the Germans under Von Goeben. The result was indecisive, and though the
French gained some tactical successes, the result strategically was an
advantage to the Germans, as General Faidherbe was compelled to desist
from his attempt to raise the siege of Péronne. The Germans lost 52
officers and 698 men; the French 53 officers and 1516 men killed and
wounded, and 550 prisoners.
Barbosthenian Mountains (Wars of the Achæan League).
Fought 192 B.C. between the Spartans under Narbis, and the Achæan League
under Philopœmen. Nabis was totally routed, with the loss of
three-fourths of his troops.
Barcelona (War of the Spanish Succession).
This city, which was held for Philip V of Spain by a Spanish garrison,
was besieged September 14, 1705, by the British under the Earl of
Peterborough. After a short bombardment, the place surrendered, October
9.
Barnet (Wars of the Roses).
Fought April 14, 1471, between the Yorkists under Edward IV, and the
Lancastrians under the Earl of Warwick. Warwick prepared to attack the
king as he issued from Barnet, but Edward came out during the night and
took up a position opposite Warwick unseen. The left of the Yorkists was
outflanked and beaten, but their right outflanked and defeated the
Lancastrian left, and then fell upon and routed the centre. Warwick was
slain. The losses on the two sides are said to have amounted in all to
1,000 killed.
Barosa (Peninsular War).
In the course of the operations for the relief of Cadiz, General Graham,
with 4,000 British troops, defeated Marshal Victor with 9,000 French,
March 5, 1811. The French lost 2,000 killed and wounded, including two
generals, 6 guns, 2 eagles, and 400 prisoners. The British losses
amounted to 50 officers and 1,160 rank and file. A large Spanish force
under La Peña stood idly by, and took no part in the action.
Barquisimeto (South American War of Independence).
Fought 1813, between the Colombian patriots under Simon Bolivar, and the
Spanish Royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory.
Basing (Danish Invasion).
A victory of the Danish invaders in 871 over the West Saxons.
Bassano (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns).
Fought September 8, 1796, when Napoleon, who had on the previous day
destroyed the Austrian vanguard at Primolano, fell upon the main body of
Wurmser’s army. The assault on the town of Bassano was delivered by
Augereau’s division on the right, and Masséna’s on the left, and the
French utterly routed the Austrians, Wurmser narrowly escaping capture.
Six thousand men laid down their arms, and when Wurmser collected his
scattered forces, he had but 16,000 left out of the 60,000 with which he
had commenced the campaign.
Bassein (First Mahratta War).
This place, held by a Mahratta garrison, was besieged by a British force
under General Goddard, November 13, 1780. A serious attempt was made to
relieve the garrison, but the defeat of the relieving force by Colonel
Hartley at Dugaar, on December 10, completely discouraged the defenders,
and they surrendered on the following day.
Bassorah (Arab Revolt).
Fought in 665 between the Caliph Ali, at the head of 29,000 Moslems, and
the rebel Arabs in superior force, under Telha and Zobin. The rebels
were defeated with heavy loss, Telha and Zobin being slain, and Ayesha,
the widow of the prophet, who had espoused their cause, captured. This
victory is known to Moslems as the Day of the Camel, 70 men, who in
succession held the bridle of the camel on which Ayesha was mounted,
being killed in the fight which raged round her.
Batavia (Napoleonic Wars).
This town was captured by the British under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, with
10,000 troops, August 26, 1811. The French and Dutch garrison had
abandoned the town, and occupied a strong position at Fort Cornelius, in
the immediate neighbourhood. The British stormed the entrenchments, with
a loss of 872 killed and wounded, whereupon the survivors of the
garrison laid down their arms.
Batoche (Riel’s Second Rebellion).
Fought May 9 to 12, 1885, when 750 Canadians under General Middleton
gradually drove back and finally defeated Riel’s force of half-breeds
and Indians, with a loss of 224. The Canadians lost only 54 killed and
wounded. Riel surrendered on the 15th.
Batowitz.
Fought 1653 between 40,000 Poles under John II, and the Wallachians
under Bogdan. The Poles, who were waiting to intercept the passage of
the Wallachians, were thrown into disorder by a furious charge headed by
Bogdan in person, and almost completely annihilated.
Bautzen (Campaign of Leipzic).
