Noble Sewing Machine before 1881 after 1886
Co., Erie, Pa.
Novelty C. A. French, Boston, 1869 --
Mass.
Old Dominion Old Dominion Sewing ca. 1858 1860
Machine Co., Richmond,
Va.
Pardox ---- ca. 1865 --
Parham Parham Sewing Machine ca. 1869 ca. 1871
Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Parker Charles Parker Co., before 1860 after 1865
Meriden, Conn.
Later Parker Sewing
Machine Co.
Pearl ---- Bennett ca. 1859 --
Philadelphia Philadelphia Sewing ca. 1872 ca. 1881
Machine Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Post Combination Post Combination Sewing before 1885 after 1886
Machine Co.,
Washington, D.C.
Pratt's Patent ---- 1857 ca. 1858
(fig. 114) Later
Ladies Companion
Queen Dauntless Mfg Co., ca. 1881 --
Norwalk, Ohio
Quaker City Quaker City Sewing 1859 ca. 1861
(fig. 116) Machine Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Remington Empire Remington Empire Sewing 1870 1872
Later Remington Machine Co.
E. Remington & Sons, 1873 ca. 1894
Philadelphia, Pa.
Robertson (dolphin T. W. Robertson, New 1855 after 1860
& cherub) (figs. York, N.Y.
40, 41)
Robinson F. R. Robinson, Boston, 1853 ca. 1855
Mass.
Robinson's patent Howard & Davis, Boston, 1855 --
sewing machine Mass.
with Roper's
improvement (fig. 117)
Later Robinson same 1856 before 1860
and Roper
(fig. 118)
Royal St. John Royal Sewing Machine ca. 1883 1898
(formerly St. John) Co., Springfield, Ohio
(later Free Co.)
Ruddick ---- ca. 1860 --
Secor Secor Machine Co., 1870 1876
Bridgeport, Conn.
Sewing Shears Nettleton & Raymond, ca. 1859 --
(Hendrick's patent) Bristol, Conn.
(fig. 43)
Sewing Shears American Hand Sewing ca. 1884 ca. 1900
Machine Co.,
Bridgeport, Conn.
Shaw & Clark Shaw & Clark Co., ca. 1857 1866
Running Stitch Biddeford, Me.
Machine (fig. 53)
Chainstitch
Machine (fig. 119)
Chainstitch Shaw & Clark Co., 1867 1868
Machine (fig. 120) Chicopee Falls, Mass.
Chicopee Sewing Machine 1868 ca. 1869
Co., Chicopee Falls,
Mass.
Sigwalt Sigwalt Sewing Machine ca. 1879 --
Co., Chicago, Ill.
Singer (figs. 28, I. M. Singer & Co. 1851 [A]
29, 30, 32, 33, (later Singer Mfg. Co.).
121, 122) Moved from Boston to
New York to
Elizabethport, N.J.
(factory).
Springfield Springfield Sewing 1880 --
Machine Co.,
Springfield, Mass.
Standard ---- 1870 --
(chainstitch)
(fig. 123)
Standard Standard Shuttle Sewing 1874 ca. 1881
(shuttle) Machine Co., New York,
N.Y.
Standard Standard Sewing Machine 1884 ca. 1930
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
(acquired by Singer Co.)
Stewart Henry Stewart & Co., 1874 1880
N.Y., N.Y.
Later New Stewart Mfg Co. 1880 ca. 1883
Stewart
St. John (later St. John Sewing Machine 1870 ca. 1883
Royal St. John) Co., Springfield, O.
Taggart & Farr Taggart & Farr, 1858 --
(figs. 124, 125) Philadelphia, Pa.
Thompson C. F. Thompson Co. 1871 1871
T. C. Thompson, Ithaca, ca. 1854 --
N.Y.
Union Johnson, Clark & Co., 1876 --
Orange, Mass.
Victor Finkle & Lyon Mfg. Co. 1867 ca. 1872
Victor Sewing Machine ca. 1872 ca. 1890
Co., Middletown, Conn.
