The George William Fairfax House
[207 Prince Street. Owners: Colonel and Mrs. Charles B. Moore.]
The 200 block of Prince Street is probably the finest left in Old
Alexandria, in that it has suffered less change. No less than seven
brick eighteenth century town dwellings remain in almost pristine
condition. A small and fine Classical Revival building, and Mordecai
Miller's "double three storied wooden buildings" make for diversity,
while the old textile mill, later Green's furniture manufactory, adds
the practical Scottish note to the locality.
On the north side of the street, on lot No. 57, separated today from Lee
Street on the east by garden and the former Old Dominion Bank Building,
and flanked by John Harper's gift to his daughter Elizabeth on the west,
stands a three-storied dormer windowed town dwelling, battered by time
and the elements. It stands after nearly two hundred years, a silent
sentinel--the Fairfaxes' contribution to the erection of the town at
Hunting Creek warehouse.
The house was originally nearly square. The wing, added after the main
structure was built, was standing in 1782 at which time the house is
described as it stands today. Due to the loss of one deed, that of
father to son, it can be questioned whether the house was built by
William Fairfax before 1752 or by George William, to whom it was deeded
at that time. Like most old houses occupied by a succession of owners,
much damage has been done to these old walls. The brick is worn and
soft; paint is necessary to preserve them. The front door and stairway
were changed a hundred and fifty years ago, as well as mantels and much
of the trim and woodwork. The chimneys and dormers were blown down in
1927 and replaced in 1929. When the house was renovated at that time and
the plaster removed from the drawing-room walls, wooden blocks or stobs
were exposed in the bricks, indicating paneled walls.
The house has had some fourteen owners, each with his own idea of
"improvements." The occupants of the house for the first hundred years
are interesting as having been the founders and builders of the old
trading port. Let us begin with the original purchaser of lots Nos. 56
and 57 and learn a little of the early inmates of the premises
identified in Alexandria today as the Fairfax or the George William
Fairfax house.
William Fairfax and his son, Colonel George William Fairfax, both
purchased lots at the first auction held on July 13, 1749. The former
had purchased the lots numbered 56 and 57 for thirty-five _pistoles_,
while the latter had acquired two others across the street, lying south
and designated Nos. 62 and 63 on the plat of the town. At the meeting of
the trustees held the following day, it was ordered that deeds be made
for September 20, 1749, for all lots disposed of. George William Fairfax
retained his property until March 1750, when he sold the lots to
Willoughby Newton, Gent., for L41 18_s._ 6_d._ Newton conveyed them, on
November 10, 1752, to George Johnston for L44.
Lot No. 58, adjoining Colonel Fairfax's purchases on the west, was early
the property of Colonel Champe, but the fact that it soon passed to
Fairfax ownership can be established by two references in the minutes of
the trustees.
On May 30, 1763, it was "ordered that Robert Adam Gent^n be overseer of
the Main street [now Fairfax] from the upper part of Mrs. Chews Lott to
the lower part of her Lotts and that he make so much of the said Main
street dry and fitt for traveling for Waggon & foot people by the
first of Septem^r Next or pay for his failure twenty Shillings to the
Trustees for the use of the Town ... And that W^m Ramsay Gent. in like
manner and under the same penalty put the said main street in order from
the upper part of his own lott to the lower part thereof together with
half the next street and that William Ramsay continue his district down
to Col George Fairfaxes lott ... And that John Carlyle in like manner
and under the same penalty put the main Street in order from the corner
of Mr. Fairfaxes Lott to the lower corner of the said Fairfax's Lott and
one half of the adjacent street."[92]
[Illustration: Entrance hall and stair detail]
On December 16, 1766, it was resolved that, "Whereas deeds were granted
by William Ramsay and John Pagan two of the trustees of the town of
Alexandria bearing date of the 28th day of March Anno Domini 1752 to the
Hon Geo W^m Fairfax Esq^r for two Lotts of Land in the said Town No. 56
& 57, on the motion of Geo W^m Fairfax Esq^r it appears to us the above
mentioned Trustees that No. 56 should have been included in Lott No. 57
as one lott liable to the Conditions of improvement by act of
Assembly--and that he never having had a deed in his name or his fathers
for Lott No 58 It is now ordered that one Deed of Conveyance be made out
to the said Geo W^m Fairfax his Heirs and Assigns and that M^r W^m
Ramsay and M^r John Carlyle be appointed and are hereby authorized to
make good the said deed of Conveyance for these Lotts being improved
agreeable to the Act of Assembly for constituting and erecting the said
Town."[93]
That deed, bearing date of January 30, 1767, cited that on March 1,
1753, lots Nos. 56 and 57 were conveyed to George William Fairfax, Esq.,
and that as lot No. 56 was only part of a lot it should be holden as
parcel of the lot numbered 57 and that the purchaser hold the same
without being compelled to make any improvements other than what was by
law required on one whole and entire lot.
