Great, and 54,000 Austrians, under Marshal Daun. Daun occupied the
heights between Kolin and Chotzewitz, where he was attacked by
Frederick, who had nearly succeeded in turning his right flank when the
Prussian right broke and fled. The Prussian cavalry charged gallantly
six times, but could make no impression on the Austrian defence, and
Frederick was beaten back with a loss of 14,000 men and 43 guns. The
Austrians lost 9,000.
Komatsu (Nine Years’ War).
Fought September 5, 1062, between the Japanese rebels, under Sadatoki,
and the Imperial troops, under Yoriyoshi. Sadatoki, who was besieged in
his camp, made a vigorous sortie at the head of 8,000 men, but after a
severe conflict was repulsed. The fighting was renewed on subsequent
days, and on the 16th Sadatoki was slain, and the rebellion came to an
end.
Komorn (Hungarian Rising).
An action fought by Görgey, April 26, 1849, for the relief of Komorn,
which was besieged by the Austrians. In the early morning two Hungarian
corps, under Klapka and Damjanics, surprised the Austrian entrenched
camp, taking 6 guns and 200 prisoners. The Austrians retired, though not
energetically pursued, and the fortress was relieved.
Koniah (Mehemet Ali’s First Rebellion).
Fought 1831, between the Turks, under Reschid Pasha, and the Egyptians
and Syrians, under Ibrahim Pasha. After a severe engagement, the Turks
were totally defeated, and fled in disorder. Reschid was severely
wounded, and captured.
Kornspruit.
_See_ Sanna’s Post.
Korygaom (Third Mahratta War).
Fought January 1, 1818, when a small British force of under 1,000 men,
chiefly native troops, under Captain Staunton, was attacked by 25,000
Mahrattas, under the Peshwa, Baji Rao. The British held their ground
gallantly all day, and the approach during the night of large
reinforcements under General Smith determined the Peshwa to retreat,
with a loss of 600. The British lost 275, including 5 out of 8 British
officers.
Kossova (Ottoman Wars).
Fought June 15, 1389, between the Turks, under Murad I, and the combined
army of the Servians, Bosnians, and Albanians, under Lazar, Despot of
Servia. The Turks gained a signal victory, though Murad was mortally
wounded in the battle. This success secured the Turkish domination over
Servia and the neighbouring states.
Kossova (Ottoman Wars).
Fought October 17, 1747, and two following days, between the Hungarians
and Wallachians, 80,000 strong, under John Hunniades, and a vastly
superior Turkish army, under Murad II. The Hungarians left their
entrenchments to attack the Turks, and throughout the day the battle was
evenly contested. On the 18th, however, the Wallachians deserted to the
Turks, and the Hungarians, assailed in front and rear, were hard
pressed, while on the 19th they were unable to maintain their position,
and were forced to retire, defeated, with a loss of 17,000 killed and
wounded. The Turks are said to have lost 40,000 men in the three days.
Kotah (Indian Mutiny).
This place, which had been seized by the rebellious troops of the Rajah
of Kotah, 5,000 in number, was besieged by General Roberts, March 22,
1858. The Rajah, who held the citadel, joined forces with the British,
and after a short bombardment the town was stormed, March 30.
Kotzim (Ottoman Wars).
Fought September 22, 1622, between the Poles, 60,000 strong, under
Chodkiewicz, and the Turks, 300,000 in number, under Osman II.
Chodkiewicz, old and worn out by fatigue, was forced to retire to his
tent in the middle of the battle, and on his death-bed handed over the
command to Labomirski, by whom the Turks were totally routed, with a
loss of 30,000 men.
Kotzim (Ottoman Wars).
Fought November 11, 1673, between 40,000 Poles and Lithuanians, under
John Sobieski, and 80,000 Turks, under Hussein Pasha. The Turks occupied
a strongly entrenched position, which was stormed by the Poles, and the
Turks driven into the river, losing over 40,000 killed. In consequence
of this signal victory, Kotzim capitulated, and Caplan Pasha, who was
approaching with a large army, recrossed the frontier.
