impossible to decide as to the sufficiency of selective fertility
to explain the formation of species, if we consider merely the
effect it would have on the number of individuals, as contrasted
with what it would be if no such peculiarity had developed itself.
Indeed, I may say that on pondering over the matter I have come to
the conclusion, that mere fertility is probably a comparatively
unimportant factor in the preservation of the species, after a
certain sufficient degree of fertility is attained. I do not wish
to be misunderstood. To a certain point fertility is not only
advantageous but necessary, in order to secure survival of the
type; but I feel that little reliance can be placed on calculations
based on the numerical co-efficient of fertility (i. e. the ratio
of the number of offspring to the number of parents) in determining
the relative chance of type-survival.
Take, for instance, the oak tree. It produces thousands of acorns,
almost the whole of which die without producing any progeny. Have
we any reason to believe that if the number of acorns borne by oak
trees were diminished, even so much as to one-tenth, the race of
oaks would perish? It may of course be said that, if all other
things are equal, the probabilities of survival must be increased
by increased fertility of this kind; but I feel convinced that when
numerical fertility has attained to a high point in circumstances
in which actual increase of the race cannot take place to any
substantial extent, the numerical value of this fertility sinks
down into a factor of the second or third order of importance--that
is to say, into the position of a factor whose effects are only to
be considered when we have duly allowed for the full effects of all
the main factors. Until we have done that, we gain little or
nothing in the way of accuracy of conclusion by taking into
consideration the minor factors. It may be very well to neglect the
effect of the attraction of Jupiter in our early researches on the
motion of the Moon; and our doing so will not prevent the results
being approximate and having considerable value, because we are
retaining the two main factors that establish the motion, viz. the
effects of the Earth and the Sun. But if we exclude the effect of
one of these main factors, our results would be worthless; and it
would not be rendered substantially less so by the fact that we had
taken Jupiter into account in arriving at them.
You must not imagine, however, that I think it wholly profitless to
see whether there would be any substantial effect on numerical
fertility were _selective_ fertility to manifest itself. But if we
want to derive any assistance from calculation, it must be by
applying it with a good deal more precision and definiteness than
anything that Wallace shows. And, in the first place, it is useless
to confuse the vegetable and animal kingdoms. In the former you
have union unaffected by choice; in the latter, so far at all
events as the higher animals are concerned, you have "psychological
selection." In order to give you a specimen of what can safely be
done by calculation if you take a problem of sufficient
definiteness, I have chosen the case of a flowering plant in which
a certain proportion of the race have developed the peculiarity of
being sterile with the remainder, while retaining the normal
fertility of the race in unions among themselves. In order to give
the greatest advantage to your critics, I have assumed that such
flowers as possess the peculiarity are not self-fertilizable; for
it is clear that if we suppose that they are self-fertilizable, the
fertility need be very slightly affected.
As I have excluded self-fertilization, it is necessary, if we are
to get any trustworthy results, that one should consider the mode
in which fertilization will be produced. I have taken the case of
fertilization by insects, and have assumed that each flower is
visited a certain number of times by insects during the period when
fertilization is possible; and, further, that the insects which
visit it have on the average visited a certain number of flowers of
the same species before they came there. Of course nothing but
observation can fix these latter numbers; but I should not be
surprised at finding that they are of considerable magnitude[65]. In
order to make the results a little more intelligible, I have
grouped them under the numbers which represent the average number
of flowers that an insect visits in a journey. This is a little
more than twice as great as the number which represents the number
of flowers he has on the average visited before coming to the
individual whose fertility we are considering.
[65] In this anticipation Mr. Moulton is right. The well-known
botanist, Mr. Bennett, read a most interesting paper on the subject
before the British Association in 1881. His results have since been
corroborated by other observers. In particular, Mr. R. M. Christy
has recorded the movements of 76 insects while visiting at least
2,400 flowers. (_Entomologist_, July 1883, and _Zool. Journal Lin.
Soc._, August 1883.) The following is an analysis of his results. In
the case of butterflies, in twelve observations on nearly as many
species, there are recorded altogether 99 visits to fifteen species
of flowers; and of these 99 visits 94 were constant to the same
species, leaving only 5 visits to any other, or second species. In
the case of the hive-bee, there were 8 individuals observed: these
visited altogether 258 flowers, and all the visits paid by the same
individual were paid to the same species in each of the eight cases.
Lastly, as regards bumble-bees, there were altogether observed 55
individuals belonging to four species. These paid altogether 1751
visits to 94 species of flowers. Of these 1751 visits, 1605 were
paid to one species, 131 to two species, 16 to three, 6 to four, and
1 to five. Adding all these results together, we find that 75
insects (butterflies and bees) visited 117 species of flowers: of
these visits, 1957 were constant to one species of flower; 136 were
paid also to a second species, 16 also to a third, 6 also to a
fourth, and 1 also to a fifth. Or, otherwise stated, while 1957 were
absolutely constant, from such absolute constancy there were only
159 deviations. Moreover, if we eliminate three individual humble
bees, which paid nearly an equal number of visits to two species
(and, therefore, would have ministered to the work of physiological
selection almost as well as the others), the 159 deviations become
reduced to 72, or about four per cent. of the whole.--G. J. R.
I send you the formula and the calculation on which it is based in
an Appendix; but as I know you have a holy horror of algebraical
formulae, I give you here a few numerical results.
The cases I have worked out are those in which the number of
insects visiting each flower is 5, or 10, or 15; and I have also
taken 5, 10, and 15, to represent the number of flowers which an
insect visits each journey. This makes nine cases in all; and I
have applied these to two instances--viz. one in which one-fifth of
the whole race have developed cross-infertility, and the other in
which one-tenth only have done so. Taking first the instance where
one-fifth have developed the peculiarity, I find that if on the
average five insects visit a flower, and each insect on the average
visits five flowers on a journey, the fertility is diminished by
about one-tenth. If, however, the average number of flowers the
insect visits is ten, the reduction of fertility is less than one
per cent. And it becomes inappreciable if the average number is
fifteen. If on the average ten insects visit each flower, then, if
each insect visits on the average five flowers on a journey, the
reduction of fertility is a little over one per cent.; but if it
visits ten or fifteen the reduction is inappreciable. If fifteen
insects visit the flower on an average, then, if these insects on
the average visit five or more flowers on a journey, the reduction
of fertility is inappreciable.
By the term inappreciable I mean that it is not substantially
greater than one-tenth of one per cent.--i.e. not more than
one-thousandth.
Of course, if the proportion of individuals acquiring the
peculiarity is less, the effect on the fertility under the above
hypothesis will be greater; and it will not be counteracted so
fully unless the number of insect visits is larger, or unless the
insects visit more flowers on a journey. Thus if only one-tenth of
the race have developed the peculiarity, then, if each flower is
visited on the average by five insects who visit five flowers on
each trip, the fertility will be reduced about one-third. If,
however, the insects visit on the average ten flowers per trip, it
will be only diminished about one-tenth; and if they visit fifteen
on each trip, it will be only diminished about one-fortieth. If in
the same case we suppose that each flower receives ten insect
visits, then, if the insects visit on an average five flowers per
trip, the fertility will be diminished about one-eighth. If they
visit ten on a trip, it will be diminished about one-hundredth, and
the diminution is inappreciable if they visit fifteen on a trip.
Similarly, if a flower receives fifteen insect visits, the
diminution is about one-twenty-fifth, if insects visit on the
average five flowers on a trip; and is inappreciable if they visit
ten or fifteen.
These figures will show you that it is exceedingly possible that a
peculiarity like this, the effect of which at first sight would
seem to be so prejudicial to fertility, may in fact have little or
no influence upon it; and if you set against this the overwhelming
importance of such a peculiarity in segregating the type so as to
give it a chance of becoming a fixed species, you will, I think,
feel that your hypothesis has nothing to fear from a numerical
examination.
I have not examined the case of fertilization by other means; nor
have I examined the case of fertilization in animals, where
psychological selection can come in. To obtain any useful results,
one would have to consider very carefully the circumstances of each
case; and at present, at all events, I do not think it would be
useful to do so. Nor have I attempted to show the converse of the
problem--viz. the effect of swamping where cross-fertilization is
possible. I shall be very glad to examine any one of these cases if
you want me to do so; but I should prefer to leave it until I hear
from you again.
