DEVELOPMENT OF STREET TRADES REGULATION IN EUROPE
_Great Britain_
Attention was called to the problem of street trading by children in
England for the first time, in a comprehensive way, in 1897. A few
close observers of social conditions noticed that the situation was so
grave as to demand an immediate remedy, and accordingly, upon their
initiative, an organization was effected for the purpose of studying
the subject. This organization took the form of a private association
known as the Committee on Wage-Earning Children. The committee
conferred with the officers of the board of education and succeeded in
arousing their interest to the extent of securing a promise for the
collection of a return from the elementary schools of England and
Wales concerning the labor of public school pupils, their ages, and
other relevant information. In 1898, the House of Commons ordered
this inquiry to be made, and in June of that year copies of a schedule
were sent by the educational department to all the public elementary
schools in England and Wales. Many schoolmasters misunderstood the
meaning of this schedule and failed to report the children of their
schools who were actually engaged in various forms of work outside of
school hours. Only about half of the schedules were filled and
returned, but these showed that 144,026 children were following some
kind of gainful occupation in addition to attending school. Many
schoolmasters reported pitiable cases of child exploitation, as, for
example, the following: "Boys helping milkmen are up at 5 o'clock in
the morning, whilst those selling papers are about the streets to a
very late hour at night. During lessons many fall off to sleep, and if
not asleep the effort to keep awake is truly painful both to boy and
teacher. The educational time, as a consequence, is materially
wasted."[150] "These are sad cases, viz. one boy (aged eleven, in
Standard III) works daily, as a grocer's errand boy, for 1_s._ 6_d._
a week, from 8 to 9 A.M., from 12 to 1.30 P.M., and from 4.30 to 7.30
P.M. On Saturday from 8 A.M. to 10 P.M. Another boy, aged ten in
Standard III, works also as a grocer's errand boy for 1_s._ 6_d._ per
week, from 8.30 to 9 A.M., from 12 to 1.30 and from 5 to 8 P.M., and
on Saturday from 8.30 A.M. to 11 P.M." And all this in addition to
twenty-seven and one half hours of school every week! A boy who works
for 56-3/4 hours a week, selling papers, is employed as follows:
"Monday to Friday, from 7 A.M. to 8.45 A.M., from 12 to 1 P.M., and
from 4 to 10 P.M., and on Saturday from 7 A.M., to 10 A.M., from 12 to
2 P.M. and from 3 to 11 P.M." "This is a very bad case: called at 2
and 3 o'clock A.M., the boy (aged eight) is so tired that he is
obliged to go to bed again, and is often absent from school, and made
to work in the evening as well."[151] Many schoolmasters also
testified to the need of a remedy; one of these wrote on the schedule:
"May I be allowed to express my gratitude to the education department
for making this inquiry, and express the hope that the department will
be able to frame some regulation to meet and relieve the onerous
conditions under which many of the young have to gain education.
Without exaggeration I can truthfully assert that there are to-day in
our national and board schools thousands of little white slaves."[152]
Nothing more came of the movement until January, 1901, when the
Secretary of State for the Home Department appointed an
interdepartmental committee "to inquire into the question of the
employment of children during school age, and to report what
alterations are desirable in the laws relating to child labour and
school attendance and in the administration of these laws." After
making careful investigation this committee declared: "In the case of
street-trading children very strong powers of regulation are required.
These children are exposed to the worst influences; they enter public
houses to ply their trade, they are kept up late at night and exposed
to inclement weather, and the precarious nature of their trade
disinclines them to steady work, and encourages them to dissipate
their earnings in gambling ... there should be power to prohibit
street trading by children; to make regulations as to the age and sex
of street traders, and the days and hours on which they may ply their
trade; to grant licenses to those permitted to trade and to require
the wearing of badges or uniforms; to forbid street traders to enter
public houses or to importune or obstruct passengers; and generally to
control their conduct and to cope with the evil in every reasonable
way."[153] The committee further reported: "Our main recommendation is
that the overworking of children in those occupations which are still
unregulated by law should be prevented by giving to the county and
borough councils a power to make labour by-laws; ... further we
suggest that the gaps that may be left by local by-laws should be
filled up by a general prohibition of night labour by children and of
labour manifestly injurious to health."[154] This committee reported
that the number of children in England and Wales attending school and
also in paid employment was far greater than as reported by the
parliamentary return, estimating that the total number was no less
than 300,000 in 1898.[155]
One of the witnesses before this committee was a London truant officer
of eighteen years' experience, who testified that every month he met
with hundreds of cases of milk boys who "go to work at 5 A.M. and
knock off at 8.30 and get to school at 9.45. At twelve they return to
work, and after school at 4.30 they go again and wash up. The latest
hour they work is about 8 P.M. I have frequently seen these children
fast asleep in school. It is a common thing to see children of tender
age outside the different theatres trying to sell newspapers at 11
o'clock at night. The percentage of cases in which this work is
necessary is very small; it simply means that a little more money is
spent in the public houses."[156] The report of this committee
contains a great mass of testimony from persons in many walks of life,
nearly all of whom declared that street trading by children is bad and
should be regulated. They differentiated between the hawking of
articles in the streets and their delivery for employers, and one of
the witnesses from Liverpool testified that the local regulation of
street trading by children in that city did not apply to bootblacks
nor to boys who carried parcels because they were not selling
anything.[157]
In 1902, an interdepartmental committee was appointed to study the
subject in Ireland, and in its report stated: "The principal dangers
to which they [street traders] are exposed are those arising from late
hours in the streets, truancy, insufficient clothing, entering
licensed premises to find sale for their goods, obstructing, annoying
or importuning passengers, begging, fighting with other children,
playing football or other games in the streets, using bad language,
playing pitch and toss (a gambling game), smoking--all of which are
matters of common observation, and have been testified to by many of
the witnesses. In our opinion these evils can be lessened, if not
entirely removed, by the simple system of regulation, licenses and
badges."[158]
The direct result of the reports of these committees was the passage
by Parliament of the Employment of Children Act, 1903. Section 3 of
this act provides, first, that no child under eleven years shall
engage in street trading; second, no child under fourteen years shall
be employed between 9 P.M. and 6 A.M.; third, no factory or workshop
half-timer shall be employed in any other occupation; fourth, no child
under fourteen years shall handle heavy weights likely to result in
injury; fifth, no child under fourteen years shall engage in any
injurious employment. Sections 1 and 2 of this act give to local
authorities power to make by-laws regulating the employment of
children. The provisions of Section 2 concerning street trading are in
substance as follows: any local authority may make by-laws with
respect to street trading by persons under the age of sixteen years
and may prohibit such street trading subject to age, sex or the
holding of a license; may regulate the conditions on which such
licenses may be granted and revoked; may determine the days and hours
during which and the places at which such street trading may be
carried on; may require such street traders to wear badges and may
regulate generally the conduct of such street traders; provided that
the right to trade shall not be made subject to any conditions having
reference to the poverty or general bad character of the person
applying for this right, and provided also that the local authority
shall have special regard to the desirability of preventing the
employment of girls under sixteen years in streets and public places.
Section 2 b of the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1904,
imposes a penalty upon _adults_ who cause, procure or allow boys under
fourteen or girls under sixteen to trade in the streets between 9 P.M.
and 6 A.M.
An official report made in 1907 gives the names of all counties,
boroughs and urban districts in Great Britain which had up to that
time made by-laws to regulate street trading by children. In England
and Wales, 2 counties, 60 cities and boroughs and 4 urban districts
had done so; in Scotland, 3 burghs and the school board districts of
11 burghs and 12 parishes; and in Ireland, 4 cities and boroughs and 1
urban district had made such by-laws.[159]
By 1910, out of 74 county boroughs in England and Wales, not less than
50 had made street-trading by-laws, and these included most of the
larger places; but out of 191 smaller boroughs and smaller urban
districts only 41 had done so; while among 62 administrative counties
only 3 had made by-laws. In addition to these, 4 county boroughs and 2
of the smaller boroughs had made street-trading by-laws under local
acts.
In Scotland, of the 33 county councils empowered to make by-laws, not
one had done so by 1910; while of 56 burghs only 3 had passed by-laws;
of 979 school boards only 27 had made such regulations. Edinburgh
passed by-laws under a private act.
In Ireland, out of 33 county councils not one had made by-laws; of the
43 councils of urban districts with a population of over 5000, only 5
had passed regulations.
