which has some relation to this subject, occurs. “Capsulas omnes
pluriloculares e totidem thecis conferruminatas esse, diversas
solum modis gradibusque variis cohæsionis et solubilitatis partium
judico.”—(_Prodr. Flor. Nov. Holl._ 1. p. 558.) This opinion,
however, respecting the formation of multilocular ovaria, might be
held, without necessarily leading to the theory in question of the
composition of the fruit in Cruciferæ, which I first distinctly
stated in an Essay on Compositæ, read before the Linnean Society in
February 1816, and printed in the 12th volume of their Transactions,
published in 1818. In this volume (p. 89), I observe that “I
consider the pistillum of all phænogamous plants to be formed on
the same plan, of which a polyspermous legumen, or folliculus, whose
seeds are disposed in a double series, may be taken as the type. A
circular series of these pistilla disposed round an imaginary axis,
and whose number corresponds with that of the calyx or corolla,
enters into my notion of a flower complete in all its parts. But
from this type, and number of pistilla, many deviations take place,
arising either from the abstraction of part of the complete series
of organs, from their confluence, or from both these causes united,
with consequent abortions and obliterations of parts in almost every
degree. According to this hypothesis, the ovarium of a syngenesious
plant is composed of two confluent ovaria, a structure in some degree
indicated externally by the division of the style, and internally by
the two cords (previously described), which I consider as occupying
the place of two parietal placentæ, each of these being made up
of two confluent chordulæ, belonging to different parts of the
compound organ.”
In endeavouring to support this hypothesis by referring to certain
natural families, in which degradations, as I have termed them,
are found, from the assumed perfect pistillum to a structure equally
simple with that of Compositæ, and after noticing those occurring
in Goodenoviæ, I add, “The natural order Cruciferæ exhibits also
obliterations more obviously analogous to those assumed as taking
place in syngenesious plants; namely, from a bilocular ovarium with
two polyspermous parietal placentæ, which is the usual structure
of the order, to that of Isatis, where a single ovulum is pendulous
from the apex of the unilocular ovarium; and, lastly, in the genus
Bocconia, in the original species of which (_B. frutescens_), the
insertion of the single erect ovulum has the same relation to its
parietal placentæ, as that of Compositæ has to its filiform cords,
a second species (_B. cordata_) exists, in which these placentæ
are polyspermous.”
From this quotation it is, I think, evident, that in 1818 I had
published, in my Essay on Compositæ, the same opinion, relative to
the structure of the pistillum of Cruciferæ, which has since been
proposed, but without reference to that essay, by M. de Candolle,
in the second volume of his “Systema Naturale;” and I am not
aware that when the essay referred to appeared, a similar opinion
had been advanced by M. de Candolle himself, or by any other
author; either directly stated of this family in particular, or
deducible from any general theory of the type or formation of the
pistillum. I am persuaded, however, that neither M. de Candolle,
when he published his Systema, nor M. Mirbel, who has very recently
adverted to this subject, could have been acquainted with the
passage above quoted. This, indeed, admits of a kind of proof; for
if they had been aware of the concluding part of the quotation, the
former author would probably not have supposed that all the species
referred to Bocconia were monospermous, (_Syst. Nat._ 2. p. 89);
nor the latter that they were all polyspermous. (_Mirbel in Ann. des
Scien. Nat._ 6. p. 267). Respecting _Bocconia cordata_, though it
is so closely allied to Bocconia as to afford an excellent argument
in favour of the hypothesis in question, it is still sufficiently
different, especially in its polyspermous ovarium, to constitute a
distinct genus, to which I have given the name (MACLEAYA _cordata_)
of my much valued friend, Alexander Macleay, Esq. Secretary to the
Colony of New South Wales, whose merits as a general naturalist,
a profound entomologist, and a practical botanist, are well known.]
[Footnote 95:
OUDNEYA.
CHAR. GEN. _Calyx_ clausus, basi bisaccatus. _Filamenta_ distincta,
edentula. _Stigmata_ connata apicibus distinctis. _Siliqua_
sessilis linearis rostrata, valvis planis uninerviis, funiculis
adnatis, septo avenio areolarum parietibus subparallelis. _Semina_
uniseriata. _Cotyledones_ accumbentes.
Suffrutex (O. Africana _nob._ Hesperis nitens, _Viv. lib. p._
38. _tab._ 5. _f._ 3.) _glaberrimus, ramosus_. Folia _integerrima
sessilia avenia, inferiora obovata, superiora sublinearia_. Racemi
_terminales, ebracteati_. Flores _mediocris magnitudinis, petalorum
laminis obovatis venosis_.
_Obs._ Oudneya ab Arabidi differt stigmatis forma, siliquæ rostro,
et dissepimenti areolarum figura. Parrya ad quam genus nostrum
accedit diversa est dissepimento binervi venoso! calyce haud clauso,
siliquæ forma, et seminibus biseriatis testa corrugata.]
[Footnote 96: _Tuckey’s Congo_, p. 469.]
[Footnote 97:
MÆRUA.
Mærua. _Forsk. Arab._ p. 104. _Vahl symb._ 1. p. 36. _De
Cand. Prodr._ 1. p. 254.
CHAR. GEN. _Calyx_ tubulosus: _limbo_ 4-partito, æstivatione simplici
serie valvata: _corona_ faucis petaloidea. _Petala_ nulla. _Stipes
genitalium_ elongatus. _Stamina_ numerosa. _Pericarpium_
(siliquiforme?) baccatum.
Frutices _inermes, pube, dum adsit, simplici_. Folia _simplicia
coriacea_: _petiolo cum denticulo rami articulato_: stipulis
_minutissimis setaceis_.
MÆRUA _rigida_, corymbis terminalibus paucifloris, foliis obovatis
crassis rigidis aveniis nervo obsoleto, corona lacero-multipartita.
