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Handy Literal Translations
THE
FIRST FOUR BOOKS
OF
XENOPHON'S ANABASIS
_Literally Translated_
_With Explanatory Notes_
BY
J. S. WATSON
ARTHUR HINDS & CO
4 COOPER INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY
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XENOPHON'S
ANABASIS,
OR
EXPEDITION OF CYRUS.
BOOK I.--CHAPTER I.
Parentage of Cyrus the Younger. After the death of his father he is
accused of plotting against his brother Artaxerxes, who imprisons
him, but releases him on the intercession of his mother, and sends
him back to his province, where he secretly collects forces, of
which a large proportion are from Greece, to make war on his
brother.
1. Of Darius[1] and Parysatis were born two sons,[2] the elder
Artaxerxes,[3] and the younger Cyrus. After Darius had fallen sick, and
suspected that the end of his life was approaching, he was desirous that
both of his sons should attend him.
2. The elder then happened to be present; Cyrus he sent for from the
province of which he had made him satrap. He had also appointed him
commander of all the forces that muster in the plain of Castolus.[4]
Cyrus accordingly went up, taking with him Tissaphernes as a friend, and
having also with him three hundred heavy-armed Greeks,[5] and Xenias of
Parrhasia,[6] their captain.
3. But when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was placed upon the throne,
Tissaphernes brought an accusation against Cyrus before his brother,
saying that he was plotting against him. Artaxerxes was induced to give
credit to it, and had Cyrus arrested, with the intention of putting him
to death; but his mother, having begged his life, sent him back to his
province.
4. When Cyrus had departed, after being thus in danger and disgrace, he
began to consider by what means he might cease to be subject to his
brother, and make himself king, if he could, in his stead. Parysatis,
their mother, was well disposed towards Cyrus,[7] as she loved him
better than Artaxerxes, who was on the throne. 5. Whatever messengers
from the king[8] came to visit him, he let none of them go till he had
inclined them to be friends to himself, rather than the monarch.[9] He
also paid such attention to the Barbarians[10] that were with him, that
they were in a condition to take the field, and well inclined towards
himself. 6. His Greek force he collected as secretly as he could, that
he might surprise the king as little prepared as possible.
He collected troops in the following manner. Whatever garrisons he had
in his towns, he sent orders to the commanders of them to procure
respectively as many Peloponnesians as they could, of the best class of
soldiers, on pretence that Tissaphernes was forming designs upon those
towns. For the cities of Ionia had formerly been, under the government
of Tissaphernes, having been assigned to him by the king, but had at
this time all revolted to Cyrus except Miletus. 7. Tissaphernes,
discovering that the people of Miletus were forming a similar design,
[to go over to Cyrus,[11]] put some of them to death, and sent others
into banishment. Cyrus, receiving the exiles under his protection, and
assembling an army, laid siege to Miletus by land and sea, and used
every exertion to restore these exiles; and he had thus another pretext
for augmenting the number of his forces. 8. He then sent to the king,
and requested that, as he was his brother, these cities should be given
to him rather than that Tissaphernes should govern them; and in this
application his mother supported him. Thus the king had no suspicion of
the plot against him, but supposed that Cyrus, from being at war with
Tissaphernes, was spending the money upon troops; so that he was not at
all concerned at the strife between them, especially as Cyrus remitted
to him the tribute arising from the cities which Tissaphernes had had.
9. Another army was collected for him in the Chersonesus opposite
Abydos, in the following method. Clearchus, a Lacedæmonian, happened to
be in exile. Cyrus, having met with him, was struck with admiration for
him, and made him a present of ten thousand darics.[12] Clearchus, on
receiving the gold, raised, by means of it, a body of troops, and making
excursions out of the Chersonesus, made war upon the Thracians that are
situated above the Hellespont, and was of assistance to the Greeks; so
that the towns on the Hellespont willingly contributed money for the
support of his men. This too was a force thus secretly maintained for
Cyrus.