Krakovicz (Ottoman Wars).
On January 17, 1475, 40,000 Moldavian peasants, aided by 7,000 Hungarian
and Polish regulars, under Stephen of Moldavia, fell upon Suleiman
Pasha, with 100,000 Turks, in an untenable position near Lake Krakovicz,
and totally defeated them, driving them into the lake. Very few of the
Turks escaped death, either by the sword or by drowning.
Krasnaoi (Moscow Campaign).
Fought November 17, 1812, when the Russians, 50,000 strong, under
Kutusoff, after a series of combats on the two preceding days, during
which they had inflicted heavy losses on the retreating French army,
were defeated by the corps of Davoust and the Young Guard. The French
losses amounted to 5,000 killed and wounded, and about 8,000 missing.
Kringellen (Dano-Swedish Wars).
Fought August 29, 1612, when a force of Scots in the Danish service,
under Colonel George Sinclair, were ambushed in the mountains by the
Norwegians, and massacred, notwithstanding a strenuous resistance. Only
two of the Scots succeeded in escaping.
Kronia (Ottoman Wars).
Fought 1738, between the Imperialists under Counts Wallis and Neipperg,
and the Turks. The latter were defeated, but at very heavy cost, and the
Imperial army was so weakened that it was unable to prevent the Turks
capturing Semendaia, Orsova, and other important fortresses.
Krotzka (Ottoman Wars).
Fought July 23, 1739, between 56,000 Austrians, under Count Wallis, and
over 100,000 Turks, under El Hadj Mohammed Pasha. The Austrian vanguard
was attacked by the Turks when approaching Kotzin and driven back, but
the main body withstood the Turkish onslaught from 5 a.m. to sunset,
when Wallis retired, with a loss of 5,700 killed and 4,500 wounded,
including 9 generals. The Turkish loss is unknown, but was very heavy.
Kulevtcha (Ottoman Wars).
Fought 1829, between the Russians, under General Diebitsch, and 40,000
Turks, under Reschid Pasha. The Russians were lying in wait for Reschid
in the Kulevtcha defile, and after a severe struggle, totally routed the
Turks, with a loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, and all their guns. The
Pasha himself escaped with difficulty.
Kulm (Campaign of Leipsic).
Fought August 29 and 30, 1813, between the French, under Vandamme, and
the Austrians, and Russians, with a small force of Prussians, under the
Prince of Schwartzenberg, who were retreating after their defeat at
Dresden. To check the pursuit they occupied Kulm, from which they were
driven by Vandamme on the 29th. On the 30th, however, not having
received his expected reinforcements, Vandamme was compelled to remain
on the defensive, and being attacked in front by the Austrians and
Russians, and in the rear by the Prussians, he was totally routed, with
a loss of 6,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, and 48 guns, being himself
wounded and captured. The allies lost about 5,000.
Kumai.
Fought February, 1355, between the troops of the Emperor Gomarakami,
under Yoshinori, and the rebel Japanese, under Moronoshi and Tokiushi.
The rebels were defeated, and Moronoshi severely wounded.
Kumamoto (Satsuma Rebellion).
The castle in this town was besieged February 22, 1876, by the Satsuma
rebels, 15,000 strong, under Saigo. The place was gallantly defended by
the garrison under General Tani Tateki, though many Samurai deserted to
the rebels, and strenuous efforts were made by the Imperial army under
Prince Taruhito to come to its relief. In the course of March Saigo was
attacked in the rear by a force under General Kuroda, but still
maintained the siege, and it was not till April 14, when the garrison
was on the verge of starvation, that Kuroda, bringing up every available
man, succeeded in driving off the rebels and raising the siege.
Kunersdorf (Seven Years’ War).