In 1909 the Secretary of State for the Home Department appointed a
departmental committee to inquire into the operation of the Employment
of Children Act, 1903, and to consider whether any and what further
legislative regulation or restriction was required in respect of
street trading and other employments dealt with in that act. This
committee confined its report, which was submitted in 1910, to the
subject of street trading; and its great contribution to the cause of
child welfare is its recommendation that street trading should be
_prohibited_ rather than regulated. The statute of 1903 prohibits all
work by children under the age of eleven years, and its restrictions
on street employment by children above that limit, out of school
hours, are prohibitions of _night_ work after nine o'clock,
consequently a child above the age of eleven years who engages in
street trading is restrained, during the day, only by such by-laws as
may have been adopted by the local authority. The committee found that
even in communities where by-laws had been adopted they were not
always observed, and also that where no by-laws had been passed the
minimum statutory restrictions were frequently ignored. The report
declared that: "A considerable amount of street trading is still done
by children under eleven. Special censuses taken in Edinburgh revealed
the fact that children as young as seven were trading in the streets.
The great bulk of the evidence received in and from Scotland points
to the conclusion that the Act [of 1903] has been almost a dead-letter
in that country.... Infringements of the Act in Ireland are no less
common. In Waterford newspapers are sold by children of nine years old
up to 11 P.M. and later."[160] The issuance of licenses and badges was
denounced as giving the stamp of official approval to what is
recognized as an evil, the adoption of by-laws resulting merely in a
partial improvement of conditions even when rigorously enforced.
After having devoted several months to the inquiry, during which
evidence was gathered in London, Manchester, Edinburgh, Glasgow,
Dublin, Belfast, Birmingham and Liverpool in addition to receiving the
testimony of witnesses from Sheffield, Nottingham, Bolton and other
centers, the committee made this very noteworthy and significant
declaration: "We have come to the conclusion ... that the effect of
street trading upon the character of those who engage in it is only
too frequently disastrous. The youthful street trader is exposed to
many of the worst of moral risks; he associates with, and acquires the
habits of, the frequenters of the kerbstone and the gutter. If a match
seller, he is likely to become a beggar--if a newspaper seller, a
gambler; the evidence before us was extraordinarily strong as to the
extent to which begging prevails among the boy vendors of evening
papers. There was an almost equally strong body of testimony to the
effect that, at any rate in crowded centres of population, street
trading tends to produce a dislike or disability for more regular
employment; the child finds that for a few years money is easily
earned without discipline or special skill; and the occupation is one
which sharpens the wits without developing the intelligence. It leads
to nothing practically, and in no way helps him to a future career.
There can be no doubt that large numbers of those who were once street
traders drift into vagrancy and crime.... Much evidence was given to
the effect that the practice of street trading, even though only
carried on in the intervals of school attendance, tends to produce a
restless disposition, and a dislike of restraint which makes children
unwilling to settle down to any regular employment. So far as girls
are concerned, there must be added to the above evils an
unquestionable danger to morals in the narrower sense. The evidence
presented to us on this point was unanimous and most emphatic. Again
and again persons specially qualified to speak, assured us that, when
a girl took up street trading, she almost invariably was taking a
first step toward a life of immorality. The statement that the
temptations are great, and the children practically defenseless, needs
no amplification. An occupation entailing such perils is indisputably
unfit for girls."[161]
The need for _prohibition_ of street trading was realized by this
committee, the change being urged in the following epoch-making
statement: "After carefully considering the operation of the by-laws
adopted since 1903, and comparing the present state of affairs with
that existing before the passing of the act, we have come to the
conclusion that the difficulties of the situation cannot be said to
have been met, or any substantial contribution to a solution of the
problem made, by the existing law and the machinery set up for its
enforcement. Regulation, however well organized and complete, will not
turn a wasteful and uneconomic use of the energies of children into a
system which is beneficial to the community. Consequently we feel that
we have no choice but to recommend the complete statutory prohibition
of street trading either by boys or by girls up to a specific age. In
the case of boys we feel that it would be wise to name an age which
would render it likely that they would have had full opportunities of
taking to regular work before they could legally trade in the streets.
We think the most suitable age would be seventeen, which gives an
interval of three or four years after the ordinary time of leaving an
elementary school.... So far as girls are concerned, we feel that the
arguments in favor of prohibiting trading increase rather than
diminish in force as the age of the traders advances. The entire body
of testimony laid before us has forced upon us the conclusion that
street trading by girls is entirely indefensible, and that no system
of regulation is sufficient to rid the employment of its risks and
objections. On the other hand, we have not been able to discover any
trace of hardship having resulted in any of those towns in which
by-laws have prohibited trading by girls, or have restricted the ages
during which trading is permitted. We think that the age of
prohibition should be higher for girls than for boys, and, while we
feel that it should, in any event, not be less than eighteen, we
should be willing to see it fixed as high as twenty-one."[162]
As to the administration of the law, the committee declared that this
should be delivered into the hands of the education authorities who
could charge the regular truant officers with the work of enforcement
or employ special officers for the purpose. The placing of
responsibility upon the parents of child offenders was indorsed, but
the committee criticised administrators because of the small penalties
imposed as fines, the amounts being easily covered by the earnings of
the traders, and hence an increase of the maximum fine was
recommended.
A minority report was submitted by four members of this committee who
declined to support the recommendation of the majority that street
trading should be immediately and universally prohibited in the case
of boys up to the age of seventeen. These members held that the cause
of street trading should first be removed by organizing employment
bureaus for children, by giving the children the benefit of vocational
direction, and by promoting industrial education for boys both while
attending the elementary schools and after.
_Liverpool_
As to local efforts to regulate the street-trading evil, the first
steps were taken in Liverpool. In this city the condition of child
street traders was particularly bad; half of them were girls, and the
stock in trade was usually newspapers and matches--the children were
dirty, ragged and running the streets at all hours of the night, the
apparent trade in newspapers and other articles being frequently used
to cover up much worse things; in fact, many of the girls were
practically prostitutes. Quite a number of these children were nothing
more or less than beggars, and deliberately appeared in ragged
clothing for the purpose of exciting sympathy. A local association
undertook to supply them with clothing, but many refused this aid
"because it would interfere with their trade." Commenting on similar
practices among the street traders of Dublin, Sir Lambert H. Ormsby,
M.D., said in 1904: "They sell other things besides ... matches
principally. Of course the selling of matches is merely a means of
evading being taken up by the police for begging. The matches are only
humbug; they do not want to sell them ... they do it for begging
purposes."[163] In 1897 the Liverpool Watch Committee appointed a
subcommittee to consider the question of children trading in streets,
and this subcommittee reported that: "The practice is attended, first,
with injury to the health of the children; second, with interference
with the education of such as are of school age; third, with danger to
the moral welfare of the children inasmuch as the practice frequently
leads to street gambling, begging, sleeping out and other undesirable
practices, and in some cases to crime." They were of opinion--in which
the inspector of reformatories concurred--that much of the money
earned by the children went to indulge the vicious and intemperate
propensities of parents and guardians.
By the Liverpool Corporation Act, 1898, Parliament gave the city power
to regulate street trading by children, and accordingly the following
provisions were made by the city council: (1) no licenses to any child
under eleven; (2) boys eleven to thirteen and girls eleven to fifteen
inclusive, to be licensed if not mentally or physically deficient,
with consent of parent or guardian; (3) licenses good one year; (4)
badges also to be issued; (5) no charge for license or badge; (6)
licenses may be revoked by Watch Committee for cause; (7) no licensed
child to trade after 9 P.M., nor unless decently clothed, nor without
badge, nor in streets during school hours unless exempted from school
attendance, and no licensed child may alter or dispose of badge, or
enter public houses to trade, or importune passengers. These
regulations took effect May 31, 1899, and marked the formal beginning
of the movement against street trading by children.
In 1901 the Liverpool subcommittee reported that it was "of opinion
that the application of the powers conferred by the Act has had the
effect of greatly reducing the number of children trading in the
streets, especially during school hours and late in the evenings, and
of improving the condition, appearance, and behaviour of those
children who still engage in street trading." This subcommittee
recommended raising the boys' age limit for licenses from fourteen to
sixteen years, and was inclined to advise the total prohibition of
street trading by girls.[164]
_London_
Under the powers conferred on local authorities by the Employment of
Children Act 1903, the London County Council framed in February, 1905,
a set of by-laws, the provisions of which seemed quite innocuous.
