There is no essential difference in the nature of the disease determined

by the particular agent or condition which causes it. “Water founder,”

and that produced by over-feeding, concussion, or extreme fatigue are,

in so far as the character of the disease is concerned, one and the same

thing.

[Illustration: FOUNDER

In bad cases of founder the foot shrinks from the wasting of the

sensitive substances. A typical foundered foot is pictured here.]

=Founder May Occur= in the fore or hind feet or in both; but generally

the fore feet are those affected. A stiffness and disinclination to move

are perhaps the first symptoms noticed. The position in which the animal

stands is characteristic. The fore feet will be placed well forward, so

that the weight will be borne by the heels, while the hind feet are

brought well up under the body in order to take as much weight off the

front feet as possible. This position gives a rather unsteady appearance

to animal, and the hind feet are frequently shifted in order to maintain

as steady a position as possible. From this fact founder is frequently

mistaken by inexperienced persons for a disease of the kidneys. The body

temperature is usually considered increased; that is, there is fever--as

it is generally expressed--due to inflammation in the feet. As is usual

in the first stages of inflammation, the pulse beat is increased in

frequency and force. An increase of heat in the feet, with a

manifestation of pain when the hoofs are tapped with a hammer, are, when

taken with all the foregoing facts, sufficient evidence of founder.

When founder occurs in one foot, however, as it sometimes does, the

diagnosis may be more difficult for the inexperienced. When it occurs

only in the hind feet the position which the animal takes will not be

different from that taken with founder in only both fore feet but from

different causes. The hind feet are brought well forward under the body,

but for the purpose of throwing such little weight as is borne on them

on the heels.

=The Feet Should Be Kept Moist.=--Remove the shoes and apply moisture to

the feet. The latter may be done by standing the animal in water five or

six inches deep each day, several hours at a time, or by the application

of a poultice of wheat bran or some such material, or by wrapping the

feet with cloths and keeping them thoroughly saturated with water. The

animal should always be encouraged to lie down and take the weight off

his feet, which is beneficial. When this occurs, a poultice of some sort

must be used to apply moisture to the feet. It may be applied by the use

of a sack large enough to envelop the foot and hold sufficient of the

poultice to retain the moisture for some time. This application of

moisture to the feet should be continued until the severity of the

inflammation and the lameness have subsided.

Unless the founder be due to excessive purgation, a quart of raw linseed

oil should be given as a purgative. During the first 48 hours from 30 to

40 drops of tincture of aconite may be given every three or four hours.

Four tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potash (saltpeter) should also be

given three times a day in the feed or on the tongue. If the lameness

continues after the acute symptoms have subsided, a rest of several

weeks on a soft pasture and the application of a blister around the top

of the hoof are recommended. The following mixture has been useful as a

blister: Red iodide of mercury, 1 part; lard, 4 parts; cerate of

cantharides, 4 parts. Apply around the top of the hoof, except at the

heels, and rub for 10 to 15 minutes. The animal should be tied so that

it cannot get its mouth to the blistered part for several hours after

the medicine has been applied.

=CHRONIC FOUNDER.=--In a majority of cases the above treatment will be

followed by a good recovery, but an animal once foundered is probably

more likely to suffer from a subsequent attack. If the lameness does not

entirely disappear in a week or ten days, it is seldom that a complete

recovery takes place. In such cases the animal is likely to remain unfit

for road work and to continue to show more or less soreness. These are

the cases that are later said to have “chest founder,” or “stove up in

the shoulder,” owing to the fact that the muscles of the chest waste

away from lack of free use.

In some cases still more serious results follow an acute attack of

founder. The inflammation may be so severe that there is separation

between the hoof and structures, the formation of pus, and a descent of

the central organs of the foot, which causes a bulging of the sole. In

such cases, even though recovery takes place to such an extent that it

is advisable to allow the animal to live, it is not fit for work, and

can only be used for breeding purposes.

=FOWL CHOLERA.=--See Chicken Cholera.

=GAPES.=--A symptom caused by worms in the windpipe; oftenest seen in

young chicks and turkeys. Birds droop, cough, and lower their wings. A

feather moistened, but not dripping, with kerosene or oil of turpentine

is the commonest remedy. Cleanliness of food, water and quarters is the

great preventive. Poultry men who keep their chicks on ground not used

for chick raising the previous year, and who insist on strictest

cleanliness, report highly satisfactory results in avoiding gapes.

=GARGET.=--A swelling, accompanied by inflammation of the udder. It may

be caused by kicks or blows, by germs getting into the udder, or as a

result of holding the milk too long. Do not use the milk when the udder

is affected. For garget rub with hot camphorated oil twice a day. Give

as medicine 8 tablespoonfuls of hyposulphite of soda each day, either in

the feed or in a drench. Keep up the treatment for two weeks.

=GASTRITIS.=--A rather uncommon disease in domestic animals and the

result of a disturbance in the stomach, with inflammation following,

caused by irritating substances, usually of a poisonous nature. A common

symptom is nausea and pain like colic. Indeed, the ordinary outward

signs of colic are observed. At first the pulse is strong, which

weakens, and runs rapidly, from 80 to 100 beats a minute. As the disease

progresses the pulse becomes irregular and the animal dull and listless.

Treatment consists of simple agents. If the disturbance is due to some

potassium compound, give oil; if to ammonia, give vinegar; if from

turpentine, give oil and opium, the opium in teaspoonful doses every

couple hours. After recovery, let only easily digested food be provided.

=GID IN SHEEP.=--A disease of the brain due to a worm in the brain

substance. This worm, known as the bladder worm, is a form of the

tape-worm of the dog at an early stage of its existence. The eggs of

this worm, on being swallowed, are hatched in the stomach, from which

they enter into the circulation, finally lodging in the brain and spinal

cord. Those that lodge elsewhere, as in the heart and lungs, grow for a

time and then disappear. The most conspicuous symptom is the staggering,

stupefied condition of the affected animal.

In walking, if a single side is affected, a circle is described. The

feet are raised as if the animal did not see well. In many cases

blindness results. The growth of the worm is somewhat rapid. In about

three weeks after the appearance of the disease a softened condition of

the skull results, which may be found by pressing the fingers over it.

From this it will be observed that there is practically no treatment for

animals affected. Occasionally the skin is accidentally broken over the

point where the worm is encysted, out of which it emerges and the sheep

recovers.

Treatment, therefore, is along the line of this natural recovery. Find

the soft spot by pressing the fingers over the skull, then introduce the

trocar and canula. Withdraw the trocar, apply a syringe to the canula,

and withdraw the contents of the cyst within. Of course, inflammation of

the brain may set in and the sheep die from this, or another worm may be

present and grow, thus causing continued disease. Inasmuch as the

bladder worm of sheep is a stage of the tape-worm of the dog, it follows

that destroying all affected sheep, so as to prevent the dogs from

becoming reinfested from it, is the only really safe and satisfactory

method of warding off the trouble.

=GLANDERS.=--A contagious disease peculiar to the horse, ass, and mule,

and may be communicated to human beings, and also sometimes to

carnivorous animals in menageries, by means of infected horse flesh,

and also by means of inoculation to field mice, guinea pigs, dogs, cats,

goats, rabbits, and sheep. Pigs are not readily susceptible and cattle

appear to be immune. Like all diseases of a contagious or infectious

character, glanders is due to a specific organism, known as the bacillus

malleus.

The external manifestations of glanders differ and consequently the

disease is spoken of as glanders or farcy, depending upon the symptoms

presented. The disease is known as glanders when the horse suffering

from it has a discharge from the nose, ulcers on the septum nasi (the

partition dividing the nasal cavities) and enlarged submaxillary glands,

and is known as farcy when the affected animal has farcy “buds” or

ulcers on the skin, and corded lymphatic vessels running from one “bud”

to another. In farcy, the corded lymphatics, “buds” and ulcers on the

skin are very apt to be on the inside of one hind leg or the other, but

may appear on the inside of a fore leg, or on the neck or body.

Farcy was, in olden times, thought to be a different disease from

glanders, and was believed by many to be curable, while glanders has

always been generally believed to be incurable, but it is now known that

farcy is simply one manifestation of glanders. It has been found that a

horse with glanders may give another farcy, and vice versa. Guinea pigs

inoculated with the discharge from a glandered horse’s nose will develop

glanders, and pure cultures of the glanders bacillus can be obtained

from them, and in a similar way if guinea pigs are inoculated with the

discharge from a sore on a horse with farcy glanders may be produced in

these little experimental animals, and upon post mortem examination pure

cultures of the glanders bacillus can be obtained from the lesions of

the disease produced in them. Glanders and farcy may again be divided

into two forms, acute and chronic glanders, and acute and chronic farcy.

In the acute form the disease develops rapidly, the lesions form more

speedily and with greater rapidity than in the chronic form and the

animal loses strength and condition and dies within the course of a few

weeks, sometimes in the course of a week or two. It is not unusual to

meet with an animal showing symptoms of both glanders and farcy,

especially in the acute form.

In the chronic form the symptoms are not so well marked, and a horse may

go for months keeping in fairly good condition and able to do its work,

the disease developing very slowly, and at times showing a tendency to

recover; yet such an animal is a source of danger to other horses, and

also to the man taking care of him or driving him. A horse with chronic

glanders, or farcy, may give the disease to another in an acute form,

especially if the other one is more susceptible for some reason, such as

a less strong constitution or being run down by hard work.

Post mortem examination of horses with glanders, or farcy, nearly always

reveals the presence of glanders nodules or tubercles in the lungs, and,

in many instances, there is no doubt but what a horse may have the

tubercles of glanders in his lungs for some time before showing outward

symptoms of the disease, and in many cases the primary lesions of the

infection occur in the lungs. A horse with lung glanders may be a source

of danger to other horses and cause disease in them and yet go

unsuspected for some time. A case is said to have occurred in Boston a

number of years ago where a hack horse lost eight successive mates with

glanders; he was finally killed and his lungs were found to be full of

glanders nodules, and yet he never showed any external symptoms of

glanders. Such cases could be cited in large numbers if space permitted,

but one example will answer.

[Illustration: BAD CASE OF GLANDERS

The farcy form is shown here. The animal has not long to live. Except

for experimental purposes, every horse having glanders should be killed

as soon as the disease is discovered.]

A horse with lung glanders may have a little dry, spasmodic cough, may

look somewhat unthrifty, and if the temperature were taken it might be

slightly above normal, say, 101 degrees to 101½, the normal temperature

being 100 degrees. Yet such an animal might do its work, last for a long

time and not be suspected as a source of danger until several cases had

occurred in the stable, for which it was difficult to account.

