Chapter X: THE PERIOD OF ABSOLUTISM

(A) _The Mongol Epoch_ (1280-1368)

1 Beginning of new foreign rules

2 "Nationality legislation"

3 Military position

4 Social situation

5 Popular risings: National rising

6 Cultural

(B) _The Ming Epoch_ (1368-1644)

1 Start. National feeling

2 Wars against Mongols and Japanese

3 Social legislation within the existing order

4 Colonization and agricultural developments

5 Commercial and industrial developments

6 Growth of the small gentry

7 Literature, art, crafts

8 Politics at court

9 Navy. Southward expansion

10 Struggles between cliques

11 Risings

12 Machiavellism

13 Foreign relations in the sixteenth century

14 External and internal perils

(C) _The Manchu Dynasty_ (1644-1911)

1 Installation of the Manchus

2 Decline in the eighteenth century

3 Expansion in Central Asia; the first State treaty

4 Culture

5 Relations with the outer world

6 Decline; revolts

7 European Imperialism in the Far East

8 Risings in Turkestan and within China: the T'ai P'ing Rebellion

9 Collision with Japan; further Capitulations

10 Russia in Manchuria

11 Reform and reaction: The Boxer Rising

12 End of the dynasty

A History of China · 第 10 / 19 章