In 1771, when Fairfax by reason of prospective inheritances of land and
titles, was contemplating removal to England he turned to Robert Adam, a
successful businessman, for assistance in disposing of his Alexandria
property. Court records reveal that George William Fairfax and Sarah,
his wife, sold on November 25, 1771, to Robert Adam, lots Nos. 56 and 57
with all "Houses, buildings, orchards, ways, waters, water courses" for
L350 current money of Virginia.[94]
The transaction deed was witnessed by George Washington, Anthony Ramsay,
and James Adam, and it is interesting that the entry for that day in
Washington's diary reads: "went a hunting in the morning with Jacky
Custis. Returned about 12 o'clock and found Colo. Fairfax and Lady here,
Mrs. Fanny Ballendine and her nieces, Miss Sally Fairfax, and Mr. R.
Adam, Mr. Jas. Adam, and Mr. Anthy. Ramsay, all of who went away in the
afternoon, when Miss Scott came."[95] This deed was recorded at Fairfax
Court on September 23, 1772, with another deed from John Carlyle and
George William Fairfax, executors of the estate of William Fairfax, to
convey lot No. 58 with all houses, building, etc., to Robert Adam for
L125. Up to this time only one house stood on lots 56 and 57.
It may well be that Adam acted only as agent for George William Fairfax,
or that he assured title to the property for cash advanced. Within the
month he had sold half of the lots to Andrew Wales, a brewer, for L331
17_s._ 6_d._, nearly as much as he paid for the entire property. The
other portion he sold to John Hough, Gentleman, of Loudoun County,
Virginia.
Robert Adam was quite the man of affairs in Alexandria. Born in
Kilbride, Scotland, in 1731, the son of the Reverend John Adam and wife
(_nee_ Janet Campbell), he came to Maryland at about twenty years of age
and was in Alexandria before 1758, associating himself with that
merchant prince of the town, John Carlyle, as early as 1760. The firm of
Carlyle & Adam acted as agents for Mount Vernon as well as Belvoir,
handling the wheat and tobacco from these plantations. Washington was
close to both men until he was outraged by treatment accorded his wheat
and bags, though he afterward did Adam the honor of dining with him.
Following Colonel William Fairfax's death, Robert Adam succeeded to his
place as a town trustee. In 1782, with others from Alexandria, he was
active in founding the Masonic lodge. At the opening of the lodge in
1783, he was elected and served as its first Worshipful Master, along
with Robert McCrea as Senior Warden, Elisha C. Dick as Junior Warden,
William Herbert as Secretary, and William Ramsay as Treasurer. The year
1785 saw the erection of the Alexandria academy and Robert Adam laying
the cornerstone.
Like Adam before him John Hough had only a passing interest in the
property of George William Fairfax. He disposed of two small lots, one
to Benjamin Shreve, a hatter, and one to George Gilpin, the
colonel-to-be. He sold the remainder of lots Nos. 56, 57 and 58,
fronting on Prince Street to John Harper, a sea captain of Philadelphia,
in June 1773 for the munificent sum of L780, with all and every
improvement and all houses, buildings, and so on.
[Illustration: The small parlor, restored. A blending of old and new]
It is possible that Harper occupied George William Fairfax's house, but
it is certain that he let it to Colonel William Lyle of Prince Georges
County, Maryland, in 1782--probably before--and also as late as 1789,
when Lyle returned to Maryland. Tax records show that Lyle was renting
from Harper on Prince Street during this time. In 1782 he was taxed for
"2 whites, 13 blacks, 2 horses, and 12 cattle."[96] He is mentioned
several times in Washington's diaries as being at Mount Vernon, and at
least once Washington came to Alexandria and dined with Colonel Lyle.