Nevertheless a considerable outcry was raised by persons whom they
would affect, and thereupon the Secretary of State withheld his
confirmation and authorized Mr. Chester Jones to hold an inquiry at
which complaints could be heard as well as arguments in favor of the
by-laws. This inquiry was held in June and July of 1905, and
schoolmasters, attendance officers, police inspectors, news agents and
others testified. Mr. Jones held that it was his duty "to endeavour to
discover where the line should be drawn, and that it was not open to
argument either that child labour should entirely be prohibited or
that it should be unregulated."[165]
In his report Mr. Jones took up each by-law separately and discussed
it, recommending that it be either confirmed or rejected in accordance
with his findings. He also drafted a set of by-laws and submitted them
with the recommendation that they be adopted instead of the ones
originally passed by the London County Council. Referring to these, he
says: "An important respect in which my suggested by-laws differ from
the County Council by-laws is in differentiating between employment in
connection with street stalls and other forms of street trading. It
seemed to be the general opinion [of witnesses] that the former
employment, being under the supervision of some adult person, probably
the parent, is not so harmful in its effects on the morals of the
child as the latter, and it must be remembered that the main objection
to street trading was on the ground rather of its affecting the
morality than the health and education of the children."[166] The
regulations drafted by Mr. Jones were not even so drastic as those
proposed by the London County Council, and in recommending milder
restrictions Mr. Jones says: "A set of by-laws should not err upon the
side of overstringency, nor should they be in advance of public
opinion; the first, because taking a step more or less in the dark
might cause hardships impossible to avoid, and the second, because any
by-laws of this sort, being most difficult of enforcement, will
certainly be evaded unless backed up by the weight of public
opinion."[167]
The County Council, however, did not follow Mr. Jones's
recommendations in their entirety, but adopted a more stringent set of
by-laws which were put in force in October, 1906. In December, 1909,
the County Council again amended the by-laws, and an inquiry relative
to these changes was held by Mr. Stanley Owen Buckmaster in October,
1910. Mr. Buckmaster recommended a number of changes of minor
importance which were adopted by the Council, and accordingly the new
by-laws were adopted and took effect on June 3, 1911. This set of
by-laws will be found in the Appendix, page 264. The most significant
feature which they present is the raising of the age limit for boys to
fourteen years and for girls to sixteen years without exemption. The
old by-laws prohibited street trading by children under sixteen years
between the hours of 9 P.M. and 6 A.M., and this provision was
retained in the new by-laws, applying, however, only to boys, inasmuch
as girls under that age are prohibited from trading in the streets at
any time. These London by-laws on street trading are identical with
the provisions of the most advanced American child labor laws on
factory employment, and consequently they blaze the way for the
application of these provisions in the United States to street trading
as well as to employment in factories, mills and mines.
_Manchester_
Although the British departmental committee of 1910 was not favorably
impressed by the results of regulation as a cure for the evils of
street trading, nevertheless it gave due credit to the city of
Manchester for what had been accomplished there under the license
system. Referring to this city, the report says: "In Manchester such
good results as can be arrived at by the method of regulation were,
perhaps, more apparent than anywhere else. In that city the entire
evidence testified to the fact that the regulation of street trading
is very highly organized; a special staff of selected, plain-clothes
officers, giving their whole time to the work, knowing the traders
personally, visiting the homes, advising the parents, clothing the
children and apparently exerting a most beneficial influence. All that
can be done through the instrument of regulation seems to be done
there, the various authorities working together to that end."[168]
An English writer says that regulation in Manchester "has greatly
improved the conditions of the newspaper boys and others who earned
their living by hawking goods in the streets. It is something to the
good at any rate that a boy should be compelled to be decently
dressed and so avoid the obvious temptation of appealing to the
sympathies of the public by the picturesque raggedness of his
clothing. At the same time one cannot help feeling that halfway
legislation of this sort is only playing with the problem and that the
only really satisfactory law would be one which prohibited street
trading by children altogether."[169]
_New South Wales_
The British Colony of New South Wales has adopted some mild
restrictions under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, and the
president of the State Children Relief Board for New South Wales
states in his report for the year ending April 5, 1910, that "the
Board is not favorably impressed with the principle of street trading
by juveniles, realizing that even under the most careful
administration children, when once licensed to engage in street
trading, are exposed to great temptations."
_Canada_
The province of Manitoba, Canada, forbids children under twelve years
from trading in the streets at any time; licenses are issued to boys
twelve to sixteen years old, who are not allowed to sell after 9 P.M.
Some boys have been denied licenses because of their poor school
record, others because of lack of proof as to age, others on account
of not being physically qualified, and still others because there was
no need for their earning money in this way. The licensed boys are
kept under supervision; their attendance at school is watched; and if
they persist in selling after 9 P.M. or disobey instructions, their
licenses are revoked.[170]
_Germany_
The Industrial Code of Germany prohibits children under fourteen years
from offering goods for sale on public roads, streets or places, and
peddling them from house to house. In localities in which such sale or
peddling is customary, the local police authorities may permit it for
certain periods of time not exceeding a total of four weeks in any
calendar year. "Under this provision there was considerable street
trading, especially in the larger cities. In Berlin, for instance,
during the weeks preceding Christmas, numerous children under fourteen
were thus employed. Protests against the practice were made by the
Consumers' League and similar organizations, and resulted in the
passage of a police regulation, for its restriction; and in 1909 a
further step was taken by providing that no exceptions of this sort be
thereafter permitted, so that now the employment of children under
fourteen years of age in street trading is absolutely forbidden in
Berlin."[171]
The Industrial Code forbids children under twelve years to deliver
goods or perform other errands except for their own parents. Children
over twelve years may so engage for not more than three hours daily
between 8 A.M. and 8 P.M., but not before morning school nor during
the noon recess nor until one hour after school has closed in the
afternoon; on Sundays and holidays such children may do this work only
for two hours between 8 A.M. and 1 P.M., but not during the principal
church service or the half hour preceding it. Such children must
first obtain the _Arbeitskarte_ from the local police authority, which
is issued upon request of the child's legal representative. Employers
must notify the police authority in advance of the employment of such
children.
_France_
The labor of children in France is regulated by the law of November 2,
1892, as amended by the act of March 30, 1900. This law applies to
factories, workshops, mines and quarries, exempting home industries,
agricultural work and purely mercantile establishments.[172] The work
of children in city streets is not even mentioned. New legislation has
recently been proposed to regulate the employment of minors under 18
years of age and of women in the sale of merchandise from stands and
tables on sidewalks outside of bazaars and large stores. According to
its provisions, the work of such persons would be prohibited for more
than two hours at a time and for more than six hours a day, while
seats and heating facilities would have to be supplied the same as
for employees inside the large establishments.[173]
In Paris, newspapers are sold almost exclusively at kiosks on street
corners, presided over by middle-aged women.
CONCLUSION
Many years ago Macaulay declared, "Intense labor, beginning too early
in life, continued too long every day, stunting the growth of the
mind, leaving no time for healthful exercise, no time for intellectual
culture, must impair all those high qualities that have made our
country great. Your overworked boys will become a feeble and ignoble
race of men, the parents of a more feeble progeny; nor will it be long
before the deterioration of the laborer will injuriously affect those
very interests to which his physical and moral interests have been
sacrificed. If ever we are forced to yield the foremost place among
commercial nations, we shall yield it to some people preëminently
vigorous in body and in mind." To-day these words seem to us a
veritable prophecy--but we must not forget that they apply to America
no less than to England. If our civilization is to continue and to
improve with time, every child must have a proper opportunity to grow
under conditions as nearly normal as possible; we must secure to the
children their birthright--the right to play and to dream, the right
to healthful sleep, the right to education and training, the right to
grow into manhood and into womanhood with cleanness and strength both
of body and of mind, the right of a chance to become useful citizens
of the future. Eternal vigilance is the price of protection for
childhood, and while "Women and children first" is a rigid law of the
sea, "Children first" is the fundamental law both of Nature and
civilization.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Wisconsin Statutes, Section 1728 p., Laws of 1911.
[2] Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of
Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, Minutes of Evidence, Q.
71. Cf. also Great Britain--Employment of Children Act, 1903, Section
13.
[3] _The Newsboy_, Pittsburgh, April, 1909.
[4] Great Britain--Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment
of School Children, 1901, pp. 18, 19.
[5] Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia," _Charities
and The Commons_, February 2, 1906.
[6] "The Child in the City," Handbook of Chicago Child Welfare
Exhibit, 1911, p. 25.
[7] "A Plea to Take the Small Boy and Girl from the City Streets," a
folder issued by Chicago Board of Education and a committee
representing local organizations, 1911.
[8] Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, p. 8.
[9] Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[10] _The Survey_, April 22, 1911, p. 138.
[11] "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," edited by E. J.
Urwick, 1904, p. 296.
[12] Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of
Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. vii.
[13] Twelfth Census of United States, Vol. II, Population, Part II, p.
506.
[14] Twelfth Census of United States, Special Reports, Occupations,
1904, pp. xxiv, cxxxiii.
[15] _Idem_, pp. xxiii, cxxxiii.
[16] Twelfth Census of United States, 1900, Vol. VII, p. cxxv.
[17] Instructions to Enumerators, Thirteenth Census of the United
States, pp. 32-34.