DESC. Frutex? _Rami_ stricti teretes tenuissime pubescentes. _Folia_
sparsa, obovata cum mucronulo brevissimo, plana semiunguicularia,
utrinque pube tenuissima brevissima simplici, nervo obsoleto, venis
fere inconspicuis. _Petioli_ lineam circiter longi. _Stipulæ_
laterales, setaceæ, petioli dimidio breviores, ramulo appressæ,
post lapsum folii persistentes. _Ramuli floriferi_ sæpius laterales
abbreviati, e foliis confertis floribusque corymboso-fasciculatis
(3-6.), quorum exteriores folio subtensi; quandoque corymbus
ramum terminat. _Pedunculi_ teretes, tenuissime pubescentes,
ebracteati excepto foliolo florali dum adsit ejusque stipulis vix
conspicuis. _Calyx_ infundibuliformis, extus tenuissime pubescens:
_tubus_ subcylindraceus, 8-striatus striis elevatis æqualibus,
intus lineis duabus prominulis subcarnosis, cum limbi laciniis
alternantibus, altera crassiore: _limbus_ tubo paulo longior,
4-partitus laciniis æqualibus, ovatis acutiusculis, obsolete venosis,
5-nerviis, nervis extimis margini approximatis, e furcatione costarum
quatuor tubi cum laciniis alternantium ortis; æstivatione simplici
serie valvata marginibus tamen paulo inflexis. _Corona faucis_
monophylla, laciniis limbi multoties brevior, lacero-multipartita
lacinulis subulatis inæqualibus. _Stipes genitalium_ liber,
cylindraceus, glaber, altitudine tubi. _Stamina_: _Filamenta_
indeterminatim numerosa, viginti circiter, filiformia glabra,
æstivatione contortuplicata. _Antheræ_ incumbentes, ovali-oblongæ
obtusæ, basi semibifidæ, loculis parallelo-approximatis, intus
longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, æstivatione erectæ. _Ovarium_ e
centro filamentorum stipitatum, cylindraceum, glabrum, uniloculare
placentis duabus parietalibus polyspermis. _Stylus_ nullus. _Stigma_
depresso-capitatum.
OBS. Species hæcce proxime accedit Mæruæ senegalensi _nob._
quæ vix pubescens et foliis venosis distincta; in multis quoque
convenit, fide descriptionis Forskalii, cum Mærua uniflora _Vahl_,
a nobis non visa. Mærua angolensis, _De Cand._ (in Museo Parisiensi
visa) cui flores pariter corymbosi et corona lacero-multipartita,
satis diversa est foliis ovalibus.]
[Footnote 98: _Annal. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat._ 18. _p._ 392.]
[Footnote 99: _Théor. Elem. ed._ 2. _p._ 244.]
[Footnote 100: _Collect. Bot. tab._ 22.]
[Footnote 101: _Sp. plant._ 2. _p._ 564.]
[Footnote 102: In Hooker’s _Flora Scotica_, p. 284.]
[Footnote 103:
PARKIA.
ORD. NAT. _Leguminosæ-Mimoseæ_: Cæsalpineis proximum genus.
CHAR. GEN. _Calyx_ tubulosus ore bilabiato (⅔); æstivatione
imbricata! _Petala_ 5. subæqualia, supremo (paulo) latiore;
æstivatione conniventi-imbricata. _Stamina_ decem, hypogyna,
monadelpha. _Legumen_ polyspermum: _epicarpio_ bivalvi; _endocarpio_
in loculos monospermos sarcocarpio farinaceo tectos solubili.
Arbores (_Africanæ et Indiæ orientalis_) _inermes_. Folia
_bipinnata, pinnis foliolisque multijugis_; stipulis _minutis_. Spicæ
_axillares, pedunculatæ, clavatæ floribus inferioribus_ (_dimidii
cylindracei racheos_) _sæpe masculis_.
PARKIA _Africana_, pinnis sub-20-jugis, pinnulis sub-30-jugis obtusis
intervalla æquantibus, cicatricibus distinctis parallelis, glandula
ad basin petioli, rachi communi eglandulosa, partialium jugis (2-3)
summis glandula umbilicata.
Inga biglobosa, _Palis de Beauv. Flore d’Oware_,
2. p. 53. tab. 90. _Sabine in Hortic. Soc. Transact._ 5. p. 444. _De
Cand. Prodr._ 2. p. 442.
Inga Senegalensis. _De Cand. Prodr._ 2. p. 442.
Mimosa taxifolia. _Pers. Syn._ 2. p. 266. n. 110.
Nitta. _Park’s First Journey_, p. 336-337.]
[Footnote 104: _Park’s Second Journey_, p. cxxiv. where it is
stated to be an undescribed species of that genus. Soon after
that Narrative appeared, on comparing Mr. Park’s specimen,
which is in fruit only, with the figure published by Lamarck in
his Illustrations (_tab._ 602. _f._ 4.), and with M. Poiret’s
description (_Encyc. Meth. Botan._ 5. p. 728.), I referred it
to that author’s _P. erinacea_, a name which is, I believe,
adopted in the last edition of the Pharmacopœia of the London
College. Dr. Hooker has since published a drawing of the same plant
by the late Mr. Kummer, and considering it a new species, has called
it Pterocarpus Senegalensis. (_Gray’s Trav. in Western Africa_,
p. 395, tab. D.)]
[Footnote 105: _Tuckey’s Congo_, p. 430.]
[Footnote 106: _Memoires sur la Famille des Legumineuses_.]
[Footnote 107: _Flinders’s Voy. to Terra Austr._ 2. p. 542.]
[Footnote 108: _Flinders’s Austr._ 2, p. 559.]
[Footnote 109: _Prodr. Flor. Nov. Holl._ 1, p. 558.]
[Footnote 110: _Theor. elem. ed._ 2. p. 183.]
[Footnote 111: _Cæsalp. de Plantis_, p. 327. cap. xv. et
p. 351. cap. liii.]
[Footnote 112: _De Cand. Legum._ p. 52.]
[Footnote 113: OXYSTELMA _Bornouense_, floribus racemosis, corollæ
laciniis semiovatis, folliculis inflatis, foliis lanceolatis basi
cordatis.
_Obs._—Inflorescentia et corolla omnino _O. esculenti_, a quo
differt folliculis inflatis, et foliis omnibus basi cordatis.]
[Footnote 114: _Salt’s Voy. to Abyss. append._ p. lxiii.]
[Footnote 115: _Park’s First Journey_, p. 202 and 352.]
