Purchase of lands from the Indians—division of the lands among the
settlers.
The spot where Mr. Williams and his companions landed was within the
jurisdiction of the Narraganset Indians.[141] The sachems of this tribe
were Canonicus, and his nephew Miantinomo. The former was an old man,
and he probably associated with him his young nephew, as better fitted
to sustain the toils and cares of royalty. Their residence is said by
Gookin to have been about Narraganset Bay, and on the island of
Canonicut.
The first object of Mr. Williams would naturally be, to obtain from the
sachems a grant of land for his new colony. He probably visited them,
and received a verbal cession of the territory, which, two years
afterwards, was formally conveyed to him by a deed. This instrument may
properly be quoted here:[142]
“At Narraganset, the 24th of the first month, commonly called March, the
second year of the plantation or planting at Moshassuck, or Providence;
Memorandum, that we, Canonicus and Miantinomo, the two chief sachems of
Narraganset, having two years since sold unto Roger Williams the lands
and meadows upon the two fresh rivers, called Moshassuck and
Wanasquatucket, do now, by these presents, establish and confirm the
bounds of these lands, from the river and fields of Pawtucket, the great
hill of Notaquoncanot, on the northwest, and the town of Mashapaug, on
the west.[143] We also, in consideration of the many kindnesses and
services he hath continually done for us, both with our friends of
Massachusetts, as also at Connecticut, and Apaum, or Plymouth, we do
freely give unto him all that land from those rivers reaching to
Pawtuxet river; as also the grass and meadows upon the said Pawtuxet
river. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands.”
The mark (a bow) of CANONICUS.
The mark (an arrow) of MIANTINOMO.
In the presence of
The mark of SOHASH.
The mark of ALSOMUNSIT.
“1639. Memorandum. 3d month, 9th day, this was all again confirmed by
Miantinomo. He acknowledged, that he also [illegible][144] and gave up
the streams of Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, without limits, we might have for
our use of cattle.
Witness hereof,
ROGER WILLIAMS,
BENEDICT ARNOLD.”
The lands thus ceded to Mr. Williams he conveyed to twelve men, who
accompanied, or soon joined, him, reserving for himself an equal part
only. Before we narrate the particulars of this transaction, a few
remarks are necessary.
It appears from the tenor of the deed, and from other evidence, that the
original sale included only the lands mentioned in the first part of the
deed. These are said by the sachems to have been “sold” to Mr. Williams.
The grass and meadows on Pawtuxet river are said to be given to him, in
consideration of his services.
An interesting question, which occasioned much debate in the early times
of the colony, claims consideration here. Were the lands, ceded by the
sachems, so conveyed, that they became the property of Roger Williams
himself, and might he, with justice and honor, have sold or retained
them, as he pleased? An answer to this question will throw light on his
subsequent conduct.
The conveyance in the deed is made to him alone. The title,
consequently, was vested in him, so far as the instrument went. But this
fact does not decide the point. It was a subject of accusation against
him, that the conveyance was not made to him and _his associates_. Did
he, then, act on behalf of others, as well as for himself?
If his own solemn and often repeated assertions are worthy of credit, he
obtained the lands by his own money and influence, and might have held
them as his property.
He argues the case at large, in his letter to the Commissioners, in
1677, to whom he was accused of unfair conduct respecting the lands.
He asserts, in the first place, “It is not true, that I was employed by
any, was supplied by any, or desired any to come with me into these
parts. My soul’s desire was, to do the natives good, and to that end to
learn their language, (which I afterwards printed) and therefore desired
not to be troubled with English company.” He adds, that “out of pity, he
gave leave to several persons to come along in his company.” He makes
the same statement in his deed of 1661:—“I desired it might be for a
shelter for persons distressed for conscience. I then considering the
condition of divers of my distressed countrymen, I communicated my said
purchase unto my loving friends, [whom he names] who then desired to
take shelter here with me.”
It seems, then, that his original design was to come alone, probably to
dwell among the Indians, and do them good; but he altered his plan, and
resolved to establish a refuge for those who might flee from
persecution. The project was his own, and worthy of his generous and
liberal mind. He certainly was not employed, as an agent, to purchase
lands for others. He uses another argument: “I mortgaged my house in
Salem (worth some hundreds) for supplies to go through, and, therefore,
was it a single business.”