While a well-marked case of glanders or of farcy is not difficult of

diagnosis, there are many obscure cases which escape detection for some

time. If a horse has a well-marked discharge from one or both nostrils,

with characteristic chancres visible upon the mucous membrane of the

septum nasi, and hard enlarged submaxillary glands in the intermaxillary

space, it is not a difficult matter to diagnose such a case, and any

horseman ought to recognize it. The same is true of a well-marked case

of farcy. When the lymphatic vessels on the inside of a leg, especially

a hind leg, are swelled and corded, with a chain of farcy buds along

their course, some of which have gathered and broken, leaving a

discharging open ulcer in the skin, it is quite evident that the animal

is suffering from farcy.

A peculiarity of glanders seems to be a tendency for the symptoms to

appear on the left side; in many cases of glanders the discharge and

ulceration is in the left nostril, and the left submaxillary gland is

enlarged; and in a large number of the cases of farcy met with it is the

left hind leg that shows the lesions of the disease. In obscure cases of

glanders or farcy the diagnosis is not always so easy, even for experts,

and then other methods for determining the trouble have to be resorted

to. These are the guinea pig test and the mallein test. The guinea pig

test consists of inoculating one or two of these little animals with the

discharge from a suspected horse’s nose, or from a farcy sore. If they

should develop glanders it would be proof positive that the suspected

horse had this disease; if they do not develop glanders it is not always

positive proof that the suspected horse is free from the disease.

Sometimes more than one test is necessary, or another method of

diagnosis may have to be resorted to. This is the mallein test.

Mallein is a product made from cultures of the glanders bacillus

analogous to tuberculin as made from cultures of the tubercle bacillus,

and is used for testing horses for glanders much as tuberculin is used

for testing cattle for tuberculosis. A horse infected with glanders will

react to a mallein test in much the same way as a cow infected with

tuberculosis will react to the tuberculin test. It is not customary in

some states to kill a horse that reacts to mallein unless it shows some

clinical evidence of disease. All horses that show clinical evidence of

glanders or farcy in some states are killed by the state authority, and

the law requires persons knowing or suspecting cases of this kind to

report in writing to the chief of the cattle bureau of the state board

of agriculture or to the inspector of animals in the city or town where

the disease is believed to exist, except in some cities where the city

board of health has full charge of glanders and farcy. Anyone selling,

removing, transporting, or concealing a horse knowing or having

reasonable cause to believe it has glanders or farcy is in most states

liable to a heavy penalty.

In stables where glanders exists, in some cases, all the horses are

tested and divided; the reactors are separated from the non-reactors,

and those that react are tested once a month until they cease to react,

or show physical indications of glanders and are killed. Used in this

way mallein seems to have a curative effect on incipient cases, and has

been very successfully used in freeing infected stables from the

disease. When a horse is killed because it has glanders or farcy the

stall should be thoroughly disinfected where it has been kept, as well

as the harness, blankets, currycomb and other utensils, and anything

that cannot be easily disinfected ought to be destroyed. Public watering

troughs where the horse has been watered should be emptied and cleaned

out, and the blacksmith ought to disinfect his shop where the horse was

shod.

There are various diseases that may be taken for glanders or farcy, and

there have also been numerous instances where glanders has been taken

for something else; for instance, chronic nasal catarrh. What many

old-time veterinarians used to call chronic nasal catarrh or nasal

gleet, were, in many instances, if not in nearly all, cases of chronic

glanders, and when one of these cases of nasal gleet was rounded up in a

locality, glanders disappeared in that neighborhood.

A horse with a chronic discharge from the nose as the result of a

decayed tooth may sometimes be mistaken for a case of glanders, and also

a horse with distemper or strangles; but the latter generally recovers

soon, and in strangles the gland under the jaw softens and breaks and

discharges while in glanders the gland remains firm and hard and

generally not sensitive to manipulation.

There is a disease that has been troublesome in Pennsylvania and parts

of Ohio the last two years called suppurative lymphangitis or epizootic

lymphangitis, which may be mistaken for farcy, but animals suffering

from it do not react to mallein, and guinea pigs inoculated with the

discharges do not develop glanders. There is not much glanders in the

Eastern states, except in the cities, and the disease is not of a great

deal of interest to farmers, except to avoid purchasing animals with it

at some of the unreliable sales stables. Where a case occurs on a farm,

except on some market gardener’s farm near a city, it is found, as a

rule, that the horse was purchased at some unscrupulous dealer’s stable

in the city, and, in some instances, other horses on the farm are

infected, and the farmer not only loses his new acquisition, but has two

or three other horses killed besides that have become infected.

Farmers buying new horses at city sales stables ought to endeavor to

deal with only reputable concerns, and to avoid cheats. It is well to

remember that a person cannot get something for nothing, and it is not

likely that anyone can buy a horse for $50 to $75 because it is afraid

of elevated railroad trains that would otherwise be worth $300 to $500,

or because a widow lady wants a good home for her late husband’s old

pet. Anyone buying horses from a fake coal company, or a humbug ice

company, or an unknown express company that is just going out of

business, is liable to invite a serious disease to his farm.

=GRAVEL OR DIRT IN FOOT.=--A collection of pus, or other fluid

containing gravel or dirt. It occurs most frequently in the foot, and is

associated with the horse and mule almost exclusively. The cause may be

from a bruise, but more frequently it is due to a punctured wound of the

foot by nail, wire, or other pointed object. Nearly always there will be

dirt carried into the wound with the offending object or shortly after

its removal. This dirt, infected with germs, sets up an inflammation of

the sensitive structures causing more or less lameness. In many

instances the nail hole becomes closed up and the collected matter may

have to seek an outlet above the hoof. To determine the trouble a very

careful examination of the hoof should be made, looking for any opening

leading into the foot, often detected by discoloration of the part, or

at an over-sensitive point in the foot.

Treatment should consist in making or enlarging the opening at a

dependent part of the hoof, if possible, so that all secretion formed in

the wound can find a ready escape to the outside. Without free opening

there is danger of tetanus (lockjaw) developing. The wound should be

thoroughly cleansed, and washed with some mild disinfectant, after which

a small quantity of oil of turpentine should be injected, and the wound

packed with calomel or iodoform and covered with a pledget of cotton. If

the wound is very deep or extensive it may be beneficial, after

thoroughly cleansing the foot, to apply a hot bran or flaxseed poultice.

Use poultice for several days and change daily.

=GREASE HEEL.=--A form of eczema that attacks the skin of the heel and

fetlock. Sometimes the disease becomes so severe as to crack open, from

which blood oozes out. A crust forms and later on becomes painful and

disagreeable. To remove the scurvy part that is noticed first, apply a

poultice, made of wheat bran or linseed meal. Change the poultices two

or three times during the day. After removal each time wash with warm

water, in which has been put some carbolic acid or creolin, and then

apply the poultice again. After the poulticing is ended apply a salve

made of 4 tablespoonfuls of oxide of zinc and 8 tablespoonfuls of

vaseline. If indigestion seems to be associated in any way, give the

horse a dose of physic, aloes being best for the purpose.

=GRUB IN THE HEAD.=--This condition is the presence of the larva (worm

stage) of the sheep bot fly, located in the frontal sinuses (cavities)

of the head. The trouble is confined to sheep and occasionally goats.

The so-called “grub” of the horse is found in its stomach, while the

“grub” of cattle is found along its back just underneath the skin. The

adult fly, which lays the living “sheep grub,” is of a yellowish-gray

color, slightly larger than a house fly. During the warmer part of the

summer days the fly goes about depositing its young in the nose of the

sheep. The young then work their way upward into cavities of the head

between the eyes, but not into the brain cavity. Here they attach

themselves to the lining, remaining when unmolested for some ten months,

then lose their hold and are sneezed out to the ground. Burrowing into

the ground they enter the pupa or dormant stage, when, after a month or

six weeks, they emerge as adult flies to replenish their kind.

When few grubs are in the head little trouble may be observed, but if

more numerous may cause free discharge of dirty white or yellowish,

thick fluid, loss of appetite, frequent coughing and sneezing, tossing

of head and weakened gait, and the animal may become too weak to rise,

and finally dies. With a special instrument (trephine) bore a hole into

the cavity containing grubs and remove them with forceps. When they are

present every year the sheep should be protected by keeping the nose

smeared with tar during summer months. This can be done by causing sheep

to lick salt from holes in a trough after placing tar about the holes.

=HAIR BALLS.=--True hair balls are seldom found in other animals than

cattle, resulting either from licking themselves or others; but

different kinds of indigestible balls or concretions are frequently

found in cattle and other animals, particularly the horse, in the

stomach or intestines. Dust balls are occasionally formed when animals

are fed upon mill cleanings. In sections where crimson clover is fed,

and frequently in over-ripe condition in large quantities, balls are

formed of parts of the indigestible heads. Again, calcareous or mineral

matter may accumulate about an indigestible substance as a nucleus.

These are not well-defined, in many instances, and the balls are often

present without making it known. So long as they do not irritate the

bowel too much, or do not occlude the opening from one portion of the

bowel to another, they are likely to escape notice. In case they do

obstruct the bowel they become serious obstacles, the greater number of

these cases terminating in death. The symptoms then become those of

colic from obstruction. In many cases no relief can be given, but

attempts should be made to cause the obstruction to pass by giving mild

purgatives and copious enemas.

=HEAVES.=--The term “heaves” is used to describe that disease of the

horse which otherwise is known as “broken wind,” or technically as

“emphysema of the lungs.” This ailment, which is incurable when

thoroughly established and to which a tendency is inherited by the

offspring of an affected sire or dam, is characterized by the following

symptoms: Double, bellows-like action of the abdominal muscles in

breathing; short, suppressed cough, usually accompanied by passage of

gas from the rectum; gluttonous appetite; harsh, staring coat of hair;

pot belly; weakness; lack of endurance, sweating, panting, or staggering

during work; dilated nostrils; frequent passage of gas and soft,

foul-smelling feces when starting from stable.

The disease begins with indigestion, affecting in time the

pneumo-gastric nerve of the stomach and then the branch nerves running

to the lungs. At first the air tubules and vesicles of the lungs become

dilated (aneurism); later they may break down into large air spaces and

the surrounding lung tissues become involved (interlobular emphysema).

Air then is easily inhaled, but is exhaled with difficulty and the

effort causes cough and expulsion of gas (flatus).

The distress may be relieved by treatment, but perfect recovery is

impossible when the lungs have become badly affected. Treat by

substituting wet oat straw for hay in winter and grass for hay in

summer. Allow double the usual rest period after a meal. Work when

stomach is not distended with food. Do not feed hay at noon. Use lime

water to wet all food. Once or twice a week give raw linseed oil in a

bran mash to open bowels. Give half an ounce of Fowler’s solution of

arsenic night and morning. Do not breed from affected horses.