Wardwell Wardwell Mfg. Co., St. ca. 1876 1890
Louis, Mo.
Watson (fig. 126) Jones & Lee 1850 ca. 1853
Watson & Wooster, ca. 1853 ca. 1860
Bristol, Conn.
Waterbury Waterbury Co., 1853 ca. 1860
Waterbury, Conn.
Weed T. E. Weed & Co. (became 1854 --
Whitney & Lyons)
Weed Weed Sewing Machine Co. 1865 --
(reorganized from
Whitney & Lyons),
Hartford, Conn.
Family Favorite 1867 --
Manu. Favorite 1868 --
General Favorite 1872 --
Hartford 1881 ca. 1900
Wesson Farmer & Gardner 1879 1880
Manufacturing Co.
D. B. Wesson Sewing 1880 --
Machine Co.,
Springfield, Mass.
West & Willson West & Willson Co., 1858 --
(fig. 127) Elyria, Ohio
A. B. Wilson E. E. Lee & Co., New 1851 1852
(fig. 23) York, N.Y.
A. B. Wilson's Wheeler, Wilson, Co., late 1851 1856
patent seaming Watertown, N.Y.
lathe
Later Wheeler Wheeler & Wilson Mfg. 1856 1905
and Wilson Co., Bridgeport, Conn.
(fig. 26, 27, Singer Co., Bridgeport, 1905 1907
128, 129) Conn.
White (fig. 130) White Sewing Machine 1876 [A]
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
Whitehill Whitehill Mfg. Co., ca. 1875 after 1886
Milwaukee, Wis.
Whitney Whitney Sewing Machine ca. 1872 ca. 1880
Co., Paterson, N.J.
Whitney & Lyons Whitney & Lyons (a ca. 1859 ca. 1865
machine based on the
1854 patent of T. E.
Weed)
Wickersham Butterfield & Stevens 1853 --
Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass.
Willcox & Gibbs Willcox & Gibbs Sewing 1857 [A]
(figs. 39, 131) Machine Co., New York,
N.Y.
Williams & Orvis Williams & Orvis Sewing ca. 1859 after 1860
Machine Co., Boston,
Mass.
Wilson (fig. 89) Wilson (W.G.) Sewing ca.1867 after 1885
(_see_ Buckeye) Machine Co., Cleveland,
Ohio
Windsor (one thread) Vermont Arms Co., 1856 1858
Windsor, Vt.
Windsor Lamson, Goodnow & Yale, 1859 1861
(_see_ Clark's Windsor, Vt.
Revolving Looper)
Name Unknown John W. Beane 1853 --
" Henry Brind 1860 --
" Garfield Sewing Machine 1881 --
Co.
" Geneva Sewing Machine 1880 --
Co.
" Gove & Howard 1855 --
" Charles W. Howland, ca. 1860 --
Wilmington, Del.
" Miles Greenwood & Co., ca. 1861 --
Cincinnati, Ohio
" Hood, Batelle & Co. 1854 1854
" Wells & Haynes 1854 1854
" Wilson H. Smith, ca. 1860 --
Birmingham, Conn.
[A] Still in existence.
[Illustration: Figure 68.--AMERICAN BUTTONHOLE, Overseaming & Sewing Machine of about
1870. Using serial numbers, these machines can be dated approximately as
follows: 1-7792, 1869; 7793-22366, 1870; 22367-42488, 1871; 42489-61419,
1872; 61420-75602, 1873; 75603-89132, 1874; 89133-103539, 1875; and
103540-121477, 1876. Figures are not available for the years from 1877
to 1886. (Smithsonian photo 46953-E.)]
[Illustration: Figure 69.--(NEW) AMERICAN SEWING MACHINE of about 1874.
Illustration is from a contemporary advertising brochure. (Smithsonian
photo 33507.)]
[Illustration: Figure 70.--AMERICAN MAGNETIC SEWING MACHINE, 1854.