10. Aristippus, also, a Thessalian, happened to be a guest-friend[13] of
Cyrus, and, being pressed by an adverse faction at home, came to him,
and asked him for two thousand mercenary troops, and three months' pay
for them, representing that he would thus be enabled to overpower his
enemies. Cyrus granted him four thousand, and six months' pay, desiring
him not to terminate the strife until he should consult him. Thus
another body of troops was clandestinely supported for him in Thessaly.
11. He then requested Proxenus a Bœotian, who was also his
guest-friend, to join him with as many men as he could procure, stating
that he intended to make war on the Pisidians, as they molested his
territories. He also desired Sophænetus of Stymphalus,[14] and Socrates,
an Achæan, both of them his guest-friends, to come to him, and bring as
many men as possible, pretending that he was going to war with
Tissaphernes on behalf of the Milesian exiles; and they acted as he
wished.
[Footnote 1: Darius II., surnamed Nothus, who reigned from B. C. 423 to
B. C. 404, the year in which Cyrus went up to Babylon.]
[Footnote 2: Several children of his are mentioned by Plutarch, Life of
Artax. c. i. 27.]
[Footnote 3: Afterwards Artaxerxes II., surnamed Mnemon; he began his
reign B. C. 405.]
[Footnote 4: Εἰς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον.] In each of the provinces of the
Persian empire, certain open places, plains or commons, were appointed
for the assembly and review of troops. See i. 2. 11; 9. 7; Hellen. 43.
Heeren, _Ideen_, vol. ii. p. 486. Castolus is mentioned as a city of
Lydia by Stephanus of Byzantium. _Kühner_.]
[Footnote 5: Τῶν Ἑλλήνων ---- ὁπλίτας ---- τριακοσίους.] Three hundred
of the Greeks that were in his pay, or of such as he could then
procure.]
[Footnote 6: A city and district in the south-western part of Arcadia.]
[Footnote 7: Ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κύρῳ.] "Partibus et consiliis ejus [Cyri]
favebat." _Schneider_. "Cyro addicta et adjumento erat." _Kühner_.
Compare v. 6. 23; Hellen. vii. 5. 5.]
[Footnote 8: Ὅστις ---- τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως.] We must understand those who
are called ἔφοδοι, Cyrop. viii. 6. 16: compare Œcon. iv. 6. _Zeune_.
They were officers appointed to visit the satrapies annually, and make a
report respecting the state of them to the king.]
[Footnote 9: Οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο, κ. τ. λ.] "He sent them all away
(after) so disposing them, that they were friends rather to himself than
the king."]
[Footnote 10: By this term are meant chiefly the Asiatics that were
about Cyrus. The Greeks called all people Barbarians that were not of
their own nation.]
[Footnote 11: Ἀποστῆναι πρὸς Κῦρον.] These words are regarded as
spurious by Schneider, on the suggestion of Wolf and Wyttenbach. Krüger
and Kühner retain them, as added _explicationis causá_.]
[Footnote 12: The daric was a Persian gold coin, generally supposed to
have derived its name from Darius I.; but others think this doubtful.
From c. vii. 18, it appears that three hundred darics were equal to a
talent. If the talent be estimated therefore, as in Mr. Hussey's _Essay
on Anc. Weights and Money_, ch. iii. sect. 12, at £243 15_s._, the value
of the daric will be 16_s._ 3_d._ The sum given to Clearchus will then
be £8125.]
[Footnote 13: Ξένος.] I have translated this word by _guest-friend_, a
convenient term, which made its appearance in our language some time
ago. The ξένοι were bound by a league of friendship and hospitality, by
which each engaged to entertain the other, when he visited him.]
[Footnote 14: A town of Arcadia, on the borders of Achaia.]
CHAPTER II.
Cyrus begins his march, proceeding from Sardis through Lydia into
Phrygia, where he is joined by new forces. The city of Celænæ; the
plain of Caystrus, where the soldiers demand their arrears of pay,
which Cyrus discharges with money received from the queen of
Cilicia. The town of Thymbrium; the fountain of Midas. Cyrus enters
Cilicia, and is met at Tarsus by Syennesis, the king of the
country.