=HEAT EXHAUSTION AND SUNSTROKE.=--The horse that is stricken with heat

exhaustion or which falls from heat, apoplexy or “sunstroke,” is sick or

out of sorts at the time of attack; otherwise he would withstand heat

and work. The middle horse of a three-horse team suffers most and is apt

to succumb to the ill-effects of the combined radiation of heat from his

mates and direct rays of the sun. Attacks are most apt to happen on the

third or fourth day of a spell of intensely hot weather characterized by

mugginess, electrical storms and moisture-saturated air. At such times

the horse that has indigestion, a heavy, unhealthy coat of hair, a skin

or kidney trouble or any affection of the brain or heart is the one that

must be most carefully watched and worked.

With the hope of preventing attacks feed light rations, no corn, no

mashes, no ground feed other than bran; avoid green grass, unless the

horses are on it all of the time; do not feed hay at noon; allow cool,

pure drinking water often when horses are at work; keep stables clean,

darkened, screened, and ventilated; shade the polls of the horses’ heads

during work time and in such a way that air passes freely under the

shading device.

In sunstroke the horse falls and soon succumbs. In heat exhaustion he

lags, stops sweating, pants, staggers, skin is dry, nostrils dilated,

membranes of eyes and nostrils red. High fever is present. Treat by

keeping cold, wet packs to the poll of head or letting a stream of cold

water run over it. Shower body with cold water from a sprinkling can.

Stand horse in shady place under a tree where air passes. Give

stimulants freely in water as a drench every hour at first, then less

often as symptoms abate. A suitable stimulant is whiskey in half pint

doses, or a mixture of one part of aromatic spirits of ammonia and two

parts each of alcohol and sweet spirits of niter. Dose is two ounces in

half pint water. Do not bleed horse or give aconite. Give half ounce

doses of saltpeter in water twice daily as horse recovers. Call the

veterinarian in sunstroke cases.

=HERNIA.=--A protrusion of any portion of the bowels or their coverings

through a break in the walls of the abdomen. A rupture, for that is the

popular term, is most common in horses. Often at birth they are seen

near the navel. These disappear in a few months without any treatment

being required. In mature horses the usual causes are blows, kicks or

some violent effort that tears the muscular structure.

[Illustration: VENTRAL HERNIA

It may occur in any part of the abdomen and varies in size with the

extent of the rupture.]

The characteristic symptom is the bulging out of the gut, tumorlike; and

this often can be slipped back where it belongs. If the rent be not

closed, even if the gut is returned, the least bit of strain is liable

to force it out again. Some kinds of hernia cause immense pain and the

animal shows it.

In treating, work the gut back to its place. This done, place a pad--a

flat piece of wood or leather will do--over the wound and fasten in such

a way as to keep it in place. This should be worn for a month until

recovery is complete. Such treatment will not serve in all cases of

hernia. An operation may be necessary, which should be made only by a

skillful veterinarian.

=HIDE-BOUND.=--This is not a disease at all, but an indication of poor

health, more particularly of poor nutrition; usually the result of

indigestion, improper food, worms or want of proper exercise. The skin

is hard, rough, papery, and cannot be picked up from the body with ease.

When the attempt is made, it suggests that the body is too large for the

skin. Of course treatment is in the nature of better food, that proper

nourishment may be secured. A good physic will be proper to start with

and then follow with a tonic, easily assimilable food of a nature that

will properly nourish the body.

=HIGH BLOWING.=--A sound produced in the act of breathing while the air

is being expelled from the lungs during forced respiration. It is a

fluttering sort of a sound. When horses are trotting or pacing the sound

is essentially a nasal one, and is not to be regarded as a state of

unsoundness. It is rather a measure of excitability, and associated with

horses of much spirit and good breeding.

=HIP JOINT LAMENESS.=--A disease of the hip, caused usually by some

injury as from a fall or kick. A slight swelling is observed just over

the hip, and lameness when the animal walks or trots. In severe cases,

the horse will hop and catch the lame leg. The best treatment is

absolute rest. Frequent applications of hot water are good. After each

application bathe with a solution made of 4 ounces of water, 2 ounces of

tincture of opium, 2 ounces of tincture of arnica and an ounce of

belladonna. If the lameness continues, use a blister made of 2

teaspoonfuls of cantharides and 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. Allow the

blister to remain for an entire day, then wash off with soap and water

and apply lard or vaseline. Repeat in a couple of weeks if necessary. If

the lameness disappears, give the horse rest for several weeks.

=HIPPED.=--A fracture at the point of the hip. The most common cause is

striking the point of the hip against a door post or pole. Sometimes a

kick is responsible. While recovery follows, as a rule, from the very

nature of the fracture, there is no treatment that will remedy the

broken point. After the soreness has passed no inconvenience results;

only a blemish is observed.

=HOG CHOLERA.=--The term hog cholera has become quite ambiguous, partly

on account of new discoveries concerning the cause of the disease and

partly on account of what have been supposed to be two different but

curiously related diseases being generally included under this general

term. Until within a year or two we have supposed that there were two

infectious diseases of hogs recognized under the general terms of hog

cholera and swine plague. It now seems probable that we will be able to

do away with the term swine plague entirely.

The disease considered here answers to the following requirements: (a)

Infectious by association or other natural exposure; (b) the animal

before death and the carcass after death show certain accepted symptoms

which are clearly recognized as pertaining to cholera; (c) the blood is

virulent and capable of reproducing the disease on inoculation into

susceptible hogs; (d) attack and recovery confer immunity. It is to be

understood that we might easily have diseases among swine where

characteristic “a” or even “b” might be present and yet the disease be

not true hog cholera.

[Illustration: AN ATTACK OF CHOLERA

One of the familiar attitudes assumed when the hog is affected with

cholera. When this far along, not many cases of recovery are observed.]

Until within recent years American authorities, bacteriologists and

veterinarians alike, have very generally accepted a certain germ, the

bacillus of Salmon and Smith, as the specific cause of hog cholera and

another somewhat similar germ as the cause of what was supposed to be a

distinct but curiously related disease--swine plague. But within a few

years workers in the Federal bureau of animal industry have apparently

demonstrated that hog cholera is caused by a living germ so small that

it passes easily through germ filters which remove all known forms of

the bacillus of Salmon and Smith.

It may be interesting to note further that this new germ is so small as

to be invisible to the highest available powers of the best microscope.

That it is a living organism and not a chemical poison may be very

easily demonstrated. The curious relations to this disease of the old

bacilli of hog cholera and of swine plague are not well understood, but

it seems quite possible that they may play some part in the later

development of the disease after the disease processes have been started

by the invisible germ. While our old theories and supposed information

concerning the cause of hog cholera have been very much disturbed by

newer work, it is important to remember that hog cholera is now just as

much as before to be recognized as a distinctly infectious disease. It

is important to remember also that this infection is absolutely

necessary, or there can be no cholera no matter how susceptible animals

may be. There can be no cholera without this primary and specific cause

any more than there can be plants in our wheat fields without the

previous presence of mustard seed. Conditions of soil and climate may

favor a rank growth of mustard. Conditions of feed and keep may favor

the development and spread of hog cholera. They may decrease resistance

and increase susceptibility, but cannot originally cause the disease. It

is a rather common experience that hogs kept closely housed and fed,

especially with such foods as corn, offer less resistance than do other

hogs. In our vaccine work we frequently find hogs of this type which die

readily under inoculation with blood of low grade virulence. Hogs of

hardier type may become slightly sick or not sick at all with

inoculation from the same infectious material. Pampered show herds

appear especially susceptible to both natural infection and artificial

inoculation.

The farmer, and for that matter the public in general, should bear in

mind that the cause of hog cholera is a living organism capable of

enormously rapid self-multiplication--actual, though very minute

particles of matter. This, fully understood, makes it apparent that

infection may be carried in any way that other fine particles of matter

may be carried. It thus becomes very apparent that the infection may be

carried by sick hogs or upon the legs and bodies of hogs not sick; it

may be carried in wagon boxes, in hog racks, in stock cars, or upon

shoes and clothing of people. It is very evident that the infection may

be carried down stream, especially in small creeks, and give rise to

other outbreaks.

So far as the sick hog is concerned, we are quite sure that the blood

and the manure are thoroughly infectious and there can be no question

concerning the infectiousness of fresh carcasses of dead hogs. Perhaps

we should say first of all that we rarely get all of the accepted

symptoms of hog cholera plainly shown in one case. It is important to

bear in mind that cases vary in virulence from those of very chronic

type where hogs live for weeks and finally die or recover, to very acute

cases where they die overnight.

The hog coming down with cholera is usually sluggish at first, lying

around in the shade and refusing feed. The hair may become rough. The

eyes early show symptoms of inflammation, with a sticky discharge. There

is usually a suppressed cough. The gait may become irregular and

uncertain, especially with the hind legs. After these preliminary

symptoms have been shown for a time, the skin becomes red, changing to

purple, especially noticeable in white-haired hogs. The hog is then

usually within a very few days of death.

As already explained, not all cases are typical. Sometimes hogs die in

an outbreak of cholera from undoubted hog cholera, and yet the ante

mortem or post mortem symptoms show very little upon which to base a

diagnosis. But we may easily demonstrate that these were cases of

cholera by injecting their blood into susceptible hogs and by thus

producing typical cholera.

[Illustration: THE RESULT OF HOG CHOLERA

A post mortem of a hog dying from cholera will show ulcers like those

pictured here. Look for them in the large intestine.]

At the autopsy of an ordinary case of cholera the first and perhaps the

most striking thing seen is the purpling of the skin. On opening the

carcass small blood spots may be found under the skin and in the fat cut

through. The glands along the intestines are intensely inflamed. The

mucous membrane of the stomach is frequently thickened and roughened and

in chronic cases there may be ulcers. On opening the intestines we see

areas here and there of intense inflammation in the acute cases or

numerous ulcers in cases of more chronic type. In very acute cases we

find areas intensely inflamed, even bloody in places. The slow chronic

cases develop characteristic hog cholera ulcers. These may appear at

almost any point on the lining membrane, but more particularly in the

blind pouch and around the point where the small intestine connects with

the large intestine. On stripping off a very thin transparent membrane

covering the kidneys, a typical case of hog cholera will usually show

minute red spots on the surface somewhat resembling the covering of a

turkey egg, which gives the common name of turkey egg kidney of hog

cholera.

=Preventing the Disease.=--Clearly there are certain things which the

owner of healthy hogs in a hog cholera district should do and a good

many things which he should not do. The same is equally true for the man

who has sick hogs in a neighborhood where there are uninfected herds.