[18] These tables were copied from charts displayed at the Chicago
Child Welfare Exhibit, May, 1911.
[19] "The Child in the City," Handbook of the Child Welfare Exhibit,
Chicago, May 11-25, 1911, p. 25.
[20] _Idem_, p. 25.
[21] "The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago,
1911, pp. 241-242.
[22] "A Plea to take the Small Boy and the Girl from the City
Streets," by the Chicago Board of Education and a committee
representing local organizations, 1911.
[23] Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[24] Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on the Greek Padrone
System in the United States, 1911, p. 9.
[25] A more detailed presentation of this matter will be found in
Chapter IV.
[26] Immigration Commission's Report, p. 9.
[27] Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons
Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 17.
[28] _Idem_, p. 21.
[29] _Idem_, p. 17.
[30] Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons
Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 25.
[31] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 8.
[32] _Idem_, p. 9.
[33] _Idem_, p. 10.
[34] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 18.
[35] _Idem_, p. 16.
[36] Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, p. 178.
[37] Report of President of State Children Relief Board of New South
Wales for year ending April 5, 1910, pp. 39-40.
[38] Vierteljahrshefte des Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amts, 1900, Heft
III, p. 97. See also Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental
Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 3, p. 294.
[39] Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 84.
[40] Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 56.
[41] _Idem_, p. 63.
[42] _Idem_, p. 65.
[43] _The Hustler_, organ of Boston Newsboys' Club, February, 1911.
[44] Report of the Newsboys' Home Association of Washington, D.C.,
1863-1864, p. 7.
[45] "The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in
Street Trading in Manchester," by E. T. Campagnac and C. E. B.
Russell; Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 45, pp. 456-457.
[46] Handbook of New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.
[47] "Child Labor on the Street," _The Newsboy_, leaflet of New York
Child Labor Committee, 1907.
[48] Report of Newsboys' and Children's Aid Society of Washington,
D.C., 1889, p. 10.
[49] "The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in
Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.
[50] Child Labor at the National Capital, an address delivered in
Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor
Committee.
[51] Mary E. McDowell, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee,
pp. 6-7.
[52] "The Social Evil in Chicago" by the Vice Commission of Chicago,
1911, p. 242.
[53] Miss Todd, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, p. 12.
[54] National Child Labor Committee, Pamphlet 114, p. 12.
[55] Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken Before Departmental
Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9724.
[56] Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 46.
[57] _Charities and The Commons_, February 2, 1906.
[58] "Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 12.
[59] "Child Labor on the Street," _The Newsboy_, leaflet of New York
Child Labor Committee, 1907.
[60] "Children in American Street Trades," 1905, Pamphlet 14 of
National Child Labor Committee.
[61] _Charities and The Commons_, February 2, 1906.
[62] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 23.
[63] Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken before Departmental
Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 1837 _et seq._
[64] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of
Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.
[65] George A. Hall, "The Newsboy," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual
Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 102.
[66] School Document, No. 14, 1910, Boston Public Schools, pp. 42-44.
[67] Report of New York-New Jersey Committee of the North American
Civic League for Immigrants, December, 1909-March, 1911, pp. 33-34.
[68] Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on the Greek Padrone
System in United States, 1911, p. 10.
[69] Abstract of Report on Greek Padrone System in United States, by
Immigration Commission, 1911, p. 22.
[70] _Survey_, Vol. XXVI, p. 591.
[71] School Document, No. 10, 1910, Boston Public Schools, p. 133.
[72] "The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago,
1911, p. 242.
[73] "Child Labor at the National Capital," an address delivered in
Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor
Committee.
[74] "The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago,
1911, p. 244.
[75] Bulletin 69 of Bureau of Census, "Child Labor in the United
States," 1907, p. 170.
[76] Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," p. 179.
[77] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical
Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 10,440.
[78] J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in
Our Cities," edited by E. J. Urwick (England), 1904, p. 121.
[79] E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities" (England),
1904, p. 305.
[80] "Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 15.
[81] Victor S. Clark, "Women and Child Wage Earners in Great Britain,"
Bulletin 80, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 28.
[82] "Newsboy Life--What Superintendents of Reformatories and Others
think about its Effects," Leaflet No. 32 of National Child Labor
Committee, 1910.
[83] "Buffalo Child Labor Problems," folder issued by New York Child
Labor Committee, 1911, p. 3.
[84] Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[85] Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia," _Charities
and The Commons_, February 2, 1906.
[86] John Spargo, "Bitter Cry of the Children," 1906, p. 184.
[87] James L. Fieser, "Causes of Truancy," Indiana Bulletin of
Charities and Correction, June, 1910, p. 227.
[88] James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court,"
Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.
[89] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of
Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 12.
[90] Mrs. Louise B. More, "Wage-Earners' Budgets," 1907, p. 148.
[91] J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in
Our Cities (England)," edited by E. J. Urwick, 1904, p. 131.
[92] _Idem_, p. 135.
[93] E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities," 1904, p. 307.
[94] _Idem_, p. 309.
[95] Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, pp. 179-180.
[96] Constance Smith, Report on the Employment of Children in the
United Kingdom, 1909, p. 11.
[97] Margaret Alden, M.D., "Child Life and Labour," 1908, p. 118.
[98] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical
Deterioration, 1904, Vol. I, paragraph 68.
[99] _Idem_, Vol. II, Q. 2453.
[100] _Idem_, Vol. II, Q. 2479.
[101] Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence taken before Departmental
Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9503 _et seq._
[102] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 39, p. 418.
[103] Copied from Charts in Child Labor Exhibit at National Conference
of Charities and Correction, St. Louis, May, 1910.
[104] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 11.
[105] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of
Children Act, 1903, 1910, p. 12.
[106] Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[107] "Child Labor on the Street," leaflet of New York Child Labor
Committee, _The Newsboy_, 1907.
[108] "The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in
Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.
[109] Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of Children
during School Age in Ireland, 1902, Q. 3862.
[110] Report of the Board of Education of the Toledo City School
District, 1910-1911, p. 141.
[111] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session.
[112] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 39.
[113] _Idem_, p. 42.
[114] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 44.
[115] _Idem_, p. 59.
[116] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 62.
[117] _Idem_, p. 69.
[118] _Idem_, p. 71.
[119] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 73.
[120] _Idem_, p. 84.
[121] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 86.
[122] _Idem_, p. 87.
[123] _Idem_, p. 90.
[124] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 91.
[125] _Idem_, p. 92.
[126] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 105.
[127] Includes 17 in bowling alleys and pool rooms and 23 in theaters
and other places of amusement.
[128] Includes 2 in boarding houses, 26 home workers (precise
character of work not specified), 10 in restaurants, and 12 in private
families.
[129] Includes 26 bootblacks and 320 newsboys.
[130] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 106.
[131] _Idem_, pp. 106-107.
[132] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII
of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United
States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 108.
[133] _Idem_, pp. 116-117.
[134] _Idem_, p. 134.
[135] Davis Wasgatt Clark, "American Child and Moloch of To-day,"
1907, p. 40.
[136] George B. Mangold, "Child Problems," 1910, p. 232.
[137] James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court,"
Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.
[138] Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners
in the United States, 1911, p. 22.
[139] E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England),"
1904, p. 304.
[140] Bulletin 81, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 416.
[141] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on the
Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.
[142] "A Plea to take the Small Boy and the Girl from the City
Streets," by the Chicago Board of Education and a committee
representing local organizations, 1911.
[143] Report on Bylaws made by London County Council under Employment
of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, pp. 24-27.
[144] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 33, p. 403.
[145] Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of
Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. vii.
[146] "Street Trades," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of
National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 108.
[147] School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, pp. 34-35.
[148] Committee on Work and Wages, Handbook of New York Child Welfare
Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.
[149] School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, p. 36.
[150] Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of
Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, p. 14.
[151] Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of
Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, pp. 26-27.
[152] _Idem_, p. 16.
[153] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, pp. 20-21.
[154] _Idem_, p. 24.
[155] _Idem_, p. 9.
[156] _Idem_, Q. 1123.
[157] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, Q. 7203.
[158] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the
Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. 6.
[159] Great Britain, Return of Local Authorities which have made
By-laws under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1907.
[160] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of
Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 7.
[161] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of
Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 11.
[162] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of
Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.
[163] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical
Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 12757-12759.
[164] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 37, pp. 415-416.
[165] Report on the By-laws made by the London County Council under
the Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, p. 5.
[166] _Idem_, p. 16.
[167] _Idem_, p. 15.
[168] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of
Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.
[169] J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in
our Cities," 1904, p. 131.
[170] "Citizens in the Making," Annual Report of Superintendent of
Neglected Children for Province of Manitoba, Canada, 1910, pp. 31-34.
[171] C. W. A. Veditz, "Child Labor Legislation in Europe," in
Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 242.