Having thus shown that he acted for himself, and on his own
responsibility, he states, that the lands were procured from the sachems
by his influence alone. He enumerates several advantages which he
enjoyed in this negotiation: “1. A constant, zealous desire to dive into
the natives’ language. 2. God was pleased to give me a painful, patient
spirit to lodge with them in their filthy, smoky holes, (even while I
lived at Plymouth and Salem) to gain their tongue. 3. I spared no cost
towards them, and in gifts to Ousamequin, yea, and all his, and to
Canonicus, and all his, tokens and presents, many years before I came in
person to the Narraganset, and when I came, I was welcome to Ousamequin,
and to the old prince Canonicus, who was most shy of all English, to his
last breath. 4. I was known by all the Wampanoags and the Narragansets
to be a public speaker at Plymouth and Salem, and, therefore, with them,
held as a sachem. 5. I could debate with them (in a great measure) in
their own language. 6. I had the favor and countenance of that noble
soul, Mr. Winthrop, whom all Indians respected.”
He proceeds to state, respecting Canonicus, that “it was not thousands
nor tens of thousands of money could have bought of him an English
entrance into this Bay.”
In the deed, already quoted, he says, “By God’s merciful assistance, I
was the procurer of the purchase, not by monies nor payment, the natives
being so shy and jealous, that monies could not do it, but by that
language, acquaintance and favor with the natives, and other advantages,
which it pleased God to give me; and also bore the charges and venture
of all the gratuities, which I gave to the great sachems, and other
sachems round about us, and lay engaged for a loving and peaceable
neighborhood with them, to my great charge and travel.”[145]
These facts prove, that the lands were granted to Mr. Williams, as a
personal favor, as an expression of gratitude on the part of the
sachems, and as a remuneration for presents, which they had been
receiving from him for several years. Mr. Williams, then, was entitled
to make the assertion, which is contained in his touching letter to the
town of Providence, in 1654: “I have been blamed for parting with
Moshassuck, and afterwards Pawtuxet, (which were mine own, as truly as
any man’s coat upon his back) without reserving to myself a foot of
land, or an inch of voice, more than to my servants and strangers.”[146]
Mr. Williams was thus the legal proprietor of the lands which were ceded
to him, and he might have remained so, if he had pleased. He had a clear
title from the Indians, and he had, a few years later certainly,
sufficient influence with the rulers in England, to obtain a recognition
of his rights, and a confirmation of his authority. He might, doubtless,
have been, like William Penn, the proprietary of his colony, and might
have exercised a control over its government. He would, we may easily
believe, have exercised his authority as wisely and beneficially as the
great legislator of Pennsylvania. The peace of his settlement and his
own comfort would, perhaps, have been promoted, if he had retained this
power awhile, instead of committing it to the whole company of settlers,
among whom, from the nature of the colony, as a refuge for “all sorts of
consciences,” some heterogeneous and discordant tempers might be
expected to find admission. That he was blamed for this conduct, we know
from his letter to the town of Providence, already quoted;[147] and as
that letter was written soon after his return from England, we may
infer, that the censure came from leading men there.
But he chose to found his colony on pure democratic principles; as a
commonwealth, where all civil power should be exercised by the people
alone, and where God should be the only ruler over the conscience.
We will now relate the facts respecting his division of the lands among
his associates.
The persons who accompanied him, at his first landing, were William
Harris, John Smith, Joshua Verin, Thomas Angell and Francis Wickes.
Several others joined him at various times, previously to October 8,
1638, on which day, Mr. Williams executed an instrument, of the
following tenor.[148]
“_Providence, 8th of the 8th month, 1638_, (_so called._)
“Memorandum, that I, Roger Williams, having formerly purchased of
Canonicus and Miantinomo, this our situation, or plantation, of New
Providence,[149] viz. the two fresh rivers, Wanasquatucket and
Moshassuck, and the ground and meadows thereupon; in consideration
of thirty pounds received from the inhabitants of said place, do
freely and fully pass, grant and make over equal right and power of
enjoying and disposing of the same grounds and lands unto my loving
friends and neighbors, Stukely Westcott, William Arnold, Thomas
James, Robert Cole, John Greene, John Throckmorton, William Harris,
William Carpenter, Thomas Olney, Francis Weston, Richard Waterman,
Ezekiel Holliman, and such others as the major part of us shall
admit into the same fellowship of vote with us:—As also I do freely
make and pass over equal right and power of enjoying and disposing
of the lands and grounds reaching from the aforesaid rivers unto the
great river Pawtuxet, with the grass and meadows thereupon, which
was so lately given and granted by the aforesaid sachems to me.