Fought May 20 and 21, 1813, between 150,000 French under Napoleon, and
the Prussians and Russians, 100,000 strong, under Blucher and Count
Wittgenstein. The allies were strongly posted in and around Bautzen,
while their front was protected by the Spree. On the 20th Napoleon
forced the passage of the Spree, and seized Bautzen after severe
fighting, driving the allies from their first line of defence. On the
22nd he attacked the second line, while a flank march of Ney’s corps
drove in their right flank, and captured all their positions. The allies
retired in good order, lack of cavalry preventing Napoleon from pushing
his advantage. The allies lost 15,000 killed and wounded in the two
days; the French, 1,300.
Bavay (Gallic War).
Fought B.C. 57 between the Romans, 50,000 strong, under Cæsar, and a
large force of Gauls, drawn from the Nervii, Viromandui, Atrebates and
other tribes. The Gauls attacked as the Romans were pitching their camp
on the banks of the Sambre, but, although surprised, the legionaries
stood their ground, and utterly routed their assailants. The Nervii, in
particular, were practically annihilated.
Baylen (Peninsular War).
Fought July 19, 1808, between 15,000 Spaniards under Castaños, and
20,000 French under Dupont. The French were totally defeated with a loss
of over 2,000 men, and Dupont surrendered with his whole army.
Baza (War of Granada).
This fortress, one of the outposts of Granada, was besieged by
Ferdinand, with 95,000 Spaniards, in June 1489, and was defended by a
strong Moorish garrison under Sidi Yahye. The town was very strong, and
was gallantly defended, and the siege lasted until December, when the
place was surrendered on honourable terms.
Beachy Head (War of the Revolution).
A naval action fought June 30, 1690, between a combined English and
Dutch fleet of 73 sail under Torrington, and a French fleet of 78 ships
under de Tourville, which had been despatched to create a diversion in
favour of James II in Ireland. The allies were defeated, the Dutch
losing six and the British one ship.
Beaugé (Hundred Years’ War).
Fought March 22, 1421, between the English under the Duke of Clarence,
and the Armagnacs, aided by the Scottish mercenaries, resulting in one
of the few defeats sustained by the English during the French wars. The
Duke and his immediate following, charging ahead of his troops,
vigorously attacked the Scottish outposts, and, becoming separated from
the main body, was surrounded and slain, all his gentlemen being either
killed or captured. The bodies were afterwards recovered by the English
archers, but the defeat was complete.
Beaumont (Franco-German War).
Fought August 30, 1870, between the Fifth French Corps d’Armée under
General de Failly, and the Fourth and Twelfth German Army Corps under
the Crown Prince of Saxony. The French were surprised in their
cantonments, and were driven back upon Monzon, with a loss of 4,800 men
and 42 guns. The Germans lost about 3,500.
Beaune-la-Rolande (Franco-German War).
Fought November 28, 1870, between 9,000 Germans under the Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg, and 60,000 French under General Crouzat. The French
assailed the German position, but, notwithstanding the disparity of
numbers, the Germans succeeded in maintaining their ground, after a
desperate encounter, driving off their assailants with a loss of 8,000
men. The Germans lost 37 officers and 817 men only.
Beauséjour (Seven Years’ War).
This fort in Nova Scotia, held by a garrison of 460 men under Duchambon
de Vergor, was invested June 4, 1755, by 2,000 Massachusetts volunteers
and a small force of regulars under Colonel Monckton. On the 14th the
besiegers opened fire, and on the 16th the garrison surrendered.
Beaver’s Dam Creek.
_See_ Seven Days’ Battle.
Bedr (Mohammed’s War with the Koreish).
Fought in 623, and notable as the first military exploit of Mohammed,
who, with only 313 followers, routed a force of 950 Koreish, who had
been sent out to meet and protect a caravan of 1,000 camels, with which
was their chief, Abu Sophian. After his victory, Mohammed pursued and
captured the caravan.
Bedriacum (Revolt of Vitellius).
Fought April 14, 69, between the legions of the Emperor Otho and the
Vitellians under Valens. The Imperial troops were utterly routed, and
driven back to their camp, which they surrendered to the Vitellians on
the following day.
Bega (Ottoman Wars).
Fought 1696, between the Turks, under Mustapha II, and the Imperialists,
when the Turks gained a complete victory.
Belgrade (Ottoman Wars).
Siege was laid to this city by a large Turkish army under Mohammed II,
the defence being in the hands of John Hunyady. After a gallant
resistance of 40 days, the Turks were compelled to raise the siege,
September 4, 1456. This was Hunyady’s last exploit, and he died a month
later. Mohammed was wounded in the course of the siege.
Belgrade (Ottoman Wars).
