[1] I.e. either descendant of, or from the same district as, Omri
(see Hogg, _Ency. Bib._ col. 2291). The Assyrian king's sculpture,
depicting the embassy and its gifts, is the so-called "black obelisk"
now in the British Museum (Nimroud Central Gallery, No. 98; _Guide to
Bab. and Ass. Antiq._, 1900, p. 24 seq., pl. ii.).
JEKYLL, SIR JOSEPH (1663-1738), English lawyer and master of the rolls,
son of John Jekyll, was born in London, and after studying at the Middle
Temple was called to the bar in 1687. He rapidly rose to be chief
justice of Chester (1697), serjeant-at-law and king's serjeant (1700),
and a knight. In 1717 he was made master of the rolls. A Whig in
politics, he sat in parliament for various constituencies from 1697 to
the end of his life, and took an active part there in debating
constitutional questions with much learning, though, according to Lord
Hervey (_Mem._ 1, 474), with little "approbation." He was censured by
the House of Commons for accepting a brief for the defence of Lord
Halifax in a prosecution ordered by the house. He was one of the
managers of the impeachment of the Jacobite earl of Wintoun in 1715, and
of Harley (Lord Oxford) in 1717. In later years he supported Walpole. He
became very unpopular in 1736 for his introduction of the "gin act,"
taxing the retailing of spirituous liquors, and his house had to be
protected from the mob. Pope has an illusion to "Jekyll or some odd
Whig, Who never changed his principle or wig" (_Epilogue to the
Satires_). Jekyll was also responsible for the Mortmain Act of 1736,
which was not superseded till 1888. He died without issue in 1738.
His great-nephew JOSEPH JEKYLL (d. 1837) was a lawyer, politician and
wit, who excited a good deal of contemporary satire, and who wrote some
_jeux d'esprit_ which were well-known in his time. His _Letters of the
late Ignatius Sancho, an African_, was published in 1782. In 1894 his
correspondence was edited, with a memoir, by the Hon. Algernon Bourke.
JELLACHICH, JOSEF, COUNT (1801-1859), Croatian statesman, was born on
the 16th of October 1801 at Pétervárad. He entered the Austrian army
(1819), fought against the Bosnians in 1845, was made ban of Croatia,
Slavonia and Dalmatia in 1848 on the petition of the Croatians, and was
simultaneously raised to the rank of lieutenant-general by the emperor.
As ban, Jellachich's policy was directed to preserving the Slav kingdoms
for the Habsburg monarchy by identifying himself with the nationalist
opposition to Magyar ascendancy, while at the same time discouraging the
extreme "Illyrism" advocated by Lodovik Gáj (1809-1872). Though his
separatist measures at first brought him into disfavour at the imperial
court, their true objective was soon recognized, and, with the triumph
of the more violent elements of the Hungarian revolution, he was hailed
as the most conspicuous champion of the unity of the empire, and was
able to bring about that union of the imperial army with the southern
Slavs by which the revolution in Vienna and Budapest was overthrown (see
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: _History_). He began the war of independence in
September 1848 by crossing the Drave at the head of 40,000 Croats. After
the bloody battle of Buda he concluded a three days' truce with the
Hungarians to enable him to assist Prince Windischgrätz to reduce
Vienna, and subsequently fought against the Magyars at Schwechát. During
the winter campaign of 1848-49 he commanded, under Windischgrätz, the
Austrian right wing, capturing Magyar-Ovar and Raab, and defeating the
Magyars at Mór. After the recapture of Buda he was made
commander-in-chief of the southern army. At first he gained some
successes against Bem (q.v.), but on the 14th of July 1849 was routed by
the Hungarians at Hegyes and driven behind the Danube. He took no part
in the remainder of the war, but returned to Agram to administer
Croatia. In 1853 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army sent
against Montenegro, and in 1855 was created a count. He died on the 20th
of May 1859. His _Gedichte_ were published at Vienna in 1851.
See the anonymous _The Croatian Revolution_ of the Year 1848 (Croat.),
Agram, 1898. (R. N. B.)
JELLINEK, ADOLF (1821-1893), Jewish preacher and scholar, was born in
Moravia. After filling clerical posts in Leipzig, he became _Prediger_
(preacher) in Vienna in 1856. He was associated with the promoters of
the New Learning within Judaism, and wrote on the history of the
Kabbala. His bibliographies (each bearing the Hebrew title _Qontres_)
were useful compilations. But his most important work lay in three other
directions. (1) _Midrashic._ Jellinek published in the six parts of his
_Beth ha-Midrasch_ (1853-1878) a large number of smaller _Midrashi_,
ancient and medieval homilies and folk-lore records, which have been of
much service in the recent revival of interest in Jewish apocalyptic
literature. A translation of these collections of Jellinek into German
was undertaken by A. Wuensche, under the general title _Aus Israels
Lehrhalle_. (2) _Psychological._ Before the study of ethnic psychology
had become a science, Jellinek devoted attention to the subject. There
is much keen analysis and original investigation in his two essays _Der
jüdische Stamm_ (1869) and _Der jüdische Stamm in nicht-jüdischen
Sprüch-wörtern_ (1881-1882). It is to Jellinek that we owe the
oft-repeated comparison of the Jewish temperament to that of women in
its quickness of perception, versatility and sensibility. (3)
_Homiletic._ Jellinek was probably the greatest synagogue orator of the
19th century. He published some 200 sermons, in most of which are
displayed unobtrusive learning, fresh application of old sayings, and a
high conception of Judaism and its claims. Jellinek was a powerful
apologist and an accomplished homilist, at once profound and ingenious.
His son, GEORGE JELLINEK, was appointed professor of international law
at Heidelberg in 1891. Another son, MAX HERMANN JELLINEK, was made
assistant professor of philology at Vienna in 1892.
A brother of Adolf, HERMANN JELLINEK (b. 1823), was executed at the age
of 26 on account of his association with the Hungarian national movement
of 1848. One of Hermann Jellinek's best-known works was _Uriel Acosta_.
Another brother, MORITZ JELLINEK (1823-1883), was an accomplished
economist, and contributed to the Academy of Sciences essays on the
price of cereals and on the statistical organization of the country. He
founded the Budapest tramway company (1864) and was also president of
the corn exchange.
See _Jewish Encyclopedia_, vii. 92-94. For a character sketch of Adolf
Jellinek see S. Singer, _Lectures and Addresses_ (1908), pp. 88-93;
Kohut, _Berühmte israelitische Männer und Frauen_. (I. A.)
JEMAPPES, a town in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, near Mons, famous
as the scene of the battle at which Dumouriez, at the head of the French
Revolutionary Army, defeated the Austrian army (which was greatly
outnumbered) under the duke of Saxe-Teschen and Clerfayt on the 6th of
November 1792 (see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS).