[172] Henry Ferrette, "Manuel de législation industrielle," 1909, p.
149.
[173] Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 14th Year, No. 106, p. 566.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAWS
The law of Wisconsin relative to street trading, as amended in 1911,
is given below in its entirety, because it is the most advanced law of
its kind in the United States.
_Wisconsin_
SECTION 1728 p. The term "street trade," as used in this act, shall
mean any business or occupation in which any street, alley, court,
square or other public place is used for the sale, display or offering
for sale of any articles, goods or merchandise. No boy under the age
of twelve years, and no girl under the age of eighteen years, shall in
any city of the first class distribute, sell or expose or offer for
sale newspapers, magazines or periodicals in any street or public
place.
SECTION 1728 q. No boy under fourteen years of age, shall, in any city
of the first class, work at any time, or be employed or permitted to
work at any time, as a bootblack or in any other street trade, or
shall sell or offer any goods or merchandise for sale or distribute
hand bills or circulars or any other articles, except newspapers,
magazines or periodicals as hereinafter provided.
SECTION 1728 r. No girl under eighteen years of age shall, in any city
of the first class, work at any time, or be employed or permitted to
work at any time, as a bootblack or at any other street trades or in
the sale or distribution of hand bills or circulars or any other
articles upon the street or from house to house.
SECTION 1728 s. No boy under sixteen years of age shall, in any city
of the first class, distribute, sell or expose or offer for sale any
newspapers, magazines or periodicals in any street or public place or
work as a bootblack, or in any other street or public trade or sell or
offer for sale or distribute any hand bills or other articles, unless
he complies with all the legal requirements concerning school
attendance, and unless a permit and badge, as hereinafter provided,
shall have been issued to him by the state factory inspector. No such
permit and badge shall be issued until the officer issuing the same
shall have received an application in writing therefor, signed by the
parent or guardian or other person having the custody of the child,
desiring such permit and badge, and until such officer shall have
received, examined and placed on file the written statement of the
principal or chief executive officer of the public, private or
parochial school, which the said child is attending, stating that such
child is an attendant at such school with the grade such child shall
have attained, and provided that no such permit and badge shall be
issued, unless such officer issuing it is satisfied that such child
is mentally and physically able to do such work besides his regular
school work as required by law.
SECTION 1728 t. Before any such permit is issued, the state factory
inspector shall demand and be furnished with proof of such child's age
by the production of a verified baptismal certificate or a duly
attested birth certificate, or, in case such certificates cannot be
secured, by the record of age stated in the first school enrollment of
such child. Whenever it appears that a permit was obtained by wrong or
false statements as to any child's age, the officer who granted such
permit shall forthwith revoke the same. After having received,
examined and placed on file such papers, the officer shall issue to
the child a permit and badge. The principal or chief executive officer
of schools, in which children under fourteen years of age are pupils,
shall keep a complete list of all children in their school to whom a
permit and badge has been issued, as herein provided.
SECTION 1728 u. Such permit shall state the place and date of birth of
the child, the name and address of its parents, guardian, custodian or
next friend, as the case may be, and describe the color of hair and
eyes, the height and weight and any distinguishing facial marks of
such child, and shall further state that the papers required by the
preceding section have been duly examined and filed; and that the
child named in such permit has appeared before the officer issuing
the permit. The badge furnished by the officer issuing the permit
shall bear on its face a number corresponding to the number of the
permit, and the name of the child. Every such permit, and every such
badge on its reverse side, shall be signed in the presence of the
officer issuing the same by the child in whose name it is issued.
Provided, that in case of carrier boys working on salary for newspaper
publishers delivering papers, a card of identification shall be issued
to such carriers by the factory inspector, which they shall carry on
their person, and exhibit to any officer authorized under this act,
who may accost them for a disclosure of their right to serve as such
carriers.
SECTION 1728 v. The badge provided for herein shall be such as the
state factory inspector shall designate, and shall be worn
conspicuously in sight at all times in such position as may be
designated by the said factory inspector by such child while so
working. No child to whom such permit and badge or identification card
are issued shall transfer the same to any other person.
SECTION 1728 w. No boy under fourteen years of age shall, in any city
of the first class, sell, expose or offer for sale any newspapers,
magazines or periodicals after the hour of six-thirty o'clock in the
evening, between the first day of October and the first day of April,
nor after seven-thirty o'clock in the evening between the first day of
April and the first day of October, or before five o'clock in the
morning; and no child under sixteen years of age shall distribute,
sell, expose or offer for sale any newspapers, magazines or
periodicals or shall work as a bootblack or in any street or public
trades or distribute hand bills or shall be employed or permitted to
work in the distribution or sale or exposing or offering for sale of
any newspapers, magazines or periodicals or as a bootblack or in other
street or public trades or in the distribution of hand bills during
the hours when the public schools of the city where such child shall
reside are in session. Provided, that any boy between the ages of
fourteen and sixteen years, who is complying and shall continue to
comply with all the legal requirements concerning school attendance,
and who is mentally and physically able to do such delivery besides
his regular school work, shall be authorized to deliver newspapers
between the hours of four and six in the morning.
SECTION 1728 x. The commissioner of labor or any factory inspector
acting under his direction shall enforce the provisions of this law,
and he is hereby vested with all powers requisite therefor.
SECTION 1728 y. The permit of any child, who in any city of the first
class distributes, sells or offers for sale any newspapers, magazines
or periodicals in any street or public place or works as a bootblack
or in any other street trade, or sells or offers for sale or
distributes any hand bills or other articles in violation of the
provisions of this act, or who becomes delinquent or fails to comply
with all the legal requirements concerning school attendances shall
forthwith be revoked for a period of six months and his badge taken
from said child. The refusal of any child to surrender such permit,
and the distribution, sale or offering for sale of newspapers,
magazines or periodicals or any goods or merchandise, or the working
by such child as a bootblack or in any other street or public trade,
or in distributing hand bills or other articles, after notice, by any
officer authorized to grant permits under this law of the revocation
of such permit and a demand for the return of the badge, shall be
deemed a violation of this act. The permit of said child may also be
revoked by the officer who issued such permit, and the badge taken
from such child, upon the complaint of any police officer or other
attendance officer or probation officer of a juvenile court, and such
child shall surrender his permit and badge upon the demand of any
police officer, truancy or other attendance officer or probation
officer of a juvenile court or other officer charged with the duty of
enforcing this act. In case of a second violation of this act by any
child, he shall be brought before the juvenile court, if there shall
be any juvenile court in the city where such child resides, or, if
not, before any court or magistrate having jurisdiction of offenses
committed by minors and be dealt with according to law.
SECTION 1728 z. Any parent or other person who employs a minor under
the age of sixteen years in peddling without a license or who, having
the care or custody of such minor, suffers or permits the child to
engage in such employment, or to violate sections 1728 p to 1728 za,
inclusive, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed one hundred
dollars nor less than twenty-five dollars, or by commitment to the
county jail for not more than sixty days or less than ten days.
SECTION 1728 za. Providing that no badge shall be issued for a boy
selling papers between the ages of twelve and sixteen years by the
state factory inspector, except upon certificate of the principal of
either public, parochial or other private school attended by said boy,
stating and setting forth that said boy is a regular attendant upon
said school. No boy under the age of sixteen years shall be permitted
by any newspaper publisher or printer or persons having for sale
newspapers or periodicals of any character, to loiter or remain around
any salesroom, assembly room, circulation room or office for the sale
of newspapers, between the hours of nine in the forenoon and three in
the afternoon, on days when school is in session. Any newspaper
publisher, printer, circulation agent or seller of newspapers shall
upon conviction for permitting newsboys to loiter or hang around any
assembly room, circulation room, salesroom or office where papers are
distributed or sold, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed one
hundred dollars nor less than twenty-five dollars, or by commitment to
the county jail for not more than sixty days or less than ten days.
_London, England_
BY-LAWS ADOPTED BY THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND PUT IN FORCE
ON JUNE 3, 1911
By-laws 1-9 concern the employment of children generally.
10. No girl under the age of 16 years shall be employed in or carry on
street trading.
11. No boy under the age of 14 years shall be employed in or carry on
street trading.
12. No boy under the age of 16 years shall be employed in or carry on
street trading before 6 in the morning or after 9 in the evening.
13. No boy under the age of 16 years shall at any time be employed in
or carry on street trading unless
(1) He is exempt from school attendance, and
(2) He first procures a badge from the London County Council, which he
shall wear whilst engaged in street trading on the upper part of the
right arm in such a manner as to be conspicuous.
The badge shall be deemed to be a license to trade, and may be
withheld or withdrawn for such period as the London County Council
think fit in any of the following cases--
(_a_) If the boy has, after the issue of the badge to him, been
convicted of any offense.