1. When it seemed to him time to march up into the country, he made it
his pretext for doing so that he wished to expel the Pisidians entirely
from the territory, and mustered, as if for the purpose of attacking
them, the whole of the troops, as well Barbarian as Greek, that were on
the spot.[15] He also sent word to Clearchus to join him, bringing
whatever force was at his command; and to Aristippus, as soon as he had
come to terms with the party at home, to send him back the troops that
he had. He also desired Xenias the Arcadian, who commanded for him the
mercenaries in the several towns, to bring him all his men except such
as would be required to garrison the citadels. 2. He summoned, too, the
army that was besieging Miletus, and invited the exiles to accompany him
on his expedition; promising them, that if he successfully accomplished
the objects for which he undertook it, he would never rest till he had
re-established them in their country. They cheerfully consented, as they
had confidence in him, and, taking their arms, joined him at Sardis.
3. To Sardis also came Xenias, bringing with him the troops from the
several towns, to the number of four thousand heavy-armed men. Thither
came also Proxenus, with heavy-armed men to the number of fifteen
hundred, and five hundred light-armed; Sophænetus the Stymphalian with a
thousand heavy-armed; Socrates the Achæan with five hundred; and Pasion
of Megara with three hundred heavy-armed, and the same number of
peltasts.[16] Both Pasion and Socrates were among those serving in the
army at Miletus.
4. These joined him at Sardis. Tissaphernes, observing these
proceedings, and considering the force to be greater than was necessary
to attack the Pisidians, set out, with all possible speed, to give
notice of the matter to the king, taking with him about five hundred
cavalry; 5. and the king, as soon as he heard from Tissaphernes of the
preparations of Cyrus, made arrangements to oppose him.
Cyrus, at the head of the force which I have stated, commenced his
journey from Sardis,[17] and proceeded through Lydia, three days'
march,[18] a distance of twenty-two parasangs,[19] as far as the river
Mæander. The breadth of this river is two plethra,[20] and a bridge was
thrown over it, constructed of seven boats. 6. Having crossed the
stream, he went forward through Phrygia, one day's march, eight
parasangs, till he reached Colossæ, a populous city, wealthy and of
considerable magnitude. Here he halted seven days; when Menon the
Thessalian joined him with a thousand heavy-armed troops and five
hundred peltasts, consisting of Dolopians, Ænianes, and Olynthians.
7. Hence he proceeded in three days' march, a distance of twenty
parasangs, to Celænæ, a populous, large, and rich city of Phrygia. Here
Cyrus had a palace, and an extensive park full of wild beasts, which he
was accustomed to hunt on horseback whenever he wished to give himself
and his horses exercise. Through the middle of this park flows the river
Mæander; its springs issue from the palace itself; and it runs also
through the city of Celænæ. 8. There is also at Celænæ a palace of the
Great King,[21] situated near the source of the river Marsyas, under the
citadel. This river too runs through the city, and falls into the
Mæander. The breadth of the Marsyas is twenty-five feet. Here Apollo is
said to have flayed Marsyas, after conquering him in a trial of musical
skill, and to have hung up his skin in the cave, where the source of the
stream rises: and on this account the river is called the Marsyas. 9.
Xerxes is said to have built both this palace and the citadel of
Celænæ, when he was returning from Greece after his discomfiture in
battle.
Cyrus remained here thirty days; during which time Clearchus, the
Lacedæmonian exile, joined him with a thousand heavy-armed men, eight
hundred Thracian peltasts, and two hundred Cretan archers. At the same
time Sosis[22] of Syracuse arrived with three hundred heavy-armed men,
and Sophænetus, an Arcadian, with a thousand. Here Cyrus held a review
of the Greeks in the park, and took their number; and they were in all
eleven thousand heavy-armed troops, and about two thousand peltasts.[23]
10. Hence he proceeded two days' march, a distance of ten parasangs, to
Peltæ, a well-peopled city, where he halted three days, during which
Xenias the Arcadian celebrated the sacred rites of Lycæan Jove,[24] and
held public games on the occasion; in which the prizes were golden
strigiles.[25] Cyrus was present at the games as a spectator. Thence he
proceeded, two days' march, twelve parasangs, to Ceramon Agora, a
populous city, the last on the side of Mysia.