JENA, a university town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar,
on the left bank of the Saale, 56 m. S.W. from Leipzig by the
Grossberigen-Saalfeld and 12 m. S.E. of Weimar by the Weimar-Gera lines
of railway. Pop. (1905), 26,355. Its situation in a broad valley
environed by limestone hills is somewhat dreary. To the north lies the
plateau, descending steeply to the valley, famous as the scene of the
battle of Jena. The town is surrounded by promenades occupying the site
of the old fortifications; it contains in addition to the medieval
market square, many old-fashioned houses and quaint narrow streets.
Besides the old university buildings, the most interesting edifices are
the 15th-century church of St Michael, with a tower 318 ft. high,
containing an altar, beneath which is a doorway leading to a vault, and
a bronze statue of Luther, originally destined for his tomb; the
university library, in which is preserved a curious figure of a dragon;
and the bridge across the Saale, as long as the church steeple is high,
the centre arch of which is surmounted by a stone carved head of a
malefactor. Across the river is the "mountain," or hill, whence a fine
view is obtained of the town and surroundings, and hard by the
Fuchs-Turm (Fox tower) celebrated for student orgies, while in the
centre of the town is the house of an astronomer, Weigel, with a deep
shaft through which the stars can be seen in the day time. Thus the
seven marvels of Jena are summed up in the Latin lines:--
_Ara, caput, draco, mons, pons, vulpecula turris,
Weigeliana domus; septem miracula Jenae._
There must also be mentioned the university church, the new university
buildings, which occupy the site of the ducal palace (Schloss) where
Goethe wrote his _Hermann und Dorothea_, the Schwarzer Bär Hotel, where
Luther spent the night after his flight from the Wartburg, and four
towers and a gateway which now alone mark the position of the ancient
walls. The town has of late years become a favourite residential resort
and has greatly extended towards the west, where there is a colony of
pleasant villas. Its chief prosperity centres, however, in the
university. In 1547 the elector John Frederick the Magnanimous of
Saxony, while a captive in the hands of the emperor Charles V.,
conceived the plan of founding a university at Jena, which was
accordingly established by his three sons. After having obtained a
charter from the emperor Ferdinand I., it was inaugurated on the 2nd of
February 1558. It was most numerously attended about the middle of the
18th century; but the most brilliant professoriate was under the duke
Charles Augustus, Goethe's patron (1787-1806), when Fichte, Hegel,
Schelling, Schlegel and Schiller were on its teaching staff. Founded as
a home for the new religious opinions of the 16th century, it has ever
been in the forefront of German universities in liberally accepting new
ideas. It distances perhaps every other German university in the extent
to which it carries out what are popularly regarded as the
characteristics of German student-life--duelling and the passion for
_Freiheit_. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th
century, the opening of new universities, co-operating with the
suspicions of the various German governments as to the democratic
opinions which obtained at Jena, militated against the university, which
has never regained its former prosperity. In 1905 it was attended by
about 1100 students, and its teaching staff (including _privatdocenten_)
numbered 112. Amongst its numerous auxiliaries may be mentioned the
library, with 200,000 volumes, the observatory, the meteorological
institute, the botanical garden, seminaries of theology, philology and
education, and well equipped clinical, anatomical and physical
institutes. There are also veterinary and agricultural colleges in
connexion with the university. The manufactures of Jena are not
considerable. The book trade has of late years revived, and there are
several printing establishments.
Jena appears to have possessed municipal rights in the 13th century. At
the beginning of the 14th century it was in the possession of the
margraves of Meissen, from whom it passed in 1423 to the elector of
Saxony. Since 1485 it has remained in the Ernestine line of the house of
Saxony. In 1662 it fell to Bernhard, youngest son of William duke of
Weimar, and became the capital of a small separate duchy. Bernhard's
line having become extinct in 1690, Jena was united with Eisenach, and
in 1741 reverted with that duchy to Weimar. In more modern times Jena
has been made famous by the defeat inflicted in the vicinity, on the
14th of October 1806, by Napoleon upon the Prussian army under the
prince of Hohenlohe (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS).
See Schreiber and Färber, _Jena von seinem Ursprung bis zur neuesten
Zeit_ (2nd ed., 1858); Ortloff, _Jena und Umgegend_ (3rd ed., 1875);
Leonhardt, _Jena als Universität und Stadt_ (Jena, 1902); Ritter,
_Führer durch Jena und Umgebung_ (Jena, 1901); Biedermann, _Die
Universität Jena_ (Jena, 1858); and the _Urkundenbuch der Stadt Jena_
edited by J. E. A. Martin and O. Devrient (1888-1903).
JENATSCH, GEORG (1596-1639), Swiss political leader, one of the most
striking figures in the troubled history of the Grisons in the 17th
century, was born at Samaden (capital of the Upper Engadine). He studied
at Zürich and Basel, and in 1617 became the Protestant pastor of
Scharans (near Thusis). But almost at once he plunged into active
politics, taking the side of the Venetian and Protestant party of the
Salis family, as against the Spanish and Romanist policy supported by
the rival family, that of Planta. He headed the "preachers" who in 1618
tortured to death the arch-priest Rusca, of Sondrio, and outlawed the
Plantas. As reprisals, a number of Protestants were massacred at Tirano
(1620), in the Valtellina, a very fertile valley, of considerable
strategical importance (for through it the Spaniards in Milan could
communicate by the Umbrail Pass with the Austrians in Tirol), which then
fell into the hands of the Spanish. Jenatsch took part in the murder
(1621) of Pompey Planta, the head of the rival party, but later with his
friends was compelled to fly the country, giving up his position as a
pastor, and henceforth acting solely as a soldier. He helped in the
revolt against the Austrians in the Prättigau (1622), and in the
invasion of the Valtellina by a French army (1624), but the peace made
(1626) between France and Spain left the Valtellina in the hands of the
pope, and so destroyed Jenatsch's hopes. Having killed his colonel,
Ruinelli, in a duel, Jenatsch had once more to leave his native land,
and took service with the Venetians (1629-1630). In 1631 he went to
Paris, and actively supported Richelieu's schemes for driving the
Spaniards out of the Valtellina, which led to the successful campaign of
Rohan (1635), one of whose firmest supporters was Jenatsch. But he soon
saw that the French were as unwilling as the Spaniards to restore the
Valtellina to the Grisons (which had seized it in 1512). So he became a
Romanist (1635), and negotiated secretly with the Spaniards and
Austrians. He was the leader of the conspiracy which broke out in 1637,
and resulted in the expulsion of Rohan and the French from the Grisons.
This treachery on Jenatsch's part did not, however, lead to the freeing
of the Valtellina from the Spaniards, and once more he tried to get
French support. But on the 24th of January 1639 he was assassinated at
Coire by the Plantas; later in the same year the much coveted valley was
restored by Spain to the Grisons, which held it till 1797. Jenatsch's
career is of general historical importance by reason of the long
conflict between France and Spain for the possession of the Valtellina,
which forms one of the most bloody episodes in the Thirty Years' War.
(W. A. B. C.)
See biography by E. Haffter (Davos, 1894).