If you contrast the results that I have given above with those
given on pages 181 to 183 of Wallace's book, you will see the
enormous difference. His calculations can only apply to the animal
kingdom in those cases in which there is only a union between one
individual of each sex; and before you can deal with the question
of such animals, you will have to take into consideration many
elements besides that of mere fertility, if you wish to get any
tolerably accurate result[66].
[66] Here follows the Appendix presenting the calculations on which
the above results are founded; but it seems unnecessary to reproduce
it on the present occasion.--G. J. R.
The above analysis leaves nothing to be added by me. But, in conclusion,
I may once more repeat that the particular point with which it is
concerned is a point of very subordinate importance. For even if Mr.
Wallace's computation of chances had been found by Mr. Moulton to have
been an adequate computation--and, therefore, even if it had been thus
proved that physiological homogamy must always be associated with some
other form of homogamy in order to produce specific divergence--still
the importance of selective fertility as a factor of organic evolution
would not have been at all diminished. For such a result would merely
have shown that, not only "in many cases" (as I originally said), but
actually in all cases, the selective fertility which I hold to have been
so generally concerned in the differentiation of species has required
for this purpose the co-operation of some among the numerous other forms
of homogamy. But inasmuch as, by hypothesis, no one of these other or
co-operating factors would of itself have been capable of effecting
specific divergence in any of the cases where its association with
selective fertility is concerned, the mathematical proof that such an
association is _always_--and not merely _often_--necessary, would not
have materially affected the theory of the origin of species by means of
physiological selection. We have now seen, however, that a competent
mathematical treatment proves the exact opposite; and, therefore, that
Mr. Wallace's criticism fails even as regards the very subordinate point
in question.
APPENDIX C.
SOME EXTRACTS FROM THE AUTHOR'S NOTE-BOOKS.
_Bearing of Weismannism on Physiological Selection._--If in view of
other considerations I could fully accept Professor Weismann's theory of
heredity, it would appear to me in no small measure to strengthen my own
theory of physiological selection. For Weismann's theory supposes that
all changes of specific type must have their origin in variations of a
continuous germ-plasm. But _the more the origin of species is referred
directly to variations arising in the sexual elements, the greater is
the play given to the principles of physiological selection_[67]; while,
on the other hand, the less standing-ground is furnished to the theory
that cross-infertility between allied species is due to "external
conditions of life," "prolonged exposure to uniform change of
conditions," "structural modifications re-acting on the sexual
functions"; or, in short, that "somatogenetic" changes of any kind can
of themselves induce the "blastogenetic" change of cross-infertility
between progeny of the same parental stock.
[67] _Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism_, Eng. trans. p. 139.
_Cross-infertility and Diversity of Life._--Observe that one great
consequence of duly recognizing the importance of intercrossing is
indefinitely to raise our estimate of the part played by the principle
of cross-infertility in diversifying organic nature. For whenever in any
line of descent the bar of sterility arises, there the condition is
given for a new crop of departures (species of a genus); and when genera
are formed by the occurrence of this bar, there natural selection and
all other equilibrating causes are supplied with new material for
carrying on adaptational changes in new directions. Thus, owing to
cross-infertility, all these causes are enabled to work out numberless
adaptations in many directions (i. e. lines of descent) simultaneously.
_Cross-infertility and Stability._--The importance of sterility as a
diagnostic feature is obvious if we consider that more than any other
feature it serves to give _stability_ to the type; and unless a type is
stable or constant, it cannot be ranked as a species. That Darwin
himself attributes the highest importance to this feature as diagnostic,
see _Forms of Flowers_, pp. 58, 64.
_Cross-infertility and Specific Differentiation._--In their elaborate
work on the many species of the genus Hieracium, Nägeli and Peter are
led to the general conclusion that the best defined species are always
those which display absolute sterility _inter se_; while the species
which present most difficulty to the systematist are always those which
most easily hybridize. Moreover, they find, as another general rule
applicable to the whole genus, that there is a constant correlation
between inability to hybridize and absence of intermediate varieties,
and, conversely, between ability to hybridize and the presence of such
varieties.
_Cross-infertility in Domesticated Cattle._--Mr. J. W. Crompton, who has
had a large experience as a professional cattle-breeder, writes to me
(March 2, 1887)--
"That form of barrenness, very common in some districts, which
makes heifers become what are called 'bullers'--that is,
irregularly in 'season,' wild, and failing to conceive--is
certainly produced by excess of iron in their drinking-water, and I
suspect also by a deficiency of potash in the soil."
He also informs me that pure white beasts of either sex are so well
known by experienced breeders to be comparatively infertile together,
that they are never used for breeding purposes, so that "in some parts
of the country, where a tendency to sterility had become so confirmed in
the white race that they utterly died out," only the coloured breeds are
now to be found. He goes on to say that if "a lot of white heifers were
put to a lot of white bulls, I think you would probably get a fertile
breed of pure white cattle.... I think, in short, that domestication has
produced just what your theory suggests, a new variety inclined to prove
sterile with its parent stock."
Commenting on the origin of domesticated cattle, Professor Oscar Schmidt
remarks (_Doctrine of Descent_, p. 139)--
"Rütimeyer's minute researches on domestic cattle have shown that,
in Europe at least, three well-defined species of the diluvial
period have contributed to their formation--_Bos primigenius_,
_longifrons_, and _frontosus_. These species once lived
geographically separate, but contemporaneously; and they and their
specific peculiarities have perished, to rise again in our domestic
races. These races breed together with unqualified fertility. In
the form of skull and horns they recall one or other of the extinct
species; but collectively they constitute a new main species. That
from their various breeds, the three or any one of the aboriginal
species would ever emerge in a state of pristine purity, would be
an utterly ludicrous assertion."
Now, seeing that these "aboriginal species," although living
"contemporaneously," were "geographically separate," we can well
understand that their divergence of type from a common ancestor did not
require, as a condition to their divergence, that any cross-sterility
should have arisen between them. The geographical isolation was enough
to secure immunity from mutual intercrossing, and therefore, as our
present theory would have expected as probable, morphological divergence
occurred without any corresponding physiological divergence, as must
almost certainly have been the case if such polytypic evolution had
occurred on a common area. Indeed, one of the two lines of experimental
verification of our theory consists in selecting cases where nearly
allied species are separated by geographical barriers, and proving that,
in such cases, there is no cross-sterility.
_Fertility of Domesticated Varieties._--Some writers have sought to
explain the contrast between domesticated varieties and natural species
in respect of fertility when crossed, by the consideration that it is
only those natural species which have proved themselves so far flexible
as to continue fertile under changed conditions of life that can have
ever allowed themselves to become domesticated. But although this
condition may well serve to explain the unimpaired fertility under
domestication of such species as for this very reason have ever become
domesticated, I fail to see how it explains the further and altogether
different fact, that this fertility continues unimpaired between all the
newly differentiated morphological types which have been derived from
the original specific type. It is one thing that this type should
continue fertile after domestication: it is quite another thing that
fertility should continue as between all its modified descendants, even
although the amount of modification may extend much further than that
which usually obtains between different natural species.
_Testing for Cross-infertility_ among varieties growing on the same area
is a much more crucial line of verification than testing for unimpaired
fertility between allied species which occupy different areas, because
while in the former case we are dealing with "incipient species" with a
view to ascertaining whether the divergence which they have already
undergone is accompanied by physiological isolation, in the latter case
we can never be sure that two allied species, which are now widely
disconnected geographically, have always been so disconnected. They may
both have originated on the same area; or one may have diverged from the
other before it migrated from that area; or even if, when it migrated,
it was unchanged, and if in its new home it afterwards split into two
species by physiological selection, the newer species would probably
prove infertile, not only with its parent type, but also with its
grand-parent in any other part of the world.
_Seebohm on Isolation._--Seebohm is so strongly influenced by the
difficulty from "the swamping effects of free intercrossing," that he is
driven by it to adopt Asa Gray's hypothesis of variations as
teleological. Indeed, he goes as far as Wagner, for he maintains that in
no case can there be divergence or multiplication of species without
isolation. He makes the important statement that "the more the
geographical distribution of birds is studied, the more doubtful it
seems to be that any species of bird has ever been differentiated
without the aid of geographical isolation" (_Charadriidae_, p. 17). If
this is true, it makes in favour of physiological selection by showing
the paramount importance of the swamping effects of intercrossing, and
consequent importance of isolation. But it makes against physiological
selection by showing that the geographical form of isolation is
sufficient to explain all the cases of specific differentiation in
birds. But I must remember that the latter point rests largely on
negative inference, and that birds, owing to their highly locomotive
habits, are the class of animals where physiological selection is likely
to be most handicapped.