The owner of healthy hogs and his family should keep away from public

stock yards, from all pens and yards on other farms whether sickness

among hogs prevails or not. It may easily occur that a neighbor’s hogs

may appear well but have recently received the infection and be already

capable of scattering the disease. We do not know at what period in the

development of this disease infected hogs become capable of

disseminating hog cholera.

During a hog cholera season the owner of healthy hogs should institute

something in the way of private quarantine and pleasantly, perhaps, but

firmly, ask visitors, especially stock buyers and threshing machine

crews, to keep at a reasonable distance from the pens and yards. It is

safer for one man to have exclusive care of healthy hogs during the hog

cholera season, and this man should be very careful where he goes with

reference to possible infection. Special fencing or other provisions

should be made wherever practical to keep dogs out of the pens and

yards, for, under certain conditions, dogs become very active agents in

spreading the disease.

The owner of a healthy herd should be very careful about buying in hogs

for feeding or breeding purposes, and, in the Western states especially,

all public stock yards and stock cars must be regarded as possible

sources of spread. Hogs coming into the herd for breeding purposes, if

by rail, should be shipped in other than stock cars, and should not be

unloaded so as to go through stock yards. All new hogs coming on to a

farm where the disease has not appeared, should be kept carefully apart

from the herd for from two to three weeks after arrival. The disease may

thus have time to develop, if the animals have been infected before

shipment or en route. It is decidedly worth while to be careful about

clean feeding, for it seems probable that this is a common method by

which infection enters the body. This being the case, troughs and

feeding floors should be frequently disinfected with steam, boiling

water, or a very dilute corrosive sublimate solution (1:1,000 dissolved

in water), with the troughs subsequently rinsed out with plain water. Or

the troughs and feeding floors may be disinfected with any of the coal

tar disinfectants if they are used in sufficient strength. These are not

poisonous in any probable quantity which hogs would get.

=A Disastrous Experience.=--The farmer should be especially careful

about buying hogs out of stock yards. Some years ago a certain Minnesota

farmer purchased a lot of feeders from Sioux City and took them home to

his farm. In about two weeks his hogs commenced dying. A little later

hogs previously on the farm began dying. In a little while he was losing

hogs at the rate of 25 a day, losing a total of about 200. This loss of

200 hogs was scarcely a drop in the bucket--too small for consideration

in comparison with the loss which this outbreak cost the state, for,

with some others coming into the state from Iowa and Nebraska, this

outbreak cost the state, as carefully estimated, about $1,250,000 during

that one year. As soon as the Minnesota farmer here referred to realized

that he had cholera and was liable to lose a large portion of his herd,

he shipped out a lot of fat hogs ready for market. These were yarded for

a time in the public stock yards of his town, and one of them died while

waiting for shipment. This hog was left for a day or so in the yard.

Later a carload of feeding hogs was shipped in from a point in South

Dakota, where they had never had hog cholera. These South Dakota hogs

were unloaded into the yards where the fat hog had died some time

before, and were sold out from there by auction.

It was a very interesting study to follow the resulting outbreaks; but a

very serious matter for the owner and for that entire portion of the

state. Practically every farmer who bought hogs at this sale, and very

many of those who walked around the yards looking at the hogs, but

without buying, had hog cholera on their farms in a very uniform period

after the sale. Surely the moral of this tale is so self-evident as to

need no further suggestion.

=Cleaning Up.=--Troughs and feeding floors, at least, and, if

practicable, the hog house also, should be kept clean and frequently

disinfected during an outbreak. When the outbreak appears to be over,

the owner must decide as to just what he will do in the way of

disinfection and cleaning up, or whether he will stay out of the hog

business for a year and allow the infection to die out. This is, of

course, without regard for the possibility of putting in vaccinated and

immune hogs. Feeding troughs and feeding floors and the hog house in

general, may be disinfected if of reasonably good construction, by a

thorough cleaning and then by one of the methods suggested under

prevention. If the sick hogs have been kept in an old straw shed or in

an old hog house that is about ready to fall down anyway, by all means

the best method of disinfection is by burning. Without disinfection or

burning the owner cannot be safe in putting in susceptible hogs within

much less than a year after the last hog died or recovered. The slow old

chronic cases that go dragging around at the end of an outbreak should

usually be killed and safely buried, for it is rarely profitable to put

such hogs in shape for market. It might possibly be worth while to hold

such a one over and nurse them along, in case of valuable brood sows,

for hogs having recovered from cholera are usually immune for life.

Brood sows which have had the disease and recovered usually give

something more than natural immunity to their offspring. But the degree

of immunity so conferred is so variable in degree and uncertain

otherwise that it cannot be depended upon as a routine method of

establishing immune herds. Yards may be practically disinfected by

plowing or by burning off a good layer of straw.

=Hog Cholera Vaccination.=--Generally stated, this vaccine consists of

two parts: (a) Blood serum from the body of a specially immunized hog;

and (b) virulent blood serum from the body of a hog about to die from

cholera. The general theory upon which this double vaccine is used is

that of giving the animal an infectious disease and at the same time a

treatment which enables the animal to resist the infection. When the hog

is through with it he is in exactly the same condition as though he had

gone through a natural exposure and recovered.

=General Method.=--We start this work with certain hogs that are immune

usually because they have passed through an outbreak. It has been shown

that when such immune hogs are treated with large injections of virulent

blood under the skin or into a vein, that they do not usually become

sick, but their own blood develops a peculiar property that gives

protection to other hogs that are naturally susceptible.

When the blood or rather blood serum from this specially treated immune

hog is injected into the bodies of healthy susceptible hogs, the latter

becomes likewise immune, but the immunity so gained lasts only a short

time, possibly four to six weeks, and is then gradually lost. If we give

a small injection of virulent blood at the same time, or soon after the

immunizing serum is given, then the treated hog becomes immune for a

long period, perhaps for life.

=The Serum Hog.=--The specially immunized hog which produces this

immunizing serum is known as a hyperimmune, and to save words will be

hereafter mentioned as such. The simply immune hog may be prepared for

producing serum in either one of three ways. (1) By three rapidly

increasing doses of virulent blood serum injected under the skin at

intervals of seven to ten days; (2) by one enormously large injection of

virulent serum under the skin; (3) by injecting virulent blood in

smaller doses directly into the blood circulation.

In this work an ordinary immune hog weighing 100 pounds is given a quart

of very virulent blood, a teaspoon of which similarly injected would

kill a hog that was not immune. In other words the immune, and

especially the hyperimmune hog, have developed certain properties in

their blood antagonistic to hog cholera virus.

=Vaccination.=--We have two possible methods of vaccinating or

immunizing susceptible hogs (a) Serum only. This is by the injection

under the skin of serum from the body of a hyperimmune hog and gives

immediate but temporary immunity lasting, as already stated, several

weeks. If this animal, during the period of immunity, is exposed to

natural infection, he becomes protected for a very long period, perhaps

for life. (b) Simultaneous. The second method of vaccination consists of

injecting immunizing blood serum into one thigh and a small amount of

disease-producing serum at the same time, or soon after, into the other

thigh, thus giving the animal the cholera and a cure for it at the same

time. If the immunizing serum is potent and the virulent serum is really

virulent, then the animal so treated becomes permanently immune.

The serum-only method is usually preferred in actual outbreaks and for

hogs not yet sick, because this gives immediate protection, and the

hogs, being naturally exposed, usually develop a permanent immunity. The

simultaneous method of vaccination is preferred where we are very

confident of the serum’s potency against the virulent blood, and for

hogs that have not yet been infected. It may yet be found wise to use

this method even in outbreaks.

=Vaccination Does Not Spread Cholera.=--Every intelligent stockman who

reads this will probably ask if there is not danger of scattering

cholera by this simultaneous vaccination into districts where it has not

yet appeared. A considerable amount of direct evidence on this point is

better than any amount of theorizing and personal opinions. This

evidence all agrees that unless the vaccinated hogs become distinctly

sick as a result of the vaccination (which can occur, and does very

often), that there is practically no danger of disseminating the

disease. This is especially true since all hogs on the farm are supposed

to have been treated and are immune, and, therefore, incapable of

developing cholera and so spreading the disease. It does occur, even

with good serum, perhaps, that an occasional hog may become a little

sick, and very rarely even die, as a result of vaccination. But with

good serum given in standard dose and virulent blood also given in

proper dose, the risk of this is so small that it may be safely

disregarded and especially when all hogs on the farm or that may be

exposed with such sick hogs have been treated.

=HOLLOW HORN.=--A common term to denote a diseased condition of the

blood. The horn is not hollow and never is. The old quack method of

boring a hole in the horn with a gimlet and squirting turpentine into

the orifice is both cruel and ridiculous. While in fact the temperature

of the horn is low, it is because of the general poverty of the blood of

the animal. There is no merit in this kind of treatment. The most common

symptoms are general debility, scanty flesh, scurvy coat and coarse

hair. The appetite is also irregular and at times greedy. Treatment is

in line of better food and general improvement of the system. If lice

are found on the body, they must be destroyed by disinfectants and

washes. A tonic, consisting of 2 teaspoonfuls of sulphate of iron, 1

teaspoonful of powdered nux vomica and 4 tablespoonfuls of ground

gentian root given each day in the food or as a drench, will be very

helpful in toning up the system and in enriching the blood. The most

important factor of the treatment, however, is in nutritious, wholesome

food.

=HOOF CRACKS.=--See Sand Cracks.

=HORN FLY.=--A small insect about half as large as the common house

flies, and very much like them in appearance. Horn flies swarm about the

head and settle near the base of the horn, where they bite and cause

much irritation. They also attack cattle on the back and sides and

flank. The fly mixtures that are commonly advertised, and applied by

means of a hand-spray, are excellent for keeping the pests away. A good

home mixture to apply at the base of the horns is made of pine tar,

kerosene, and fish oil. Use this in equal parts, and apply with a brush.

=HOVEN.=--See Bloating in Cattle.

=HYDROCEPHALUS.=--See Water in the Brain.

=HYDROPHOBIA=, also called rabies and mad dog, is an infectious disease

caused by some invisible organism. The disease is transmitted from one

animal to another by the bite of an animal which is suffering with the

disease or by direct inoculation. It is more common in the dog than any

other animal, from the fact that dogs run at large and have a tendency

to bite other dogs with which they come in contact while they are

suffering with the disease.

The dog shows two forms, furious and dumb. In the furious form the

animal at first seeks dark places, but is usually restless and will

move from one place to another. This condition lasts for a day or two,

after which time he becomes more restless and may go 30 miles in a day.