JENGHIZ KHAN (1162-1227), Mongol emperor, was born in a tent on the
banks of the river Onon. His father Yesukai was absent at the time of
his birth, in a campaign against a Tatar chieftain named Temuchin. The
fortune of war favoured Yesukai, who having slain his enemy returned to
his encampment in triumph. Here he was met by the news that his wife
Yulun had given birth to a son. On examining the child he observed in
its clenched fist a clot of coagulated blood like a red stone. In the
eyes of the superstitious Mongol this circumstance referred to his
victory over the Tatar chieftain, and he therefore named the infant
Temuchin. The death of Yesukai, which placed Temuchin at the age of
thirteen on the Mongol throne, was the signal also for the dispersal of
several tribes whose allegiance the old chieftain had retained by his
iron rule. When remonstrated with by Temuchin, the rebels replied: "The
deepest wells are sometimes dry, and the hardest stone is sometimes
broken; why should we cling to thee?" But Yulun was by no means willing
to see her son's power melt away; she led those retainers who remained
faithful against the deserters, and succeeded in bringing back fully one
half to their allegiance. With this doubtful material, Temuchin
succeeded in holding his ground against the plots and open hostilities
of the neighbouring tribes, more especially of the Naimans, Keraits and
Merkits. With one or other of these he maintained an almost unceasing
warfare until 1206, when he felt strong enough to proclaim himself the
ruler of an empire. He therefore summoned the notables of his kingdom
to an assembly on the banks of the Onon, and at their unanimous request
adopted the name and title of Jenghiz Khan (Chinese, Chêng-sze, or
"perfect warrior"). At this time there remained to him but one open
enemy on the Mongolian steppes, Polo the Naiman khan. Against this chief
he now led his troops, and in one battle so completely shattered his
forces that Kushlek, the successor of Polo, who was left dead upon the
field, fled with his ally Toto, the Merkit khan, to the river Irtysh.
Jenghiz Khan now meditated an invasion of the empire of the Kin Tatars,
who had wrested northern China from the Sung dynasty. As a first step he
invaded western Hia, and, having captured several strongholds, retired
in the summer of 1208 to Lung-ting to escape the great heat of the
plains. While there news reached him that Toto and Kushlek were
preparing for war. In a pitched battle on the river Irtysh he overthrew
them completely. Toto was amongst the slain, and Kushlek fled for refuge
to the Khitan Tatars. Satisfied with his victory, Jenghiz again directed
his forces against Hia. After having defeated the Kin army under the
leadership of a son of the sovereign, he captured the Wu-liang-hai Pass
in the Great Wall, and penetrated as far as Ning-sia Fu in Kansuh. With
unceasing vigour he pushed on his troops, and even established his sway
over the province of Liaotung. Several of the Kin commanders, seeing how
persistently victory attended his banners, deserted to him, and
garrisons surrendered at his bidding. Having thus secured a firm footing
within the Great Wall, he despatched three armies in the autumn of 1213
to overrun the empire. The right wing, under his three sons, Juji,
Jagatai and Ogotai, marched towards the south; the left wing, under his
brothers Hochar, Kwang-tsin Noyen and Chow-tse-te-po-shi, advanced
eastward towards the sea; while Jenghiz and his son Tule with the centre
directed their course in a south-easterly direction. Complete success
attended all three expeditions. The right wing advanced as far as Honan,
and after having captured upwards of twenty-eight cities rejoined
headquarters by the great western road. Hochar made himself master of
the country as far as Liao-si; and Jenghiz ceased his triumphal career
only when he reached the cliffs of the Shantung promontory. But either
because he was weary of the strife, or because it was necessary to
revisit his Mongolian empire, he sent an envoy to the Kin emperor in the
spring of the following year (1214), saying, "All your possessions in
Shantung and the whole country north of the Yellow River are now mine
with the solitary exception of Yenking (the modern Peking). By the
decree of heaven you are now as weak as I am strong, but I am willing to
retire from my conquests; as a condition of my doing so, however, it
will be necessary that you distribute largess to my officers and men to
appease their fierce hostility." These terms of safety the Kin emperor
eagerly accepted, and as a peace offering he presented Jenghiz with a
daughter of the late emperor, another princess of the imperial house,
500 youths and maidens, and 3000 horses. No sooner, however, had Jenghiz
passed beyond the Great Wall than the Kin emperor, fearing to remain any
longer so near the Mongol frontier, moved his court to K'ai-fêng Fu in
Honan. This transfer of capital appearing to Jenghiz to indicate a
hostile attitude, he once more marched his troops into the doomed
empire.
While Jenghiz was thus adding city to city and province to province in
China, Kushlek, the fugitive Naiman chief, was not idle. With
characteristic treachery he requested permission from his host, the
Khitan khan, to collect the fragments of his army which had been
scattered by Jenghiz at the battle on the Irtysh, and thus having
collected a considerable force he leagued himself with Mahommed, the
shah of Khwarizm, against the confiding khan. After a short but decisive
campaign the allies remained masters of the position, and the khan was
compelled to abdicate the throne in favour of the late guest.
With the power and prestige thus acquired, Kushlek prepared once again
to measure swords with the Mongol chief. On receiving the news of his
hostile preparations, Jenghiz at once took the field, and in the first
battle routed the Naiman troops and made Kushlek a prisoner. His
ill-gotten kingdom became an apanage of the Mongol Empire. Jenghiz now
held sway up to the Khwarizm frontier. Beyond this he had no immediate
desire to go, and he therefore sent envoys to Mahommed, the shah, with
presents, saying, "I send thee greeting; I know thy power and the vast
extent of thine empire; I regard thee as my most cherished son. On my
part thou must know that I have conquered China and all the Turkish
nations north of it; thou knowest that my country is a magazine of
warriors, a mine of silver, and that I have no need of other lands. I
take it that we have an equal interest in encouraging trade between our
subjects." This peaceful message was well received by the shah, and in
all probability the Mongol armies would never have appeared in Europe
but for an unfortunate occurrence. Shortly after the despatch of this
first mission Jenghiz sent a party of traders into Transoxiana who were
seized and put to death as spies by Inaljuk, the governor of Otrar. As
satisfaction for this outrage Jenghiz demanded the extradition of the
offending governor. Far from yielding to this summons, however, Mahommed
beheaded the chief of the Mongol envoys, and sent the others back
without their beards. This insult made war inevitable, and in the spring
of 1219 Jenghiz set out from Karakorum on a campaign which was destined
to be as startling in its immediate results as its ulterior effects were
far-reaching. The invading force was in the first instance divided into
two armies: one commanded by Jenghiz's second son Jagatai was directed
to march against the Kankalis, the northern defenders of the Khwarizm
empire; and the other, led by Juji, his eldest son, advanced by way of
Sighnak against Jand (Jend). Against this latter force Mahommed led an
army of 400,000 men, who were completely routed, leaving it is said
160,000 dead upon the field. With the remnant of his host Mahommed fled
to Samarkand. Meanwhile Jagatai marched down upon the Syr Daria
(Jaxartes) by the pass of Taras and invested Otrar, the offending city.