Fought August 12, 1759, between 40,000 Prussians, under Frederick the
Great, and 80,000 Austrians and Russians, under Generals Landon and
Soltykoff. Frederick first attacked the Russians in flank, driving them
out of their entrenchments, and capturing 180 guns. Then, against the
advice of Seidlitz, he attacked the Austrian position on the left of the
allies, and, though deserted by the Russians, the Austrians held their
ground, and, bringing all their artillery to bear on the Prussians at
close quarters, totally routed them, with a loss of 20,000 men. The
allies lost 24,000.
Kunobitza (Ottoman Wars).
Fought 1443, between the Turks, under Amurath II, and the Hungarians,
under John Hunniades. The Turks were utterly routed, and in consequence
Amurath concluded with them a ten years’ truce.
Kurdlah.
Fought March 11, 1795, between the army of the Mahratta Confederacy,
under the Peshwa, Madhao Rao II, and Hari Pant, and the forces of the
Nizam of Hyderabad. The troops of the Nizam gained an advantage in the
fight, but the Nizam being persuaded to leave the field, his troops
followed him, and were soon in headlong flight. The Nizam was captured a
few days later.
L
La Belle Famille.
_See_ Niagara.
Lade (Ionian War).
Fought B.C. 494, between a Persian fleet of 600 sail, which was
blockading Miletus under Artaphernes, and 353 Lesbian, Chian and Samian
ships, which attempted to raise the siege. The Samians, bribed by the
Persians, deserted at the beginning of the action, with the exception of
11 vessels, and the Greeks were totally defeated, with heavy loss. The
Chians made a specially gallant fight.
Lade.
Fought B.C. 201, between the Rhodian fleet, under Theophiliscus, and the
Macedonians, under Heraclides. The Macedonians had rather the better of
the encounter, though both sides claimed the victory.
Ladysmith (Second Boer War).
Sir George White, with about 12,000 troops, was shut up in Ladysmith by
the invading army, under General Joubert, November 2, 1899. The Boers,
who were well provided with heavy guns, contented themselves in the main
with a continuous bombardment. On January 6, 1900, however, a picked
force, under Commandant de Villiers, supported by several thousand Boer
marksmen posted on the heights, made attempt to force the British lines
at Waggon Hill and Caesar’s Camp. The battle lasted throughout the day,
and more than once the defenders were very hard pressed, but they held
their ground till nightfall, when the Boers withdrew, having lost about
800 men. From this date the Boers again contented themselves with
bombarding the town, until it was finally relieved by Sir Redvers
Buller, February 27. In addition to deaths by disease, the garrison lost
during the siege 89 officers and 805 men, more than half of whom fell in
the battle of January 6.
La Favorita (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns).
Fought January 16, 1797, between the French, under Napoleon, and the
Austrians, under Provera. Provera moved upon Mantua to succour the
beleaguered garrison, and was aided by a sortie in force. Napoleon,
making a forced march from the field of Rivoli, fell upon Provera and
totally routed him, while the sortie was repulsed by the French
besieging force at the point of the bayonet. Provera surrendered, with
5,000 men.
La Fère Champenoise (Allied Invasion of France).
Fought March 25, 1814, between Marmont’s and Mortier’s corps, 30,000
strong, and the allied army marching on Paris. The French were defeated
and forced to retire, with a loss of about 5,000 men and many guns. This
was the last action fought in the north before the first abdication of
Napoleon.
Lagos (War of the Revolution).
Fought June 17, 1693, when a squadron of 23 Dutch and English ships,
under Sir George Rooke, was attacked by a French fleet of 71 sail,
whilst convoying 400 merchantmen to the Mediterranean. The French
destroyed 90 merchant ships, and one English and two Dutch warships. The
skilful manœuvring of Rooke, however, saved the rest of the convoy
from destruction.
La Hogue (War of the Revolution).