Fought August 16, 1717, between 40,000 Austrians under Prince Eugene,
and 180,000 Turks under the Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha. The Turks were
entrenched in and around Belgrade, and were attacked by Eugene at night.
His right wing lost touch and were in danger of being overwhelmed, but
was rescued by the Prince. The main attack was completely successful,
and the Turks were driven out of their positions with a loss of 20,000
killed and wounded, and 166 guns. The Austrians lost almost as heavily,
among those who fell being Marshal Hauben.
Belgrade (Ottoman Wars).
On October 8, 1789, the city was surrendered by the Turks, after a brief
siege, to an Austrian army under General Laudon.
Belle Isle (Seven Years’ War).
Fought November 20, 1759, between a British fleet of 27 ships of the
line and 6 frigates under Sir Edward Hawke, and a French fleet of 20
ships of the line and 6 frigates under Admiral de Conflans. The French
were completely defeated, losing 6 ships and a large number of men. The
British lost 2 ships ashore, and 58 killed and 251 wounded.
Belle Isle (Seven Years’ War).
On June 7, 1761, the island was captured by 8,000 British troops under
General Hodgson, convoyed by the fleet under Admiral Keppel. After a
first repulse, the troops made good their landing, and the garrison of
Palais, the principal town, at once capitulated.
Belle Isle (Wars of the French Revolution).
Fought June 23, 1795, between a British fleet of 17 battleships under
Lord Bridport, and a French squadron. The French endeavoured to escape,
but the British gave chase, and captured three ships, with a loss of 3
killed and 113 wounded. The French lost about 700.
Bellevue (Franco-German War).
Fought October 7, 1870, when Marshal Bazaine attempted to break through
the lines of the Germans investing Metz. He was unsuccessful, and was
driven back into the city with a loss of 64 officers and 1,193 men. The
Germans lost 75 officers and 1,703 men.
Belmont (Second Boer War).
Fought November 23, 1899, between a Boer commando, about 3,000 strong,
occupying a strong position on the hills near Belmont, and Lord
Methuen’s division of 7½ battalions of infantry and a regiment of
cavalry. The Boer position was carried by a frontal attack, which cost
the assailants 28 officers and 270 men. The Boers lost about 300 killed
and wounded, and 50 prisoners.
Benburb (Great Irish Rebellion).
Fought June 5, 1646, when 5,500 Irish rebels under O’Neill, totally
routed the Scottish army under Monro. The Scots left 3,000 dead upon the
field, and the fugitives were ruthlessly butchered by the Irish in their
flight.
Bender (Ottoman Wars).
This place, held by a Turkish garrison, was besieged by the Russians
under Count Panin, August, 1768. After a defence of two months, the
place was taken by storm, and the garrison put to the sword.
Benevento (Italian Wars).
Fought February 26, 1266, between the Neapolitans, under Mainfroy, the
usurper of the crown of the Two Sicilies, and the French under Charles
of Anjou. After a sanguinary engagement, in which Mainfroy was slain,
the Neapolitans were utterly routed, and Charles of Anjou remained in
undisputed possession of the throne.
Beneventum (Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy).
Fought B.C. 275, when Pyrrhus with a strong force of Epirots and
Italians made a night attack upon the consular army of M. Carius
Dentatus, encamped in a strong position near Beneventum. Pyrrhus was
repulsed with considerable loss, including eight elephants. Encouraged
by this success, the Romans shortly afterwards advanced to meet Pyrrhus
in the open plain, and were at first driven back by the elephants, but
rallying, they drove these back through Pyrrhus’ lines, and disordered
the Epirot phalanx, and a charge of the legionaries completed the rout.
This was Pyrrhus’ last serious attack against the Roman power, and he
soon afterwards left Italy.
Beneventum (Second Punic War).
Fought B.C. 214, between 18,000 Carthaginians under Hanno, and 20,000
Romans under Tiberius Gracchus. Hanno’s troops were routed, his infantry
being cut to pieces, and he himself escaping with difficulty, with a
portion of his cavalry.
Beneventum (Second Punic War).
Fought B.C. 212, when a Roman consular army under Cn. Fulvius, stormed
Hanno’s camp, three miles from Beneventum, at daybreak, and surprising
the Carthaginians, routed them with heavy loss and captured all the corn
and supplies intended for the revictualling of Capua.
Bennington (American War of Independence).
Fought August 10, 1777, between a British force under Colonel Baum, and
the New Hampshire troops under General Stark. Baum had been ordered to
seize the American magazines at Bennington, but found the place too
strong, and asked for reinforcements. Meanwhile they were surrounded and
attacked by Stark. The British fought till their ammunition was
exhausted and then surrendered, while Baum was killed trying to cut his
way through the American lines.