After a siege of five months the citadel was taken by assault, and
Inaljuk and his followers were put to the sword. The conquerors levelled
the walls with the ground, after having given the city over to pillage.
At the same time a third army besieged and took Khojent on the Jaxartes;
and yet a fourth, led by Jenghiz and his youngest son Tule, advanced in
the direction of Bokhara. Tashkent and Nur surrendered on their
approach, and after a short siege Bokhara fell into their hands. On
entering the town Jenghiz ascended the steps of the principal mosque,
and shouted to his followers, "The hay is cut; give your horses fodder."
No second invitation to plunder was needed; the city was sacked, and the
inhabitants either escaped beyond the walls or were compelled to submit
to infamies which were worse than death. As a final act of vengeance the
town was fired, and before the last of the Mongols left the district,
the great mosque and certain palaces were the only buildings left to
mark the spot where the "centre of science" once stood. From the ruins
of Bokhara Jenghiz advanced along the valley of the Sogd to Samarkand,
which, weakened by treachery, surrendered to him, as did also Balkh. But
in neither case did submission save either the inhabitants from
slaughter or the city from pillage. Beyond this point Jenghiz went no
farther westward, but sent Tule, at the head of 70,000 men, to ravage
Khorasan, and two flying columns under Chepe and Sabutai Bahadar to
pursue after Mahommed who had taken refuge in Nishapur. Defeated and
almost alone, Mahommed fled before his pursuers to the village of Astara
on the shore of the Caspian Sea, where he died of an attack of pleurisy,
leaving his empire to his son Jelaleddin (Jalal ud-din). Meanwhile Tule
carried his arms into the fertile province of Khorasan, and after having
captured Nessa by assault appeared before Merv. By an act of atrocious
treachery the Mongols gained possession of the city, and, after their
manner, sacked and burnt the town. From Merv Tule marched upon Nishapur,
where he met with a most determined resistance. For four days the
garrison fought desperately on the walls and in the streets, but at
length they were overpowered, and, with the exception of 400 artisans
who were sent into Mongolia, every man, woman and child was slain. Herat
escaped the fate which had overtaken Merv and Nishapur by opening its
gates to the Mongols. At this point of his victorious career Tule
received an order to join Jenghiz before Talikhan in Badakshan, where
that chieftain was preparing to renew his pursuit of Jelaleddin, after a
check he had sustained in an engagement fought before Ghazni. As soon as
sufficient reinforcements arrived Jenghiz advanced against Jelaleddin,
who had taken up a position on the banks of the Indus. Here the Turks,
though far outnumbered, defended their ground with undaunted courage,
until, beaten at all points, they fled in confusion. Jelaleddin, seeing
that all was lost, mounted a fresh horse and jumped into the river,
which flowed 20 ft. below. With admiring gaze Jenghiz watched the
desperate venture of his enemy, and even saw without regret the dripping
horseman mount the opposite bank. From the Indus Jenghiz sent in pursuit
of Jelaleddin, who fled to Delhi, but failing to capture the fugitive
the Mongols returned to Ghazni after having ravaged the provinces of
Lahore, Peshawar and Melikpur. At this moment news reached Jenghiz that
the inhabitants of Herat had deposed the governor whom Tule had
appointed over the city, and had placed one of their own choice in his
room. To punish this act of rebellion Jenghiz sent an army of 80,000 men
against the offending city, which after a siege of six months was taken
by assault. For a whole week the Mongols ceased not to kill, burn and
destroy, and 1,600,000 persons are said to have been massacred within
the walls. Having consummated this act of vengeance, Jenghiz returned to
Mongolia by way of Balkh, Bokhara and Samarkand.
Meanwhile Chepe and Sabutai marched through Azerbeijan, and in the
spring of 1222 advanced into Georgia. Here they defeated a combined
force of Lesghians, Circassians and Kipchaks, and after taking Astrakhan
followed the retreating Kipchaks to the Don. The news of the approach of
the mysterious enemy of whose name even they were ignorant was received
by the Russian princes at Kiev with dismay. At the instigation, however,
of Mitislaf, prince of Galicia, they assembled an opposing force on the
Dnieper. Here they received envoys from the Mongol camp, whom they
barbarously put to death. "You have killed our envoys," was the answer
made by the Mongols; "well, as you wish for war you shall have it. We
have done you no harm. God is impartial; He will decide our quarrel." In
the first battle, on the river Kaleza, the Russians were utterly routed,
and fled before the invaders, who, after ravaging Great Bulgaria
retired, gorged with booty, through the country of Saksin, along the
river Aktuba, on their way to Mongolia.
In China the same success had attended the Mongol arms as in western
Asia. The whole of the country north of the Yellow river, with the
exception of one or two cities, was added to the Mongol rule, and, on
the death of the Kin emperor Süan Tsung in 1223, the Kin empire
virtually ceased to be, and Jenghiz's frontiers thus became conterminous
with those of the Sung emperors who held sway over the whole of central
and southern China. After his return from Central Asia, Jenghiz once
more took the field in western China. While on this campaign the five
planets appeared in a certain conjunction, which to the superstitiously
minded Mongol chief foretold that evil was awaiting him. With this
presentiment strongly impressed upon him he turned his face homewards,
and had advanced no farther than the Si-Kiang river in Kansuh when he
was seized with an illness of which he died a short time afterwards
(1227) at his travelling palace at Ha-lao-tu, on the banks of the river
Sale in Mongolia. By the terms of his will Ogotai was appointed his
successor, but so essential was it considered to be that his death
should remain a secret until Ogotai was proclaimed that, as the funeral
procession moved northwards to the great ordu on the banks of the
Kerulen, the escort killed every one they met. The body of Jenghiz was
then carried successively to the ordus of his several wives, and was
finally laid to rest in the valley of Kilien.
Thus ended the career of one of the greatest conquerors the world has
ever seen. Born and nurtured as the chief of a petty Mongolian tribe, he
lived to see his armies victorious from the China Sea to the banks of
the Dnieper; and, though the empire which he created ultimately
dwindled away under the hands of his degenerate descendants, leaving not
a wrack behind, we have in the presence of the Turks in Europe a
consequence of his rule, since it was the advance of his armies which
drove their Osmanli ancestors from their original home in northern Asia,
and thus led to their invasion of Bithynia under Othman, and finally
their advance into Europe under Amurath I.
See Sir H. H. Howorth, _The History of the Mongols_; Sir Robert K.
Douglas, _The Life of Jenghiz Khan_. (R. K. D.)
JENKIN, HENRY CHARLES FLEEMING (1833-1885), British engineer, was born
near Dungeness on the 25th of March 1833, his father (d. 1885) being a
naval commander, and his mother (d. 1885) a novelist of some literary
repute, her best books perhaps being _Cousin Stella_ (1859) and _Who
breaks, pays_ (1861). Fleeming Jenkin was educated at first in Scotland,
but in 1846 the family went to live abroad, owing to financial straits,
and he studied at Genoa University, where he took a first-class degree
in physical science. In 1851 he began his engineering career as
apprentice in an establishment at Manchester, and subsequently he
entered Newall's submarine cable works at Birkenhead. In 1859 he began,
in concert with Sir William Thomson (afterwards Lord Kelvin), to work on
problems respecting the making and use of cables, and the importance of
his researches on the resistance of gutta-percha was at once recognized.