Machines of this type were manufactured for only two years under the
patent of Thomas C. Thompson, March 29, 1853, and later under the
patents of Samuel J. Parker, April 11, 1854, and Simon Coon, May 9,
1854. On September 30, 1853, Elias Howe listed receipts of $1000 from
the American Magnetic Sewing Machine Co. for patent infringement. The
machines manufactured after that date carry the Howe name and 1846
patent date to show proper licensing. Judging by Howe's usual license
fee of $25 per machine, about 40 machines were manufactured prior to
September 1853. The company was reported to have made about 600 machines
in 1854 before it went out of business. The only American Magnetic
machine known to be in existence is in the collection of the Northern
Indiana Historical Society at South Bend, Indiana. (_Photo courtesy of
the Northern Indiana Historical Society._)]
[Illustration: Figure 71.--ATLANTIC SEWING MACHINE, 1869. This machine
is typical of the many varieties manufactured for a very short time in
the 1860s and 1870s. It is about the size of the average hand-turned
variety, 8 by 10 inches, but lighter in weight. The frame design was the
patent of L. Porter, May 11, 1869, and the mechanism was patented by
Alonzo Porter, February 8, 1870. The latter patent model bears the
painted legend "Atlantic" and is stamped "Aprl 1, 69," indicating that
it was probably already in commercial production. This date possibly may
refer also to L. Porter's design patent, since actual date of issue was
usually later than date of application. (Smithsonian photo 48329-A.)]
[Illustration: Figure 72.--A. BARTHOLF SEWING MACHINE, 1853. Abraham
Bartholf of New York began manufacturing Blodgett & Lerow machines (see
fig. 20) about 1850; the style and mechanics of these machines, however,
were primarily those of the Blodgett & Lerow patent as manufactured by
O. C. Phelps and Goddard, Rice & Co. For this reason they are considered
Blodgett & Lerow--not Bartholf--machines.
The true Bartholf machine evolved when the manufacturer substituted
Howe's reciprocating shuttle for the rotary shuttle of the Blodgett &
Lerow machine, continuing to manufacture the machine in his own adapted
style. Bartholf manufactured reciprocating-shuttle machines as early as
1853, and his was one of the first companies licensed by Howe.
All Bartholf machines licensed under Howe's patent carry the Howe name
and patent date. They are sometimes mistakenly referred to as Howe
machines, but they are no more Howe machines than those manufactured by
Wheeler & Wilson, Singer, or many others.
On April 6, 1858, Bartholf was granted a patent for an improvement of
the shuttle carrier. He continued to manufacture sewing machines under
the name "Bartholf Sewing Machine Co." until about 1865.
Using serial numbers, Bartholf machines can be dated approximately as
follows:
_Serial Number_ _Year_
1-20 1850
21-50 1851
51-100 1852
101-235 1853
236-290 1854
291-321 1855
322-356 1856
357-387 1857
388-590 1858
591-1337 1859
No record of the number of machines produced by Bartholf after 1859 is
available.
The Bartholf machine illustrated bears the serial number 128 and the
inscription "A. Bartholf Manfr., NY--Patented Sept. 1846 E. Howe, Jr."
This machine is in the collection of the Baltimore County Historical
Society. Note the close similarity between it and the 1850 Blodgett &
Lerow machine manufactured by Bartholf. (_Photo courtesy of the
Baltimore County Historical Society._)]
[Illustration: Figure 73.--BARTLETT SEWING MACHINE, 1867. The Bartlett
machine was first manufactured in 1866 under the January 31, 1865, and
October 10, 1865, patents of Joseph W. Bartlett. The machines were made
by Goodspeed & Wyman for the Bartlett Co. and were so marked. The
inventor received another patent on April 7, 1868, and later machines
carry this third date also. Although the first few hundred machines did
not bear the dates of patents held by the "Combination," before the end
of the first year of production Bartlett was paying royalties. He
continued to manufacture sewing machines until the early seventies when
he converted to the manufacturing of street lamps.
Using serial numbers, Bartlett's machines can be dated approximately as
follows: 1-1000, 1866; 1001-3126, 1867; 3127-?, 1868. There is no record
of serial numbers for the succeeding years. (Smithsonian photo
45524-G.)]