He will drink water, eat sticks, stones, and bite other dogs, horses,

and cattle, less often man. This condition will last from one to four

days, and then the dog becomes partly paralyzed, so that he can no

longer swallow, or his legs may be affected, so that he will lie in one

place, and usually dies after a few days longer. In the dumb form, the

animal seeks dark places, is rather restless, the throat and lower jaw

become paralyzed, he is unable to swallow or to close his mouth and,

therefore, cannot bite. Sometimes they will change from one form of

symptoms to the other.

In the horse the symptoms vary somewhat from those in the dog. The horse

is restless, usually violent and will kick and bite, oftentimes showing

sexual excitement. He may break his teeth on the manger and oftentimes

bites his own flesh at the place where he has been bitten by the dog.

The symptoms usually develop in from eight to twenty-eight days after

the animal is bitten, but may not develop for six months. The disease

runs its course in from two to ten days, with a fatal termination.

There is no treatment for the disease after the symptoms have developed.

In case man is bitten he should take the “Pasteur” treatment, which is a

preventive, and it should be taken in a very short time after being

bitten. After the symptoms begin to show it is too late to take

treatment.

=HYDROTHORAX.=--See Water in the Chest.

=IMPACTION OF RUMEN.=--A continued distention of the rumen caused by

large quantities of undigested material lodging in the rumen.

Inflammation often results, with distress and pain manifest. If relief

is not attained the walls of the rumen become paralyzed. Associated with

the disturbances the animal is dull, the left side swollen, the

breathing and pulse increase and the back aches. When lying down, the

left side is always up. In treating, cold water dashed over the back and

loins is recommended. A strong physic of Epsom salts and ginger will aid

in stimulating the secretions and may bring relief. If gas accumulates

so as to threaten the life of the animal, the trocar and canula should

be used. If these are not available, use the knife, as described for

hoven or bloat. In some cases the impaction becomes so pronounced as to

resist ordinary treatment, when extreme measures will be necessary if

the animal is to be saved. Better call your veterinarian and open the

rumen in order to remove the contents with the hand. The operation is as

follows: At the point midway between the point of the hip and the last

rib, and down about four inches from the backbone, an opening is made

large enough to admit the hand. After the opening is made the edges are

stitched to prevent any material from getting between the skin and the

rumen wall. Now remove the greater part of the accumulated material;

this done, the rumen, the muscles and the skin are each in turn

stitched, the wound dressed and the animal given stimulating medicines.

A splendid tonic consists of 4 tablespoonfuls each of ginger, tincture

of gentian and tincture of iron. Give this tonic daily and until the

animal has fully recovered.

=INDIGESTION.=--Failure to digest food with abdominal pains and

indisposition resulting. Bad food and improper management are back of

the trouble in most instances. Mild cases require no treatment. A

light, laxative diet is desirable for stubborn cases. If possible turn

the animals on fresh grass. Jamaica ginger is generally prescribed for

indigestion. Give 8 tablespoonfuls in a pint of warm water three times a

day as a drench. Follow this with condition powders, or some good

digestive tonic. After recovery see that the diet is varied and that

laxative and succulent foods are supplied.

=INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIA.=--As the name indicates, this is an infectious

trouble frequently extending over considerable areas and occurs among

both horses and cattle. It is very similar in its action to ordinary

pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs. However, it does not seem to be

so acute in its action. The same treatment is applied to cases of this

kind as to ordinary pneumonia. When its presence becomes known, it is

wise to remove all healthy animals to some other quarters. This lessens

the danger of infection to healthy animals. After the disease has run

its course, remove all litter and manure from the stables, thoroughly

air out, admit as much sunlight as possible, and disinfect all walls and

floors. A coat of whitewash on the ceiling and walls is desirable. The

floors should be literally wet with disinfectant fluid, which should be

admitted to all cracks and open spaces.

=INFECTIOUS ANEMIA IN HORSES.=--See Swamp Fever.

=INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.=--Sometimes this disease is called

enteritis. It frequently follows severe cases of colic. It is the result

of inflammation caused by indigestible material lodging in the stomach

and intestines of animals. It may, however, result from other things

that irritate the bowels. When first noticed, a general depression

prevails, with signs of pain in the bowels; breathing is quickened and

frequently a chill shows itself. The horse acts very much as if he had a

case of colic. As the disease progresses the pain increases and the

pulse rises. In a few hours the pain becomes very severe and the animal

is in great agony all over; he breathes heavy, the legs and ears are

cold and clammy and the pulse very high. In severe cases the pulse

reaches to 100 and 105 beats a minute. The horse now is very ill indeed.

He shows great weakness. It is very unlikely that he will survive more

than a day or two. The disease usually runs from ten to fifteen hours,

and unless there is a change for the better, death results.

When far advanced there is little likelihood of successful treatment.

Success lies only in early work, taking the disease in time. A

satisfactory drench is made of 4 tablespoonfuls of tincture of laudanum,

10 to 15 drops of tincture of aconite, 1 tablespoonful of common soda,

and 1 tablespoonful of ginger. These are mixed in a pint of warm water

and given as a drench. Repeat this every hour until the animal gets

relief. A mustard plaster gives relief when applied to the belly. A

physic is not considered advisable, as it increases the

inflammation--just what is not wanted at all.

The most rational treatment consists in allaying the pain. Opium in

teaspoonful doses every hour until the pain is relieved is helpful. Some

veterinary practitioners use 10 grains of morphia and 4 tablespoonfuls

of chloral hydrate in syrup and water for each dose. This dose is

repeated every two or three hours until the symptoms abate.

The diet should be carefully watched in diseases of this kind. Bran

mashes made with linseed tea or slippery elm bark are suitable. Boiled

food is better than uncooked food. Good water frequently and in small

quantities is desirable. Skimmed milk is excellent and may be fed for a

week or two at a time. This food often effects a cure without any other

aid.

=INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.=--This is a common disease in farm stock.

The disease occurs most frequently in late fall or winter or early

spring, and is due to exposure while the animal is still warm and hot;

bad ventilation influences it. Authorities now generally believe it to

be a germ disease and infectious. One of the first things noticed is the

shivering of the animal and then a fevered condition; the animal seems

to be hot, then cold; a peculiar breathing is noticed; the pulse

quickens, ranges from 60 to 70 beats a minute; the eyelids on the inside

take a scarlet hue. The animal does not eat, stands up much of the time

with the head down and the ears lopped over; a grating sound is noticed

when the ear is placed to the chest. Frequently distress is experienced

in the bowels; constipation follows and the temperature rises gradually

until it reaches 105 degrees, which is reached about the sixth or

seventh day. If recovery does not follow the appetite will disappear,

the mouth become cold, the breath heavy and disagreeable and the pulse

feeble, frequently not noticeable at all.

After the case assumes a more favorable aspect, an effort should be made

to keep the animal comfortable and in as good condition as possible. It

is therefore advisable to keep it well blanketed, the legs bandaged and

rubbed. The patient should be kept also in a warm stall where good air

is available. Good food that is nourishing and easily digested should be

provided. Sweet milk is good, and raw eggs mixed in the gruel are

excellent also. A compress over the lungs does much good. The compress

should be made out of heavy cloth, frequently rinsed in cold water and

then placed over the lungs where they are covered with heavy, dry

cloths. On recovery, rub the sides of the chest so as to thoroughly dry

the surface. A mustard plaster, after the compress has been removed, is

quite generally used. A stimulating medicine may be given during the

early stages. Use a drench, consisting of 8 tablespoonfuls of whiskey to

4 tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter. If the animal is in very

great distress, give a drench every two or three hours consisting of 8

to 10 drops of Fleming’s tincture of aconite, 2 tablespoonfuls of

laudanum mixed with a pint of cold water.

After the animal is on the road to recovery, stop the use of these

medicines and give a tonic consisting of nitrate of potash or saltpeter

and ground gentian root, half and half. Give a teaspoonful three times a

day. While the animal is sick, a little boiled flaxseed mixed with a

soft food will keep the bowels regular. It is not wise to give

purgatives, hence it is wise to give an injection consisting of warm

soapy water, so as to empty the bowels. From two to four weeks of rest

and care should be allowed for complete recovery.

=INFLUENZA.=--A specific disease of the horse affecting the mucous

membrane of the air passages. When the mucous membrane of the eyelids is

affected, pink eye results. Sometimes the mucous membrane of the

intestines is affected, in which case colic or inflammation of the

bowels results. The common cause is exposure to cold. If no work be

required, plenty of fresh air be supplied, no drafts admitted and

careful nursing otherwise, the disease will run its course in from two

to three weeks and no medicines will be necessary. In cases where

considerable cough prevails, the custom of putting a piece of camphor

about the size of an egg in a pail of boiling water and holding the

horse’s head over it from a quarter to a half hour at a time is to be

commended. The bowels should be kept free and open. Any of the ordinary

purgatives will do. If weakness occurs, give 4 tablespoonfuls each of

tincture of ginger, ground gentian root and sweet spirits of niter in a

half pint of water three times a day. Two tablespoonfuls of nitrate of

potassium given once or twice each day in the drinking water is also

desirable. As the trouble abates, the medicines suggested before may be

dropped and in their place a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron and a

tablespoonful of ground gentian root may be given daily in a bran mash

or oatmeal gruel.

=INTESTINAL WORMS IN HORSES.=--Intestinal worms may be classed as large

and small. The large worms inhabit the small intestines, and the small

ones the large intestines, the larger class of worms being more readily

reached by worm destroyers than are the smaller ones, as the small

intestines begin at the stomach and as remedies leave the stomach, the

worm soon receives the dose prepared for it, while if one dose has to

pass through about 60 feet of intestines before reaching the smaller

worms in the larger intestines, much of the worm remedy is lost by

mingling with the food, and diluted by mixing with the digestive fluids.

Thus what is a remedy for the large species of worms will have little

effect upon the smaller ones.

As a farmer’s dose for the larger species of worms, none, perhaps, is

better than the following: Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces; extract or oil

of male fern, one half ounce, mixed with 4 ounces of castor oil and 8

ounces of pure raw linseed oil, with half a pint of new milk, and given

after the horse has fasted for about 14 hours. Repeat the dose in a

week; then follow with two worm powders, common smoking tobacco, eight

ounces; powdered worm seed, 6 ounces; powdered sulphate of iron, 4

ounces; mix with one-half pound each of salt and granulated sugar. Every

morning before the horse is fed any other food, place a heaping

tablespoonful of the powder in four quarts of wet wheat bran and allow

the horse to eat it; continue for ten days and the horse will be

practically rid of worms of the larger species. Colts should receive

smaller doses in proportion to age.