From this time he was in constant request in connexion with submarine
telegraphy, and he became known also as an inventor. In partnership with
Thomson, he made a large income as a consulting telegraph engineer. In
1865 he was elected F.R.S., and was appointed professor of engineering
at University College, London. In 1868 he obtained the same
professorship at Edinburgh University, and in 1873 he published a
textbook of _Magnetism and Electricity_, full of original work. He was
author of the article "Bridges" in the ninth edition of this
encyclopaedia. His influence among the Edinburgh students was
pronounced, and R. L. Stevenson's well-known _Memoir_ is a sympathetic
tribute to his ability and character. The meteoric charm of his
conversation is well described in Stevenson's essay on "Talk and
Talkers," under the name of Cockshot. Jenkin's interests were by no
means confined to engineering, but extended to the arts and literature;
his miscellaneous papers, showing his critical and unconventional views,
were issued posthumously in two volumes (1887). In 1882 Jenkin invented
an automatic method of electric transport for goods--"telpherage"--but
the completion of its details was prevented by his death on the 12th of
June 1885. A telpher line on his system was subsequently erected at
Glynde in Sussex. He was also well known as a sanitary reformer, and
during the last ten years of his life he did much useful work in
inculcating more enlightened ideas on the subject both in Edinburgh and
other places.
JENKINS, SIR LEOLINE (1623-1685), English lawyer and diplomatist, was
the son of a Welsh country gentleman. He was born in 1623 and was
educated at Jesus College, Oxford, of which he was elected a fellow at
the Restoration in 1660, having been an ardent royalist during the civil
war and commonwealth; and in 1661 he became head of the college. In the
same year he was made registrar of the consistory court of Westminster;
in 1664 deputy judge of the court of arches; about a year later judge of
the admiralty court; in 1689 judge of the prerogative court of
Canterbury. In these offices Jenkins did enduring work in elucidating
and establishing legal principles, especially in relation to
international law and admiralty jurisdiction. He was selected to draw up
the claim of Charles II. to succeed to the property of his mother,
Henrietta Maria, on her death in August 1666, and while in Paris for
this purpose he succeeded in defeating the rival claim of the duchess of
Orleans, being rewarded by a knighthood on his return. In 1673, on being
elected member for Hythe, Jenkins resigned the headship of Jesus
College. He was one of the English representatives at the congress of
Cologne in 1673, and at the more important congress of Nijmwegen in
1676-1679. He was made a privy councillor in February 1680 and became
secretary of state in April of the same year, in which office he was the
official leader of the opposition to the Exclusion Bill, though he was
by no means a pliant tool in the hands of the court. He resigned office
in 1684, and died on the 1st of September 1685. He left most of his
property to Jesus College, Oxford, including his books, which he
bequeathed to the college library, built by himself; and he left some
important manuscripts to All Souls College, where they are preserved.
Jenkins left his impress on the law of England in the Statute of Frauds,
and the Statute of Distributions, of which he was the principal author,
and of which the former profoundly affected the mercantile law of the
country, while the latter regulated the inheritance of the personal
property of intestates. He was never married.
See William Wynne, _Life of Sir Leoline Jenkins_ (2 vols., London,
1724), which contains a number of his diplomatic despatches, letters,
speeches and other papers. See also Sir William Temple, _Works_, vol.
ii. (4 vols., 1770); Anthony à Wood, _Athenae Oxonienses_ (Fasti)
edited by P. Bliss (4 vols., London, 1813-1820), and _History and
Antiquities of the University of Oxford_, edited by J. Gutch (Oxford,
1792-1796).
JENKINS, ROBERT (fl. 1731-1745), English master mariner, is known as the
protagonist of the "Jenkins's ear" incident, which, magnified in England
by the press and the opposition, became a contributory cause of the war
between England and Spain (1739). Bringing home the brig "Rebecca" from
the West Indies in 1731, Jenkins was boarded by a Spanish guarda-costa,
whose commander rifled the holds and cut off one of his ears. On
arriving in England Jenkins stated his grievance to the king, and a
report was furnished by the commander-in-chief in the West Indies
confirming his account. At first the case created no great stir, but in
1738 he repeated his story with dramatic detail before a committee of
the House of Commons, producing what purported to be the ear that had
been cut off. Afterwards it was suggested that he might have lost the
ear in the pillory.
Jenkins was subsequently given the command of a ship in the East India
Company's service, and later became supervisor of the company's
affairs at St Helena. In 1741 he was sent from England to that island
to investigate charges of corruption brought against the acting
governor, and from May 1741 until March 1742 he administered the
affairs of the island. Thereafter he resumed his naval career, and is
stated in an action with a pirate vessel to have preserved his own
vessel and three others under his care (see T. H. Brooke, _History of
the Island of St Helena_ (London, 2nd ed., 1824), and H. R. Janisch,
_Extracts from the St Helena Records_, 1885).
JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE (1856- ), American economist, was born in St
Clair, Michigan, on the 2nd of September 1856. He graduated at the
university of Michigan in 1878; taught Greek, Latin and German in Mt.
Morris College, Illinois; studied in Germany, receiving the degree of
Ph.D. from the university of Halle in 1885; taught political science and
English literature at Knox College, Galesburg, Ill., in 1886-1889; was
professor of political economy and social science at Indiana State
University in 1889-1891; and was successively professor of political,
municipal and social institutions (1891-1892), professor of political
economy and civil and social institutions (1892-1901), and after 1901
professor of political economy and politics at Cornell University. In
1899-1901 he served as an expert agent of the United States industrial
commission on investigation of trusts and industrial combinations in the
United States and Europe, and contributed to vols. i., viii. and xiii.
of this commission's report (1900 and 1901), vol. viii. being a report,
written wholly by him, on industrial combinations in Europe. In
1901-1902 he was special commissioner of the United States war
department on colonial administration, and wrote a _Report on Certain
Economic Questions in the English and Dutch Colonies in the Orient_,
published (1902) by the bureau of insular affairs; and in 1903 he was
adviser to the Mexican ministry of finance on projected currency
changes. In 1903-1904 he was a member of the United States commission on
international exchange, in especial charge of the reform of currency in
China; in 1905 he was special representative of the United States with
the imperial Chinese special mission visiting the United States. In 1907
he became a member of the United States immigration commission. Best
known as an expert on "trusts," he has written besides on elections,
ballot reform, proportional representation, on education (especially as
a training for citizenship), on legislation regarding highways, &c.
His principal published works are _Henry C. Carey als Nationalökonom_
(Halle a. S., 1885); _The Trust Problem_ (1900; revised 1903); _Great
Fortunes_ (1906); _Citizenship and the Schools_ (1906); and
_Principles of Politics_ (1909).
JENNÉ, a city of West Africa, formerly the capital of the Songhoi
empire, now included in the French colony of Upper Senegal and Niger.