Witness my hand,
ROGER WILLIAMS.”[150]
On the 20th of December, 1661, the following deed was executed. It is
inserted here, because it is an interesting document, and it throws much
light on the transactions which we are considering.
“Be it known unto all men by these presents, that I, Roger Williams, of
the town of Providence, in the Narraganset Bay, in New-England, having,
in the year one thousand six hundred thirty-four, and in the year one
thousand six hundred thirty-five, had several treaties with Canonicus
and Miantinomo, the two chief sachems of the Narraganset, and in the end
purchased of them the lands and meadows upon the two fresh rivers called
Moshassuck and Wanasquatucket, the two sachems having, by a deed, under
their hands, two years after the sale thereof, established and confirmed
the bounds of these lands from the rivers and fields of Pawtucket, the
great hill of Notaquoncanot on the northwest, and the town of Mashapaug
on the west, notwithstanding I had the frequent promise of Miantinomo,
my kind friend, that it should not be land that I should want about
these bounds mentioned, provided that I satisfied the Indians there
inhabiting. I having made covenant of peaceable neighborhood with all
the sachems and natives round about us, and having, of a sense of God’s
merciful Providence unto me in my distress, called the place Providence,
I desired it might be for a shelter for persons distressed for
conscience. I then considering the condition of divers of my distressed
countrymen, I communicated my said purchase unto my loving friends, John
Throckmorton, William Arnold, William Harris, Stukely Westcott, John
Greene, Senior, Thomas Olney, Senior, Richard Waterman, and others, who
then desired to take shelter here with me, and in succession unto so
many others as we should receive into the fellowship and society of
enjoying and disposing of the said purchase; and besides the first that
were admitted, our town records declare, that afterwards we received
Chad Brown, William Field, Thomas Harris, Senior, William Wickenden,
Robert Williams, Gregory Dexter, and others, as our town book declares;
and whereas, by God’s merciful assistance, I was the procurer of the
purchase, not by monies nor payment, the natives being so shy and
jealous that monies could not do it, but by that language, acquaintance
and favor with the natives, and other advantages, which it pleased God
to give me, and also bore the charges and venture of all the gratuities,
which I gave to the great sachems and other sachems and natives round
about us, and lay engaged for a loving and peaceable neighborhood with
them, to my great charge and travel; it was therefore thought fit by
some loving friends, that I should receive some loving consideration and
gratuity, and it was agreed between us, that every person, that should
be admitted into the fellowship of enjoying land and disposing of the
purchase, should pay thirty shillings unto the public stock; and first,
about thirty pounds should be paid unto myself, by thirty shillings a
person, as they were admitted; this sum I received, and in love to my
friends, and with respect to a town and place of succor for the
distressed as aforesaid, I do acknowledge the said sum and payment as
full satisfaction; and whereas in the year one thousand six hundred and
thirty-seven,[151] so called, I delivered the deed subscribed by the two
aforesaid chief sachems, so much thereof as concerneth the
aforementioned lands, from myself and from my heirs, unto the whole
number of the purchasers, with all my power, right and title therein,
reserving only unto myself one single share equal unto any of the rest
of that number; I now again, in a more formal way, under my hand and
seal, confirm my former resignation of that deed of the lands aforesaid,
and bind myself, my heirs, my executors, my administrators and assigns,
never to molest any of the said persons already received, or hereafter
to be received, into the society of purchasers, as aforesaid; but that
they, their heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, shall at all
times quietly and peaceably enjoy the premises and every part thereof,
and I do further by these presents bind myself, my heirs, my executors,
my administrators and assigns, never to lay any claim, nor cause any
claim to be laid, to any of the lands aforementioned, or unto any part
or parcel thereof, more than unto my own single share, by virtue or
pretence of any former bargain, sale or mortgage whatsoever, or
jointures, thirds or entails made by me, the said Roger Williams, or of
any other person, either for, by, through or under me. In witness
whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the twentieth day of
December, in the present year one thousand six hundred sixty-one.