[Footnote 116: _Prod. Flor. Nov. Holl._ 1, p. 528.]
[Footnote 117: IPOMŒA _Clappertoni_, glaberrima repens, foliis
sagittatis: lobis posticis acutiusculis integerrimis, pedunculis
unifloris.]
[Footnote 118: _Colchicum_ (_Hermodactylus_) _Ritchii_, limbi laciniis
basi intus bicristatis! fasciculo 2-multifloro, foliis linearibus.
_Obs._—Spathæ 2-8-floræ; limbi laciniæ vel lanceolatæ
acutiusculæ vel oblongæ obtusæ; cristæ laciniarum omnium sæpe
fimbriato-incisæ, exteriorum nunc integerrimæ. Ovula in singulis
ovarii loculis biseriata, placentarum marginibus approximata; nec
ut in C. autumnali quadriseriata.]
[Footnote 119: Botan. Magaz. 1028.]
[Footnote 120: The late celebrated M. Richard, in his excellent
“Analyse du Fruit,” in pointing out the distinctions between a
simple and compound pericarpium, produces that of Melanthaceæ as
an example of the compound, in opposition to that of Commelineæ
or of Junceæ, which, though equally multilocular, he considers as
simple. A knowledge of the structure of Colchicum Monocaryum would,
no doubt, have confirmed him in his opinion respecting Melanthaceæ.
It has always appeared to me surprising, that a carpologist so
profound as M. Richard, and whose notions of the composition of
true dissepiments, and even of the analogy in placentation between
multilocular and unilocular pericarpia, were, in a great degree,
equally correct and original, should never have arrived at the
knowledge of the common type of the organ or simple pistillum, to
which all fruits, whether unilocular or multilocular, were reducible;
and that he should, in the instance now cited, have attempted to
distinguish into simple and compound two modifications of the latter
so manifestly analogous, and which differ from each other only in
the degree of coalescence of their component parts.]
[Footnote 121: _Flinders’s Voy. to Terra Austr._ 2. p. 582.]
[Footnote 122: _Syst. Veg._ 1. p. 132.]
[Footnote 123: _Annal. des Scien. Nat._ 4. p. 425.]
[Footnote 124: _Prodr. Flor. Nov. Holl._ 1. p. 185.]
[Footnote 125: _Triraphis Pumilio_, panicula coarctata abbreviata,
locusta glumam vix superante 3-4-flora: flosculo infimo hermaphrodito;
reliquis neutris univalvibus.]
No. XXIII.
_Letter to Major Denham, on the Rock Specimens brought from Africa. By
Charles Konig, Esq. F.R.S._
_British Museum, Feb. 25th_, 1826.
My dear Sir,
I have great pleasure in transmitting to you, for whatever use you
may think proper to make of it in the Appendix to your forthcoming
work, the little I have to advance on the geological and a few
other objects, that were collected by you, the late Dr. Oudney,
and Captain Clapperton, on your journey through the great African
desert, and are now deposited in the British Museum. It chiefly
consists of the descriptive catalogue of a small series of rock
specimens, originally drawn up by me without particular regard to
their geognostic occurrence; to which I now prefix a few desultory
remarks that occurred to me, when, with a view to its publication,
I subjected that list to a second perusal. My materials are, indeed,
very scanty; but their description may, nevertheless, (in conjunction
with the observations dispersed in the body of the work, of which
I have not been able to avail myself) lead some of your geological
readers to more or less important results relative to the structure
of the tract of country in which they were collected.
There are among the specimens I have examined none that might be
referred to the primitive formations, except those gathered south and
west of Kouka. The principal specimen of granite (No. 1.) brought
by you from the Mandara mountains strongly resembles some of the
fresh large-grained varieties of the same from the Fetish rocks in
Congo. Those from Soudan, with feldspar, in its progress to kaolin,
(No. 5.) betray the principal cause of the striking appearance of
the granite mountains in that part of central Africa. The effects
of atmospheric influence on that component, spreading chiefly in
the direction of the natural rifts of the rock, are, in the Soudan
mountains as well as in those of the Hartz, the Riesengebirge, and
other European granitic districts, manifested partly by the immense
and numberless blocks, wholly or partially detached, and confusedly
piled up on the sides of the mountains, or strewed over the plains
in fantastic groups; and partly by the almost total disintegration
of the masses into gravel at the foot of the ridges. The former of
these effects is illustrated by the sketch of a granite mountain in
Soudan, which you were so good as to show me. There are a few other
specimens of granite from Soudan; but they present no characters from
which any useful information is likely to be derived; the less so, as
they appear to be casual fragments, not found in situ. The mica slate
(No. 9.), as Captain Clapperton informed me, occurs at the upper part
of the ridges between Quarra and Zurma; and a ticket, accompanying
a micaceous rock specimen, (No. 11.) from the same locality, as I
suppose, states it to be “used for glazing earthen ware.”
These are all the specimens of primitive rocks. As to those of
secondary and tertiary formations, which have been brought home, it
will appear from the subjoined catalogue, (as, indeed, with regard to
part of the kingdoms of Tripoli and Fezzan, has already been pointed
out by Dr. Buckland), that they may be referred to three formations,
viz. 1. to the fletz-trap or basaltic formation; 2. to a formation
analogous to the Paris limestone, (calcaire grossier, grob-kalk);
and 3. to some members of the secondary formation from the chalk to
the alpine limestone inclusively.
The few specimens of the first mentioned of these formations
are specified under Nos. 14 to 18. To the second I would refer
the sandstone No. 26. with fragments of small univalve shells,
not unlike a species of Paludina, and the plastic clay of Cano,
of which, I suppose, are made the light pipe bowls, brought from
thence; together with some other specimens of clay, and also some
fragments of shells, apparently from the tertiary limestone, but
the localities of which are not mentioned.