[Illustration: Figure 74.--BARTRAM & FANTON SEWING MACHINE, 1867. These
machines were first manufactured in 1867 under the patents of W. B.
Bartram, notably his patent of January 1, 1867. Three machines were
exhibited at The Eleventh Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable
Mechanics Association in 1869 where they were awarded a bronze medal.
They were compared favorably to the Willcox & Gibbs machine (see fig.
39), which they resembled. Bartram received additional patents in the
early seventies and also manufactured lockstitch machines.
Using serial numbers, machines may be approximately dated as follows:
1-2958, 1867; 2959-3958, 1868; 3959-4958, 1869; 4959-5958, 1870;
5959-6962, 1871; 6963-7961, 1872; 7962-8961, 1873; and 8962-9211, 1874.
(Smithsonian photo P63198.)]
[Illustration: Figure 75.--BECKWITH SEWING MACHINE, 1871. Among the
inventors whose patent claims were "to produce a cheap and effective
sewing machine" was William G. Beckwith. His machine was first
manufactured by Barlow & Son, and it realized considerable success in
the few years of its production. The earliest model was operated like a
pair of scissors or with a cord and ring as illustrated. Beckwith later
added a hand crank. The machine was purchased in Crewe, Cheshire,
England; it is stamped "Pat. April 18, 71 by Wm. G. Beckwith, Foreign
Pats. Secured, Barlow & Son Manuf. N.Y., [serial number] 706." By 1874
the machines were marked "Beckwith S.M. Co." and two 1872 patent dates
were added.
Using serial numbers, machines may be dated approximately as follows:
1-3500, 1871; 3501-7500, 1872; 7501-12500, 1873; 12501-18000, 1874;
18001-23000, 1875; 23001-?, 1876. (Smithsonian photo 46953-C.)]
[Illustration: Figure 76.--BOUDOIR SEWING MACHINE, 1858. This machine, a
single-thread, chainstitch model was based on the patents of Daniel
Harris, dated June 9, 1857, June 16, 1857, and October 5, 1858.
Manufactured primarily by Bennett in Chicago in 1859, it also may have
been produced in the East, although no manufacturer's name can be found.
In 1860, the Boudoir, also called Harris's Patent sewing machine, was
exhibited at the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association
Exhibition where it won a silver medal for "its combination of parts,
its beauty and simplicity, together with its ease of operation." At this
time the machine was described as making a "double lock stitch" (another
name for the double chainstitch). It was also described as having been
before the public for some time and combining "the improvements of
others for which the parties pay license." The machine head was
positioned on the stand similarly to that of the West & Willson (fig.
127) and stitched from left to right.
It is not known exactly how many of these machines were made or how long
they were in vogue. Manufacture, although probably ceasing in the 1860s,
is known to have been discontinued before 1881, when a list of obsolete
sewing machines was published in _The Sewing Machine News_. (Smithsonian
photo P63199.)]
[Illustration: Figure 77.--(NEW) BUCKEYE SEWING MACHINE of about 1875.
The Buckeye machine was one of several manufactured by W. G. Wilson of
Cleveland, Ohio. It was licensed under Johnson's extended patent of
April 18, 1867. Although it was small and hand turned, it used two
threads and a shuttle to form a lockstitch. The machine was sufficiently
popular for Wilson to introduce an improved model in the early 1870s,
which he called the New Buckeye. W. G. Wilson continued to manufacture
sewing machines until about the mid-eighties, although the Buckeye
machines were discontinued in the seventies. (Smithsonian photo
45524-A.)]