The small worms need the worm powder to be given in the wheat bran every

morning for fully two weeks. Then follow with an ounce dose of barbadoes

aloes and a tablespoonful of ginger given by mixing with about 12 ounces

of warm water and a gill of common molasses; wait a week and repeat the

powder treatment and follow with the aloes. In a case of the very small

or rectal worms (pin worms) always use rectal injections, a good enema

being made by steeping for two hours one pound of quassia chips in a

gallon of soft water; strain and add two ounces of common hard soap; use

the whole at once, using at about blood temperature after the soap has

dissolved. Repeat in three days and continue as long as worms are being

brought away by the enemas.

=INTESTINAL WORMS IN SHEEP.=--See Stomach and Intestinal Worms in Sheep.

=ITCH.=--See Scab in Cattle.

=JAUNDICE.=--Until of recent date the disease in the human so common at

certain seasons of the year was unknown among animals, or, at least, if

present had never been discovered by the veterinary profession. But be

that as it may, we are now finding it in plenty among horses of all

ages, from colts up to aged horses; very prevalent among sheep, and

quite frequent among cattle. The early writers on veterinary science

usually attributed the cause to gall stones. But that theory can hardly

be tenable in this country, where we find it essentially more prevalent

on low, marshy soils or on the hill lands that have been long unplowed,

where animals are pastured, or hays are cut. The general symptoms of it

are a general dullness, hanging of the head as though it ached, or

pressing the head, if the animal be a bovine or sheep, against the barn

or stall. The tongue will be found dry or covered with a thick, sticky

slime. The membranes of the eyeball of a yellowish cast. In horses the

tongue will usually have a black coating. The appetite in all animals is

capricious. They will eat well one day and scarcely touch food the next.

As a rule, they will manifest great thirst, yet will drink but little.

There are exceptions to this, however. The voidings are not uniform.

Sometime the urine is quite high colored; at other times not. But, as a

rule, it is scanty. The feces are sometimes quite hard and covered with

a shiny slime. At other times there will be extreme looseness of the

evacuations. These last symptoms are to be well considered in using a

treatment when the voidings are hard and slimy. In case it is a horse

that is ailing, a physic of aloes should be given, one ounce being the

dose for a thousand pounds of horse, and two teaspoonfuls of podophylin.

Give this dissolved in water and pour down as a drench, and follow with

a bitter tonic for from two to four weeks, or until the voidings are

normal and all scurf is removed from the tongue. As a tonic for this

none is better than a mixture of powdered gentian root, six ounces,

powdered golden seal 2 ounces, powdered sulphate of iron 4 ounces, well

mixed in 1 pound of common salt. Give in the feed a tablespoonful in

ground oats three times a day, until improvement takes place. Then drop

to twice a day and later once a day. In case of the bowels being very

loose always give a pint dose of a mixture of castor oil 4 ounces, pure

raw linseed oil 12 ounces. Then follow with the tonic powder named. The

symptoms in cattle are quite similar to those of the horse, except the

bovine’s eyes usually discharge some, yet not profusely, and there are

frequently puffy swellings beneath their lower jaws. In case their

bowels are abnormally loose, give the oil as for the horse. If

constipated give from one to two pounds of Epsom salts at one dose as

the physic, with the podophylin added as for the horse, and follow with

the same tonic powder. In the case of sheep, which are by nature

constipated animals, nothing equals a ten-grain dose of calomel,

followed the next day with a four or six-ounce dose of Epsom salts

(sulphate of magnesia), and as sheep are reluctant to eat any tonics in

their feed, we are compelled to pour their medicine down them. Mix

together 4 ounces each of the tincture of gentian, golden seal, ginger

and iron, and give a tablespoonful twice a day in a half pint of water.

But always give the calomel, as it will clean out the liver of a sheep

as no other known agent will. The symptoms are much the same as in

cattle. Begin treatment early or success will not follow.

=KIDNEY WORMS.=--The hog is mostly affected with these worms, although

they have been found in the dog also. Death does not, as a rule, follow

the infestation unless in an aggravated form. Obviously there is no

remedy.

[Illustration: KIDNEY WORMS IN THE HOG

While worms are occasionally found in the kidneys, they do not

frequently cause disease or death.]

=KNEE SPRUNG.=--A condition in which the knees bend forward as the

result of contraction of tendons located along the back of the leg. In

aggravated cases the tendons should be cut. If this is to be done only a

skilled surgeon should be allowed to perform the operation.

=LAMINITIS.=--See Founder.

=LICE.=--Farm animals, especially those housed in stables more or less

infested with insects and vermin, are commonly troubled with lice.

Animals in good health resist the insects, but those already in a

non-thrifty condition do not fare so well. Lice cause a good deal of

annoyance to farm stock, inasmuch as they bite the skin, suck out blood,

and thus cause considerable irritation. Lice can be seen with the naked

eye. Infestation, as a rule, takes place in filthy quarters, and the

best means of disinfecting such places is by the use of a spray of

kerosene. One of the best means of applying this to hogs consists in

rubbing posts, which are constantly smeared with kerosene. In this way

the hogs are induced to treat themselves. Infected hogs may also be

treated by pouring the kerosene directly over the infested parts, like

the neck, shoulder and back. Dipping tanks made of cement or wood are

frequently located in the run-yards, in which is placed some

disinfectant fluid. Hogs use these small tanks as wallows, and in this

way they disinfect themselves.

For horses and cattle a good remedy is made as follows: Boil for an hour

8 tablespoonfuls of arsenic, 8 tablespoonfuls of soda ash and 16

tablespoonfuls of soft soap in two gallons of water. After being

prepared by boiling, add enough water to make two gallons. When cool,

wet the animal all over with a little of it, using a brush or currycomb

to get it into the skin. Another good remedy is made of boiling

stavesacre seeds, 1 part to 20 parts of water, for an hour and let it

simmer for another hour; then add water to make it up to the original

bulk. This applied to the affected parts brings quick relief. It is

advisable to repeat the application in a week or ten days, so as to

catch any new lice from any eggs that were not caught by the first

application. A very common treatment is secured by mixing a pint of

linseed oil, 8 tablespoonfuls of oil of tar, and 8 tablespoonfuls of

sulphur. This is then rubbed on the affected parts once a day for two

days and allowed to remain for a few days, after which it is washed off

with soap and water. In serious cases, the application should be

repeated within a week or so.

=LIVER FLUKES.=--These are parasites usually found in the liver or its

ducts. At times they are present in great numbers, giving rise to a

serious disease called liver rot. When the fertilized eggs are

discharged in the excrement of diseased animals and fall in fresh water

they hatch out and are taken into the body by sheep and cattle, either

in the food or drink. In a short time thereafter they have entrenched

themselves in the liver of cattle or sheep.

[Illustration: LIVER FLUKE]

A few liver flukes in an animal causes little trouble, as the injury is

largely mechanical anyway. No peculiar symptoms are conspicuous when

only a few flukes are present. The greatest damage is done when hundreds

of flukes develop in a single individual. In these cases the flow of the

bike is checked. As result the health becomes impaired and the usual

penalties of malnutrition follow. Swelling of the jaws and diarrhœa are

often noticed in connection with the disease.

When the host is badly infected with the flukes and in a badly run-down

condition the trouble is always serious, and medicinal treatment is of

little real value. Tonics and good food may be given to help along--but

death usually follows. Salt is helpful as the flukes are sensitive to

it. If an animal that has succumbed to the disease be examined, the

liver will be observed to be fairly rotten as a result of the inroads of

the parasites.

Treatment is in line of prevention only. Clean, pure fresh water, free

of the eggs or the parasites, is necessary if the trouble is to be

eradicated. The old ponds, ordinarily filled with stagnant water, should

be drained. They harbor many bad parasites, and their harm is far beyond

their value. When water for sheep and cattle is taken from pure streams

or wells the trouble from liver flukes and other parasites is reduced to

a minimum.

=LOCKJAW.=--This disease, very frequently called tetanus, is an

infectious disease in which the body muscles are spasmodically

contracted or stiffened. The muscles that move the jaw are frequently

affected and the animal is unable to open the mouth. Because of this

condition the disease is commonly known as lockjaw.

The spread of the disease does not occur through healthy animals coming

in contact with animals having tetanus, but by inoculation. The germ of

tetanus is present in the soil, manure and dust. It enters the body by

way of wounds, especially punctured and bruised wounds. The injury may

result from stepping on a nail, and the germs are planted in the deeper

structures of the foot. Such a wound usually has poor drainage, the horn

of the hoof closing the mouth or opening. Here the germs grow and

produce a poisonous toxin that is said to be the most powerful produced

by any bacteria. This toxin acts on the nerve centers of the brain and

spinal cord, causing extensive spasmodic contraction of the body

muscles.

Tetanus sometimes occurs in the absence of any noticeable wound. It may

be in such cases that the seat of the infection is a slight abrasion of

the skin, or the lining membranes of the respiratory and digestive

tracts. The tetanus bacillus is a slender, spore-producing bacterium.

The spore is located at one end of the rod in the form of a round head,

that gives the organism a pin shape, hence the name of pin bacillus. It

is very resistant to outside conditions and the action of the chemical

disinfectants. It is because of its ability to resist the action of

disinfectants and the fact that it develops best when protected or

covered by the tissues and wound secretions, that this disease so often

follows ordinary wound treatment.

[Illustration: LOCKJAW

Note the rigid, tense position of the muscles.]

From a few days to several weeks may lapse from the time of infection

with the germs until the development of the stiffness and spasms.

Sometimes the wound by which the organism has entered the tissues has

healed before the symptoms of tetanus are manifested. In case the

symptoms develop a few days after the inoculation the disease is severe

or acute in form, and less violent or subacute if the symptoms are

manifested after the second week. The above statement does not hold true

in all cases, but it may be considered true in a general way.

Of the domestic animals the horse is the most commonly affected. The

symptoms shown by this animal are very characteristic. Any person that

has had the opportunity to see and examine a horse suffering from

tetanus should have no trouble in recognizing the disease in other

animals.

=The Characteristic Symptom= is the spasmodic contraction of the

muscles. This may vary in the different individuals, depending on the

susceptibility of the animal and the quantity of poisonous toxin present

in the system. There is at first a slight stiffness of the muscles of

the back, neck, head, and limbs, and the animal is more nervous than

common. A noise in the stable or a slap with the hand may increase the

stiffness and contractions temporarily. The contracted condition of the

muscles of the eye, are, perhaps, the most noticeable early in the

disease. These muscles pull the eyeball backwards, the fatty cushion is

pressed on and the third eyelid protrudes, covering at times from

one-third to two-thirds of the front part of the eye. In the severe form

of the disease the muscles feel hard, especially those of the back and

neck, and the animal moves with difficulty. In addition to the muscular

symptoms, the respiration and pulse beats are quickened and the body

temperature higher than normal. The evidence of suffering from the

contracted condition of the muscles is very marked, and, unless

supported in some way, the animal may fall to the floor. If the symptoms

develop a few days after infection, the animal usually dies. The acute

form is very fatal, but in the mild or subacute form the chance for

making a recovery is good.