Jenné is situated on a marigot or natural canal connecting the Niger and
its affluent the Bani or Mahel Balevel, and is within a few miles of the
latter stream. It lies 250 m. S.W. of Timbuktu in a straight line. The
city is surrounded by channels connected with the Bani but in the dry
season it ceases to be an island. On the north is the Moorish quarter;
on the north-west, the oldest part of the city, stood the citadel,
converted by the French since 1893 into a modern fort. The market-place
is midway between the fort and the commercial harbour. The old mosque,
partially destroyed in 1830, covered a large area in the south-west
portion of the city. It was built on the site of the ancient palace of
the Songhoi kings. The architecture of many of the buildings bears a
resemblance to Egyptian, the façades of the houses being adorned with
great buttresses of pylonic form. There is little trace of the influence
of Moorish or Arabian art. The buildings are mostly constructed of clay
made into flat long bricks. Massive clay walls surround the city. The
inhabitants are great traders and the principal merchants have
representatives at Timbuktu and all the chief places on the Niger. The
boats built at Jenné are famous throughout the western Sudan.
Jenné is believed to have been founded by the Songhoi in the 8th
century, and though it has passed under the dominion of many races it
has never been destroyed. Jenné seems to have been at the height of its
power from the 12th to the 16th century, when its merchandise was found
at every port along the west coast of Africa. From this circumstance it
is conjectured that Jenné (Guinea) gave its name to the whole coast (see
GUINEA). Subsequently, under the control of Moorish, Tuareg and Fula
invaders, the importance of the city greatly declined. With the advent
of the French, commerce again began to flourish.
See F. Dubois, _Tombouctou la mystérieuse_ (Paris, 1897), in which
several chapters are devoted to Jenné; also SONGHOI; TIMBUKTU; and
SENEGAL.
JENNER, EDWARD (1749-1823), English physician and discoverer of
vaccination, was born at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, on the 17th of May
1749. His father, the Rev. Stephen Jenner, rector of Rockhampton and
vicar of Berkeley, came of a family that had been long established in
that county, and was possessed of considerable landed property; he died
when Edward was only six years old, but his eldest son, the Rev. Stephen
Jenner, brought his brother up with paternal care and tenderness. Edward
received his early education at Wotton-under-Edge and Cirencester, where
he already showed a strong taste for natural history. The medical
profession having been selected for him, he began his studies under
Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon of Sodbury near Bristol; but in his
twenty-first year he proceeded to London, where he became a favourite
pupil of John Hunter, in whose house he resided for two years. During
this period he was employed by Sir Joseph Banks to arrange and prepare
the valuable zoological specimens which he had brought back from Captain
Cook's first voyage in 1771. He must have acquitted himself
satisfactorily in this task, since he was offered the post of naturalist
in the second expedition, but declined it as well as other advantageous
offers, preferring rather to practise his profession in his native
place, and near his eldest brother, to whom he was much attached. He was
the principal founder of a local medical society, to which he
contributed several papers of marked ability, in one of which he
apparently anticipated later discoveries concerning rheumatic
inflammations of the heart. He maintained a correspondence with John
Hunter, under whose direction he investigated various points in biology,
particularly the hibernation of hedgehogs and habits of the cuckoo; his
paper on the latter subject was laid by Hunter before the Royal Society,
and appeared in the _Phil. Trans._ for 1788. He also devoted
considerable attention to the varied geological character of the
district in which he lived, and constructed the first balloon seen in
those parts. He was a great favourite in general society, from his
agreeable and instructive conversation, and the many accomplishments he
possessed. Thus he was a fair musician, both as a part singer and as a
performer on the violin and flute, and a very successful writer, after
the fashion of that time, of fugitive pieces of verse. In 1788 he
married Catherine Kingscote, and in 1792 he obtained the degree of
doctor of medicine from St Andrews.
Meanwhile the discovery that is associated with his name had been slowly
maturing in his mind. When only an apprentice at Sodbury, his attention
had been directed to the relations between cow-pox and small-pox in
connexion with a popular belief which he found current in
Gloucestershire, as to the antagonism between these two diseases. During
his stay in London he appears to have mentioned the thing repeatedly to
Hunter, who, being engrossed by other important pursuits, was not so
strongly persuaded as Jenner was of its possible importance, yet spoke
of it to his friends and in his lectures. After he began practice in
Berkeley, Jenner was always accustomed to inquire what his professional
brethren thought of it; but he found that, when medical men had noticed
the popular report at all, they supposed it to be based on imperfect
induction. His first careful investigation of the subject dated from
about 1775, and five years elapsed before he had succeeded in clearing
away the most perplexing difficulties by which it was surrounded. He
first satisfied himself that two different forms of disease had been
hitherto confounded under the term cow-pox, only one of which protected
against small-pox, and that many of the cases of failure were to be thus
accounted for; and his next step was to ascertain that the true cow-pox
itself only protects when communicated at a particular stage of the
disease. At the same time he came to the conclusion that "the grease" of
horses is the same disease as cow-pox and small-pox, each being modified
by the organism in which it was developed. For many years, cow-pox being
scarce in his county, he had no opportunity of inoculating the disease,
and so putting his discovery to the test, but he did all he could in the
way of collecting information and communicating what he had ascertained.
Thus in 1788 he carried a drawing of the cow-pox, as seen on the hands
of a milkmaid, to London, and showed it to Sir E. Home and others, who
agreed that it was "an interesting and curious subject." At length, on
the 14th of May 1796, he was able to inoculate James Phipps, a boy about
eight years old, with matter from cow-pox vesicles on the hand of Sarah
Nelmes. On the 1st of the following July the boy was carefully
inoculated with variolous matter, but (as Jenner had predicted) no
small-pox followed. The discovery was now complete, but Jenner was
unable to repeat his experiment until 1798, owing to the disappearance
of cow-pox from the dairies. He then repeated his inoculations with the
utmost care, and prepared a pamphlet (_Inquiry into the Cause and
Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae_) which should announce his discovery
to the world. Before publishing it, however, he thought it well to visit
London, so as to demonstrate the truth of his assertions to his friends;
but he remained in London nearly three months, without being able to
find any person who would submit to be vaccinated. Soon after he had
returned home, however, Henry Cline, surgeon of St Thomas's Hospital,
inoculated some vaccine matter obtained from him over the diseased
hip-joint of a child, thinking the counter-irritation might be useful,
and found the patient afterwards incapable of acquiring small-pox. In
the autumn of the same year, Jenner met with the first opposition to
vaccination; and this was the more formidable because it proceeded from
J. Ingenhousz, a celebrated physician and man of science. But meanwhile
Cline's advocacy of vaccination brought it much more decidedly before
the medical profession, of whom the majority were prudent enough to
suspend their judgment until they had more ample information. But
besides these there were two noisy and troublesome factions, one of
which opposed vaccination as a useless and dangerous practice, while the
other endangered its success much more by rash and self-seeking
advocacy. At the head of the latter was George Pearson, who in November
1798 published a pamphlet speculating upon the subject, before even
seeing a case of cow-pox, and afterwards endeavoured, by lecturing on
the subject and supplying the virus, to put himself forward as the chief
agent in the cause. The matter which he distributed, which had been
derived from cows that were found to be infected in London, was found
frequently to produce, not the slight disease described by Jenner, but
more or less severe eruptions resembling small-pox. Jenner concluded at
once that this was due to an accidental contamination of the vaccine
with variolous matter, and a visit to London in the spring of 1799
convinced him that this was the case. In the course of this year the
practice of vaccination spread over England, being urged principally by
non-professional persons of position; and towards its close attempts
were made to found institutions for gratuitous vaccination and for
supplying lymph to all who might apply for it. Pearson proposed to
establish one of these in London, without Jenner's knowledge, in which
he offered him the post of honorary corresponding physician! On learning
of this scheme to supplant him, and to carry on an institution for
public vaccination on principles which he knew to be partly erroneous,
Jenner once more visited London early in 1800, when he had influence
enough to secure the abandonment of the project. He was afterwards
presented to the king, the queen and the prince of Wales, whose
encouragement materially aided the spread of vaccination in England.