But by far the greater proportion of the specimens brought home by
you belongs to that series of the secondary formations of which
the variegated sandstone is the principal member. Subordinate to
this is the ferruginous sandstone, (Nos. 47, &c.) with its beds
of brown hydrous oxide, into which, as also into ochrey ironstone,
(Nos. 84—90.) it appears to pass by gradual transition. The white
sandstone, called quader-sandstein by most German geologists,
and sandstone of Konigstein by Baron Humboldt, is not specified
as such in the list; I am, however, inclined to think it is not
entirely wanting in several parts of the tract you have traversed,
especially to the southward of the boundary of Fezzan. I conclude it,
from what you have mentioned to me of the picturesque and ruin-like
appearance of many of the mountain ranges in those parts, which is
peculiar to that sandstone; from the external character of some of
the specimens, which, however, have no localities affixed to them;
as also from the impressions of small bivalves on one or two of
them. No stress is perhaps to be laid on the occurrence of fibrous
limestone, which substance is known to be among the mineral contents
of quader-sandstone at the foot of the Hartz, where this link of
the fletz sandstone formation rests on the red marle sandstone,
without the intervention of shell limestone, of which latter I have
seen no specimens among those from North Africa.
More characteristic are the specimens of the variegated sandstone,
properly speaking. The varieties, which, by their patches, stripes,
and flamed delineations, are more particularly entitled to that
denomination, are Nos. 31—36. The friable sandstone of Traghen
(No. 23.) probably owes its green colour to oxide of nickel: the
colouring matter seems chiefly to reside in the clay by which the
grains are held together.
Particularly remarkable are those varieties of sandstone in which
the cement is quartz, both with and without ferruginous admixture
(Nos. 37—46). They are all (with the exception of a few of more
loose texture, which belong to a tertiary formation) referable to
the variegated sandstone series. In some of these the cement of
various colours, yellowish, red, brown, bluish, is so completely
conferruminated with the grains, that, upon breaking a specimen, the
fracturing plane invariably passes through them, producing a uniformly
smooth and frequently conchoidal surface. Sometimes both cement
and grains are united into one homogeneous quartzy mass, in which,
especially when thoroughly impregnated with oxide of iron, scarcely
the slightest vestiges of former granulation remain perceptible. Such
an extraordinary transformation of the cementing mass, observable
not only in this but likewise in the quader-sandstone, the iron sand,
and the variety of the newest sandstone called molasse, presupposes
a state of liquefaction, and is but imperfectly accounted for by
those who ascribe it to infiltration.
The result of another, equally enigmatical, liquefaction of siliceous
matter, (which is, however, generally, though gratuitously, attributed
to the agency of lightning) we see in the tubular concretions that
have been found near Drigg in Cumberland, on the Senner heath in
Westphalia, at Pillau in the vicinity of Konigsberg, at Halle upon
the Saale, and, lastly, on the plains near Dibla in the Tibbou
country. The African sand tubes differ from those of Drigg, as the
sands themselves differ from each other in the two localities;
the texture of the former is more homogeneous and pure, some
being translucent and almost colourless; and, when cylindrical, not
unlike some tubular varieties of stalactic carbonate of lime. Others
are internally of a light-grey colour, here and there marked with
white specks from semi-fused grains of sand: their outer surface
is either approaching to smooth, or studded with snow-white opaque
grains of sand, sunk in the vitrified substance; but they are not
coated by the agglutinated sand which, in the English tubes, forms
a rough crust, gradually passing into the vitreous substance of the
sides. The stem, to judge from the short fragments I have seen,
is very irregular in its circumference, and (except in the small
cylindrical tubes, whose surface is even) polymorphously jagged,
compressed, and contorted. Their interior lustre is superior to
that observable in the European _Fulgurite, Astraphyalite, Ceraunian
Sinter, Blitzröhren_,—names under which these tubular concretions
have been introduced into our systems of mineralogy.
In most of the specimens of the variegated series described in the
catalogue, the presence of common salt is obvious to the eye or
the taste, or at least discoverable on the application of chemical
re-agents. The tickets placed with No. 35. and some others, are
inscribed “Aluminous slate;” but these specimens belong to the
micaceous variety into which the red marle sandstone so frequently
passes, and which sometimes forms distinct beds in it, overlaid by
variegated and white marle slate; neither is the salt with which
they are impregnated any other than muriate of soda.
The gypsum, of which some varieties are among the specimens found in
the red marle, both at the most northern and the most southern points
where Dr. Oudney collected, is of course referable to the newer, and
some even to the newest, formation: it is mostly foliated-fibrous,
and, in several specimens, intermixed with red clay.
I have little to say on the specimens of limestone enumerated in
the list: most of them agree perfectly well with our new magnesian
limestone; but external as well as chemical characters in detached
fragments, not observed in situ, are but uncertain guides to the
determination of the various modifications of Werner’s older fletz
limestone, to which, I suppose, those specimens must all be referred.
There are only two specimens of common salt brought home, neither of
which exhibit any thing peculiar in their appearance: but were they
ever so numerous or remarkable in their exterior, they would not
contribute greatly towards illustrating the history of the saline
deposites and saliferous formations of the regions from which they
come. The excessive abundance of salt in the variegated sand all
over the central part of northern Africa, indicates either the
existence of an extensive deposition of that substance beneath the
prevailing rock formation, or the uninterrupted operation of causes
by which those superficial saline masses, crusts, and efflorescences
(the last of these observable in most specimens of sandstone brought
from thence), are produced independently of briny waters emanating
from such deposits of rocksalt. Mr. Keferstein, who has collected a
multitude of instances of the occurrence of salt springs in situations
which would seem to preclude the possibility of an immediate connexion
between them and extensive beds of rock salt, has by ingenious
reasoning and a number of interesting facts endeavoured to prove,
that, in contact with waters circulating in the earth, the members
of the saliferous formation (especially the clay to which, as an
inseparable concomitant of salt, the name of _salzthon_ has been
given) are endowed with the power of generating salt by means of a
chemical process, of which the rationale (as that of many others)
remains among the desiderata of the science.