[Illustration: Figure 78.--CENTENNIAL SEWING MACHINE, 1876. The
Centennial machine was basically a McLean and Hooper sewing machine
which was renamed to take advantage of the coming Centennial
celebration. It was based on the patents of J. N. McLean, March 30,
1869, and August 2, 1870, and made a two-thread chainstitch. Only about
five hundred Centennial machines were manufactured in 1873, but by 1876
over three thousand had been constructed. The machines were advertised
on white circulars which were printed in red and blue, and engraved with
two women sewing, one by hand, labeled "Sewing in 1776," and one at a
Centennial sewing machine, labeled "Sewing in 1876." There is no record
that the machines were made after 1876. (Smithsonian photo 48216-T.)]
[Illustration: Figure 79.--CLARK'S Revolving-Looper double-thread sewing
machine, 1860. This machine was manufactured by Lamson, Goodnow, & Yale
of Windsor, Vermont. It was an attempt to improve on the combined ideas
of the Grover and Baker machine, the Nettleton & Raymond machine, and
the earlier single-thread Windsor machine. The improvements were made
and patented by Edwin Clark on December 6, 1859. Widely advertised, the
machines sold for $35 with a foot-power table. They could also be
operated by hand. Over three thousand were manufactured and sold, and
preparations were being made to continue manufacture of the earlier
single-thread Windsor, originally made by the company's predecessor,
Vermont Arms Co., when the Civil War broke out. A flood of arms orders
arrived, and the sewing-machine manufacture was discontinued early in
the summer of 1861. The sewing-machine equipment and business was sold
to Grout & White of Massachusetts. (Smithsonian photo 48216.)]
[Illustration: Figure 80.--DU LANEY SEWING MACHINE of about 1872. Most
of the small, simple, chainstitch sewing machines of this period were
constructed so that they could either be turned by hand or set into a
treadle-powered table. Du Laney's Little Monitor, manufactured for only
a few years, was based on the patents of G.L. Du Laney, July 3, 1866,
and May 2, 1871. It was a two-thread, chainstitch machine powered only
by a foot treadle. By simple adjustment, the machine could also make the
cablestitch and the lockstitch. (Smithsonian photo 48221-C.)]
[Illustration: Figure 81.--EUREKA SEWING MACHINE, 1859. An example of
the many short-lived types of which no written record can be found, this
particular machine was used as a patent model for certain minor
improvements in 1859. It has the name "Eureka" painted on the top and
the following inscription incised on the baster plate: "Eureka Shuttle
S. M. Co. 469 Broadway, N.Y." Although it is a shuttle machine, it
carries no patent dates and was not included in the Howe royalty
records. Neither is it listed in the obsolescence list published in
1881. The company probably could not pay its royalty fees and was forced
out of business almost immediately. If this machine had not been used as
a patent model, no record of the company's existence might remain. It
should be noted that as in most shuttle machines the head was meant to
be set into a treadle-powered table. Since most tables are very similar,
they are not required for identification. (Smithsonian photo 48328-C.)]
[Illustration: Figure 82.--M. FINKLE SEWING MACHINE, 1857. The M. Finkle
machines were manufactured in 1856 and 1857. Sometime before or about
1859, the inventor, Milton Finkle, formed a partnership and the machines
were subsequently called M. Finkle & Lyon and later simply Finkle &
Lyon. In 1859 the machine was awarded a silver medal by the American
Institute for producing superior manufacturing and family lockstitch
sewing machines. It also won a silver medal in Boston in 1860 at the
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association Exhibition. Although the
name of the machine was changed to Victor in 1867, the company name
remained Finkle & Lyon until about 1872 when it was changed to Victor
also. Victor machines were manufactured until about 1890.
Machines can be dated by their serial number approximately as follows:
_Serial Number_ _Year_
1-200 1856
201-450 1857
451-700 1858
701-950 1859
951-1500 1860
1501-3000 1861
3001-5000 1862
5001-7000 1863
7001-9000 1864
9001-11000 1865
11001-13000 1866
13001-15490 1867
15491-17490 1868
17491-18830 1869
18831-21250 1870
21251-28890 1871
28891-40790 1872
40791-48240 1873
48241-53530 1874
53531-59635 1875
59636-65385 1876
No estimates are available for the years 1877 to 1890. (Smithsonian
photo 48216-A.)]