(_b_) If it is proved to the satisfaction of the London County Council
that the boy has used his badge for the purpose of begging or
receiving alms, or for any immoral purpose, or for the purpose of
imposition, or for any other improper purpose.
(_c_) If the boy fails to notify the London County Council within one
week of any change in his place of residence.
(_d_) If the boy commits a breach of any of the conditions under which
such badge is issued; such conditions to be stated on such badge or
delivered to the boy in writing.
14. A boy to whom a badge has been issued by the London County Council
shall in no way alter, lend, sell, pawn, transfer, or otherwise
dispose of, or wilfully deface, or injure such badge, which shall
remain the property of the London County Council, and he shall, on
receiving notice in writing from the London County Council (which may
be served by post) that the badge has been withdrawn, deliver up the
same forthwith to the London County Council.
15. A boy under the age of 16 years, whilst engaged in street trading,
shall not enter any premises used for public entertainment or licensed
for the sale of intoxicating liquor for consumption on the premises
for the purpose of trading.
16. A boy under the age of 16 years, whilst engaged in street trading,
shall not annoy any person by importuning.
17. Nothing in these by-laws contained shall restrict the employment
of children in the occupations specified in section 3 (_a_) of the
Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1904, further than such
employment is already restricted by statute.
APPENDIX B
TWO TYPES OF NEWSBOY BADGES.
[Illustration: BADGE USED IN CINCINNATI.]
[Illustration: BADGE USED IN BOSTON.]
APPENDIX C
CARDS FOR INVESTIGATIONS
The cards used in the inquiries into the newsboy situations of
Philadelphia and Milwaukee are reproduced here, in the hope that they
will be of use in furnishing suggestions to any organization or
individual who contemplates making such an investigation elsewhere. It
will be observed that these cards are practically confined to
questions affecting newsboys only, and would have to be considerably
amplified, if intended for use in a general study of street work by
children.
Cards used by Boston School Committee for Issuance of Licenses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
APPLICATION FOR A LICENSE
To the School Committee of the City of Boston:
I hereby apply for a license for my son as NEWSBOY--PEDLER--BOOTBLACK.
SIGNATURE
OF PARENT
I promise to see that he lives up to the license rules. ________________
SIGNATURE
OF BOY
I promise to live up to the license rules. ________________
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
SCHOOL RECORD OF BOY TO BE FILLED OUT BY THE TEACHER AND PRINCIPAL
---------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------
PLACE OF BIRTH | DATE OF BIRTH | RESIDENCE
| |
-------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------------------
GRADE | SCHOLARSHIP | PHYSICAL DEFECT? | SIGNATURE OF TEACHER
| | |
-------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------------------
I hereby certify that this Boy's attendance is______ His conduct is_____
SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL SCHOOL
____________________________________ _____________________________
GRANTED WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE:
__________________________ SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(CARD RETURNED TO SCHOOL FOR FILE)
LICENSED MINORS
_________
________________________________________ No.________________________
Birth date
Teacher Grade
School
Badge given Expires and must be returned
=========================================================================
READ AND COPY
LICENSE RULES OF THE BOSTON SCHOOL COMMITTEE
_________
No boy can get a license unless he is eleven years of age and able to
understand and COPY the following:
A LICENSED NEWSBOY
MUST MUST NOT
1. Must ATTEND school regularly. | 6. Must not sell before 6 A.M.
2. Must be "GOOD" in conduct. | 7. Must not sell after 8 P.M.
3. Must have no UNLICENSED | (9 P.M. in baseball season.)
boy help him. | 8. Must not sell in SCHOOL HOURS.
4. Must keep the badge TO | 9. Must not sell on CARS.
HIMSELF. | 10. Must not sell without wearing
5. Must RETURN his badge to the | the badge IN PLAIN SIGHT
Superintendent of Schools | ALL THE TIME.
when ordered to do so. |
Any boy who breaks any of the above rules is liable to have his license
revoked or go to court and pay a maximum fine of TEN dollars.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Form of Application for License used in Hartford, Conn.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~City of Hartford~
TO THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS:--
I hereby make application for a Street-Sales Permit for
______________________________________________________________________
Born in ______________________________________________________________
Age ______________ Sex _______________ Complexion ____________________
Eyes _____________ Hair ______________ Figure ________________________
Living at_________________________________________ Street ____________
If such license is granted I agree that it shall be for this child and
for no other.
________________________________________ Parent, Guardian, Next Friend
Hartford, ____________________________
=School Information=
______________________________________________________________________
Living at _______________________________________ _Street_____________
is pupil in this School, is regular in attendance, and is a suitable
child to have a Street-Sales Permit.
________________________________ Principal.
__________________________________ Teacher.
__________________________________ School.
The age, sex, complexion, eyes, hair, and figure, should be as
described above.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Form used in Obtaining Information before the Issuing of a Badge in
Province of Manitoba, Canada.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LICENSED NEWSBOY
No. __________________ Date _________________________________
Child's name _____________________________________ Age _______________
Father's name ____________________________ Address ___________________
Mother's name ________________________________________________________
Father's occupation __________________________________________________
School and Grade _____________________________________________________
Principal's name _____________________________________________________
Church __________________ Clergyman __________________________________
Address ______________________________________________________________
Is child of apparently normal development? ___________________________
What proof has been given that he is over twelve years of age? _______
______________________________________________________________________
Why do parents want him to sell papers? ______________________________
Can child read? ______________________________________________________
Can child write? _____________________________________________________
Has badge been granted? _____________ No. of badge ___________________
If badge has not been granted, state why _____________________________
_____________________________________________
_Superintendent Neglected Children,
Province of Manitoba._
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sample of Card used in Investigation of Street Trades in Philadelphia
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Name_______________________________Address_______________________________
Age_______________sells__________________________at______________________
From________to________every day. Works from________to________on Saturday.
How long in street trades_____________Income________________per__________
Parents living_____lives at home_______contributes_______per_____to home.
If not living at home where does boy reside?
Lodging house___ Furnished room___
Some relative___$__per___paid for board. Does boy gamble__drink__smoke___
Habit acquired prior to engaging in street trades________________________
Does vendor save part earnings___________________________________________
Where and with whom does boy spend non-working hours_____________________
At what hour does newsboy reach home_____Has boy a route (exclusive)_____
General health of boy____________________________________________________
Schooling________________________________________________________________
Is selling boy's own choice______________________________________________
How many nights so far this summer has boy stayed out all night__where___
Investigator________________________________Date_________________________
=Philadelphia Investigation Card=
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sample of Card used in Investigation of Newsboys in Milwaukee
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NAME ADDRESS CITY
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| I. FAMILY |
+======================+=================+=============+==================+
|Name of {Guardian} | Nationality: | Religion: | Occupation: |
|person he {Parent } | | | |
|lives with{ } | | | |
+--------------------+-+------+--------+-+-------+-----+------------------+
|Number in Family: |Mother |Father | Total |Number contributing |
| | | |Children | to family support |
+--------------------+--------+--------+---------+------------------------+
|Age of Boy, yr. mo. |Number of years |Papers handled Daily Sunday *|
| | selling papers | Weekly |
+--------------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
|Sells papers as Employer Employee of Individual *|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Sells at (street) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
|Sells: Morning Afternoon Evening After 9 P.M. *|Permit Number *|
| |Has none |
+------------------+--------------------------+-----------+---------------+
|Does he come |Where else does he eat? | How often (elsewhere) |
|home for supper? | | per week? |
+------------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
|Arrives home |P.M. Saturday nights |Leaves to {deliver} A.M.*|
|P.M. week nights | | {sell } |
+------------------+---------------+----------+-+-------------------------+
|Does he stay out How often |Shoot |Go into {Saloons } |
|all night? per week? |"craps"? | {Tenderloin} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
|Does he like |Family require |Why is he working? |
|the work? |his working? | |
+=======================+=======================+=========================+
| II. SCHOOL |
+==============================+==========================================+
|School attended: | Location: |
+-------------------------+----+----------+-------------------------------+
|Informant: | Grade: | Years in school: |
+-------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
|Boy's standing in Good Fair Poor *| Conduct: Good Fair Poor *|
|school work: Poor | |
+------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
|Is Boy drowsy? |Is school work injured by selling papers? Yes No *|
+------------------+--------------+--------------------+------------------+
|Attendance: Regular Irregular *|Number of days |Absences excused |
| |absent last month: | |
+---------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Reverse Side of Milwaukee Newsboy Investigation Card
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+--------------------------------------------++---------------------------+
| III. INCOME (AMOUNT RECEIVED BY || |
| FAMILY CASHIER) ||IV. TO BE OBTAINED FROM BOY|
+----------------------------------+---------+| |
|SOURCE OCCUPATION PER NO. WEEKS| TOTAL || |
| WEEK PER YEAR |PER YEAR || |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Newsboy | | ||What does boy $ |
| | | ||earn per week? |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Other Children | | ||How much given $ |
| | | ||to family? |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Father | | ||Why is he selling papers? |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Mother | | || |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Rents | | || |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Lodgers | | || |
|(outside of family) | | || |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Other | | || |
|Sources | | || |
+----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+
|Total | | || |
+==================================+======+==++===========================+
|Remarks--Housing: || INSTRUCTIONS |
| || |
| || It is necessary to get |
| ||answers to all questions, |
| ||as there are a |
+--------------------------------------------++comparatively small number |
| ||of cases being |
| ||investigated. |
| || Divisions I and III are to|
| ||be obtained from the |
| ||family. |
+--------------------------------------------++ Division II from school |
|Cleanliness: ||principal or teacher. |
| || Division IV from the boy |
| ||himself, away from his |
| ||family, if possible. |
| || Only boys under 14 are to |
+--------------------------------------------++considered. |
|Other: || If parent is dead, cross |
| ||out line two, over. |
| || * Use check ([X]) to mark |
| ||what answer is. |
| || If there are several |
| ||answers, check each. |
+--------------------------------------------++---------------------------+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
INDEX
Addams, Jane, on Illinois child labor law, 15.