11. Hence he proceeded, in three days' march, the distance of thirty
parasangs, to the Plain of Caystrus, a populous city. Here he halted
five days; and at this time more than three months' pay was due to the
troops, which they frequently went to his tent to demand. Cyrus put them
off, giving them hopes, but was evidently distressed; for it was no
part of his character not to pay when he had the means. 12. But while he
was there, Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis king of the Cilicians, paid him
a visit, and was said to have presented him with a large sum of money.
He in consequence gave the troops pay for four months. The Cilician
queen had with her a body-guard of Cilicians and Aspendians; and it was
reported that Cyrus had connexion with her.
13. Hence he proceeded two days' march, ten parasangs, to Thymbrium, a
populous city. Here, by the road-side, was a fountain, called the
fountain of Midas, king of Phrygia; at which Midas is said to have
captured the Satyr,[26] by mixing wine with the water.
14. Hence he proceeded, two days' march, ten parasangs, to Tyriæum, a
well-peopled city, where he stayed three days. The Cilician queen is
said to have requested Cyrus to show her his army. With the desire
therefore of exhibiting it to her, he reviewed his troops, as well Greek
as Barbarian, in the plain. 15. He ordered the Greeks to be marshalled,
and to take their places, as they were accustomed to do for battle, each
captain arranging his own men. They were accordingly drawn up four deep;
Menon and his troops took the right wing; Clearchus and his men the
left; and the other captains occupied the centre. 16. First of all,
then, Cyrus reviewed the Barbarians, who marched past him, drawn up in
troops and companies;[27] and afterwards the Greeks, riding by them in
his chariot, with the Cilician queen in her car.[28] They had all brazen
helmets, scarlet tunics, greaves, and polished shields. 17. When he had
ridden past them all, he stopped his chariot in front of their phalanx,
and sent Pigres the interpreter to the Greek officers, with orders for
them to present arms,[29] and to advance with their whole phalanx. The
officers communicated these orders to their soldiers; and, when the
trumpeter gave the signal, they presented arms and advanced. Then, as
they proceeded with a quicker pace and loud shouts, the soldiers of
their own accord took to running, bearing down upon the tents of the
Persians. 18. Upon this, there arose great terror among the rest of the
Barbarians; the Cilician queen fled from her car; and the people in the
market deserted their goods and took to their heels; while the Greeks
marched up to the tents with laughter. The Cilician queen, on beholding
the splendour and discipline of the army, was struck with admiration;
and Cyrus was delighted when he saw the terror with which the Greeks
inspired the Barbarians.
19. Hence he advanced, three days' march, a distance of twenty
parasangs, to Iconium, the last town of Phrygia; where he halted three
days. He then went forward through Lycaonia, five days' march, a
distance of thirty parasangs; and this country, as being that of an
enemy, he permitted the Greeks to ravage.
20. From hence Cyrus despatched the Cilician queen, by the shortest
road, into Cilicia; and sent with her the troops which Menon had, and
Menon himself. Cyrus, with the rest of the army, proceeded through
Cappadocia, four days' march, a distance of twenty-five parasangs, to
Dana, a populous, large, and wealthy city. Here he stayed three days; in
the course of which he put to death a Persian, named Megaphernes, a
wearer of the royal purple,[30] and a certain other person in power, one
of the provincial governors having accused them of conspiring against
him.
21. They then made an attempt to enter Cilicia; but the sole entrance
was a road broad enough only for a single carriage, very steep, and
impracticable for an army to pass, if any one opposed them. Syennesis,
besides, was said to be stationed on the heights, guarding the defile;
on which account Cyrus halted for a day in the plain. The next day, a
messenger came to inform him that Syennesis had quitted the heights, on
receiving information that Menon's army was already in Cilicia within
the mountains, and hearing that Tamos had a number of galleys, belonging
to the Lacedæmonians and Cyrus himself, sailing round from Ionia to
Cilicia. 22. Cyrus accordingly ascended the mountains without any
opposition, and saw[31] the tents in which the Cilicians kept guard.