Those who are of opinion that brine springs are, under all
circumstances, derived from great salt formations, and that their
rise and presence, in any given situation, may be satisfactorily
accounted for, by hydrostatic pressure alone, will probably find
nothing extraordinary in the peculiar occurrence of that substance
in the clay of the extensive salt fields of Mafen, Hamera, &c.; they
will consider the various forms under which it presents itself in
those tracts merely as the result of aggregation of saline particles
conveyed from the great depot to the crevices of the clay, gypsum,
and sandstone, and left there by the simple process of evaporation. I
shall not attempt examining which of the two theories derives most
support from the different phenomena relative to the production of
salt observed by you on your journey, or to the occurrence of fresh
water springs in the centre of salt hills, dwelt upon by Herodotus,
and other circumstances belonging to halurgic geology; but refer you,
for materials necessary for this inquiry, to the important facts
detailed by the abovementioned author in the second volume of his
periodical work (Teutschland, geognostisch-geologisch dargestellt,
Weimar, 1823), as also to those opposed to them by no less an
authority than Mr. V. Langsdorff in his last work (Anleitung zur
Salzwerkskunde, Heidelberg, 1824).
The specimens of trona (carbonate of soda), collected on the
expedition, exhibit this salt in various degrees of purity. In some,
it is mechanically mixed with muriate and sulphate of soda; in others,
it appears, when divested of the casually adhering substances, to be
perfectly pure. Of the latter, we have two very distinct varieties,
as far, at least, as external characters are concerned. The one
consists of layers, or crusts, of about one-third of an inch in
thickness, opaque, and of a white colour, generally with an almost
imperceptibly slight tinge of red; and yellowish stains are sometimes
observable. These layers, when broken, display distinct concretions
between lamellar and granular; the lower surface is rough, and more
or less impure, the small interstices being partly filled up with
reddish earthy matter; the distinct concretions terminate at the
upper surface, in small, slightly cuneiform, apparently four-sided
compressed prisms, acuminated by two planes which meet under an
angle of about 95°; but both the lateral and terminal edges are
constantly rounded off, and the planes uneven and striated. These
crystals, not much inferior in hardness to carbonate of lime, are
internally splendent, externally dull, and generally covered by a
fine efflorescence, and also often studded with small limpid cubical
crystals of muriate of soda. This variety is formed in the lakes of
Ghraat, apparently in the same manner as the carbonate of soda (urao)
of the Lagunilla lake of Venezuela, or that of the S. Macarius lake
in Egypt, but appears to be less contaminated with other salts than
either of these.
The other variety of carbonate of soda (the locality of which is
doubtful, two tickets having been found accompanying the specimen, the
one with “Kanem,” the other with “hills of Traghen,”) occurs
in pieces which appear to have been part of a vein or layer. They are
composed of groups of divergingly radiated acicular crystals, closely
grown together, intermixed with indeterminable capillary crystals,
confusedly aggregated. Some of these crystals appeared as very
compressed four-sided prisms, indistinctly acuminated by two planes
set on the acute lateral edges. Its fracture is lamellar-fibrous,
passing into splintery; fragments wedge-shaped. Its colour is a dingy
greenish, or yellowish-white, appearing brownish in the more compact
parts of the pieces. The internal lustre is splendent; the external
surface covered by a yellowish white powder. In the crystalline
state, both these varieties of trona appear to be perfectly pure;
it is, however, possible that they may differ from each other in
the proportion of the water and carbonic acid with which the soda
is combined in them. If, as Berthollet thinks, the origin of native
carbonate of soda is to be looked for in the decomposition of common
salt by carbonate of lime, we may farther conjecture, from the traces
of bituminous matter found with the trona, that the rock instrumental
to it is fetid limestone, beds of which are frequent concomitants
of saliferous formations.
The following is the catalogue of the specimens of which I have been
able to determine the localities.
1. Large grained granite; the deep-flesh-coloured feldspar in greater
proportion than the greyish quartz, and the black, small-scaly
mica. “From the Mandara mountains.”
2. The same; with feldspar of dirty-yellowish colour. From the Mandara
range, and two similar varieties from the “hills of Dutchie Zangia,
Soudan.”
3. Similarly coloured variety, but of smaller grain. From the
same places.
4. Large grained variety of the same; the feldspar of a yellowish
colour, and in a state of incipient decomposition, with little black
mica. Mandara.
5. Variety similar to the preceding; in a state of disintegration:
the feldspar decomposing into a reddish earth. From Quarra and
Zurmee, Soudan.
6. Granite, both fine and coarse-grained, almost entirely composed
of flesh-red feldspar, with indeterminable particles of a black
substance, apparently mica. “From the high ridges of Zurma.”
7. The same, small-grained, rather slaty, approaching to gneiss,
composed of greyish-white feldspar and quartz, with predominant
black small-scaly mica. From Nansarena, Soudan.
8. Portion of a boulder, chiefly composed of fine-grained dirty-grey
semicompact feldspar and some quartz; with disseminated particles
of magnetic iron ore (a syenitic rock). “Found near Agutefa.”
9. Greenish-grey mica slate, with little admixed quartz and
feldspar. “It forms the upper part of the ridges between Quarra
and Zurma, Soudan.”
10. Yellowish-grey, soft, and friable mica slate. “From between
Duakee and Sackwa, Soudan.”
11. A hard slaty mass, composed of brilliant silvery small scales of
mica, penetrated by, or mixed with, brown and yellow hydrous oxide
of iron. From the same.
12. White, massive, and irregularly crystallized fat quartz, stained
by oxide of iron. “From a vein in the rocks of Quarra and Zurmee.”
13. The same, out of the granite of the Mandara mountains.
13. _a._ Yellowish and bluish-white quartz in large grains, as
gravel. “From the bed of the river Yaou, seven days on the road
to Soudan[126].”
14. Greyish-black close-grained basalt. “From the hills in the
Sebha district.”
15. The same; with rarely disseminated grains of decomposing
olivine. From the same.
16. The same; vesicular (basaltic amygdaloid), cells empty. Benioleed.
17. The same as the preceding, with disseminated granular particles,
and minute acicular crystals of specular iron, which also mostly
invest the irregularly shaped cells. “Benioleed; used for
grindstones.”
18. The same, of a greyish-brown colour; cells elliptic, and partly
filled with carbonate of lime. “Black mountains near Sockna.”
19. Greenish and yellowish grey, fine-grained crumbling
sandstone. “Found with the gypsum of the hills to the northward
of Om-el-Abeed.”
20. The same, brownish-yellow; “occurring in beds near
Om-el-Abeed.”