_Herbert on Hybridization._--Herbert tells us that when he first
astonished the Horticultural Society by laying before them the results
of his experiments on hybridization, his brother botanists took serious
alarm. For it appeared to them that this "intermixture of species would
confuse the labours of botanists, and force them to work their way
through a wilderness of uncertainty." Therefore he was bluntly told by
several of these gentlemen, "I do not thank you for your mules." Now,
although naturalists have travelled far and learnt much since those
days, it appears to me that a modern evolutionist might still turn to
the horticulturist with the same words. For assuredly he has no reason
to thank the horticulturist for his mules, until he has found a
satisfactory answer to the question why it is that natural species
differ so profoundly as regards their capacity for hybridizing.
_Advance on Herbert's Position._--- If it be said that all my work
amounts to showing what Herbert said long ago--viz. that the only true
or natural distinction between organic types is the sexual
distinction--I answer that my work does much more than this. For it
shows that the principle of sterility is the main condition to the
differentiation, not merely of species and genera, but also to the
evolution of adaptations everywhere, in higher as well as in lower
taxonomic divisions. Moreover, even though naturalists were everywhere
to consent to abandon specific designations, and, as Herbert advises, to
"entrench themselves behind genera," there would still remain the facts
of what are now called specific differences (of the secondary or
morphological kind), and by whatever name these are called, they alike
demand explanation at the hands of the evolutionist.
_Fritz Müller on Cross-infertility._--Fritz Müller writes, "Every plant
requires, for the production of the strongest possible and most prolific
progeny, a certain amount of difference between male and female elements
which unite. Fertility is diminished as well when this degree is too low
(in relatives too closely allied) as when it is too high (in those too
little related)." Then he adds, as a general rule, "Species which are
wholly sterile with pollen of the same stock, and even with pollen of
nearly allied stocks, will generally be fertilized very readily by the
pollen of another species. The self-sterile species of the genus
Abutilon, which are, on the other hand, so much inclined to
hybridization, afford a good example of this theory, which appears to be
confirmed also by Lobelia, Passiflora, and Oncidium" (_American
Naturalist_, vol. viii, pp. 223-4, 1874).
_Different groups of plants exhibit remarkable differences in the
capability of their constituent species to hybridize._--In so far as
these differences have reference only to first crosses, they have no
bearing either for or against my theory. Only in so far as the
differences extend to the production of fertile hybrids does any
question arise for me. First of all, therefore, I must ascertain whether
(or how far) there is any correlation between groups whose species
manifest aptitude to form first crosses, and groups where first crosses
manifest aptitude to produce fertile hybrids. Next, whatever the result
of this inquiry should be, if I find that certain natural groups of
plants exhibit comparatively well-marked tendencies to form fertile
hybrids, the question will arise, Are these tendencies correlated with
_paucity_ of species? If they are, the fact would make strongly in
favour of physiological selection. For the fact would mean that in these
natural groups, owing to "the nature of the organisms" included under
them, less opportunity is given to physiological selection in its work
of differentiating specific types than is given by other natural groups
where the nature of the organism renders them more prone to mutual
sterility. But in prosecuting this branch of verification, I must
remember to allow for possibilities of differential degrees of
geographical isolation in the different groups compared.
On this subject Focke writes me as follows:--"In a natural group
(family, order, genus) showing considerable variability in the structure
of the flower, we may expect to find [or do find] a greater number of
mules than in a group whose species are only distinguished by
differences in the shape of the leaves, or in growth, &c. I do not
know, however, which in this connexion of things is the cause and which
the effect. A useful ancestral structure of the flower may be conserved
by an otherwise varying progeny, on condition that the progress of
diversity be not disturbed by frequent intercrossings. [Therefore, if
this condition be satisfied, the structure of the flower in different
members of the group will continue constant: here the cause of
_constancy_ in the flower (however much variability there may be in the
leaves, &c.) is its original _inability_ to hybridize.] On the other
hand, in species or groups ready to hybridize [or capable of
hybridizing], the fixation of a new specific type will require some
change in the structure of the flower, and a change considerable enough
to alter the conditions of fertilization. [Here the reason of the
_in_constancy of the flower in different members of the group is the
original _aptitude_ of their ancestral forms to hybridize.] Perhaps
there is something in this suggestion, but certainly there are other
efficient physiological relations, which are at present unknown. Your
theory of physiological selection may serve to explain many difficult
facts."
_The Importance of Prepotency._--A. Kerner shows by means of his own
observations on sundry species of plants which hybridize in the wild
state, that they do so very much more frequently if both, or even if
only one of the parent forms be rare in the neighbourhood. This fact can
only be explained by supposing that, even in species most prone to
hybridizing under Nature, there is some degree of prepotency of pollen
of the same species over that of the other species; so that where both
species are common, it is correspondingly rare that the foreign pollen
gets a chance. But if there were no prepotency, the two species would
blend; and this Kerner supposes must actually take place wherever two
previously separated species, thus physiologically circumstanced, happen
to be brought together. (Kerner's paper is published in _Oester. Bot.
Zeitschrift_, XXI, 1871, where he alludes to sundry other papers of his
own advocating similar views.)
The relation of these observations to Jordan's _espèces affines_ is
obvious. We have only to suppose that some such slight and constant
difference characterizes the sexual elements of these allied varieties
as demonstrably characterizes their morphology, and we can understand
how pollen-prepotency would keep the forms distinct--such forms,
therefore, being so many records of such prepotency.
Both from Kerner's work, and still more from that of Jordan and Nägeli,
I conclude that (at all events in plants) prepotency is the way in which
physiological selection chiefly acts. That is to say, _sudden_ and
_extreme_ variations in the way of sexual incompatibility are probably
rare, as compared with some degree of prepotency. According as this
degree is small or great so will be the amount of the corresponding
separation. This view would show that in plants the principle of
physiological selection is one of immensely widespread influence,
causing (on the same areas) more or less permanent varieties much below
specific rank. And when we remember on how delicate a balance of
physiological conditions complete correspondency of pollen to ovules
depends, we may be prepared to expect that the phenomenon of prepotency
is not of uncommon occurrence.
_Self-fertilization and Variability._--It occurred to Count Berg Sagnitz
that, if physiological selection is a true principle in nature,
vegetable species in which self-fertilization obtains ought to be more
rich in constant varieties than are species in which cross-fertilization
rules. For, although even in the latter case physiological isolation may
occasionally arise, it cannot be of such habitual or constant occurrence
as it must be in the former case. Acting on this idea, Count Berg
Sagnitz applied himself to ascertain whether there is any general
correlation between the habit of self-fertilization and the fact of
high variability; and he says that in all the cases which he has
hitherto investigated, the correlation in question is unmistakable.
_Additional Hypothesis concerning Physiological Selection._--In
reciprocal crosses _A_ × _B_ is often more fertile than _B_ × _A_. If
hybrid _AB_ is more fertile with _A_, and hybrid _BA_ with _B_, than
vice versa, there would be given a good analogy on which to found the
following hypothesis.
Let _A_ and _B_ be two intergenerating groups in which segregate
fecundity is first beginning. Of the hybrids, _AB_ will be more fertile
with _A_, and _BA_ with _B_, than vice versa. The interbreeding of _AB_
with _A_ will eventually modify sexual characters of _A_ by assimilating
it to those of _AB_, while the interbreeding of _BA_ with _B_ will
similarly modify sexual characters of _B_ by assimilating it to those of
_BA_. Consequently, _A_ will become more and more infertile with _B_,
while _B_ becomes more and more infertile with _A_. Fewer and fewer
hybrids will thus be produced till mutual sterility is complete.
To sustain this hypothesis it would be needful to prove experimentally,
(1) that hybrid forms _AB_ are more fertile with _A_ than with _B_,
while hybrid forms _BA_ are more fertile with _B_ than with _A_ [or, it
may be possible that the opposite relations would be found to obtain,
viz. that _AB_ would be more fertile with _B_, and _BA_ with _A_]; (2)
that, if so, effect of intercrossing _AB_ with _A_ is to make progeny
more fertile with _A_ than with _B_, while effect of intercrossing _BA_
with _B_ is to make progeny more fertile with _B_ than with _A_.
Such experiments had best be tried with species where there is already
known to be a difference of fertility between reciprocal crosses (e.g.