For a time Colonel Lyle was associated with Colonel John Fitzgerald in
the shipping trade under the firm name of Lyle & Fitzgerald. During the
Revolution he served on the Alexandria Committee of Safety. From 1783
until his departure to Maryland, Lyle was an active member of the Sun
Fire Company. He owned considerable property in Alexandria. At one time
he determined to build a dwelling house on part of lot No. 57 on the
corner of Prince and Water [now Lee] Streets, which he had purchased
from John Harper, but he sold the lot without fulfilling his intentions.
When peace came in 1783, Captain John Harper, whose real-estate plans
had been deferred by hostilities, began the division of his Fairfax
property into building lots. At amazing speed and increasing prices he
sold off what had formerly been gardens and orchards, and as soon as
George William Fairfax's house was vacated by Colonel Lyle, Harper
disposed of it to William Hodgson of Whitehaven, England, in 1790. Now
our story of the Hodgson tenure must leave Alexandria to combine for a
brief moment with the great house of Lee.
[Illustration: The front room: The excellent Adam mantel from the Jonah
Thompson House is an improvement to replace a later one with a Latrobe
stove]
Among the famous sons of the sire of Stratford Hall (Westmoreland
County, Virginia), Thomas Lee, and his wife Hannah Ludwell, was William
Lee, who was born in 1739. He went to England about 1766 as a Virginia
merchant selling tobacco and acting as London agent for his Virginia
clients. In London in 1769, William Lee married his cousin, Hannah
Phillipi Ludwell (daughter of Philip Ludwell and Frances Grymes of Green
Spring).
William Lee took an active interest in politics and was elected as an
alderman of London in 1774. This did not prevent him from doing all in
his power to aid the American colonists. We find him going to Paris in
April 1777 as commercial agent for the Continental Congress and working
with his brother, Arthur Lee, on various diplomatic missions. While
serving at The Hague he was ordered to the courts of Berlin and Vienna,
but his services were thought to be so valuable it was decided to leave
him in Holland. Arthur Lee was sent on to Berlin in his place, but
later William Lee was appointed to the Austrian capital.
[Illustration: 200 block of Prince Street. The Old Dominion Bank and the
houses of George William Fairfax, Dr. James Craik and Dr. Elisha Cullen
Dick]
The four children of William and Hannah Phillipi Lee were born abroad.
The first child, William Ludwell (1775-1803) was born in London; Portia
(1777-1840) either in London or at The Hague; Brutus (1778-1779) at The
Hague; and Cornelia (1780-1815) at Brussels. William Lee remained abroad
until 1783, when he returned to his plantation, Green Spring, near
Williamsburg. Peace had not then been concluded and he had such
difficulty in obtaining passage for himself and family to Virginia that
he was forced to purchase a ship for the voyage. The Lees set sail from
Ostend on June 30, arriving home September 25.[97]
While living in London William Lee was thrown into contact with William
Hodgson, formerly of Whitehaven. This gentleman was an "active friend"
of America, a "fire-eating radical," and a member of "The Honest Whigs,"
a supper club of which Benjamin Franklin was a member, and the
"presiding genius." Hodgson, also a member of the Royal Society, then
composed of the intellectuals of the day--the premier scientific society
of the English world--rendered valuable aid to the American
commissioners in Paris by correspondence with Franklin in which he
passed on much useful information.
An enthusiastically outspoken recalcitrant, Hodgson was not content with
his contribution to the American cause, but took up the cudgels for the
French, and was promptly launched into very hot water. Two years in
Newgate prison followed his hearty toast "The French Republic," and the
epithet he applied to His Majesty, George III, of "German
Hogbutcher."[98] After this experience, it is not surprising that
Hodgson removed himself beyond the seas. He turns up at dinner at Mount
Vernon in June 1788. Two years later we find him buying a house and lot
for L1,650 from John Harper on Prince Street. The evidence is that he
was already in this house as a tenant. Here he set up in the dry-goods
business, using the first floor for his store and countinghouse, and the
upper part as his dwelling.
What could be more natural than Mr. Hodgson looking up his friends, the
Lees, on his arrival in Virginia? His old friend, William, had died.
Portia, now an orphan, was a young lady of handsome estate. Mr. Hodgson
was dining rather frequently at Mount Vernon in 1798, and the General
was writing of him always as "Mr. Hodgden."[99] Twice he was in company
with Portia, the last time appearing in a diary entry of June 1799 with
his wife at dinner. Mrs. Hodgson was, of course, the former Miss Portia
Lee. Sometime this same year he brought her to his dry-goods store and
dwelling house on Prince Street. Built some forty-odd years before, this
house was doubtless in need of numerous repairs.