Fought May 19 and 20, 1692, between a combined Dutch and English fleet
of 96 sail, under Admirals Russell and Allemande, and a French fleet of
64 sail of the line and 47 smaller vessels, under de Tourville. After
heavy loss on both sides, the French fleet was dispersed, with a loss of
three ships. On the 22nd Admiral Rooke destroyed 16 sail of the line and
a number of transports.
Lahore (First Tartar Invasion of India).
Fought 1296, between the Mongols, 100,000 strong, under Amir Daood, and
the army of Ala-ud-Din, King of Delhi, under his brother, Alaf Khan. The
Mongols were routed, with a loss of 12,000 men.
Lake Erie (Second American War).
Fought September 10, 1813, between the English flotilla of six
schooners, under Commodore Barclay, and a largely superior American
squadron, under Commodore Perry. The whole British flotilla was
destroyed, with a loss of 134 killed and wounded. The Americans lost 27
killed and 96 wounded.
Lake George (Seven Years’ War).
Fought September 8, 1755, between 1,500 French and Indians, under Baron
Dieskau, and 2,500 New England militia, under Colonel William Johnson. A
small force sent by Johnson to the relief of Fort Lyman was ambushed by
the French and driven back to camp, but Dieskau pursuing, was repulsed
in his attack upon the camp, with a loss of about 400. Dieskau himself
was wounded and captured. The loss of the New England men during the day
was 216 killed and 96 wounded, most of whom fell in the ambush.
Lake Kerguel (Tartar Invasion of Russia).
Fought July, 1391, between 300,000 Russians, under Tokatmich, and an
equal force of Tartars, under Tamerlane. The battle began at daybreak,
and by mid-day the Russians were utterly routed, and fled in disorder,
leaving their camp in the hands of Tamerlane.
Lake Regillus.
Fought B.C. 497, the first authentic date in the history of Rome. The
details handed down, however, belong to the domain of legend rather than
to that of history. According to the chroniclers, this was the last
attempt of the Tarquinian family to recover the throne of Rome. They
were, however, totally routed by the Romans, under Aulus Postumius, and
all the sons of Tarquinius, and his son-in-law, Mamilius, were slain in
the battle. The legend avers that the Romans, when victory was trembling
in the balance, found at their head two young men on white horses, whom
they claimed to be Castor and Pollux.
Lake Vadimon (Gallic Invasion of Italy).
Fought B.C. 283, between the Romans, under P. Cornelius Dolabella, and
the Gauls and their Etruscan allies. Dolabella attacked the Etruscans as
they were crossing the Tiber close to the lake, and destroyed the flower
of their army. He then fell upon the Gauls, whom he also defeated with
heavy loss, with the result that in the following year they made peace
and withdrew from Italy.
Landau (War of the Spanish Succession).
This fortress, held by a French garrison under M. de Melac, was besieged
by the Imperialists, under Prince Louis of Baden, June 19, 1702. The
garrison made a gallant defence, but was forced to surrender, September
10. The Comte de Soissons, elder brother of Prince Eugene, fell during
the siege.
Landen.
_See_ Neerwinde.
Landskrone (Dane-Swedish Wars).
Fought July 14, 1676, between the Swedes, under Charles XI, and the
Danes, under Christian V, in which the Danes suffered a serious defeat.
Langensalza (Seven Weeks’ War).
Fought June 27, 1866, between 12,000 Prussians, under General Flics, and
the Hanoverians, in about equal strength, under George, King of Hanover.
The Prussians attacked the Hanoverian position, and after severe
fighting were repulsed with a loss of about 1,400 killed and wounded,
and 900 prisoners. The Hanoverians lost 1,392. The victory, however, was
fruitless, as the Prussians in the neighbourhood were in overwhelming
numbers, and the King was compelled to surrender on the 29th. This is
the last appearance of Hanover in history as an independent state.
Langport (Civil War).