[Illustration]
<----
[Illustration: Figure 83.--FLORENCE SEWING MACHINE. The Florence machine
was based on the patents of Leander W. Langdon, whose first patent was
obtained in 1855. Langdon sewing machines were manufactured by the
inventor for a few years. It was his patent of March 20, 1860, that was
the immediate forerunner of the Florence machine, whose name was derived
from the city of manufacture, Florence, Massachusetts. The Howe royalty
records of 1860 listed the Florence Sewing Machine Co. as one that took
out a license that year. Langdon's patent of July 14, 1863, was
incorporated into the machines manufactured after that date; however,
the date is always incorrectly stamped "July 18, 1863." In 1865, the
machine won a silver medal at the Tenth Exhibition of the Massachusetts
Charitable Mechanics Association.
Over 100,000 Florence machines were manufactured by 1870. About 1880 the
company changed the name of the machine to Crown. Improvements led to
the name New Crown by 1885. About this time the right to use the name
Florence for a sewing machine was purchased by a midwestern firm for an
entirely different machine. In 1885 the Florence company began to
manufacture lamp stoves and heating stoves and shortly thereafter they
discontinued the manufacture of sewing machines.
Using the serial numbers, Florence machines can be dated approximately
as follows:
_Serial Number_ _Year_
1-500 1860
501-2000 1861
2001-8000 1862
8001-20000 1863
20001-35000 1864
35001-50000 1865
50001-60000 1866
60001-70534 1867
70535-82534 1868
82535-96195 1869
96196-113855 1870
113856-129802 1871
129803-145592 1872
145593-154555 1873
154556-160072 1874
160073-164964 1875
164965-167942 1876
No record of the number of machines produced each year between 1877 and
1885 is available.
The machine shown here, serial number 49131, was manufactured in 1865.
It is stamped with the following patent dates: "Oct. 30, 1855, Mar. 20,
1860, Jan. 22, 1861, and July 18, 1863" and the Wilson patent date "Nov.
12, 1850." The machines from 1860-1863 are marked with the early Langdon
patents, excluding the 1863 one, and they have the additional patent
dates of Howe and others: "Sept. 10, 1846, Nov. 12, 1850, Aug. 12, 1851,
May 30, 1854, Dec. 19, 1854, Nov. 4, 1856." (Smithsonian photo
45572-A.)]
[Illustration: Figure 84.--GLOBE SEWING MACHINE. J. G. Folsom received
two design patents in 1864, one on March 1 for a spool holder and one on
May 17 for the basic style of the machine. Also in the same year, he was
awarded a mechanical patent for an adjustment in the lower looper that
would accommodate a change in needle size. Using these patents, he
manufactured a single-thread, chainstitch machine, the Globe. Folsom
also exhibited his machines at the Tenth Exhibition of the Massachusetts
Charitable Mechanics Association in 1865. The Globe attracted particular
attention and was awarded a silver medal.]
In 1866 Folsom devised a new treadle attachment for hand-operated
machines; the invention was featured in _Scientific American_, volume
14, number 17, with a Globe machine. Folsom again exhibited at the
Massachusetts Mechanics exhibition in 1869. In addition to an improved
single-thread Globe, he also showed a double-thread, elastic-stitch
(double chainstitch) machine for which he received a silver medal.
Folsom machines were manufactured until 1871; 280 machines were
manufactured in that year.
The Globe sewing machine illustrated is stamped "J. G. Folsom, Maker,
Winchendon, Mass. Patented April 28, 1863 [Ketchum's patent], Mar. 1,
1864. May 17, 1864." The machine was manufactured before November 1864
or it would include the patent for the lower loop adjustment.
(Smithsonian photo 48216-H.)
NOTE: At least five sewing machines, those in figures 84 through 89, are
similar enough in appearance to cause some confusion, because their
basic design stems from a short pillar.
[Illustration: Figure 85.--GLOBE SEWING MACHINE with treadle attachment
as illustrated in _Scientific American_, April 21, 1866. (Smithsonian
photo 48221-A.)]