Matthiola annua and M. glabra, see _Origin of Species_, p. 244).
INDEX
A.
ALLEN, Mr. J. A., on variation under nature, 34.
Amixia, 12-28, 110-115, 117-133.
Apogamy, 5, 6, 10, 18, 28.
B.
BELT, on physiological selection, 44.
BERG SAGNITZ, Count, on self-fertilization and variability, 177.
Breeding, separate and segregate, 5.
Butterflies of polar regions and Alps, 133.
C.
CATCHPOOL, Mr., on physiological selection, 44, 137.
Cross-infertility, 46;
and varietal divergence, 82;
and diversity of life, 169;
and stability, 170;
and specific differentiation, 170;
in domesticated cattle, 170;
testing for, 172;
Fritz Müller on, 174.
D.
_Darwin_, Charles, on isolation, 2, 106;
on diversity under nature, 31;
on the fertility of varieties, 50;
on the origin of cross-infertility, 51;
on distribution, 68;
on prepotency, 89;
on geographical isolation, 101, 108;
on methodical selection, 102;
on modification in large areas, 103;
on the swamping effects of intercrossing, 105;
on independent variability, 109;
on domestic animals, 110.
DELBOEUF, law of independent variability, 13.
Differentiation under natural selection, 37.
Diversity of life and cross-infertility, 169.
Domesticated cattle and cross-infertility, 170, 172.
E.
Evidences of physiological selection, 62.
Evolution, monotypic and polytypic, 21, 75, 102, 107, 112, 129.
Experimental research in physiological selection, 85.
F.
Fertility of domesticated varieties, 172.
FOCKE, Herr, on hybridization, 175.
G.
GALTON, Mr. Francis, law of regression, 39.
General conclusions, 144.
Geographical distribution and physiological selection, 65.
GIARD, M., on apogamy, 14.
GRABHAM, Dr., on mollusca of Madeira, 135.
GULICK, Rev. J., on natural Selection as a mode of isolation, 9;
on divergence, 11;
on segregate breeding, 19;
on geographical distribution, 27;
on the prevention of intercrossing, 127;
on Mr. Wallace's criticisms, 151.
H.
HERBERT, on hybridization, 173;
advance on his position, 174.
HERDMAN, Prof., on physiological isolation, 123.
Historical sketch of opinions on isolation, 101.
Homogamy, 5, 6;
forms of, 7, 19, 29.
Hybridization, HERBERT on, 173;
in plants, 175.
Hypothesis, additional, concerning physiological selection, 178.
I.
Independent variability, 12-29.
Isolation, defined, 2;
forms of, 3, 6;
geographical, 3;
discriminate and indiscriminate, 5;
physiological, 9, 41, 58;
its importance, 39;
sketch of opinions on, 101;
general conclusions, 144;
SEEBOHM on, 173.
J.
JORDAN, M., on cross sterile varieties of plants, 86;
his researches summarized, 87.
K.
KERNER, Prof. A., on prepotency, 176.
L.
LANKESTER, Prof. Ray, on divergent evolution, 15.
LE CONTE, Prof., on fossil snails of steinheim, 95;
on isolation, 129.
LIVINGSTONE, Dr. David, Quoted, 123.
M.
MELDOLA, Prof., on difficulty from intercrossing, 121.
Misunderstandings of Physiological selection, 59.
Monotypic evolution, see Evolution.
MORGAN, Prof. Lloyd, on sterility, 56;
on isolation, 128.
MOULTON, Mr. Fletcher, an examination of Mr. Wallace's calculations on
physiological selection, 157.
MÜLLER, Fritz, on cross-infertility, 174.
N.
NÄGELI, on isolation, 76;
on synoicy, 78, 82.
Natural selection, a form of discriminate isolation, 9, 10, 23;
leads to monotypic evolution, 24-29;
difficulties of, 41, 51.
P.
Panmixia, 12.
Physiological selection, 9, 41;
summarized, 58;
misunderstandings of, 59;
evidences of, 81-119;
and Weismannism, 169;
additional hypothesis, 178.
Polytypic evolution, see Evolution.
Prepotency, 89; importance of, 176.
S.
SCHMIDT, Prof. Oscar, on domesticated cattle, 171.
SEEBOHM on isolation, 173.
Segregation, 28.
Selection, physiological, see Physiological selection.
Self-fertilization and variability, 177.
Snails of Sandwich Islands, 16, 130;
fossil of Steinheim, 95.
Specific differentiation and cross-infertility, 170.
Stability and cross-infertility, 170.
Synoicy, 78.
T.
Topographical distribution and physiological selection, 74;
of varieties, 81.
Transformation, serial and divergent, 21, 121.
V.
Variability and self-fertilization, 177.
Variation in birds, 34.
Varieties, topographical distribution of, 81.
W.
WAGNER, Maritz, 3;
on geographical isolation, 76;
quoted, 103;
law of migration, 111.
WALLACE, Mr. A. R., 3, 17;
quoted, 34, 47, 51, 57,130-136;
criticized by Gulick, 152.
WEISMANN, Prof., on geographical isolation, 76, 114-118.
Weismannism and physiological selection, 169.
TITLE LIST OF OPEN COURT PUBLICATIONS ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHORS
ANESAKI, M.
345. BUDDHIST AND CHRISTIAN GOSPELS, Being Gospel Parallels from Pali
Texts. Now first compared from the originals by Albert J. Edmunds.
Edited with parallels and notes from the Chinese Buddhist Triptaka by
_M. Anesaki._ $1.50 net.
BAYNE, JULIA TAFT.
323. HADLEY BALLADS. _Julia Taft Bayne._ 75c net.
BERKELEY, GEORGE.
307. A TREATISE CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. _George
Berkeley._ Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
308. THREE DIALOGUES BETWEEN HYLAS AND PHILONOUS. _George Berkeley._
Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
BINET, ALFRED.
201. THE PSYCHIC LIFE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS. _Alfred Binet._ 75c. (3s. 6d.)
270. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF REASONING. _Alfred Binet._ Transl. by _Adam
Gowans Whyte_. 75c net. (3s. 6d.)
296. ON DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS. _Alfred Binet._ Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d.
net.)
BLOOMFIELD, MAURICE.
334. CERBERUS, THE DOG OF HADES. The History of an Idea. _Prof. M.
Bloomfield._ Boards, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
BONNEY, HONORABLE CHARLES CARROLL.
304. WORLD'S CONGRESS ADDRESSES, Delivered by the President, the _Hon.
C. C. Bonney_. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
BONNEY, FLORENCE PEORIA.
286. MEDITATIONS (Poems). _Florence Peoria Bonney._ Cloth, ($1.00 net.)
BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS.
325. THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS OR STUDIES IN EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY. _E. A.
Wallis Budge._ With plates and illustrations. 2 vols. Cloth, $20.00 net.
226. THE BOOK OF THE DEAD, a translation of the Chapters, Hymns, etc.,
of the Theban Recension. _E. A. Wallis Budge._ Illustrated. 3 vols.
$3.75 per set net. Vols. VI, VII, VIII in the series of Books on Egypt
and Chaldea.
317. A HISTORY OF EGYPT, From the End of the Neolithic Period to the
Death of Cleopatra VII, B. C. 30. _E. A. Wallis Budge._ Richly
illustrated. 8 vols. Cloth; $10.00 net.
I. Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Period.
II. Egypt Under the Great Pyramid Builders.
III. Egypt Under the Amenembats and Hyksos.
IV. Egypt and her Asiatic Empire.
V. Egypt Under Rameses the Great.
VI. Egypt Under the Priest Kings and Tanites and Nubians.
VII. Egypt Under the Saites, Persians and Ptolemies.
VIII. Egypt Under the Ptolemies and Cleopatra VII.
CARUS, DR. PAUL.
204. FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS, the Method of Philosophy as a Systematic
Arrangement of Knowledge. _Paul Carus._ Cloth, $1.50. (7s. 6d.)
207. THE SOUL OF MAN, an Investigation of the Facts of Physiological and
Experimental Psychology. _Paul Carus._ Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net.
(6s. net.)
208. PRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY. _Paul Carus._ Cloth, $1.00. (5s.)
210. MONISM AND MELIORISM, A Philosophical Essay on Causality and
Ethics. _Paul Carus._ Paper, 50c. (2s. 6d.)
213. (a) THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE TOOL. 10c. (6d.) (b) OUR NEED OF
PHILOSOPHY. 5c. (3d.) (c) SCIENCE A RELIGIOUS REVELATION. 5c. (3d.)
