In following the present peace conference and comparing it with the
peace congress of Westphalia, it may be well to mention a few of the
principles of such congresses in general. In a treaty of peace there are
first of all the usual articles, as, e.g., a declaration that peace is
restored and amnesty clauses, including restitution of such conquests as
are not intended to be retained, and of rights suspended by the war.
Also there are provisions to remove the causes out of which the war
arose, redress grievances, and prevent their recurrence. This is the
most essential thing for the congress to do. Then there is the indemnity
article to make satisfactory reparation for injury sustained and cost of
war. But great prudence should be exercised here, otherwise the
conquered power may feel deep resentment which is liable to sow seeds
for a future war.
As to personal attendance at the congress, one great advantage is that
difficulties thought insurmountable in correspondence often disappear in
an interview. Half the work is done when members have come to know what
each really wants. But in long discussions there is danger of becoming
fatigued and making ill-advised concessions. There is also temptation
for some members to interfere where they have no substantial interests
nor rights, and to contract engagements in which they have no special
concern. When strong enough, every nation will insist on the right to
manage its own internal affairs. Sometimes there are a few particularly
able men, speaking several languages fluently (a very practical
advantage), but representing only small countries, who may exercise
undue influence and cause the congress to authorize things which may not
prove of equal justice to all. Members of congresses have been known to
vote for things that they did not understand, to the great disadvantage
of their own country, due mainly to inexperience and lack of familiarity
with the language spoken in the congress.