Hence he descended into a large and beautiful plain, well watered, and
abounding with all kinds of trees, as well as vines. It also produced
great quantities of sesamum, panic, millet,[32] wheat, and barley. A
chain of hills, strong and high, encompasses it on all sides from sea to
sea. 23. Descending through this plain, he proceeded, in four days'
march, a distance of twenty-five parasangs, to Tarsus, a large and
opulent city of Cilicia. Here was the palace of Syennesis, the king of
the Cilicians; and through the midst of the city runs a river, called
the Cydnus, the breadth of which is two plethra. 24. This city the
inhabitants, with Syennesis, had deserted for a strong-hold upon the
mountains, except those who kept shops.[33] Those also remained behind,
who lived near the sea at Soli and at Issi.
25. Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis, had arrived at Tarsus five days
before Cyrus. But in passing over the mountains which skirt the plain,
two companies of Menon's troops had perished; some said that they had
been cut to pieces by the Cilicians, while committing some
depredations; others, that being left behind, and unable to find the
rest of the army or their road, they had been destroyed while wandering
about. They amounted to a hundred heavy-armed men. 26. When the rest of
Menon's troops came up, full of resentment at the fate of their
comrades, they plundered both the city of Tarsus and the palace in it.
Cyrus, on entering the city, sent for Syennesis to come to him; but
Syennesis answered, that he had never yet put himself in the power of
one stronger than himself; nor would he then consent to go to Cyrus,
until his wife prevailed upon him, and he received solemn assurances of
safety. 27. Afterwards, when they had met, Syennesis gave Cyrus a large
sum of money for the support of his army, and Cyrus in return presented
him with such gifts as are held in estimation by a king, a horse with a
golden bit, a golden chain and bracelets, and a golden scimitar and
Persian robe. He also engaged that his country should no more be
plundered, and that he should receive back the captured slaves, if they
anywhere met with them.
[Footnote 15: Τό τε βαρβαρικὸν καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν τὸ ἐνταῦθα στράτευμα.]
There has been much dispute about the exact signification of ἐνταῦθα in
this place. Zeune would have it mean "illuc, in illum locum ubi sunt
Pisidæ;" and Krüger thinks that "towards Sardis" is intended. But this
is to do violence to the word; I have followed Weiske and Kühner, who
give it its ordinary signification. "Barbarorum et Græcorum
[exercitum]," says Kühner, "quem Cyrus ibi, ubi versabatur, collectum
habebat." The τὸ before ἐνταῦθα is an addition of Dindorf's, which
Kühner pronounces unnecessary.]
[Footnote 16: The πελτασταὶ were troops armed with a light shield,
called πέλτη, holding a middle place between the ὁπλῖται and ψιλοί. They
were first made an efficient part of the Greek forces by Iphicrates: see
his Life in Corn. Nep.; and Xen. Hellen. iv. 4. 16; 3. 12.]
[Footnote 17: Xenophon begins his account of the expedition from Sardis,
because he there joined the army, but afterwards constantly computes
from Ephesus, the sea-port from whence he began his journey.
_Stanford_.]
[Footnote 18: Σταθμοός.] The word σταθμός means properly a _station_ or
_halting-place_ at the end of a day's march, of which the length varied,
but was generally about five parasangs.]
[Footnote 19: The parasang in Xenophon is equal to thirty stadia; see
ii. 2. 6. So Herodotus, ii. 6; v. 53. Mr. Ainsworth, following Mr.
Hamilton and Colonel Leake, makes the parasang equal to 3 English miles,
180 yards, or 3 geographical miles of 1822 yards each. _Travels in the
Track_, pref. p. xii. Thus five parasangs would be a long day's march;
these marches were more than seven; and the next day's was eight. But
Rennell thinks the parasang not more than 2.78 English miles. Mr.
Hussey, _Anc. Weights_, &c., Append. sect. 12, makes it 3 miles, 787-1/2
yards.]
[Footnote 20: The _plethrum_ was 100 Greek or 101.125 English feet. See
Hussey, Append. sect. 10, p. 232.]
[Footnote 21: The king of Persia was called the Great King by the Greek
writers, on account of the great extent of his dominions, or of the
number of kings subject to him; a title similar to that of the
successors of Mahomet, Grand Signior.]