_Paul Carus._
290. THE SURD OF METAPHYSICS, An Inquiry into the Question ARE THERE
THINGS-IN-THEMSELVES? _Paul Carus._ Cloth, $1.25 net. (5s. 6d. net.)
303. KANT AND SPENCER, A Study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism. _Paul
Carus._ Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
312. KANT'S PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE METAPHYSICS. Edited by _Paul
Carus_. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
215. THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA, According to Old Records, told by _Paul
Carus_. Cloth, $1.00. (5s.)
254. BUDDHISM AND ITS CHRISTIAN CRITICS. _Paul Carus._ $1.25. (6s. 6d.)
261. GODWARD, A Record of Religious Progress. _Paul Carus._ 50c. (2s.
6d.)
278. THE HISTORY OF THE DEVIL AND THE IDEA OF EVIL, From the Earliest
Times to the Present day. _Paul Carus._ Illustrated. $6.00. (30s.)
280. HISTORY OF THE CROSS. _Paul Carus._ (In preparation.)
321. THE AGE OF CHRIST. A Brief Review of the Conditions under which
Christianity originated. _Paul Carus._ Paper, 15c net. (10d.)
341. THE DHARMA, or the Religion of Enlightenment, An Exposition of
Buddhism. _Paul Carus._ 15c. (9d.)
216. DAS EVANGELIUM BUDDHAS. A German translation of THE GOSPEL OF
BUDDHA. Cloth, $1.25. (5 marks.)
255. LAO-TZE'S TAO TEH KING. Chinese English. With Introduction,
Transliteration and Notes by _Paul Carus_. $3.00 (15s.)
275. THE WORLD'S PARLIAMENT OF RELIGIONS AND THE RELIGIOUS PARLIAMENT
EXTENSION, a Memorial Published by the Religious Parliament Extension
Committee. Popular edition. _C. C. Bonney_ and _Paul Carus_.
205. HOMILIES OF SCIENCE. _Paul Carus._ Cloth, gilt top, $1.50. (7s.
6d.)
206. THE IDEA OF GOD. _Paul Carus._ Paper, 15c. (9d.)
211. THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. _Paul Carus._ Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d.)
212. KARMA, A STORY OF BUDDHIST ETHICS. _Paul Carus._ Illustrated by
Kwason Suzuki. American edition. 15c. (10d.)
268. THE ETHICAL PROBLEM. Three Lectures on Ethics as a Science. _Paul
Carus._ Cloth, $1.25. (6s. 6d.)
285. WHENCE AND WHITHER. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Soul, Its
Origin and Its Destiny. _Paul Carus._ Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
291. NIRVANA, A STORY OF BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY. Paul Carus. Illustrated by
_Kwason Suzuki_. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
302. THE DAWN OF A NEW RELIGIOUS ERA, AND OTHER ESSAYS. _Paul Carus._
Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
209. TRUTH IN FICTION, Twelve Tales with a Moral. _Paul Carus._ Cloth,
1.00 net. (5s.)
217. KARMA, A STORY OF EARLY BUDDHISM. _Paul Carus._ Illustrated. Crêpe
paper, tied in silk. 75c. (3s. 6d.)
2170. KARMA, Eine buddhistische Erzählung. _Paul Carus._ Illustrated.
35c.
246. THE CROWN OF THORNS, a Story of the Time of Christ. _Paul Carus._
Illustrated. Cloth 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
247. THE CHIEF'S DAUGHTER, a Legend of Niagara. _Paul Carus._
Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d.)
267. SACRED TUNES FOR THE CONSECRATION OF LIFE. Hymns of the Religion of
Science. _Paul Carus._ 50c.
281. GREEK MYTHOLOGY. _Paul Carus._ In preparation.
282. EROS AND PSYCHE, A Fairy-Tale of Ancient Greece, Retold after
Apuleius, by _Paul Carus_. Illustrated. $1.50 net. (6s. net.)
295. THE NATURE OF THE STATE. _Paul Carus._ Cloth 50c net. (2s. 6d. net)
224. GOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XENIONS. Selected and translated by _Paul
Carus_. Paper, 50c. (2s. 6d.)
243. FRIEDRICH SCHILLER, A Sketch of His Life and an Appreciation of His
Poetry. _Paul Carus._ Bds. 75c.
CLEMENT, ERNEST W.
331. THE JAPANESE FLORAL CALENDAR. _E. W. Clement._ Illustrated. Boards,
50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL.
277. SOLOMON AND SOLOMONIC LITERATURE. _M. D. Conway._ Cloth, $1.50 net.
(6s.)
COPE, E. D.
219. THE PRIMARY FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. _E. D. Cope, Ph. D._ 2d
ed. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. (10s.)
CORNILL, CARL HEINRICH.
220. THE PROPHETS OF ISRAEL, Popular Sketches from Old Testament
History. _C. H. Cornill._ Transl. by S. F. Corkran. $1.00 net. (5s.)
259. THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL, From the Earliest Times to the
Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans. _C. H. Cornill._ Transl. by _W.
H. Carruth_. Cloth, $1.50 (7s. 6d.)
262. GESCHICHTE DES VOLKES ISRAEL. _C. H. Cornill._ Gebunden $2.00. (8
Mark.)
251. THE RISE OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. C. H. Cornill, in EPITOMES OF
THREE SCIENCES: COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY AND OLD TESTAMENT
HISTORY. _H. H. Oldenberg_, _J. Jastrow,_ _C. H. Cornill_. Cloth, 50c
net. (2s. 6d.)
CUMONT, FRANZ.
319. THE MYSTERIES OF MITHRA. _Prof. Franz Cumont._ Transl. by _T. J.
McCormack_. Illus. Cloth, $1.50 net. (6s. 6d. net.)
DEDEKIND, RICHARD.
287. ESSAYS ON THE THEORY OF NUMBERS. I. CONTINUITY AND IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS. II. THE NATURE AND MEANING OF NUMBERS. _R. Dedekind._ Transl.
by _W. W. Beman_. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
DELITZSCH, DR. FRIEDRICH.
293. BABEL AND BIBLE, A Lecture on the Significance of Assyriological
Research for Religion. _Prof. F. Delitzsch._ Translated by _T. J.
McCormack_. Illustrated. 50c net.
293a. BABEL AND BIBLE. Two Lectures on the Significance of
Assyriological Research for Religion, Embodying the most important
Criticisms and the Author's Replies. _Prof. F. Delitzsch._ Translated by
_T. J. McCormack_ and _W. H. Carruth_. 75c net.
DE MORGAN, AUGUSTUS.
264. ON THE STUDY AND DIFFICULTIES OF MATHEMATICS. _Augustus De Morgan._
Cloth, $1.25 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
271. ELEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS.
_Augustus De Morgan._ Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
DESCARTES, RENÉ.
301. DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES. _René Descartes._ Transl. by _John
Veitch_. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
310. THE MEDITATIONS AND SELECTIONS FROM THE PRINCIPLES of _René
Descartes_. Transl. by _John Veitch_. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
346. THE PRINCIPLES OF DESCARTES' PHILOSOPHY by _Benedictus de Spinoza_.
Introduction by _Halbert Hains Britan, Ph. D._ Cloth, 75c net, mailed
85c.
DE VRIES, HUGO.
332. SPECIES AND VARIETIES, THEIR ORIGIN BY MUTATION. _Prof. Hugo de
Vries._ Edited by _D. T. MacDougal_. $5.00 net. (21s. net.)
EDMUNDS, ALBERT J.
218. HYMNS OF THE FAITH (DHAMMAPADA), being an Ancient Anthology
Preserved in the Sacred Scriptures of the Buddhists. Transl. by _Albert
J. Edmunds_. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
345. BUDDHIST AND CHRISTIAN GOSPELS, Being Gospel Parallels from Pali
Texts. Now first compared from the originals by _Albert J. Edmunds_.
Edited with parallels and notes from the Chinese Buddhist Triptaka by
_M. Anesaki_. $1.50 net.
EVANS, HENRY RIDGELY.
330. THE NAPOLEON MYTH. _H. R. Evans._ With "The Grand Erratum," by _J.
B. Pérès_, and Introduction by _Paul Carus_. Illustrated. Boards, 75c
net. (3s. 6d. net.)
347. THE OLD AND THE NEW MAGIC. _Henry R. Evans._ Illustr. Cloth, gilt
top. $1.50 net, mailed $1.70.
FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR.
349. ON LIFE AFTER DEATH. _Gustav Theodor Fechner._ Tr. from the German
by _Hugo Wernekke_. Bds. 75c.
FINK, DR. CARL.
272. A BRIEF HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS. _Dr. Karl Fink._ Transl. from the
German by _W. W. Beman_ and _D. E. Smith_. Cloth, $1.50 net. (5s. 6d.
net.)
FREYTAG, GUSTAV.
248. MARTIN LUTHER. _Gustav Freytag._ Transl. by _H. E. O. Heinemann_.
Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00 net. (5s.)
221. THE LOST MANUSCRIPT. A Novel. _Gustav Freytag._ Two vols. Cloth,
$4.00. (21s.)
221a. THE SAME. One vol. $1.00. (5s.)
GARBE, RICHARD.
223. THE PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT INDIA. _Prof. R. Garbe._ Cloth, 50c net.
(23. 6d. net.)
222. THE REDEMPTION OF THE BRAHMAN. A novel. _Richard Garbe._ Cloth,
75c. (3s. 6d.)
GOODWIN, REV. T. A.
225. LOVERS THREE THOUSAND YEARS AGO, as indicated by THE SONG OF
SOLOMON. _Rev. T. A. Goodwin._ 50c net. (2s. 6d.)
GUNKEL, HERMANN.
227. THE LEGENDS OF GENESIS. _Prof. H. Gunkel._ Transl. by _Prof. W. H.
Carruth_. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
HAUPT, PAUL.
292. BIBLICAL LOVE-DITTIES, A CRITICAL INTERPRETATION AND TRANSLATION OF
THE SONG OF SOLOMON. _Prof. Paul Haupt._ Paper, 5c. (3d.)
HERING, PROF. EWALD.
298. ON MEMORY AND THE SPECIFIC ENERGIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. _E.
Hering._ Cl. 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
HILBERT, DAVID.
289. THE FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRY. _Prof. David Hilbert._ Transl. by _E.
J. Townsend_. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
HOLYOAKE, GEORGE JACOB.
228. ENGLISH SECULARISM, A Confession of Belief. _G. J. Holyoake._
Cloth, 50c net.
HUC, M.
244. TRAVELS IN TARTARY, THIBET AND CHINA, During the Years 1844-5-6. M.
Huc. Transl. by _W. Haslitt_. Illustrated. One volume. $1.25 net. (5s.
net.)
260. THE SAME. Two volumes. $2.00. (10s. net.)
HUEPPE, DR. FERDINAND.
257. THE PRINCIPLES OF BACTERIOLOGY. _Ferdinand Hueppe._ Transl. by Dr.
E. O. Jordan. $1.75 net. (9s.)
HUME, DAVID.
305. AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. _David Hume._ Cloth, 60c
net. (3s. net.)
306. AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS. _David Hume._
Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
HUTCHINSON, WOODS.
256. THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO DARWIN. _Woods Hutchinson._ Cloth, $1.50.
(6s.)
HYLAN, JOHN P.
309. PUBLIC WORSHIP, A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION. _J. P.
Hylan._ Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
INGRAHAM, ANDREW.
322. SWAIN SCHOOL LECTURES. _Andrew Ingraham._ $1.00 net.
KHEIRALLA, GEORGE IBRAHIM.
326. BEHA 'U'LLAH (THE GLORY OF GOD). _Ibrahim George Kheiralla_,
assisted by _Howard MacNutt_. $3.00.
LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS.
258. LECTURES ON ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS. _J. L. Lagrange._ Transl. by
_T. J. McCormack_. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
LEIBNIZ, G. W.
311. LEIBNIZ: DISCOURSE ON METAPHYSICS, CORRESPONDENCE WITH ARNAULD and
MONADOLOGY. _Dr. George R. Montgomery._ Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
LEVY-BRUHL, LUCIEN.
273. HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY IN FRANCE. _Lucien Lévy-Bruhl._ With
portraits. $3.00 net. (12s. net.)
LOYSON, EMILIE HYACINTHE.
338. TO JERUSALEM THROUGH THE LANDS OF ISLAM. _Emilie Hyacinthe Loyson._
Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50.
MACH, ERNST.
229. THE SCIENCE OF MECHANICS, A Critical and Historical Account of its
Development. _Prof. Ernst Mach._ Transl. by _T. J. McCormack_.
Illustrated. $2.00 net. (9s. 6d. net.)
230. POPULAR SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. _Professor Ernst Mach._ Transl. by _T.
J. McCormack_. Illust. $1.50 net. (7s. 6d. net.)
250. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSATIONS. _Prof. Ernst
Mach._ Transl. by _C. M. Williams_. $1.25 net. (6s. 6d.)
MILLS, LAWRENCE H.
318. ZARATHUSHTRIAN GATHAS, in Meter and Rhythm. _Prof. Lawrence H.
Mills._ Cloth, $2.00.
339. ZARATHUSHTRA AND THE GREEKS, a Treatise upon the Antiquities of the
Avesta with Special Reference to the Logos-Conception. _Prof. Lawrence
H. Mills._ Cloth, $2.00 net.
MUELLER, F. MAX.
231. THREE INTRODUCTORY LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT. _F. Max
Müller._ With a correspondence on THOUGHT WITHOUT WORDS between F. Max
Müller and Francis Galton, the Duke of Argyll, G. J. Romanes and Others.
Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
232. THREE LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. With a supplement, MY
PREDECESSORS. _F. Max Müller._ Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
NAEGELI, CARL VON.
300. A MECHANICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL THEORY OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. _Carl von
Nägeli._ Cloth, 50c net. (23. 6d. net)
NOIRÉ, LUDWIG.
297. ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE, and THE LOGOS THEORY. _Ludwig Noiré._
Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
OLDENBERG, PROF. H.
233. ANCIENT INDIA, Its Language and Religions. _Prof. H. Oldenberg._
Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d.)
POWELL, J. W.
263. TRUTH AND ERROR, or the Science of Intellection. _J. W. Powell._
$1.75. (7s. 6d.)
315. JOHN WESLEY POWELL: A Memorial to an American Explorer and Scholar.
_Mrs. M. D. Lincoln_, _G. K. Gilbert_, _M. Baker_ and _Paul Carus_.
Edited by _G. K. Gilbert_. Paper, 50c net.
RADAU, DR. HUGO.
294. THE CREATION STORY OF GENESIS I. A Sumerian Theogony and Cosmogony.
_H. Radau._ Bds., 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
RIBOT, TH.
234. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ATTENTION. _Th. Ribot._ Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
235. THE DISEASES OF PERSONALITY. _Th. Ribot._ Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
236. THE DISEASES OF THE WILL. _Th. Ribot._ Transl. by _Merwin-Marie
Snell_. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
279. THE EVOLUTION OF GENERAL IDEAS. _Th. Ribot._ Transl. by _Frances A.
Welby_. Cloth, $1.25. (5s.)
ROMANES, GEORGE JOHN.
237. DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN, An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and
a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions. _George John Romanes._ Three
volumes. $4.00 net.
238. Part I. THE DARWINIAN THEORY. Cloth, $2.00.
239. Part II. POST-DARWINIAN QUESTIONS: HEREDITY AND UTILITY. Cloth,
$1.50.
252. Part III. POST-DARWINIAN QUESTIONS: ISOLATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
SELECTION. Cloth, $1.00.
240. AN EXAMINATION OF WEISMANNISM. _George John Romanes._ Cloth, $1.00
net.
214. A CANDID EXAMINATION OF THEISM. _Physicus_ (the late _G. J.
Romanes_). Cloth, $2.00.
242. THOUGHTS ON RELIGION. The late _G. J. Romanes_. Edited by _Charles
Gore_. Cloth, $1.25 net.
ROW, T. SUNDARA.
284. GEOMETRIC EXERCISES IN PAPER FOLDING. _T. Sundara Row._ Edited by
_W. W. Beman_, and _D. E. Smith_. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s.
6d. net.)
RUTH, J. A.
329. WHAT IS THE BIBLE? _J. A. Ruth._ 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
SCHUBERT, HERMANN.
266. MATHEMATICAL ESSAYS AND RECREATIONS. _Prof. Hermann Schubert._
Transl. by _T. J. McCormack_. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
SHUTE, D. KERFOOT.
276. A FIRST BOOK IN ORGANIC EVOLUTION. _D. Kerfoot Shute._ Cloth, $2.00
net. (7s. 6d. net.)