21. The same, reddish and yellowish, fine-grained, rather
friable. Wady Kawan.
22. Similar, reddish-brown variety of sandstone, but more friable
than the preceding. Tadrart ridge.
23. The same, of a colour between grass and leek-green, fine-grained,
very crumbling. “Traghen, under a gypsum crust; often in beds of
from ten to twelve feet. It has the appearance of some of the soft
sandstone in the mountain range near Tripoli.”
24. Yellowish-white friable sandstone, and fine sand, strongly
impregnated with salt. “Under a calcareous crust, Fezzan.”
25. Similar sand of a very fine rounded grain. “From the Wady,
in which is the Trona lake.”
26. Yellowish clayey sandstone, filled with small rounded quartz
grains and minute white particles of small univalve shells,
(Paludina?) “Gaaf.”
27. Fine and close-grained yellowish-white sandstone, of a thin
stratified structure, which is distinctly seen at the disintegrated
parts of the fragment. “Wady Katefa, under the basalt; forming
fine precipitous walls in the middle of the range.”
28. Brownish-red friable sandstone; the rounded grains of various
sizes, loosely united by clay. “Sandstone of the hills of Wady
Ghrarbi. There is a finer and tender species, and also a stratiform
one; but my specimens are lost.”
29. The same, of a similar colour, intermixed with yellowish, less
crumbling, and containing pebbles. “From the hills to the westward
of Hamera, on which the town is built.”
30. Sandstone of yellowish colour and fine-grained, faintly variegated
with purple. Aghadem.
31. The same, fine-grained, white, with linear purplish streaks,
being the edges of horizontal filmy depositions of iron ochre of
that colour. Wady Kawan.
32. A similar variety, exhibiting purplish-yellow and red
variegations, thoroughly impregnated with salt, which is also seen
efflorescent on the surface. “Hills of Wady Ghrarbi.”
33. Similarly coloured sandstone, in laminar fragments, passing, by
decomposition, into soft clay variegated with the same colours. Wady
Kawar.
34. Tabular fragment of very close-grained nearly compact variegated
sandstone; colours, purplish and two shades of yellow, in irregular
stripes. “Sebha district.”
35. Purplish-brown slaty sandstone, micaceous on the planes of
separation, passing into cream yellow and white clay-stone of the same
structure. “Aluminous slate (sic) in different states, forming a
considerable part of the mountain range, Tadrart, Tuarick country.”
36. A tabular fragment, like the preceding; micaceous on the rifts,
of reddish-brown colour, being thoroughly penetrated by oxide of
iron. Aghadem.
37. Yellowish sandstone, composed of round grains of quartz, with
white clayey cement, which, towards the surface of the rolled piece,
becomes quartzy. From ditto.
38. A similar large-grained variety, of reddish-yellow colour
with brown streaks, in which the cementing clay, become quartzy,
is scarcely distinguishable from the grains. “Forming the eastern
boundary of the hills near Traghen.”
39. A large fragment of the same quartzy sandstone, of yellow colour,
with red streaks and brown nucleus, nearly compact, so as to exhibit
on its conchoidal fractural surfaces the traces only of a granular
structure. “Strewed over the plain between Ghudwa and Mourzuk.”
40. The same, brownish-red, in the shape of a rolled amorphous
fragment, having acquired a uniform glossy surface like red
jasper. From ditto.
41. Yellowish variety of the same, the granular passing into compact
structure. “Thick exposed beds from Om el Abeed to Sebha.”
42. Yellowish-grey variety of the same, as perfectly compact tabular
fragments, having their surfaces studded with small polymorphous
bodies imitating the appearance of parts of secondary fossils. From
ditto.
43. The same as the preceding, having its surface marked by small
bivalve shells, converted into the mass of the sandstone. From ditto.
44. Sharp-edged fragments, of a variety like No. 39., of a deep
chocolate-brown colour and flat conchoidal fracture. “Between
Sebha and Timinhint; rocks about 250 feet high.”
45. The same, in which the quartz grains are very firmly cemented
by dark-red or brown siliceous iron-stone, sometimes enclosing
larger rounded grains and small pebbles; the whole forming a
very hard compact conglomerate with conchoidal shining fractural
surface. “From between Om el Abeed to Sebha, and near Zuela.”
46. Fragment of a mass of quartzy sandstone and compact brown
ironstone, externally stalactic reed-like, with black glossy
surface. “From the hills of Wady Ghrarby.”
47. Brown ferruginous sandstone, nearly compact, and with drused
cavities, enclosing yellowish nodules of magnesian limestone. “Forms
the upper part of numerous low hills, and the surface of exposed
parts on the road from Hamera to Zuela.”
48. A mass of yellow and brown ferruginous sandstone with amorphous
botryoidal surface, unequally penetrated by siliceous brown oxide
of iron, which produces the appearance of a mixture of brown ochrey
clay-ironstone. “Near Timinhint, forming the summit of hills.”
49. Wood-hornstone; dark brown, with lighter coloured centre, being
part of a cylindrical stem or branch of a dicotyledonous tree. “From
between Mestoota and Gatrone.”
50. Flint composed of conchoidal distinct concretions, some of them
forming nuclei; the layers of alternating brown and white colours,
irregularly curved. “Quantities strewed over the plain from Temasta
to Bonjem.”
51. Yellowish-grey flint passing into hornstone, in irregularly
angular pieces, with brown glossy corroded surface. “La Saila;
hills of silex and opal.”
52. White hornstone; a boulder with corroded glossy
surface. “Strewed in large quantities between Wady el Beny and
Wilkna, and on the summit of gypsum hills.”
53. Yellowish-white substance intermediate between hornstone and
calcedony, in angular pieces, with cream-coloured cacholong on the
surface. “On the way from Gatrone to Tegerhy.”
54. Brownish-red carnelian; a fragment, with irregularly botryoidal
yellowish decomposed surface. From ditto.
55. Several fragments of variously shaped rough sand tubes; internal
surface highly glazed. “From the sands near Dibla.”
56. Lithomarge, reddish-brown, here and there variegated with
bluish-green and greyish, in fragments with rather tuberculated
surface. “Aghadem, beds in the sandstone.”