The Hodgsons resided for upward of twenty-five years in the old town
house of the Fairfaxes. They were the parents of eight children, so many
that Hodgson found it necessary to give over to his family the lower
floor of the house that he had been using as his store and countinghouse
and to confine his activities to his warehouse and wharf on Union and
Prince. About this time the house seems to have undergone many changes.
A new front entrance was added, the stairway changed, a fashionable arch
and reeded mantels appeared. In other words, the house was "done over"
in the newest taste and latest fashion.
In 1816 Hodgson was forced to sell his house due to his inability to
meet a trust placed on the property in 1807. It was purchased in 1816 by
John Gardner Ladd, senior partner of John Gardner Ladd & Company. Ladd
appears to have come to Alexandria from Providence, Rhode Island, late
in the eighteenth century. He is mentioned in Washington's diary as
dining at Mount Vernon on February 1, 1798. A little glimpse into his
private affairs is revealed by an old customs house record for the year
1817. Under the entry for Thursday, January 2, we discover that the ship
_America_, Captain Luckett in command, sailed for the West Indies and
that "John G. Ladd, Esq., of the house of J.G.L. & Co. goes out in this
ship, with a view of benefitting his health." His will, bearing date of
February 18, 1819, and leaving to his wife, Sarah, for her life "the
entire use and emoluments of my dwelling house and lotts on Prince and
Water Streets (formerly the property of William Hodgson)," seems to
indicate that this wish was not realized. The home remained in the Ladd
family for the better part of thirty-five years.
* * * * *
To Alexandrians of later days, 207 Prince Street was known for many
years as the home of the Honorable Lewis MacKenzie. This house had the
first bathroom and tub in Alexandria. A niece of MacKenzie has stated
that her childhood had no more enthralling experience than leaning out
of the third story window and watching the water pour into Prince Street
from a hole in the wall. It was hit or miss with the pedestrians below!
MacKenzie also had the first heated halls in Alexandria, and nearly
burned up the house in consequence. He simply bricked up a small chimney
in a corner of the hall and installed wood stoves. Despite the hazard,
the warm halls were a great luxury in those days, for before the advent
of central heating all Virginians regarded halls in the wintertime as
places to pass through as quickly as possible.
Lewis MacKenzie, who owned the Fairfax house until 1891, was one of the
eight children of Captain James MacKenzie, mariner. The unique wedding
of his father and mother had been reported by the _Times and Alexandria
Advertiser_ almost a century earlier (1798). Its nautical motif arrests
our attention and carries us to the wharves of Alexandria in the time of
George Washington:
We have to record an event of unusual interest which took place in
our harbor yesterday, on board the good ship "Lexington" which lay in
the stream opposite the town.
The "Lexington," dressed in her gayest rig, was loaded with a full
cargo of tobacco, in hogsheads, and only awaited the arrival of her
commander, Capt. James MacKenzie, before proceeding on her voyage to
Holland. The wind was fair, and the sun shone brightly. The jolly
tars had donned their holiday garb, and as the first officer walked
the deck and looked anxiously towards the town, it was evident that
an unusual event was about to occur.
The shipping in port showed the flags of all nations, and on the
British man-of-war, which lay close to the "Lexington," could be seen
the bright uniforms of the marines marshalled by their officers.
Precisely at ten o'clock several boats put off from Conway's wharf,
and on rounding under the stern of the "Lexington," the rolling of
the frigate's drums could be heard as the crew manned the yards. A
gay company passed up the gangway, led by the commander of the
"Lexington" who was accompanied by Miss Margaret Steel and a
clergyman from Maryland.
On the order of the officer on board the frigate, the marines came to
"present arms" in handsome style. It was then that Capt. MacKenzie
received his bride, the fine band of the frigate discoursing its
sweetest music as the guests departed. The order to "weigh anchor"
was then given, and the gallant captain, accompanied by his youthful
bride, "squared away" for his port of destination, with many good
wishes for his safe return.
[Illustration]
[Illustration: Gadsby's Tavern doorway comes home after four decades in
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, as Alexandria celebrates its
200th anniversary]
[Illustration]