=Tetanus Is a Preventable Disease.= It may be largely prevented by the

careful disinfection of wounds, and the use of anti-tetanic serum. In

most localities the proper treatment of the wound is a sufficient

preventive measure, but in localities and stables where the disease is

common the anti-tetanic serum should be used. Ordinary cleansing of a

wound, as practiced by most stockmen, is not sufficient to destroy the

bacillus of tetanus. The wound must be carefully cleaned, disinfected

and prepared for healing. This should be kept in mind when treating a

wound, and instead of using an agent that we know little about, we

should secure reliable information regarding the different commercial

disinfectants and methods of caring for wounds. That class known as tar

disinfectants is most commonly used. The better grade belonging to this

class should be used.

If anti-tetanic serum is used, it should be injected as soon after the

injury has occurred as possible. The injection is made hypodermically,

usually beneath the skin on the side of the neck. Large doses of

anti-tetanic serum given after the symptoms have developed may assist

recovery. However, in the severe form of the disease this treatment is

uncertain.

When the animal comes down with the disease, it should be made as

comfortable as possible. The quarters should be roomy, quiet, clean, and

well ventilated. It is advisable to support the horse with a sling

unless the animal is worried or made nervous by it. This prevents his

becoming tired and falling down. We should give the animal the best of

care in the way of regulating the diet, etc., but should avoid annoying

it by our attention. Medicinal treatment is of little benefit and should

be given a secondary place. In fact, dosing the animal with medicine,

especially if large doses are given, may do more harm than good in the

treatment of this disease.

=LOCO DISEASE.=--The word loco is a Spanish word, and means crazy. Loco

disease is a disease of the brain and nervous system, especially of

horses and cattle, but may also affect other animals. It results from

eating any one of a number of poisonous plants called loco which grow

upon the dry, sandy prairies of some parts of the Western United States.

In winter and early spring, when there is little or no grass, some

animals acquire an appetite for this plant, and soon refuse all other

kinds of food. When addicted to the weed an animal loses flesh rapidly,

the eyesight becomes affected--often it has no knowledge of

distance--and frequently when made to step over a board or rail will

jump over it as though it were several feet high. Later, in the course

of the disease, the brain becomes more affected and the animal acts more

or less crazy, at times quite violent, at others depressed and dull.

Should the animal live through the first attack it may linger for months

or even years, but it usually dies as a result of the attack. Frequently

some peculiar “foolish” habit follows the animals through life. Some

have a nervous fit when excited or warmed up, others will not lead and

some you cannot drive at all. There is no cure for the trouble. All that

can be done is to prevent the habit from being formed or by removing the

animal from temptation and furnishing wholesome, nutritious food.

=LUMPY JAW.=--See Actinomycosis.

=LUNGS, CONGESTION OF.=--A filling of the lungs with blood. This is very

common with horses in winter and is most frequently due to a chill.

Animals that have been put to heavy work, or are in a weakened

condition, are frequently susceptible if left standing in a draft while

still warm. Sluggishness is noticed, first followed by trembling at the

flank, heavy breathing; the pulse will be noted as quick, but weak; a

gurgling sound will be noted if the ear is placed against the chest. The

best treatment is such as gives quick relief. If at work, place the

horse at rest at once in the stable and cover with blanket. Have plenty

of fresh air admitted, but do not allow a draft to blow over the

patient. Assist circulation as much as possible by rubbing of the legs

and apply cold pad to the chest. A mustard plaster applied over the

chest is very good. A good drench consists of alcohol in 2 ounce doses,

well diluted in water; at the same time another drench consisting of 4

tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter and 2 tablespoonfuls of

laudanum, mixed with a pint of water, is also very good. If the

conditions indicate that the lungs are full of blood, add 10 drops of

Fleming’s tincture of aconite to the drench. The drenches may be given

two or three hours apart until relief comes, at which time quiet is

advised, although a little gentle walking for exercise is advisable.

From this time on treat the animal as a patient, giving easily digested

foods. A tonic consisting of ground gentian root and nitrate of potash,

half and half, is excellent. Give a teaspoonful of this in the feed

three times a day.

=LUNG FEVER.=--See Inflammation of the Lungs.

=LUNG WORMS IN LAMBS AND CALVES.=--It has been proven in years gone by

that the common spirits of turpentine, when mixed with salt in

proportions of a gill of turpentine to four quarts of common fine salt

and placed in a covered box so constructed that sheep and calves can get

their head in and eat the salt (yet the salt be protected from the

weather), will practically prevent an infection. Some have advised the

mixing of a half pint of sublimed sulphur with the salt and turpentine.

There can be no objection to the sulphur when added in the proportions

named. This remedy is not a cure but a preventive. In fact there is no

cure, as these worms are in the bronchial tubes and lungs, where no worm

destroyer can reach them directly. But when the lamb or calf daily

partakes of even a few drops of turpentine, the whole system becomes, to

an extent, infected with the turpentine, and as the young worms come

into existence, their home in the lungs becomes a very unhealthy home

for them and they fail to mature. In some cases mature worms have been

removed by injecting a mixture of turpentine, chloroform and olive oil

into the windpipe, using about a teaspoonful of this mixture. Its effect

is to stupefy the worms that it touches, and they may be coughed out by

the suffering lamb or calf. The fumes of burning sulphur has also been

advised by some veterinarians. But both remedies are as liable to kill

as cure, and are by no means always successful. The farmer’s business

should be to prevent, not cure, diseases of this class; therefore

prepare the salt box.

[Illustration: LYMPHANGITIS

This kind of inflammation is usually seen in the hind legs. It is most

frequent in heavy draft horses, or in coarse plethoric individuals. It

occurs most frequently after a short period of idleness.]

=LYMPHANGITIS.=--An inflammation of the lymphatics, usually of the hind

legs. Hence the name “big legs.” It is the result of too rich feeding,

and too little work in many cases on the one hand, or of overwork and

insufficient food on the other. Lymphangitis often follows other

diseases like distemper, influenza, or pneumonia, in which cases the

system is weakened and the lymphatics in abnormal condition. It shows

itself after a short period of idleness and rest. It usually begins with

a chill and a rise of temperature, which may be as much as 105 degrees,

depending on the intensity of the attack. One or both hind legs may show

swelling and be so stiff and sore after standing during the night as to

be moved only with difficulty when the horse is taken out of the stable

in the morning. The horse in moving seems able to bear little or no

weight on the affected leg. At the same time, the pulse is full and

throbby, respiration is fast, the bowels are constipated and the

appetite is lost.

In some cases the legs swell to an enormous size. If the inflammation is

not relieved in a few days, the glands get badly diseased and blood

poison may result. The disease, however, if taken in time, is easily

treated. If it is caused by overfeeding, change this; give more

exercise. When the disease is first noticed, give the horse 4

tablespoonfuls of aloes, 4 tablespoonfuls of carbonate of soda and 4

tablespoonfuls of ginger. These should be dissolved in a half pint of

boiling water, then mixed with a half pint of cold water, and then given

as a drench. If the pulse is fast, it may be made easier and slower by

giving 20 to 30 drops of tincture of aconite, every couple of hours. A

couple of tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potash in the drinking water

three times a day will increase the urine. This is desirable to do in

this disease. The leg should be bathed for at least a half an hour and

then dried and a wash consisting of 2 tablespoonfuls of acetate of

lead, 8 tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium, and a quart of water should

be applied to the legs. This should be rubbed in well with the hand

every hour. In from 20 to 30 hours, a great change for the better will

be noticed the inflammation will have been reduced; the pain will have

disappeared and the bowels will be loose and active.

From now on give general exercise at frequent periods, during the day.

In cases caused by overwork or too little food or those following

debilitating diseases, like influenza or distemper, the treatment should

be more stimulating; therefore, nutritive foods and tonics are best.

Good hay and oats and other feed of a laxative nature should be

furnished.

A preparation, consisting of 4 tablespoonfuls, each, of tincture

chloride of iron, tincture of gentian, and ginger in a pint of water

three times a day will be found both stimulating and nourishing. If the

disease has progressed so far that the legs break and show that matter

is formed, wash them with warm water and follow with acetate of lead,

sulphate of iron and carbolic acid. Use 2 tablespoonfuls of each in a

quart of water and apply twice each day. If the swelling hangs on use

Fowler’s solution of arsenic, 4 tablespoonfuls to a dose in a bran mash

once a day. Continue this for four or five weeks. A salve made of 2

teaspoonfuls of iodide and 8 tablespoonfuls of vaseline should also be

rubbed on the leg twice a week.

=MAD DOG.=--See Hydrophobia.

=MAGGOTS.=--The grubs of the ordinary flesh-flies so common about

stables and houses. The adult fly deposits the minute larvæ in fresh

meat, in wounds, and frequently in dirty wool. These become the maggots

so well known about the farm. The distress caused by these when present

in a wound is considerable, and they endanger life.

The best treatment is in line of cleanliness. Keep old wounds clean by

means of antiseptic washes and tag the sheep that no filth and dirt may

accumulate. If for any reason maggots are found, open the infected part

and remove, if possible, both the maggots and sloughed tissue. Old sores

or wounds, if they will not lend themselves to complete removal of the

maggots, should be treated with a solution of carbolic acid and water.

On some, turpentine can be used. Chloroform may be sprayed on, or

injected into the wound with almost instant results. After the maggots

are destroyed follow up the treatment with a good disinfectant until the

wound has healed.

=MALLENDERS.=--An eruption of the skin above the feet in horses. The

disease at first is very much like eczema. In time the watery fluid

dries up and the sore parts become covered with hard crusts and scabs.

The sore spots should be washed with some good disinfectant and repeated

frequently enough to destroy the infection. A moderate purge is

advisable. See that only wholesome food is provided.

=MAMMITIS.=--Inflammation of the mammary gland or udder. The disease is

frequently called caked bag and garget. In the last named, the milk

secretion is altered and appears as a thick or a stringy fluid. Heavy

milkers are most commonly affected. The udder becomes swollen, hot and

somewhat tender just before calving. The swelling may extend forward

along the belly. It often gets so severe as to require treatment. It is

in this sense physiological. In a few days after calving, as a rule, the

swelling disappears and the normal condition is regained more quickly

if the calf is allowed to suck the cow. In the first stages bloody milk

is secreted and often pus is formed in one quarter or more of the udder.