57. The same, but penetrated by iron ochre, and much harder; with
small imbedded pyriform concretions. From ditto.
58. Brownish-red and yellowish-grey variegated slaty clay, very soft
and unctuous to the touch. From ditto.
59. Small-foliated amorphous gypsum, confusedly crystallized, with
adhering red marl. “From the curiously formed gypsum hills of Bonjem
to Hormut and Takui, with large quantities of opal on the top.”
60. Some specimens of white, granular, and foliated gypsum; one of
the varieties composed of wedge-shaped laminæ. Bonjem.
61. Large-foliated white selenite. “Close to the Tchad, Kanem.”
62. Compact limestone, of bluish-grey colour, divisible into tabular
fragments. “Benioleed, under the basalt.”
63. Light cream-coloured nearly compact limestone, in
tabular fragments; fracture even, fractural surface slightly
glimmering. Benioleed.
64. Fragment of a similar variety of limestone, with conchoidal
fracture. “Benioleed, lowest observable stratum except one.”
65. Compact limestone, of a reddish and cream yellow colour,
variegated with pale brown, of very close texture, and
small-conchoidal fracture. “Hills to the north of Benioleed.”
66. Fragment of a greenish-grey tabular magnesian limestone, splendent
on the fractural surfaces, the lustre produced by a curved-lamellar,
though (in one direction) apparently compact structure. “On the
ridges between Meshroo and Tegerhy.”
67. Yellowish-red, close-grained, nearly compact limestone, here
and there with minute scales; external exposed surface uneven,
glossy. “Temedetan, forming thick strata.”
68. Rolled fragment, of a reddish-yellow variety of magnesian
limestone, with glossy surface, and of earthy fracture, including
some dark-coloured grains, (oxide of manganese?) “Found in the
deserts, sometimes finely dendritic.”
69. Light cream-coloured hard (magnesian) limestone, with earthy
uneven fracture; the exposed surface shining, partly corroded,
partly smooth. “Hills of Gaaf.”
70. A similar variety. “From the Assoud, Wady el Malagi.”
71. A rolled fragment of yellowish-grey compact limestone (magnesian),
of even and dull fracture; the surface shining, wrinkled by
decomposition. “To the north and south of the Wells of Mafrass.”
72. The same variety as the preceding, in the shape of a large
conical lump, with uneven and corroded glossy surface, enclosing
rounded pieces of the same limestone. From ditto.
73. A similar variety of magnesian limestone, forming a botryoidal
group of more or less globular concretions, from upwards of half an
inch to half a line in diameter, and intimately grown together with
each other. “Meshroo and El Wahr.”
74. Yellowish limestone, of curved-lamellar structure. “Forming
veins in the basaltic rocks in Agutefa.”
75. Brownish-yellow limestone, in stalagmitical irregular
layers. “On the desert, between Mushroo and El Wahr.”
76. Another fragment, apparently part of a large stalagmitic nodule,
in layers on a yellow granular mass of carbonate of lime. From ditto.
77. Greyish-brown and hair-brown fibrous limestone, in tabular
pieces; the fibres perpendicular, or in an oblique direction to the
horizontal planes, straight or slightly curved. In some specimens,
the hair-brown layer is sard-onyx and onyx-like, succeeded by a red
and a white stratum, the former generally in the form of a crust, with
superficial small acute rhombohedrons of carbonate of lime; in others,
the hair-brown layer is traversed by white veins. “Boundaries of
Fezzan and Tuarick country.”
78. Sulphate of barytes; a group of bluish and brownish prismatic
crystals, (var. rétrécie of Haüy), covered by red marle.
79. Common salt, in white, opaque, granular aggregations, externally
stained by ferruginous clay. “Road between Hamara and Zuela.”
80. A saline incrustation, of yellowish-white colour, partly solid,
in thin tables, partly in powder, composed of carbonate, muriate,
and sulphate of soda. “Near Germa.”
81. Carbonate of soda (trona), thick-fibrous foliated, in crusts of
the thickness of one-fourth to one-third of an inch, indistinctly
crystallized on the upper surface. “From the trona lakes in Wady
Trona.”
82. The same, studded on the upper surface with small limpid cubical
crystals of muriate of soda. From ditto.
83. Carbonate of soda, of yellowish and greenish-grey colour, in
masses with diverging radiated fracture. Kanem?
84. A rolled piece of nearly compact brown ironstone. “Upper strata
from Aghadem to the southward of El Wahr.”
85. Compact brown ironstone, of dark brown colour; an irregularly
tubercular nodule, with surface, particularly that of the old
fractural planes, glossy, the recent fracture exhibiting a dull
earthy surface. “From plains to the southward of Bonjem.”
86. Compact brown ironstone, of deep chesnut-brown colour, in rounded
oblong pieces of from one-half to upwards of an inch in diameter,
the whole glossy as if varnished; fracture even, earthy. From ditto?
87. Fragment of compact brown ironstone, mixed with much quartzy
matter. Wady Kawar and Aghadem.
88. Massive and granular brown ironstone, mixed with much yellow iron
ochre and sand. “In loose masses or crusts, on the top of the ridges
between Sockatoo and Kashna, and on the low hills around Sockatoo.”
89. Fragments of clayey brown ironstone with ochrey nodules. “Wady
Shiati hills.”
90. A mass, mixed, of brown ironstone and red and yellow iron
ochre. “From the soil of Wady Sandalion, Tuarick country.”
91. Cubic fragments of common galena, (sulphuret of lead). Kanem,
Soudan.
92. Pure tin, cast in moulds, in the form of thick wire. Brought
from Soudan.
I conclude this long letter with mentioning a specimen of Roman
cement, taken from the ruins of Ghirza, which, in parts where
the admixture of small stony fragments is not observable, has
very much the appearance of, and might easily be mistaken for,
a granular-crystalline variety of tertiary limestone. It has
unquestionably undergone a transformation: a circumstance which may,
in some measure, serve to justify the remark of Lepère—“C’est
le temps seul et non l’art qui manque à la pétrification absolue
de nos mortiers et cimens; nos neveux diront de nos constructions
ce que nous disons de celles des anciens.”