Meanwhile it had made rapid progress in the United States, where it was
introduced by Benjamin Waterhouse, then professor of physic at Harvard,
and on the continent of Europe, where it was at first diffused by De
Carro of Vienna. In consequence of the war between England and France,
the discovery was later in reaching Paris; but, its importance once
realized, it spread rapidly over France, Spain and Italy.
A few of the incidents connected with its extension may be mentioned.
Perhaps the most striking is the expedition which was sent out by the
court of Spain in 1803, for the purpose of diffusing cow-pox through all
the Spanish possessions in the Old and New Worlds, and which returned in
three years, having circumnavigated the globe, and succeeded beyond its
utmost expectations. Clergymen in Geneva and Holland urged vaccination
upon their parishioners from the pulpit; in Sicily, South America and
Naples religious processions were formed for the purpose of receiving
it; the anniversary of Jenner's birthday, or of the successful
vaccination of James Phipps, was for many years celebrated as a feast in
Germany; and the empress of Russia caused the first child operated upon
to receive the name of Vaccinov, and to be educated at the public
expense. About the close of the year 1801 Jenner's friends in
Gloucestershire presented him with a small service of plate as a
testimonial of the esteem in which they held his discovery. This was
intended merely as a preliminary to the presenting of a petition to
parliament for a grant. The petition was presented in 1802, and was
referred to a committee, of which the investigations resulted in a
report in favour of the grant, and ultimately in a vote of £10,000.
Towards the end of 1802 steps were taken to form a society for the
proper spread of vaccination in London, and the Royal Jennerian Society
was finally established, Jenner returning to town to preside at the
first meeting. This institution began very prosperously, more than
twelve thousand persons having been inoculated in the first eighteen
months, and with such effect that the deaths from small-pox, which for
the latter half of the 18th century had averaged 2018 annually, fell in
1804 to 622. Unfortunately the chief resident inoculator soon set
himself up as an authority opposed to Jenner, and this led to such
dissensions as caused the society to die out in 1808.
Jenner was led, by the language of the chancellor of the exchequer when
his grant was proposed, to attempt practice in London, but after a
year's trial he returned to Berkeley. His grant was not paid until 1804,
and then, after the deduction of about £1000 for fees, it did little
more than pay the expenses attendant upon his discovery. For he was so
thoroughly known everywhere as the discoverer of vaccination that, as he
himself said, he was "the vaccine clerk of the whole world." At the
same time he continued to vaccinate gratuitously all the poor who
applied to him on certain days, so that he sometimes had as many as
three hundred persons waiting at his door. Meanwhile honours began to
shower upon him from abroad: he was elected a member of almost all the
chief scientific societies on the continent of Europe, the first being
that of Göttingen, where he was proposed by J. F. Blumenbach. But
perhaps the most flattering proof of his influence was derived from
France. On one occasion, when he was endeavouring to obtain the release
of some of the unfortunate Englishmen who had been detained in France on
the sudden termination of the Peace of Amiens, Napoleon was about to
reject the petition, when Josephine uttered the name of Jenner. The
emperor paused and exclaimed: "Ah, we can refuse nothing to that name."
Somewhat later he did the same service to Englishmen confined in Mexico
and in Austria; and during the latter part of the great war persons
before leaving England would sometimes obtain certificates signed by him
which served as passports. In his own country his merits were less
recognized. His applications on behalf of French prisoners in England
were less successful; he never shared in any of the patronage at the
disposal of the government, and was even unable to obtain a living for
his nephew George.
In 1806 Lord Henry Petty (afterwards the marquess of Lansdowne) became
chancellor of the exchequer, and was so convinced of the inadequacy of
the former parliamentary grant that he proposed an address to the Crown,
praying that the college of physicians should be directed to report upon
the success of vaccination. Their report being strongly in its favour,
the then chancellor of the exchequer (Spencer Perceval) proposed that a
sum of £10,000 without any deductions should be paid to Jenner. The
anti-vaccinationists found but one advocate in the House of Commons; and
finally the sum was raised to £20,000. Jenner, however, at the same time
had the mortification of learning that government did not intend to take
any steps towards checking small-pox inoculation, which so persistently
kept up that disease. About the same time a subscription for his benefit
was begun in India, where his discovery had been gratefully received,
but the full amount of this (£7383) only reached him in 1812.
The Royal Jennerian Society having failed, the national vaccine
establishment was founded, for the extension of vaccination, in 1808.
Jenner spent five months in London for the purpose of organizing it, but
was then obliged, by the dangerous illness of one of his sons, to return
to Berkeley. He had been appointed director of the institution; but he
had no sooner left London than Sir Lucas Pepys, president of the college
of physicians, neglected his recommendations, and formed the board out
of the officials of that college and the college of surgeons. Jenner at
once resigned his post as director, though he continued to give the
benefit of his advice whenever it was needed, and this resignation was a
bitter mortification to him. In 1810 his eldest son died, and Jenner's
grief at his loss, and his incessant labours, materially affected his
health. In 1813 the university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of
M.D. It was believed that this would lead to his election into the
college of physicians, but that learned body decided that he could not
be admitted until he had undergone an examination in classics. This
Jenner at once refused; to brush up his classics would, he said, "be
irksome beyond measure. I would not do it for a diadem. That indeed
would be a bauble; I would not do it for John Hunter's museum."