Fought July 10, 1645, between the Parliamentarians, under Fairfax, and
the Royalists, under Lord Goring. The Royalists were routed, and driven
by Cromwell’s horse nearly into Bridgwater, with a loss of 300 killed
and 1,400 prisoners.
Lang’s Nek (First Boer War).
Fought January 28, 1881, when a British column, 1,100 strong, under
General Colley, attacked the Boers in a strong position at Lang’s Nek.
The British were repulsed with a loss of 198 killed and wounded. The
Boers lost 14 killed and 27 wounded.
Langside.
Fought May 13, 1568, when the army of Mary Queen of Scots, 6,000 strong,
was defeated and dispersed by the forces of the Regent, Murray. The
Queen’s troops were broken by a cavalry charge, in which they lost 300,
while only one man of the victorious horse was killed, and fled in
confusion from the field. Mary escaped to England.
Lannoy (Netherlands War of Independence).
Fought January, 1567, between 3,000 Flemish Protestants, under Pierre
Cornaille, and a small force of the Duchess of Parma’s troops, under
Novicarmes. The Flemings, mostly half-armed peasants, were cut to pieces
by the Spaniards, 2,600 being killed in one hour’s fighting.
Lansdown (Civil War).
Fought July 5, 1643, between the Royalists, under Sir Ralph Hopton, and
the Parliamentarians, under Waller, who was endeavouring to prevent
Hopton’s advance upon Bath. The Royalists stormed Waller’s entrenchments
and forced him to retreat, though at a heavy cost to themselves.
Laon (Allied Invasion of France).
This fortress, held by the allies under Blucher, was attacked May 9,
1814, by the French under Ney and Marmont. Ney seized two of the
suburbs, but Marmont, failing to support him as promised, he could not
make good his footing. During the night the allies attacked and routed
Marmont, and on the 10th Ney, after hard fighting, was forced to yield
the ground he had gained. The French lost about 6,000 men; the allies
5,000.
La Paz.
Fought January, 1865, between the partizans of General Belza and those
of Colonel Melgarejo, each of whom had proclaimed himself Provisional
President of Bolivia. Belza’s forces were totally defeated, and himself
slain.
La Placilla (Chilian Civil War).
Fought August 28, 1891, between 10,000 Congressists, under General Del
Canto, and 14,000 Balmacedists, under General Barbosa. The latter were
routed with a loss of 3,363 killed and wounded, including Barbosa, while
thousands laid down their arms on the field. The Congressists, who lost
1,609, at once occupied Valparaiso, and a few days late Balmaceda
committed suicide.
La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War).
Fought May 5, 1862, between the French, 7,500 strong, under General
Lorencez, and about 12,000 Mexicans, under General Zaragoça. The French
endeavoured to carry the ridge of the Cerro de Guadalupe, commanding the
town, but were repulsed by General Negreti, with 1,200 men, losing 456
killed and wounded, and forced to retire from La Puebla. The Mexicans
lost 215 only.
La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War).
On May 4, 1863, the French army, 25,000 strong, under General Forey,
laid siege to La Puebla, which was held by a Mexican garrison under
General Ortega. Forey’s force was too small for a complete investment,
and he began operations against the Fort of San Xavier. On the 29th this
post was taken by storm, the French losing 230, the defenders 600 men.
From this point the French obtained foothold in the town, and then
proceeded to capture the houses block by block. So determined was the
resistance, however, that their progress was very slow, and by April 7
they had made next to no advance, though they had lost a further 600
men. Later in the month an attack on the Convent of Santa Cruz was
repulsed with a loss of 480. On May 8 a relieving force of 10,500 men,
under General Comonfort, was defeated by a small French column under
Bazaine, losing 8 guns and 1,000 prisoners, and from this point further
resistance was useless. Ortega, therefore, after a most gallant defence,
surrendered with 1,455 officers and 11,000 men, May 17, 1863.
Larcay (Chilian Revolution).
