1. Ignatius de Loyola (Spaniard) 1541-1556
2. Diego Laynez (Spaniard) 1558-1565
3. Francisco Borgia (Spaniard) 1565-1572
4. Everard Mercurian (Belgian) 1573-1580
5. Claudio Acquaviva (Neapolitan) 1581-1615
6. Mutio Vitelleschi (Roman) 1615-1645
7. Vincenzio Caraffa (Neapolitan) 1646-1649
8. Francesco Piccolomini (Florentine) 1649-1651
9. Alessandro Gottofredi (Roman) 1652
10. Goswin Nickel (German) 1652-1664
11. Giovanni Paolo Oliva (Genoese) vicar-general and
coadjutor, 1661; general 1664-1681
12. Charles de Noyelle (Belgian) 1682-1686
13. Tirso Gonzalez (Spaniard) 1687-1705
14. Michele Angelo Tamburini (Modenese) 1706-1730
15. Franz Retz (Bohemian) 1730-1750
16. Ignazio Visconti (Milanese) 1751-1755
17. Alessandro Centurioni (Genoese) 1755-1757
18. Lorenzo Ricci (Florentine) 1758-1775
_a_. Stanislaus Czerniewicz (Pole), vicar-general 1782-1785
_b_. Gabriel Lienkiewicz (Pole), " 1785-1798
_c_. Franciscus Xavier Kareu (Pole), (general in
Russia, 7th March 1801) 1799-1802
_d_. Gabriel Gruber (German) 1802-1805
19. Thaddaeus Brzozowski (Pole) 1805-1820
20. Aloysio Fortis (Veronese) 1820-1829
21. Johannes Roothaan (Dutchman) 1829-1853
22. Peter Johannes Beckx (Belgian) 1853-1884
23. Antoine Anderledy (Swiss) 1884-1892
24. Luis Martin (Spanish) 1892-1906
25. Francis Xavier Wernz (German) 1906-
The bibliography of Jesuitism is of enormous extent, and it is
impracticable to cite more than a few of the most important works.
They are as follows: _Institutum Societatis Jesu_ (7 vols., Avignon,
1830-1838); Orlandini, _Historia Societatis Jesu_ (Antwerp, 1620);
_Imago primi saeculi Societatis Jesu_ (Antwerp, 1640); Nieremberg,
_Vida de San Ignacio de Loyola_ (9 vols., fol., Madrid, 1645-1736);
Genelli, _Life of St Ignatius of Loyola_ (London, 1872); Backer,
_Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus_ (7 vols., Paris,
1853-1861); Crétineau Joly, _Histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus_ (6
vols., Paris, 1844); Guettée, _Histoire des Jésuites_ (3 vols., Paris,
1858-1859); Wolff, _Allgemeine Geschichte der Jesuiten_ (4 vols.,
Zürich, 1789-1792); Gioberti, _Il Gesuita moderno_ (Lausanne, 1846);
F. Parkman, _Pioneers of France in the New World_ and _The Jesuits in
North America_ (Boston, 1868); _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses,
écrites des missions étrangères, avec les Annales de la propagation de
la foi_ (40 vols., Lyons, 1819-1854); Saint-Priest, _Histoire de la
chute des Jésuites au XVIII^e Siècle_ (Paris, 1844); Ranke, _Römische
Päpste_ (3 vols., Berlin, 1838); E. Taunton, _History of the Jesuits
in England_ (London, 1901); Thomas Hughes, S.J., _History of the
Society of Jesus in North America_ (London and New York, 1907); R. G.
Thwaites, _Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents_ (73 vols. Cleveland,
1896-1901). (R. F. L.; E. Tn.)
JESUP, MORRIS KETCHUM (1830-1908), American banker and philanthropist,
was born at Westport, Connecticut, on the 21st of June 1830. In 1842 he
went to New York City, where after some experience in business he
established a banking house in 1852. In 1856 he organized the banking
firm of M. K. Jesup & Company, which after two reorganizations became
Cuyler, Morgan & Jesup. He became widely known as a financier, retiring
from active business in 1884. He was best known, however, as a
munificent patron of scientific research, a large contributor to the
needs of education, and a public-spirited citizen of wide interests, who
did much for the betterment of social conditions in New York. He
contributed largely to the funds for the Arctic expeditions of Commander
Robert E. Peary, becoming president of the Peary Arctic Club in 1899. To
the American museum of natural history, in New York City, he gave large
sums in his lifetime and bequeathed $1,000,000. He was president of the
New York chamber of commerce from 1899 until 1907, and was the largest
subscriber to its new building. To his native town he gave a fine public
library. He died in New York City on the 22nd of January 1908.
JESUS CHRIST. To write a summary account of the life of Christ, though
always involving a grave responsibility, was until recent years a
comparatively straightforward task; for it was assumed that all that was
needed, or could be offered, was a chronological outline based on a
harmony of the four canonical Gospels. But to-day history is not
satisfied by this simple procedure. Literary criticism has analysed the
documents, and has already established some important results; and many
questions are still in debate, the answers to which must affect our
judgment of the historical value of the existing narratives. It seems
therefore consonant alike with prudence and reverence to refrain from
attempting to combine afresh into a single picture the materials
derivable from the various documents, and to endeavour instead to
describe the main contents of the sources from which our knowledge of
the Lord Jesus Christ as an historical personage is ultimately drawn,
and to observe the picture of Him which each writer in turn has offered
to us.
The chief elements of the evidence with which we shall deal are the
following:--
1. First, because earliest in point of time, the references to the
Lord Jesus Christ in the earliest Epistles of St Paul.