“ROGER WILLIAMS, (Seal.[152])
“Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of us, Thomas Smith,
Joseph Carpenter. Memorandum, the words, of the purchase, were
interlined before these presents were sealed. I, Mary Williams, wife
unto Roger Williams, do assent unto the premises. Witness my hand, this
twentieth day of December, in this present year one thousand six hundred
sixty-one.
The mark of (M. W.) MARY WILLIAMS.[153]
“Acknowledged and subscribed before me,
“WILLIAM FIELD, _Assistant_.
“Enrolled, April the 6th, 1662, pr. me,
“THOMAS OLNEY, Junr., _Town Clerk_.”
From this document, it appears, that the twelve persons to whom the
lands, on the Moshassuck and Wanasquatucket rivers, were conveyed by Mr.
Williams, did not pay him any part of the thirty pounds, which he
received; but that the sum of thirty shillings was exacted of every
person who was afterwards admitted, to form a common stock. From this
stock, thirty pounds were paid to Mr. Williams, for the reasons
mentioned in the instrument last quoted.[154]
For the lands on the Pawtuxet river, however, Mr. Williams received
twelve-thirteenths of twenty pounds, from the twelve persons named in
the deed of October 8, 1638. On the same day, the following instrument
was executed:—
“It is agreed, this day abovesaid, that all the meadow grounds at
Pawtuxet, bounding upon the fresh river, on both sides, are to be
impropriated unto those thirteen persons, being now incorporated
together in our town of Providence, viz.: Ezekiel Holliman, Francis
Weston, Roger Williams, Thomas Olney, Robert Cole, William Carpenter,
William Harris, John Throckmorton, Richard Waterman, John Greene, Thomas
James, William Arnold, Stukely Westcott; and to be equally divided among
them, and every one to pay an equal proportion to raise up the sum of
twenty pounds for the same; and if it shall come to pass, that some, or
any one, of these thirteen persons aforesaid, do not pay or give
satisfaction of his or their equal proportion of the aforesaid sum of
twenty pounds, by this day eight weeks, which will be the 17th day of
the 10th month next ensuing, then they or he shall leave their or his
proportion of meadow grounds unto the rest of those thirteen persons, to
be at their disposing, who shall make up the whole sum of twenty pounds,
which is to be paid to Roger Williams.”
This money was punctually paid on the 3d of December following, and was
acknowledged as follows:—
“According to former agreement, I received of the neighbors abovesaid,
the full sum of £18 11_s._ 3_d._ Per me,
ROGER WILLIAMS.”
He thus retained an equal share in the lands on the Pawtuxet river,
which were very valuable to the new settlers, on account of the natural
meadows along its banks. These lands were afterwards the occasion of a
protracted contention.
From the facts which we have stated, it appears, that Mr. Williams
generously admitted the first twelve proprietors of the Providence
purchase to an equal share with himself, without exacting from them any
remuneration. The thirty pounds which he received were paid by
succeeding settlers, at the rate of thirty shillings each. But this sum
of thirty pounds was not paid to him, as an equivalent for the land. It
was, as he calls it, a “loving gratuity,” and was intended to remunerate
him for the presents which he had given to the Indians, and for the
expenses which he had incurred in procuring the lands. But he affirmed,
that all which he received was far less than he expended.[155] The same
may be said respecting the money paid for the Pawtuxet lands.
The conduct of Mr. Williams, in these transactions, must be acknowledged
to have been highly honorable, disinterested and liberal. He held the
title to the whole territory, and he might, apparently, have amassed
wealth and gratified ambition, by retaining the control of the town, and
selling the lands, to be held of him as the proprietor. But he renounced
all plans of power and emolument; he placed himself on an equality with
the other settlers, and surrendered the territory to the whole body of
freemen, among whom he claimed no other influence than that which sprung
from his personal character. The sum which he received was not even a
remuneration for his actual expenses in procuring the territory.
It does not diminish this praise, that the settlers were obliged to
satisfy the claims of many individual Indians. The grant from the
sachems might, perhaps, have been considered as a full title; but the
justice and humanity of Roger Williams and his friends, led them to make
compensation to the natives who occupied the territory. The whole sum
paid to Mr. Williams and to the Indians, for Providence and Pawtuxet,
was stated by William Harris, in 1677, to have been one hundred and
sixty pounds.