Fought December, 1829, between the Federalists, or Government Party,
under General Zastera, and the Pelucones, or Unitarians, under General
Prieto. The Pelucones gained a signal victory, following which they
drove out the Government and abrogated the constitution of 1828.
Largs (Norse Invasion of Scotland).
Fought October 2, 1263, between the Norsemen, under Haco, and the Scots.
The Norse fleet of 160 ships was driven ashore off Largs by a violent
storm, and many of them wrecked, and Haco landed a force to protect the
shipwrecked crews. This force was attacked by the Scots and utterly
routed, and Haco was forced to withdraw, and abandon the project of
invasion. The only name on the Scottish side which has come down to us
as taking part in the battle is that of Sir Pierce Curry.
Larissa (Third Macedonia War).
Fought 171 B.C., between the Romans, 40,000 strong, under P. Licinius
Crassus, and 43,000 Macedonians, under Perseus. The Romans were defeated
with a loss of 2,200 killed and 600 prisoners.
Larissus, The (Wars of the Achæan League).
Fought B.C. 209, between the Achæans, under Philopœmen, and the
Ætolians and Eleans. The allies were defeated and cut to pieces, the
Elean general being among the slain.
La Rochelle (Hundred Years’ War).
Fought June 22, 1372, when an English fleet, under the Earl of Pembroke,
intended for the relief of La Rochelle, was intercepted by a greatly
superior Spanish fleet, under Don Ambrosio Bercenegra, and after very
hard fighting was entirely destroyed or captured.
La Rochelle (Huguenot Rebellion).
This fortress, the principal Huguenot stronghold in France, was besieged
by the Royal troops, under Richelieu, in 1627. The garrison, under the
mayor, Guiton, made a gallant defence, but the assassination of
Buckingham prevented the arrival of the promised English succours, and
the town surrendered, after holding out for fourteen months.
La Rothière (Allied Campaign in France).
Fought February 1, 1814, between 32,000 French, under Napoleon, and
100,000 Prussians, Russians, and Würtembergers, under Blucher. Napoleon
held a strong position, where he was attacked by Blucher, whom he
succeeded in holding at bay till late in the afternoon, when Blucher
captured the village of La Rothière. Napoleon with the Young Guard
retook the village, and the battle ended with the French in possession
of the field. The French lost 5,000, the allies about 8,000, and
Napoleon was enabled to continue his retirement without molestation.
Las Navas de Tolosa (Moorish Empire in Spain).
Fought July 10, 1212, between a huge army of Moors, said by the
chroniclers to have amounted to 600,000, under Mohammed al Nasin, and
the allied armies of the Kings of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Navarre, and
Portugal. The Moors were utterly routed, very few of their enormous host
escaping from the field.
Las Salinas (Conquest of Peru).
Fought April 20, 1538, between the forces of Francisco Pizarro and those
of Almagro. The latter were totally routed, and Almagro captured and
executed.
Laswari (Second Mahratta War).
Fought November 1, 1803, between the British, 10,000 strong, under
General Lake, and Scindhia’s army, consisting of 9,000 infantry and
5,000 cavalry. Scindhia’s veteran infantry made a most gallant defence,
standing their ground until 7,000 had fallen, when the survivors laid
down their arms. The cavalry also suffered heavily. The British loss
amounted to about 800. Seventy-two guns and a large quantity of
ammunition and stores were captured.
Laupen (Burgundian Wars).
Fought June 21, 1339, between 5,000 Swiss of Berne and the Forest
Cantons, under Rudolf von Erlach, and 15,000 Burgundians, under the
Counts of Kiburg and Nidau. Despite their superior numbers, the
Burgundians were unable to withstand the charge of the Swiss, and were
utterly routed and forced to raise the siege of Laupen.
Lautulæ (Second Samnite War).
Fought B.C. 316, between the Samnites, under Pontius, and the Romans,
under Q. Fabius Maximus. The Romans were defeated with great slaughter.
Lawfeldt (War of the Austrian Succession).