The udder should be carefully milked, cleaned, and, if the milk ducts

are closed, it may be necessary to use a milk tube. This should be used

cautiously so as not to injure the tissue of the udder and should be

perfectly clean before inserting, otherwise serious inflammation may

result. In bathing, use hot water for 15 to 20 minutes at a time, after

which rub dry and apply an ointment made by dissolving 3 tablespoonfuls

of gum camphor and 4 tablespoonfuls of fluid extract of belladonna to a

pint of clean, fresh lard. This ointment should be applied three times a

day.

A more serious form of the disease is known as contagious mammitis, and

is due to invasion of the gland by bacteria. In cases of this kind the

inflammation is more extensive and the disorder calls for more careful

treatment. Since the milk contains bad bacteria, it is necessary to

destroy them so as to prevent spreading of the disease. The milker

should have clean hands and should wash them in a disinfecting solution

before milking another cow. The milk tube may be necessary in

withdrawing the milk. After the milk has been removed from the udder,

inject a solution of peroxide of hydrogen or dioxygen or a solution of

carbolic acid, 1 part to 50 parts of boiled water. After the solution

has acted for a few minutes, it should be milked out. The external

treatment for contagious mammitis should be similar to that of ordinary

mammitis.

=MANGE.=--See Scab in Cattle.

=MILK FEVER.=--It is a remarkable fact that this disease occurs most

commonly in cows which calved easily. This is explained by the fact

that in such cases the os uteri remains relaxed for a greater length of

time than it does in cases of difficult parturition. Milk fever

generally occurs in cows which are heavy milkers, and great eaters.

Keeping the animals in permanent stables, and feeding large quantities

of rich food while they are giving no milk are predisposing causes.

The disease makes its appearance usually in from 24 to 48 hours after

parturition. It seldom occurs after the third day, and some authors

state that it has never been recognized before the starting of the milk

secretion. The most salient symptoms to the average layman would,

perhaps, be the anxious expression of the animal, bellowing and mounting

into the manger. Later they become very weak, stagger and fall, and are

unable to rise. The members are usually extended in a rigid position. A

rattling or whistling noise is heard in case the larynx is paralyzed.

The feet, ears and horns feel cold to the touch. When a case is going to

recover we see improvement as early as the second or third day. Recovery

is usually complete at the end of from two to five days.

Milk fever is one of the cases where the old maxim, an ounce of

prevention is worth a pound of cure, is doubly applicable. If proper

precautions were taken a large number of cases could be prevented. Give

the pregnant animals daily exercise, and decrease their allowance of

food.

=Treatment Very Simple.=--Make the cow comfortable. Now give her a small

dose of Epsom salts from one-half to one pound, depending on her size.

This should be given as a drench. Animals afflicted with this ailment

swallow with difficulty. Use care that the drench does not get into the

lungs. Perhaps the most satisfactory medical treatment is to use what

is known as the Schmidt treatment. This is nothing more than injecting

into the udder a solution made by dissolving in one quart of clean

boiled water 3 teaspoonfuls of iodide of potash, after stripping all

milk from the udder. A very satisfactory way is to get a rubber tube,

attach it to a common milking tube which is placed into the teats in

turn and pour the solution into the tube by means of a funnel. By

massaging the udder the solution can be worked into each quarter in a

short time without difficulty.

In case iodide of potash is not available, inject air into the udder

after drawing out the milk. I have known of many cases where air has

been forced into the udder by means of a bicycle pump, and the animal

recovered in a very short time. If the disease does not respond to the

treatment with readiness, repeat in a few hours, say, anywhere from five

to ten hours after. Cold water or ice on the head is advisable. The use

of stimulants is also recommended. Whiskey can be given in doses of 10

to 15 tablespoonfuls and jamaica ginger 6 to 8 tablespoonfuls. Milk the

cow frequently and massage the udder, bathing in hot water.

After the cow is on the way to recovery, withhold milk-stimulating foods

for a few days and give some tonic like gentian and nux vomica, half and

half, 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls two or three times a day.

=MONDAY MORNING SICKNESS.=--See Azoturia.

=NASAL GLEET.=--When a cold or simple catarrh is neglected it may run

into a chronic condition giving rise to nasal gleet. A thin, bluish

discharge comes from the nose; and the membranes of the nostrils,

instead of being moist and pink in color, take on a leaden hue. The

coat at the same time shows unthriftiness. In such cases the face and

head may swell because the accumulated materials fail to pass out. When

these bunches are tapped with the fingers, a dull sound is heard.

Treatment consists of isolating the animals and giving them good care,

nutritious food and well-ventilated quarters. A bucket, filled with

boiling water, in which a half cup of turpentine is placed, and held

under the nose to steam the nostrils and face, is excellent. Any sort of

blanketing that will hold the steam about the head is very good to have

at hand at the time. For internal treatment give a teaspoonful of

sulphate of copper three times daily in a small bran mash; following

this drop the copper sulphate and give 2 tablespoonfuls of Fowler’s

solution of arnica twice a day in the mash. Should the bulges on the

face become large, it will be necessary to open them. Often a part of

the bone requires sawing out to get effective results. In these severe

cases it is best to have your veterinarian make the operation.

=NAVICULAR DISEASE.=--A disease of the navicular bone and the structures

surrounding it. It is called “coffin joint lameness.” This bone is

situated at the back and inferior part of the coffin joint, and acts as

a pulley over which the flexor tendon of the foot passes. Horses with

upright pasterns are most liable to it, as more weight is thrown on this

joint. Those shod with calkins on their shoes, which prevent the frog

from coming in contact with the ground, therefore causing a shock to

this joint, are also very liable to it. Some horses have hereditary

tendency to this disease. Nails penetrating too deep through the sole,

or anything that will cause inflammation of this joint, is likely to

produce navicular disease. The most prolific cause is bad shoeing. By

degrees the inflammation in a chronic form extends to other parts,

causing a shrinking of the soft parts, resulting in contraction of the

foot.

The lameness may appear suddenly and perhaps immediately after the horse

has been shod, and is then usually thought to be the fault of nailing on

the shoe. It is likely in this case that the smith has pared the sole

and frog too thin, and that the part has suffered from a bruise by the

horse stepping on something hard. After a rest it may disappear, to

return after the next drive. Sometimes the disease is of very slow

progress in one or both fore feet. The first thing that is noticed is

that the animal points its toe, and if both are affected, first one,

then the other. The animal may not be lame, but it does not step out so

well as it used to, and by degrees the part gets more tender, until the

animal begins to go lame, and the lameness gradually gets worse. There

is a form of this lameness where the animal shows stiffness and lameness

when first taken out of the stable, but, after being driven for a short

distance, it passes off, and after it stands for awhile it will start

off lame again. If this disease lasts for some time the muscles of the

chest and shoulders seem stiff and may shrink. This has been called

“chest founder” by horsemen. This is brought about by the soreness of

the feet. The horse is afraid to step out, giving it the appearance of

being stiff; the muscles of the chest and shoulders will shrink from

want of proper action, caused by the feet being sore. If there is heat

and tenderness in the hollow of the heel or a redness of the sole, and

an absence of any other disease of the foot or leg, we may consider

with almost a certainty that it is a case of navicular or coffin joint

lameness. The result is contraction of the foot.

Take off the shoes, so that the frog will rest on the ground, then

poultice the feet with bran, made up with cold water if it is a recent

case, but if it is of some months’ standing hot water is better than

cold; put the poultices into bags made a little larger than the foot;

put about two inches deep of the bran mash into the bag, then put the

foot in and fill in all around as high as the fetlock, and tie the bag

above the fetlock and around the ankle to keep it well on the foot. Wet

this several times a day and change it once daily. Continue this for two

weeks, and see that it is properly done; if not, it will be of no

service. Then blister the coronet with cantharides 2 teaspoonfuls and

lard 4 tablespoonfuls. Repeat in three weeks, and give the animal a long

rest.

=NITS.=--See Bot Flies.

=NODULAR DISEASE IN SHEEP.=--Nodules resembling those of tuberculosis

found in the intestines of sheep, are due to the presence of parasitic

worms. Profuse diarrhœa and a pronounced anemic condition prevail. A

post mortem examination of the intestines discloses the presence of

numerous nodules in the intestinal walls. If the worm is present, no

treatment is possible, for the reason that any medicine that would

affect the worm would also affect the tissues and lead to their

destruction. Prevention, therefore, is the only means of overcoming the

disease. Sheep must be kept off infested pastures, and infested pastures

must be plowed and given over to cultivated crops. Give lambs only clean

pastures to graze over. This means crop rotation in connection with

sheep husbandry. No feed that has been tramped over by infected sheep

should ever be supplied to lambs or sheep not infested with the disease.

=OBSTETRICS.=--Difficult parturition is common in some females. And

frequently others, less bothered as a rule with any difficulty at this

period, deliver their offspring only after great labor and much

difficulty. When such cases occur close vigilance not only frequently

hastens delivery, but often saves the life of either the mother or

offspring or both.

[Illustration: NATURAL PRESENTATION OF THE FOAL

In either of these cases delivery follows in the usual order without

delay or injury to the mother.]

In many instances the trouble is seated in the womb; the neck of the

womb remains closed, and even though long-continued and vigorous efforts

are made, the offspring does not arrive. In cases of this kind

assistance can be rendered which quickly removes the difficulty. First

oil the hand and forearm and work the fingers into the passage, gently

pressing it open. If the womb does not yield to this treatment saturate

a sponge or cloth with extract of belladonna and rub it around the neck,

leaving it thus for a little while. On removing the sponge the passage

will open.

=Manner of Delivery.=--The natural position of the fetus at birth calls

for the fore feet forward with the head resting on the knees. The fore

feet, therefore, in a normal delivery, are first presented and then the

head. If the fetus is not unduly large, the mother will likely force the

delivery without assistance. In case the struggle is extended gentle

assistance will be in order. This can be rendered by a gentle pull on

the legs and head. If this does not bring the offspring, you can

consider that something is wrong. However, do not be hasty, just give

time. Mares usually deliver in a few minutes and cows often require an

hour or so after labor begins. If you conclude that something is wrong

oil the hand and arm. Shove the fetus back and ascertain, if possible,

the trouble. If this examination shows dropsy of the abdomen--water in

the belly--puncture the abdomen with a knife in order that the fetus may

be delivered. If the trouble is with the head--water in the

brain--puncture the head that the water may run out, and then remove the

arm and hand. When the struggle pains come on again, give a gentle pull

and delivery will follow.