Berea (Kaffir Wars).
Fought December 20, 1852, between the British under General Cathcart,
about 2,500 strong, and the Basutos, many thousands in number, under
Moshesh. The British, after hard fighting, succeeded in holding their
ground, but were obliged on the following day to retreat to the
entrenched camp on the Caledon, having suffered a loss of 37 killed and
15 wounded.
Beresina (Moscow Campaign).
On November 28, 1812, the French Grande Armée, in retreat from Moscow,
was attacked by the Russians under Tchitchakoff and Wittgenstein. The
former on the right bank, assailed Napoleon, who had already crossed the
river, while Wittgenstein attacked Victor’s corps, which formed the
French rear-guard. The attack on Napoleon was repulsed, but on the other
side of the river the Russian onslaught caused a panic among those who
were waiting to cross, and though the rear-guard made a brave
resistance, the losses among the stragglers and others were enormous.
The official Russian report says that 36,000 bodies were recovered from
the Beresina after the thaw.
Berestecko.
Fought 1653, between the Poles 100,000 strong under John II, and a large
army of Wallachians, Lithuanians, and Ukraine Tartars, 300,000 in all,
under Bogdan of Wallachia. After a sanguinary battle, the Poles were
completely victorious, defeating Bogdan with enormous loss.
Bergen (Seven Years’ War).
Fought April 13, 1759, between the French under the Duc de Broglie, and
the Hanoverians, about 40,000 strong, under Ferdinand of Brunswick. The
French gained a signal victory, and retained possession of Bergen, the
recapture of which was the object of Ferdinand’s advance.
Bergen-op-Zoom (War of the Austrian Succession).
This fortress, held by a garrison of Dutch and English under Cronstrun,
was besieged July 15, 1747, by 25,000 French under Count Lowendahl. The
besieged made numerous vigorous sorties, inflicting heavy losses upon
the French, but on September 17 the besiegers, by an unexpected assault,
effected a lodgment, and after severe fighting captured the place. The
French lost 22,000 men during the siege; the garrison 4,000. A Scottish
brigade in the Dutch service specially distinguished itself, losing
1,120 out of a strength of 1,450.
Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution).
On March 8, 1875, Bergen, which was held by a French garrison 6,000
strong, under General Bizonet, was attacked by a British force, 4,000
strong under General Cooke. The force was divided into four columns, one
of which, approaching the town from the harbour side, at low water,
effected an entrance, while two of the others gained the top of the
battlements but could get no further. At dawn on the 9th, as there was
no prospect of ultimate success, the assailants retired, having suffered
a loss of 300 killed and 1,800 prisoners, many of whom were wounded.
Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution).
In the outskirts of the town a battle took place September 19, 1799,
between 35,000 British and Russians under the Duke of York, and the
French under Vandamme. The Russians on the right met with disaster,
their commander, Hermann, with nearly all his division, being taken
prisoners, but the British repulsed the French attack with heavy loss.
The victory, however, was not of much advantage to the allies, who were
forced to continue their retreat to Zijp. The French lost about 3,000
killed and wounded, and the British 500 only, but the Russian casualties
amounted to 3,500, while they also lost 26 guns.
Bergfried (Campaign of Friedland).
Fought February 3, 1807, when Leval’s division of Soult’s corps forced
the bridge of Bergfried, and carried the village, driving out the
Russians after a short and sharp encounter, with a loss of about 1,200
men. The French lost 700.
Béthune (War of the Spanish Succession).
This small fortress, held by a French garrison of 3,500 under M. du Puy
Vauban, was invested July 14, 1707, by the Imperialists, with 30
battalions under Count Schulemburg. Vauban made a most skilful and
gallant defence, lasting 35 days, when, the garrison being reduced to
1,500 men, he was compelled to surrender. This little place cost the
allies 3,500 in killed and wounded.
Betioca (South American War of Independence).
Fought 1813, between the Colombian patriots under Simon Bolivar, and the
Spanish royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory.
Betwa, The (Indian Mutiny).
Fought April 1, 1858, between 1,200 British under Sir Hugh Rose, forming
part of the force besieging Jhansi, and 20,000 rebels, chiefly belonging
to the Gwalior contingent, under Tantia Topi. The enemy was thrown into
confusion by a charge of cavalry on the flank, and, being then attacked
with the bayonet, broke and fled, leaving 1,000 dead on the field and
all their guns.
Beylan (Mehemet Ali’s First Rising).