Age limit (_see_ Laws and Ordinances), 194-196.
Austria, investigation of 1907, 49-51.
Begging, 38, 69, 96, 220.
Berlin regulations, 240.
Bootblacks, 83, 93.
Ages, 84.
Delinquency, 165.
Diseases, 87, 88.
Earnings, 84, 89, 95.
Environment, 86, 87.
Home conditions, 85.
Hours, 84, 85, 94, 95.
Padrone System, report by Immigration Commission, 86-92.
Report by North American Civic League for Immigrants, 83, 84.
Boston, license statistics, 33.
Regulations of street work, 196.
Boston Newsboys' Court, 79-81.
Boston Newsboys' Republic, 212.
Buffalo conditions, report on, 132, 133.
Canada, 238.
Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, 14, 29.
Chicago statistics of local studies, 28, 29.
Chicago Vice Commission's report, 30, 67, 96, 118.
Child Welfare Exhibit, 14.
Chicago, 29.
New York, 60.
Cincinnati, license statistics, 35, 71.
Market children, 97.
Newsboy conditions, 54.
Regulations of street work, 196.
Delinquency, relation to street work, report of Dr. Charles P. Neill,
159.
Chicago juvenile court records, 178.
Connection between occupation and offense, 171.
Records of Indiana Boys' School, 179-187.
Delivery Service, 68, 161-174.
Detroit, regulations of street work, 193.
Edinburgh, conditions in, 44, 125, 224.
Effects of street work, classified, 128.
In Buffalo, 132, 133.
In physical deterioration, 142-145.
Opinions of superintendents of reformatories, 131, 132.
Employment distinguished from independent work, 2, 192.
Enforcement of regulations, 132, 208, 211.
Errand running, 202.
Delinquency, 161-174.
France, regulations, 241.
Germany, inquiry of 1898, 45-48.
Regulations, 239.
Girls as newspaper sellers, 31, 65, 200.
Great Britain, Departmental Committee of 1910, 76, 138, 147, 197, 223,
237.
Employment of Children Act, 1903, 221.
Interdepartmental Committee of 1901, 43, 73, 145, 203, 217.
Interdepartmental Committee of 1902 on Ireland, 150, 294, 220.
Interdepartmental Committee of 1904 on Physical Deterioration, 125,
142.
Parliamentary return of 1899, 39-42, 215.
Hartford, regulations of street work, 196.
Housing problem's relation to street trading, 20.
Illinois, effort to regulate street trading, 14, 198.
Immigration Commission, report on Padrone System, 36, 86-92.
Ireland, report of Interdepartmental Committee of 1902, 150, 204, 220.
Kelley, Florence, on street trading, 52, 70, 127, 207.
Laws, table of state, 194.
Licenses for street work required, 197, 209.
License statistics, of Boston, 33.
Of Cincinnati, 35, 71.
Of New York, 16, 34.
Liverpool, conditions, 230.
Regulations, 232.
London County Council bylaws, 233-236, 264.
Lovejoy, Owen R., on messenger service, 123.
Manchester regulations, 236.
Market children, 21, 96.
Ages, 97.
Earnings, 96.
Home conditions, 99, 100.
Hours, 99.
Nationalities, 97, 98.
Orphanage, 100.
Retardation, 98, 99.
Merchandise, distinction between newspapers and, 189.
Messenger boys, 101.
Ages, 106-117.
Character of work, 101-104.
Chicago Vice Commission's report, 118-121.
Delinquency, 104, 165, 169.
Diseases, 111, 112, 113.
Earnings, 106, 112, 113, 114.
Environment, 102, 103.
Hours, 108, 113, 115, 119.
Investigation in Ohio Valley, 106-117.
Lack of prospects, 104, 126.
Poverty as excuse for work, 122.
Use of men instead of boys, 105, 123-125.
Nationality of street workers, 33, 97.
Nearing, Scott, conditions in Philadelphia, 69, 135.
Neill, Charles P., on newsboys' work, 64.
On messenger service, 117.
Report on Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment, 159.
Newark, regulations of street work, 196.
New York, report of newsboy investigation, 16, 34, 148.
Child Welfare Exhibit, 60.
Regulations of street work, 195.
Newsboys, ages, 54-60.
Associations, 66.
Character of work, 56-58.
Classified, 52.
Delinquency, 165.
Diseases, 136.
Earnings compared with factory wages, 58.
Environment, 60, 135.
Home conditions, 70-72.
Hours, 65-70.
Irregularity of meals, 61.
Orphanage, 71, 168.
Retardation, 147-156.
Substitutes, 75-79.
Tricks of the trade, 63-64.
Newsboys' Court of Boston, 79-81.
Newsboys' Republic of Boston, 212.
New South Wales, license statistics, 45.
Regulations, 45, 238.
Newspapers, as merchandise, 189.
Attitude toward regulation, 28, 199.
Night work, of messengers, 101, 169.
Of newsboys, 65-70.
Ordinances, table of city, 196.
Padrone System, report, of Immigration Commission, 36, 86-92.
North American Civic League for Immigrants, 83, 84.
Peddlers, findings of Chicago Vice Commission, 96.
Cincinnati statistics, 97.
Delinquency, 165.
Immigration Commission's report, 36.
Philadelphia conditions, 69.
Playgrounds, 22.
Poverty as an excuse for street work, 70-73, 136-138.
Prohibition, of night work, 208.
Of street work by children, 224, 227.
Regulation, by municipality or state, 205.
Degree of, 193, 206.
In future, 207.
Unsatisfactory, 228.
Retardation in school of street workers, 98, 147-156.
Rochester, method of enforcement, 211.
St. Louis statistics, 146, 151.
School, as social center, 21.
Retardation of street workers, 98, 147-156.
Scotland, conditions, 44, 225.
Spargo, John, on effects of street work, 135.
Statistics, of U.S. Census, 24, 25.
Austria, 49-51.
Boston, 33.
Chicago, 28, 29.
Cincinnati, 35, 71.
Germany, 45-48.
Great Britain, 40-44, 143-145.
New York, 16, 34, 148.
Street as a social agent, 17.
Street employments, distinction between, 5.
Street occupations, of minor importance, 38.
Classified, 4.
Contrasted with regular work, 73, 139.
Street trading defined, 3.
Neglected in legislation, 7, 12, 192.
Street trading problem related to other problems, 20.
Toledo, retardation of street workers, 152-156.
Vagrants, Chicago report on, 32.
Vice Commission of Chicago, report, 30, 67, 96, 118.
Wisconsin, law, 257.
The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan
books on kindred subjects.
NOTABLE WORKS BY MISS JANE ADDAMS
A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil
_Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10_
It is almost unnecessary to call attention to the importance of a new
book by Jane Addams. As a servant of the public good Miss Addams, both
through her work at Hull-House and through her writings, has made for
herself a name all over the world. She does not view things from a
standpoint of destructive criticism, but rather from that of
constructive, her aim being always to better the conditions in the
particular field which she is considering. In "A New Conscience and an
Ancient Evil," she considers sanely and frankly questions which
civilized society has always had confronting it and in all probability
always will. Something of her attitude of mind and of her purpose in
writing this book as well as a glimpse of the character of the volume
may be seen from the following paragraph taken from her preface:
"'A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil' was written, not from the
point of view of the expert, but because of my own need for a
counter-knowledge to a bewildering mass of information which came to
me through the Juvenile Protective Association of Chicago. The reports
which its twenty field officers daily brought to its main office
adjoining Hull-House became to me a revelation of the dangers incident
to city conditions and of the allurements which are designedly placed
around many young girls in order to draw them into an evil life."