He visited London for the last time in 1814, when he was presented to
the Allied Sovereigns and to most of the principal personages who
accompanied them. In the next year his wife's death was the signal for
him to retire from public life: he never left Berkeley again, except for
a day or two, as long as he lived. He found sufficient occupation for
the remainder of his life in collecting further evidence on some points
connected with his great discovery, and in his engagements as a
physician, a naturalist and a magistrate. In 1818 a severe epidemic of
small-pox prevailed, and fresh doubts were thrown on the efficacy of
vaccination, in part apparently owing to the bad quality of the vaccine
lymph employed. This caused Jenner much annoyance, which was relieved by
an able defence of the practice, written by Sir Gilbert Blane. But this
led him, in 1821, to send a circular letter to most of the medical men
in the kingdom inquiring into the effect of other skin diseases in
modifying the progress of cow-pox. A year later he published his last
work, _On the Influence of Artificial Eruptions in Certain Diseases_;
and in 1823 he presented his last paper--"On the Migration of Birds"--to
the Royal Society. On the 24th of January 1823 he retired to rest
apparently as well as usual, and next morning rose and came down to his
library, where he was found insensible on the floor, in a state of
apoplexy, and with the right side paralysed. He never rallied, and died
on the following morning.
A public subscription was set on foot, shortly after his death, by the
medical men of his county, for the purpose of erecting some memorial in
his honour, and with much difficulty a sufficient sum was raised to
enable a statue to be placed in Gloucester Cathedral. In 1850 another
attempt was made to set up a monument to him; this appears to have
failed, but at length, in 1858, a statue of him was erected by public
subscription in London.
Jenner's life was written by the intimate friend of his later years,
Dr John Baron of Gloucester (2 vols., 1827, 1838). See also
Vaccination.
JENNER, SIR WILLIAM, BART. (1815-1898), English physician, was born at
Chatham on the 30th of January 1815, and educated at University College,
London. He became M.R.C.S. in 1837, and F.R.C.P. in 1852, and in 1844
took the London M.D. In 1847 he began at the London fever hospital
investigations into cases of "continued" fever which enabled him finally
to make the distinction between typhus and typhoid on which his
reputation as a pathologist principally rests. In 1849 he was appointed
professor of pathological anatomy at University College, and also
assistant physician to University College Hospital, where he afterwards
became physician (1854-1876) and consulting physician (1879), besides
holding similar appointments at other hospitals. He was also
successively Holme professor of clinical medicine and professor of the
principles and practice of medicine at University College. He was
president of the college of physicians (1881-1888); he was elected
F.R.S. in 1864, and received honorary degrees from Oxford, Cambridge and
Edinburgh. In 1861 he was appointed physician extraordinary, and in 1862
physician in ordinary, to Queen Victoria, and in 1863 physician in
ordinary to the prince of Wales; he attended both the prince consort and
the prince of Wales in their attacks of typhoid fever. In 1868 he was
created a baronet. As a consultant Sir William Jenner had a great
reputation, and he left a large fortune when he died, at Bishop's
Waltham, Hants, on the 11th of December 1898, having then retired from
practice for eight years owing to failing health.
JENNET, a small Spanish horse; the word is sometimes applied in English
to a mule, the offspring of a she-ass and a stallion. Jennet comes,
through Fr. _genet_, from Span, _jinete_, a light horseman who rides _à
la gineta_, explained as "with his legs tucked up." The name is taken to
be a corruption of the Arabic Zenata, a Berber tribe famed for its
cavalry. English and French transferred the word from the rider to his
horse, a meaning which the word has only acquired in Spain in modern
times.
JENOLAN CAVES, a series of remarkable caverns in Roxburgh county, New
South Wales, Australia; 113 m. W. by N. of Sydney, and 36 m. from
Tarana, which is served by railway. They are the most celebrated of
several similar groups in the limestone of the country; they have not
yielded fossils of great interest, but the stalactitic formations,
sometimes pure white, are of extraordinary beauty. The caves have been
rendered easily accessible to visitors and lighted by electricity.
JENSEN, WILHELM (1837- ), German author, was born at Heiligenhafen in
Holstein on the 15th of February 1837, the son of a local Danish
magistrate, who came of old patrician Frisian stock. After attending the
classical schools at Kiel and Lübeck, Jensen studied medicine at the
universities of Kiel, Würzburg and Breslau. He, however, abandoned the
medical profession for that of letters, and after engaging for some
years in individual private study proceeded to Munich, where he
associated with men of letters. After a residence in Stuttgart
(1865-1869), where for a short time he conducted the _Schwäbische
Volks-Zeitung_, he became editor in Flensburg of the _Norddeutsche
Zeitung_. In 1872 he again returned to Kiel, lived from 1876 to 1888 in
Freiburg im Breisgau, and since 1888 has been resident in Munich.
Jensen is perhaps the most fertile of modern German writers of
fiction, more than one hundred works having proceeded from his pen;
but only comparatively few of them have caught the public taste; such
are the novels, _Karin von Schweden_ (Berlin, 1878); _Die braune
Erica_ (Berlin, 1868); and the tale, _Die Pfeifer von Dusenbach, Eine
Geschichte aus dem Elsass_ (1884). Among others may be mentioned:
_Barthenia_ (Berlin, 1877); _Götz und Gisela_ (Berlin, 1886);
_Heimkunft_ (Dresden, 1894); _Aus See und Sand_ (Dresden, 1897); _Luv
und Lee_ (Berlin, 1897); and the narratives, _Aus den Tagen der Hansa_
(Leipzig, 1885); _Aus stiller Zeit_ (Berlin, 1881-1885); and _Heimath_
(1901). Jensen also published some tragedies, among which _Dido_
(Berlin, 1870) and _Der Kampf für's Reich_ (Freiburg im Br., 1884) may
be mentioned.
JENYNS, SOAME (1704-1787), English author, was born in London on the 1st
of January 1704, and was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. In
1742 he was chosen M.P. for Cambridgeshire, in which his property lay,
and he afterwards sat for the borough of Dunwich and the town of
Cambridge. From 1755 to 1780 he was one of the commissioners of the
board of trade. He died on the 18th of December 1787.
For the measure of literary repute which he enjoyed during his life
Jenyns was indebted as much to his wealth and social standing as to his
accomplishments and talents, though both were considerable. His poetical
works, the _Art of Dancing_ (1727) and _Miscellanies_ (1770), contain
many passages graceful and lively though occasionally verging on
licence. The first of his prose works was his _Free Inquiry into the
Nature and Origin of Evil_ (1756). This essay was severely criticized on
its appearance, especially by Samuel Johnson in the _Literary Magazine_.
Johnson, in a slashing review--the best paper of the kind he ever
wrote--condemned the book as a slight and shallow attempt to solve one
of the most difficult of moral problems. Jenyns, a gentle and amiable
man in the main, was extremely irritated by his failure. He put forth a
second edition of his work, prefaced by a vindication, and tried to take
vengeance on Johnson after his death by a sarcastic epitaph.[1] In 1776
Jenyns published his _View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian
Religion_. Though at one period of his life he had affected a kind of
deistic scepticism, he had now returned to orthodoxy, and there seems no
reason to doubt his sincerity, questioned at the time, in defending
Christianity on the ground of its total variance with the principles of
human reason. The work was deservedly praised in its day for its
literary merits, but is so plainly the production of an amateur in
theology that as a scientific treatise it is valueless.
A collected edition of the works of Jenyns appeared in 1790, with a
biography by Charles Nalson Cole. There are several references to him
in Boswell's _Johnson_.