Fought 1831, between the Syrians and Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, and
the Turks, the latter being completely defeated.
Beymaroo (First Afghan War).
Fought November 23, 1841, when a detachment of General Elphinstone’s
force, under Brigadier Shelton, attempted to dislodge a large body of
Afghans, posted near Beymaroo village. The detachment had one gun only,
which, being well served, did considerable execution, but it broke down,
whereupon the Afghans attacked, and a charge of Ghazis caused a panic
and a disorderly flight to the British camp.
Bezetha (Jewish War).
Fought October, 66, when the Romans under Cestius Gallus were attacked
by the populace of Jerusalem, and driven out of their camp, with a loss
of 6,000 men and all their baggage and siege train.
Bhurtpur (Second Mahratta War).
This city, garrisoned by about 8,000 of the Rajah’s troops, was besieged
by General Lake, January 4, 1805. Finding that his siege train was
inadequate to reduce the town by the ordinary methods, Lake determined
to carry it by storm. Four successive assaults were made, but without
success, and on April 21 Lake was obliged to withdraw, having lost 3,200
men during the siege.
Bhurtpur, Second Siege of.
The city was again besieged by the British under Lord Combermere in
1827, a dispute having taken place as to the succession, and the Rajah
who was under British protection having been expelled. After a
bombardment of two months, which had little effect on the fortress, it
was taken by assault.
Biberac (Wars of the French Revolution).
Fought October, 1796, between the French under Moreau, and the Austrians
under the Archduke Charles, who had previously defeated Jourdan at
Warzburg, and now turned upon Moreau, who was retreating through the
Black Forest. Moreau severely defeated the Austrians, and continued his
retreat unmolested.
Bibracte (Gallic War).
Fought B.C. 58, between the Romans under Cæsar and a largely superior
force of Helvetii. The battle was a momentous one, for a defeat to Cæsar
meant destruction. He therefore sent away all his officers’ horses,
giving them to understand that they must stand their ground to the last.
In the event, the Helvetii were totally routed, and compelled to submit
to the domination of Rome.
Bilbao (First Carlist War).
This fortress was besieged by the Carlists November 9, 1836, and was
defended by a small Christino garrison. The besiegers took possession of
some of the suburbs, which were recaptured by a sortie. Finally, after
several unsuccessful attempts, Espartero, at the head of about 18,000
Christinos, drove off the besiegers, December 25, and relieved the city,
capturing the Carlist artillery of 25 pieces. In the action the
Christinos lost 714 killed and wounded, while the losses of the garrison
during the siege amounted to about 1,300.
Bingen (Gallic Revolt).
In the year 70, Petilius Cerialis, who, with four Roman legions, had
crossed the Alps from Switzerland, surprised the revolted Gauls under
Tutor, in their camp at Bingen. The Gallic legionaries in Tutor’s army
deserted to the Romans, and Tutor was totally defeated.
Biruan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).
Fought 1221, between 80,000 Tartars under Katuku, and the troops of
Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, 60,000 strong. The Tartars were routed
and driven from the field in confusion.
Bithur (Indian Mutiny).
Fought August 16, 1857, when 4,000 mutineers, strongly posted, were
attacked and routed by the relieving force under General Havelock. When
driven from their position, the rebels had to cross a stream in their
rear by a small bridge, and had Havelock possessed an adequate cavalry
force, but few could have escaped.
Bitonto (War of the Polish Succession).
Fought May 25, 1734, between the Imperialists, 10,000 strong, and the
Spaniards under Mortemar. The Imperialists were driven from a strong
position, with heavy loss, and the victory resulted in the establishment
of Spanish rule throughout the Neapolitan provinces.
Blackheath (Flammock’s Rebellion).
Fought June 22, 1497, between the royal troops under Henry VII, and the
rebels under Flammock and Lord Audley. The rebels were defeated with a
loss of 2,000 killed, and all their leaders were captured and executed.
Black Rock (Second American War).
Fought 1814, between 1,400 British troops under General Riall, and a
force of 2,000 American Indians, occupying a strong position at Black
Rock. The British stormed the entrenchments and dispersed the enemy,
following up their success by the seizure of Buffalo.
Blackwater (O’Neill’s Rebellion).
Fought 1598, between 5,000 Irish rebels under Hugh O’Neill, and 5,000
English under Sir Henry Bagnall, the English Marshal. Bagnall was
defeated with a loss of 1,500 and all his ammunition and baggage, while
he himself was killed by O’Neill.
Bladensburg (Second American War).