* * * * *
"Miss Addams's volume is painful reading, but we heartily wish that it
might be read and pondered by every man and woman who to-day, in smug
complacency, treat with indifference and contempt the great struggle
for social purity."--_The Nation._
"As an educational weapon, incalculably valuable. A torch with which
every thinking citizen should be armed for a crusade against the
dark-covered evil at which it is aimed."--_The Continent._
The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets
_12mo, cloth, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35_
A protest against the practice of every large city of turning over to
commercialism practically all the provisions for public recreation,
leaving it possible for private greed to starve or demoralize the
nature of youth.
* * * * *
"Few persons in this country are better qualified to speak with
authority on any subject connected with the betterment of the poor
than is Jane Addams."--_New York Herald._
"The book should be in the hands of every preacher and laborer for
humanity. I wish that parents might make it a text-book."--Rev.
MADISON C. PETER in _The New Orleans Daily News_.
"It is brimming full of the mother sentiment of love and yearning, and
also shows such sanity, such breadth and tolerance of mind, and such
philosophic penetration into the inner meanings of outward phenomena
as to make it a book which no one who cares seriously about its
subject can afford to miss."--_New York Times._
Newer Ideals of Peace
_12mo, cloth, leather back,
$1.25 net; by mail, $1.35_
"A clean and consistent setting forth of the utility of labor as
against the waste of war, and an exposition of the alteration of
standards that must ensue when labor and the spirit of militarism are
relegated to their right places in the minds of men.... Back of it
lies illimitable sympathy, immeasurable pity, a spirit as free as that
of St. Francis, a sense of social order and fitness that Marcus
Aurelius might have found similar to his own."--_Chicago Tribune._
The editor of _Collier's_ writes: "To us it seems the most
comprehensive talk yet given about how to help humanity in America
to-day."
"It is given to but few people to have the rare combination of power
of insight and of interpretation possessed by Miss Addams. The present
book shows the same fresh virile thought, and the happy expression
which has characterized her work.... There is nothing of namby-pamby
sentimentalism in Miss Addams's idea of the peace movement. The volume
is most inspiring and deserves wide recognition."--_Annals of the
American Academy._
"No brief summary can do justice to Miss Addams's grasp of the facts,
her insight into their meaning, her incisive estimate of the strength
and weakness alike of practical politicians and spasmodic reformers,
her sensible suggestions as to woman's place in our municipal
housekeeping, her buoyant yet practical optimism."--_Examiner._
Democracy and Social Ethics
_Half leather, ix + 281 pages, 12mo,
$1.25 net; by mail, $1.35_
"The result of actual experience in hand-to-hand contact with social
problems.... No more truthful description, for example, of the 'boss'
as he thrives to-day in our great cities has ever been written than is
contained in Miss Addams's chapter on 'Political Reform.' ... The same
thing may be said of the book in regard to the presentation of social
and economic facts."--_Review of Reviews._
"The book is startling, stimulating, and intelligent."--_Philadelphia
Ledger._
Twenty Years at Hull-House
_Ill., dec. cloth, 8vo,
$2.50 net; by mail, $2.68_
Jane Addams's work at Hull-House is known throughout the civilized
world. In the present volume she tells of her endeavors and of their
success--of the beginning of Hull-House, of its growth and its present
influence. For every one at all interested in the improvement of our
cities, in the moral education of those who are forced to spend much
of their time on the streets or in cheap places of amusement--"Twenty
Years at Hull-House" is a volume of more than ordinary interest and
value.
* * * * *
"The personality of Jane Addams is one of the finest achievements of
that idea of democracy, service, and freedom for which America means
to stand before the world."--_N. Y. Times._
"The story of the beginnings of this remarkable undertaking
(Hull-House), the problems that were faced and conquered in the early
days, the unsuspected resources that were developed among the crowded
city population of foreign birth, and the efforts continuously made
for the betterment of labor legislation in the State of Illinois, are
all set forth with simplicity and directness. On the whole it is a
wonderful record of accomplishment, full of suggestion to social
reformers the world over."--_Review of Reviews._
"Who reads this book lightly misses a great opportunity."--_Bellman._
"The story is one of singular interest and has a strange affinity with
the stories of other great moral and spiritual leaders of
humanity."--_Bookman._
On City Government
_The American City_
By DELOS F. WILCOX, Ph.D.
"In the 'American City' Dr. Wilcox ... has written a book that every
thoughtful citizen should read. The problems of the street, the
tenement, public utilities, civic education, the three deadly vices,
municipal revenue and municipal debt, with all their related and
subsidiary problems, are clearly and fully considered."--_Pittsburgh
Gazette._
_6 + 423 pages, 12mo, cloth, leather back,
$1.25 net. Citizens' Library_
Great American Cities
_Their Problems and Their Government_
By DELOS F. WILCOX, Chief of the Bureau of Franchises, of the
Public Service Commission for the first District, New York
A detailed account of present conditions in the half-dozen largest
cities of the country, including Chicago.
_Half leather, 12mo, $1.25 net_
On Industrial Legislation
_Some Ethical Gains through Legislation_
By MRS. FLORENCE KELLEY
The book has grown out of the author's experience as Chief Inspector
of Factories in Illinois from 1893 to 1897, as Secretary of the
National Consumers' League from 1899 till now, and chiefly as a
resident at Hull-House, and later at the Nurses' Settlement, New
York.
_Cloth, leather back, 341 pages, 12mo,
$1.25 net. Citizens' Library_
On Charitable Effort
_How to Help_
By MARY CONYNGTON, of the Department of Commerce and Labor,
Washington
Not only is the professional charity worker often in need of advice
as to the best methods of investigation, administration, etc., but
the non-professional worker, with his zeal unrestrained by special
training, is even more emphatically in need of such guidance as this
sound and competent book gives.
_New edition, cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net_
The Development of Thrift
By MARY W. BROWN, Secretary of the Henry Watson Children's Aid
Society, Baltimore
"An excellent little Manual, a study of various agencies, their
scope and their educating influences for thrift. It abounds in
suggestions of value."--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
_Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net_
Friendly Visiting among the Poor
By MARY E. RICHMOND, General Secretary of the Charity Organization
Society of Baltimore
"A small book full of inspiration, yet intensely
practical."--CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON.
_Cloth, 16mo, $1.00 net_
The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children
By HOMER FOLKS, Ex-Commissioner of Public Charities, New York City
CONTENTS.--Conditions prevalent at the opening of the Nineteenth
Century; Public Care of Destitute Children, 1801-1875; Private
Charities for Destitute Children, 1801-1875; Removal of Children
from Almshouse; The State School and Placing Out System; The County
Children's Home System; The System of Public Support in Private
Institutions; The Boarding Out and Placing Out System; Laws and
Societies for the Rescue of Neglected Children; Private Charities
for Destitute and Neglected Children, 1875-1900; Delinquent
Children; Present Tendencies.
_Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net_
Constructive and Preventive Philanthropy
By JOSEPH LEE, Vice-President of the Massachusetts Civic League
CONTENTS.--Essence and Limitations of the Subject; Before 1860;
Savings and Loans; The Home; Health and Building Laws, Model
Tenements; The Setting of the Home; Vacation Schools; Playgrounds
for Small Children; Baths and Gymnasiums; Playgrounds for Big Boys;
Model Playgrounds; Outings; Boys' Clubs; Industrial Training; For
Grown People; Conclusion.
_Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net_
* * * * *
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenue New York
Transcriber's Notes:
The following changes have been made to the text:
- In the table introduced as "Street traders and street employees may be
classified by occupation as follows:--" Newspaper sellers was written
as one word once.
- In the table detailing the occupation of children in Germany,
introduced as "Seven divisions of these children were made
according to occupation ..." the word Austragedienste was wrongly
hyphenated.
- In the TABLE E. HOURS AND EARNINGS OF STREET WORKERS a header
"OCCUPATIONS" was missing (compared to TABLE D before), and was added.
- In Footnote [172] the title of Mr. Ferrette's work was misspelled as
"Manuel de Lègislation Industrielle", and was changed to "Manuel de
législation industrielle" in accordance with its original title.
- In the Index entry "Great Britain ... Interdepartmental Committee of
1902 on Ireland ..." the reference to page 294 was changed to page 204.
The following changes have been made to the formatting and layout:
- Tables D to G in Chapter VII, and some tables in Annex C were changed
in layout to enable readability in plain text.
- In "Reverse Side of Milwaukee Newsboy Investigation Card": Original
uses check mark, rendered here as [X].