STANLEY, HIRAM M.
274. PSYCHOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. An Outline Sketch. _Hiram M. Stanley._
Boards, 40c net. (2s.)
ST. ANSELM.
324. ST. ANSELM: PROSLOGIUM; MONOLOGIUM; AN APPENDIX IN BEHALF OF THE
FOOL, by _Gaunilan_; and CUR DEUS HOMO. Transl. by _S. N. Deane_. Cloth,
$1.00 net.
STARR, FREDERICK.
327. READINGS FROM MODERN MEXICAN AUTHORS. _Frederick Starr._ $1.25 net.
(5s. 6d. net.)
328. THE AINU GROUP AT THE SAINT LOUIS EXPOSITION. _Frederick Starr._
Illustrated. Boards, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
STRODE, MURIEL.
333. MY LITTLE BOOK OF PRAYER. _Muriel Strode._ Boards, 50c net. (2s.
6d. net.)
333a. THE SAME. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
SUZUKI, TEITARO.
283. ACVAGHOSHA'S DISCOURSE ON THE AWAKENING OF FAITH IN THE MAHAYANA.
Translated by _Teitaro Suzuki_. Cloth, $1.25 net. (5s. net.)
TOLSTOY, COUNT LEO.
348. CHRISTIANITY AND PATRIOTISM with Pertinent Extracts from other
Essays. _Count Leo Tolstoy._ Trans. by _Paul Borger_ and others. Paper,
35c net, mailed 40c.
TOPINARD, PAUL.
269. SCIENCE AND FAITH, OR MAN AS AN ANIMAL, AND MAN AS A MEMBER OF
SOCIETY, with a DISCUSSION OF ANIMAL SOCIETIES, by _Paul Topinard_.
Transl. by _T. J. McCormack_. $1.50 net. (6s. 6d. net.)
TRUMBULL, M. M.
243. WHEELBARROW, ARTICLES AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE LABOR QUESTION,
including the Controversy with Mr. Lyman J. Gage on the Ethics of the
Board of Trade; and also the Controversy with Hugh O. Pentecost and
Others, on the Single Tax Question. Cloth, $1.00. (5s.)
245. THE FREE TRADE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND. _M. M. Trumbull._ Cloth, 75c.
(3s. 6d.)
WAGNER, RICHARD.
249. A PILGRIMAGE TO BEETHOVEN. A Novel by _Richard Wagner_. Transl. by
_O. W. Weyer_. Boards, 50c net. (25. 6d.)
WEISMANN, AUGUST.
299. ON GERMINAL SELECTION, as a Source of definite Variation. _August
Weismann._ Transl. by _T. J. McCormack_. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
WITHERS, JOHN WILLIAM.
335. EUCLID'S PARALLEL POSTULATE: ITS NATURE, VALIDITY AND PLACE IN
GEOMETRICAL SYSTEMS. _J. W. Withers, Ph. D._, Cloth, $1.25 net. (4s. 6d.
net.)
YAMADA, KEICHYU.
265. SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF BUDDHA. Reproduced from paintings by _Prof.
Keichyu Yamada_. $2.50 net. (15s.)
316. THE TEMPLES OF THE ORIENT AND THEIR MESSAGE IN THE LIGHT OF HOLY
SCRIPTURE, Dante's Vision, and Bunyan's Allegory. By the author of
"Clear Round!" "Things Touching the King," etc. $4.00.
PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
332a. FRAMING PORTRAIT OF HUGO DE VRIES. Platino finish, 10×12",
unmounted. Postpaid, $1.00. (4s. 6d. net.)
336. PORTFOLIO OF BUDDHIST ART. A collection of illustrations of
Buddhism, Historical and Modern in portfolio. 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
202. PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT SERIES. 68 portraits on
plate paper, $7.50 (35s.) per set.
202a. PHILOSOPHICAL PORTRAIT SERIES. 43 portraits on plate paper, $6.25
(30s.) Single portraits, on plate paper, 25c (1s. 6d.)
202b. PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT SERIES. 25 portraits on Japanese paper,
$5.00 (24s.) per set; plate paper, $3.75 (18s.) per set. Single
portraits, Japanese paper, 50c (2s. 6d.); single portraits, on plate
paper, 25c (1s. 6d.)
SMITH, PROF. DAVID EUGENE.
202c. PORTRAITS OF MATHEMATICIANS. Edited by _Prof. D. B. Smith_. 12
portraits on Imp. Jap. Vellum, $5.00; 12 portraits on Am. plate paper,
$3.00.
THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE LIBRARY
1. THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. _Paul Carus._ 25c, mailed 30c. (1s. 6d.)
2. THREE INTRODUCTORY LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT. _F. Max
Müller._ With a correspondence on "Thought Without Words" between _F.
Max Müller_ and _Francis Gallon_, the _Duke of Argyll_, _George J.
Romanes_ and others. 25c, mailed 29c. (1s. 6d.)
3. THREE LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. With MY PREDECESSORS. _F.
Max Müller._ 25c, mailed 29c. (1s. 6d.)
4. THE DISEASES OF PERSONALITY. _Prof. Th. Ribot._ 25c, mailed 29c. (1s.
6d.)
5. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ATTENTION. _Prof. Th. Ribot._ 25c, mailed 29c. (1s.
6d.)
6. THE PSYCHIC LIFE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS. A Study in Experimental
Psychology. _Alfred Binet._ 25c, mailed 29c. (1s. 6d.)
7. THE NATURE OF THE STATE. _Paul Carus._ 15c, mailed 18c. (9d.)
8. ON DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS. Experimental Psychological Studies. _Alfred
Binet._ 15c, mailed 18c. (9d.)
9. FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS. The Method of Philosophy as a Systematic
Arrangement of Knowledge. _Paul Carus._ 50c, mailed 60c. (2s. 6d.)
10. DISEASES OF THE WILL. _Prof. Th. Ribot._ Transl. by _Merwin-Marie
Snell_. 25c, mailed 29c. (1s. 6d.)
11. ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE and the Logos Theory. _L. Noiré._ 15c,
mailed 18c. (1s. 6d.)
12. THE FREE TRADE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND. _M. M. Trumbull._ 25c, mailed
31c. (1s. 6d.)
13. WHEELBARROW, ARTICLES AND DISCUSSIONS ON THE LABOR QUESTION,
including the Controversy with Mr. Lyman J. Gage on the Ethics of the
Board of Trade; and also the Controversy with Mr. Hugh O. Pentecost, and
others, on the Single Tax Question, 35c, mailed 43c. (2s.)
14. THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA, According to Old Records told by _Paul Carus_.
35c, mailed 42c. (2s.)
15. PRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY. _Paul Carus._ 25c, mailed 32c. (1s. 6d.)
16. ON MEMORY AND THE SPECIFIC ENERGIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. _Prof. E.
Hering._ 15c, mailed 18c. (9d.)
17. THE REDEMPTION OF THE BRAHMAN. A Novel. _Richard Garbe._ 25c, mailed
28c. (1s. 6d.)
18. AN EXAMINATION OF WEISMANNISM. _G. J. Romanes._ 35c, mailed 41c.
(2s.)
19. ON GERMINAL SELECTION AS A SOURCE OF DEFINITE VARIATION. _August
Weismann._ Transl. by _T. J. McCormack_. 25c, mailed 28c. (1s. 6d.)
20. LOVERS THREE THOUSAND YEARS AGO as Indicated by The Song of Solomon.
_Rev. T. A. Goodwin._ 15c, mailed 18c. (9d.)
21. POPULAR SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. _Professor Ernst Mach._ Transl. by _T.
J. MCCormack_. 50c, mailed 60c. (2s. 6d.)
22. ANCIENT INDIA, ITS LANGUAGE AND RELIGIONS. _Prof. H. Oldenberg._
25c, mailed 28c. (1s. 6d.)
23. THE PROPHETS OF ISRAEL. Popular Sketches from Old Testament History.
_Prof. C. H. Cornill._ Transl. by _S. F. Corkran_. 25c, mailed 30c. (1s.
6d.)
24. HOMILIES OF SCIENCE. _Paul Carus._ 35c, mailed 43c. (2s.)
25. THOUGHTS ON RELIGION. The late _G. J. Romanes_. Edited by _Charles
Gore_. 50c, mailed 55c. (2s. 6d.)
26. THE PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT INDIA. _Prof. R. Garbe._ 25c, mailed 28c.
(1s. 6d.)