[Footnote 22: This is the reading of the name adopted by Dindorf and
Kühner; most other editors have _Socrates_, which occurs in four
manuscripts; two have _Sosias_, and one _Sostes_.]
[Footnote 23: The word is here used, as Spelman observes, in a more
general sense than ordinary, to signify all that were not heavy-armed.]
[Footnote 24: Τὰ Λύκαια.] The festival of Lycæan Jove is mentioned by
Pausanias, viii. 2. 1, and the gymnastic contests held in it by Pindar,
Ol. ix. 145; xiii. 153; Nem. x. 89. _Schneider_.--Mount Lycæum was
sacred to both Jupiter and Pan. _Kühner_.]
[Footnote 25: Στλεγγίδες.] Generally supposed to be the same as the
Latin strigilis, a flesh-scraper; an instrument used in the bath for
cleansing the skin. To this interpretation the preference seems to be
given by Kühner and Bornemann, to whom I adhere. Schneider, whom Krüger
follows, would have it a head-band or fillet, such as was worn by women,
and by persons that went to consult oracles. Poppo observes that the
latter sort of prizes would be less acceptable to soldiers than the
former. There were, however, women in the Grecian camp, as will
afterwards be seen, to whom the soldiers that gained the prizes might
have presented them. The sense of the word must therefore be left
doubtful. The sense of _strigilis_ is supported by Suidas; see Sturz's
Lex. s. v.]
[Footnote 26: Τὸν Σάτυρον.] Silenus. See Servius ad Virg. Ecl. vi. 13.]
[Footnote 27: Κατὰ ἴλας καὶ κατὰ τάξεις.] Ἰλη signifies properly a troop
of horse, consisting of 64 men; and τάξις, a company of foot, which
Xenophon, in the Cyropædia, makes to consist of 100 men.]
[Footnote 28: Ἐφ' ἁρμαμάξης.] The _harmamaxa_ was a Persian carriage,
probably covered, for women and children. See Q. Curt. iii. 3, 23;
Wesseling ad Herod, vii. 41.]
[Footnote 29: Προβάλεσθαι τὰ ὅπλα.] "To hold out the shield and the
spear, the one to defend the person, and the other to repel or attack an
adversary." _Kühner_.]
[Footnote 30: Φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον.] Æmilius Portus, on the authority
of Zonaras, Lex. p. 1818, interprets this "dyer of the king's purple;"
an interpretation repugnant to what follows. Morus makes it
_purpuratus_; Larcher, _vexillarius_, because in Diod. Sic. xiv. 26 a
standard is called φοινικίς: Brodæus gives 'unus è regiis familiaribus,
puniceâ veste indutus, non purpurea.' "Without doubt he was one of the
highest Persian nobles, as he is joined with the ὕπαρχοι δυνάσται."
_Kühner_.]
[Footnote 31: Εἶδε.] This seems to be the reading of all the
manuscripts, and is retained by Poppo, Bornemann, Dindorf, and Kühner.
But Schneider and Weiske read εἶλε, "took possession of," on the
suggestion of Muretus, Var. Lect. xv. 10, who thought it superfluous for
Xenophon to say that Cyrus merely _saw_ the tents. Lion, however, not
unreasonably supposes this verb to be intended to mark the distance at
which Cyrus passed from the tents, that is, that he passed within sight
of them, the Cilicians having retired only a short space to the rear.]
[Footnote 32: Σήσαμον καὶ μελίνην καὶ κέγχρον.] _Sesamum_ is a
leguminous plant, well known in the East; the seeds of it resemble
hemp-seed, and are boiled and eaten like rice. Μελίνη, _panicum_, is a
plant resembling millet. Κέγχρος, _milium_, millet, is far the best
known of the three to Europeans. Panic bears its grain in ears; millet,
in bunches.]
[Footnote 33: Καπηλεῖα.] Καπηλεῖον is often used in the sense of _a
tavern_; sometimes in a more general sense, as _any kind of shop_. We
may suppose that all those remained behind who had anything to sell,
with the hope of getting profit.]