27. MARTIN LUTHER. _Gustav Freytag._ Transl. by _H. E. O. Heinemann_.
25c, mailed 30c. (1s. 6d.)
28. ENGLISH SECULARISM. A Confession of Belief. _George J. Holyoake._
25c, mailed 30c. (1s. 6d.)
29. ON ORTHOGENESIS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL SELECTION IN
SPECIES-FORMATION. _Prof. Th. Eimer._ Transl. by _T. J. McCormack_. 25c,
mailed 30c. (1s. 6d.)
30. CHINESE PHILOSOPHY. An Exposition of the Main Characteristic
Features of Chinese Thought. _Dr. Paul Carus._ 25c, mailed 30c. (1s.
6d.)
31. THE LOST MANUSCRIPT. A Novel. _Gustav Freytag._ One volume. 60c,
mailed 80c. (3s.)
32. A MECHANICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL THEORY OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. _Carl von
Nägeli._ 15c, mailed 18c. (9d.)
33. CHINESE FICTION. _Rev. G. T. Candlin._ Illustrated. 15c, mailed 18c.
(9d.)
34. MATHEMATICAL ESSAYS AND RECREATIONS. _Prof. H. Schubert._ Tr. by _T.
J. McCormack_. 25c, mailed 30c. (1s. 6d.)
35. THE ETHICAL PROBLEM. Three Lectures on Ethics as a Science. _Paul
Carus._ 50c, mailed 60c. (2s. 6d.)
36. BUDDHISM AND ITS CHRISTIAN CRITICS. _Paul Carus._ 50c, mailed 58c.
(2s. 6d.)
37. PSYCHOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. An Outline Sketch. _Hiram M. Stanley._
20c, mailed 23c. (1s.)
38. DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON, AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES. _René Descartes._ Transl. by _Prof. John
Veitch_. 25c, mailed 29c. (1s. 6d.)
39. THE DAWN OF A NEW RELIGIOUS ERA and other Essays. _Paul Carus._ 15c,
mailed 18c. (9d.)
40. KANT AND SPENCER, a Study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism. _Paul
Carus._ 20c, mailed 25c. (1s.)
41. THE SOUL OF MAN, an Investigation of the Facts of Physiological and
Experimental Psychology. _Paul Carus._ 75c, mailed 85c. (3s. 6d.)
42. WORLD'S CONGRESS ADDRESSES, Delivered by the President, the _Hon. C.
C. Bonney._ 15c, mailed 20c. (9d.)
43. THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO DARWIN. _Woods Hutchinson._ 50c, mailed 57c.
(2s. 6d.)
44. WHENCE AND WHITHER. The Nature of the Soul, Its Origin and Destiny.
_Paul Carus._ 25c, mailed 32c. (1s. 6d.)
45. AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. _David Hume._ 25c, mailed
31c. (1s. 6d.)
46. AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS. _David Hume._ 25c,
mailed 31c. (1s. 6d.)
47. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF REASONING, Based on Experimental Researches in
Hypnotism. _Alfred Binet._ Transl. by _Adam Gowans Whyte_. 25c, mailed
31c. (1s. 6d.)
48. A TREATISE CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. _George
Berkeley._ 25c, mailed 31c. (1s. 6d.)
49. THREE DIALOGUES BETWEEN HYLAS AND PHILONOUS. _George Berkeley._ 25c,
mailed 31c. (1s. 6d.)
50. PUBLIC WORSHIP, A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION. _John P.
Hylan._ 25c, mailed 29c. (1s. 6d.)
51. THE MEDITATIONS AND SELECTIONS FROM THE PRINCIPLES of _René
Descartes._ Transl. by _Prof. John Veitch_. 35c, mailed 42c. (2s.)
52. LEIBNIZ: DISCOURSE ON METAPHYSICS, CORRESPONDENCE WITH ARNAULD and
MONADOLOGY, with an Introduction by _Paul Janet._ Transl. by _Dr. G. R.
Montgomery_. 50c, mailed 58c. (2s. 6d.)
53. KANT'S PROLEGOMENA to any Future Metaphysics. Edited by _Dr. Paul
Carus._ 50c, mailed 59c. (2s. 6d.)
54. ST. ANSELM: PROSLOGIUM; MONOLOGIUM; AN APPENDIX ON BEHALF OF THE
FOOL, by _Gaunilon_; and CUR DEUS HOMO. Tr. by _S. N. Deane_. 50c,
mailed 60c. (2s. 6d.)
55. THE CANON OF REASON AND VIRTUE (LAO-TZE'S TAO TEH KING). Translated
from the Chinese by _Paul Carus_. 25c, mailed 28c. (1s. 6d.)
56. ANTS AND SOME OTHER INSECTS, an Inquiry into the Psychic Powers of
these Animals, with an Appendix on the Peculiarities of Their Olfactory
Sense. _Dr. August Forel._ Transl. by _Prof. W. M. Wheeler_, 50c, mailed
53c. (25. 6d.)
57. THE METAPHYSICAL SYSTEM OF HOBBES, as contained in twelve chapters
from his "Elements of Philosophy Concerning Body," and in briefer
Extracts from his "Human Nature" and "Leviathan," selected by _Mary
Whiton Calkins_. 40c, mailed 47c. (2s.)
58. LOCKE'S ESSAYS CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. Books II and IV (with
omissions). Selected by _Mary Whiton Calkins_, 50c, mailed 60c. (2s.
6d.)
59. THE PRINCIPLES OF DESCARTES' PHILOSOPHY. _Benedictus de Spinosa._
Introduction by _Halbert Hains Britan, Ph. D. Paper_, 35c net, mailed
42c.
THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.
1322 Wabash Avenue, Chicago
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.
10 Cents Per Copy
THE OPEN COURT
$1.00 Per Year
An Illustrated Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Science of Religion, The Religion of Science and the
Extension of The Religious Parliament Idea
THE OPEN COURT is a popular magazine discussing the deepest questions of
life. It offers the maturest thought in the domains of Religion,
Philosophy, Psychology, Evolution and kindred subjects.
THE OPEN COURT contains articles on the recent discoveries of Babylonian
and Egyptian excavations, on Old Testament Research, the Religion of the
American Indians, Chinese culture, Brahmanism, Buddhism, Mithraism--in
short anything that will throw light on the development of religion and
especially on Christianity.
THE OPEN COURT investigates the problems of God and Soul, of life and
death and immortality, of conscience, duty, and the nature of morals,
the ethics of political and social life--briefly all that will explain
the bottom facts of Religion and their practical significance. The
illustrations though artistic are instructive and frequently reproduce
rare historical pictures.
Per Copy 50 Cents
THE MONIST
$2.00 Per Year
A Quarterly Magazine
Devoted to the Philosophy of Science. Each copy contains 160 pages;
original articles, correspondence from foreign countries, discussions,
and book reviews
The Monist Advocates the Philosophy of Science
Which is an application of the scientific method to philosophy. The old
philosophical systems were mere air-castles (constructions of abstract
theories), built in the realm of pure thought. The Philosophy of Science
is a systematization of positive facts; it takes experience as its
foundation, and uses the systematized formal relations of experience
(mathematics, logic, etc.) as its method. It is opposed on the one hand
to the dogmatism of groundless a priori assumptions, and on the other
hand, to the scepticism of negation which finds expression in the
agnostic tendencies of to-day.
Monism Means a Unitary World-Conception
There may be different aspects and even contrasts, diverse views and
opposite standpoints, but there can never be contradiction in truth.
Monism is not a one-substance theory, be it materialistic or
spiritualistic or agnostic; it means simply and solely CONSISTENCY. All
truths form one consistent system, and any dualism of irreconcilable
statements indicates that there is a problem to be solved; there must be
fault somewhere either in our reasoning or in our knowledge of facts.
Science always implies Monism, i. e., a unitary world-conception.
Illustrated Catalogue and Sample Copies Free.
The Open Court Publishing Co.
1322-1328 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
Transcriber's Notes
In paragraph 4 of page 171 "peculiarites" has been corrected to "peculiarities"
Variable spacing in the following abbreviation was left as it was in the original: "i. e." (22 instances) and "i.e." (14 instances).
Different hyphenation patterns were left as in the original text:
prepotent (1 instance) pre-potent (1 instance)
presupposes (1) pre-supposes (1)
reacting(5) re-acting (1)
restatement (1) re-statement (2)
superinduced (2) super-induced (1)