I have the honour to be, my dear Sir,
Yours very faithfully,
CHARLES KONIG.
To Major Denham, &c.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 126: Three very interesting bivalve shells, distinct,
it appears, from the other species of the genera to which they
respectively belong, have been discovered in the above-mentioned river
by Major Denham. The first, a species of ÆTHERIA, I distinguish as
ÆTHERIA _Denhami_: testa irregulariter rotundato-oblonga, ad
cardinem gibbosa, utriusque valvæ callo cardinali basim versus
oblique truncato.
Hab. in Africæ interioris fluvio Gammaroo.
The form of the cardinal callosity to which the semi-internal ligament
is attached affords a distinction sufficiently characteristic of
the species: its oblique truncating plane, which extends towards
the rather indistinct umbo, is, in the closed state of the shell, in
partial contact with that of the corresponding and similarly formed
callus of the other valve. The general form of the shell is oblong
or rounded, but appears to be subject to considerable variation:
one of the specimens before me exhibits the exterior of Lamarck’s
A. _transversa_, which latter is no doubt a casual variety only of
the other species described and figured by that naturalist.
These shells are externally furnished with a blackish-brown epidermis;
beneath this a white film is deposited, on the removal of which
a beautiful pearly naker appears, similar to that of the internal
surface of the valves. The blistered appearance of the interior of
both the valves is constant in all specimens, and may, as intimately
connected with the structure of the shell, be considered of sufficient
importance to be admitted into the distinctive character of the genus.
Lamarck, imagining that these shells live at the bottom of the
sea, named the genus, as he says, after one of the daughters of
Oceanus. Though the Ætheriæ are now well known to be fluviatile
shells, the emendators of zoological nomenclature may still be
exonerated from framing a new name for this genus, since the old
one is derivable from the original locality of its species; a part
of central Africa having, according to Pliny, been anciently known
by the appellation of _Ætheria_.
The second shell, a new species of IRIDINA, may be thus characterized:
IRIDINA _Oudnæi_: testa transversa ovato-lanceolata tumidiuscula,
cardine stricto sub-edentulo, basis margine sinuato.
Hab. cum priore.
This species is very distinct from E. _elongata_ in form and in the
hinge line being without crenulation; and from E. _nilotica_, which it
resembles in the latter of those characters, it differs by its form,
inferior thickness, and iridescence. The length of the specimen before
me is 4⅔, its greatest breadth at the umbo nearly two inches. Placed
on the basal edge, which is concave, the anterior side presents
a considerable slope from the umbo to the exterior margin, which
gives the valves a tapering or ovate-lanceolate form. The external
epidermis, of a greenish-brown colour, exhibits slightly undulating
striæ of growth. The interior surface is slightly uneven-undulated,
white, with delicate opalescent colours, green and faint pink; the
former chiefly disposed in spots. The muscular impressions are more
slightly marked than in the other species.
For the third shell, which I considered as a new species of ANODON,
I propose the name of
ANODON _Clappertoni_: testa transversim oblonga, antice in extremo
cardine acute excisa.
Hab. cum antecedentibus.
The notch at the anterior extremity of the hinge being always acute,
never obtusangular or rounded, I have confined myself to it in the
distinctive character of this species, which differs in several other
respects from ANODON _purpureus_ and _rugosus_ of Swainson, to both
of which it is, however, nearly related. The size of the shell, in
the several specimens before me, varies from 1½ by ¾ of an inch to
3 inches by nearly 1½. Its form is transverse-oval, with a slight
slope at the anterior end. The hinge margin is straight. Epidermis
olive-green, appearing of a reddish-brown colour, owing to the pink
colour of the surface underneath, which latter in one specimen passes
into bluish-green at the umbones. Muscular impressions three; one of
them, at the anterior end, oval, and continued in a faint tapering
form towards the hollow of the umbo; of the two other impressions,
which are both stronger marked, the one nearest to the edge of the
valve is oval, with a small rounded sinus at the inner border, and
close to it a smaller irregularly oval mark with notched margin: the
two principal marks are connected by the edge of the impression of
the mantle, the smaller mark being placed within the line. The tinge
of the internal surface is pink, imperfectly painted over as it were
with white. The several specimens, in different stages of growth,
exhibit all these characters; there is, however, among them a single
valve of rather larger dimensions and more rounded than the rest,
with a fine bronze-coloured internal surface like that of IRIDINA
_nilotica_. Whether this is to be considered as a distinct species,
or only as a variety indicative of the full grown state of the shell,
I must leave to the decision of conchologists more experienced in
discriminating the ambiguous species of this genus.]
No. XXIV.
_Thermometrical Journal kept at Kouka in Bornou._
+------------+--------+-------------------------+
| | | Fah. Thermometer. |
| Date. | Winds. +--------+-------+--------+
| | | 6 a.m. | Noon. | 3 p.m. |
+------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+
|March 1823. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 15 | E.N.E. | 70 | 98 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 16 | S.S.E. | 75 | 95 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | S.S.E. | 78 | 99 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | E.N.E. | 77 | | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | S.E. | | | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | E.N.E. | 78 | 95 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | N.E. | 82 | 100 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | E.N.E. | 80 | 97 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 23 | N.E. | 78 | 90 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | N.E. | 79 | 94 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | E.N.E. | 79 | 97 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | E.N.E. | 79 | 100 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | E.N.E. | 79 | 101 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | E.N.E. | 82 | 97 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | E.N.E. | 80 | 97 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 30 | N.E. | 80 | 94 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | E.N.E. | 80 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| April. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 | N.E. | 77 | 98 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | N.E. | 80 | 95 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | S.E. | 80 | 99 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | N.E. | 80 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | N.E. | 80 | 99 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | E.N.E. | 78 | 98 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | E.N.E. | 77 | 97 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | N.E. | 72 | 100 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | N.E. | 78 | 104 | 107 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 13 | N.E. | 84 | 100 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | E.N.E. | 82 | 100 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | N.E. | 87 | 103 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | E.N.E. | 86 | 95 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | E.N.E. | 87 | 99 | 106 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | E.N.E. | 86 | 103 | 109 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | N.E. | 88 | 102 | 106 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 20 | E.N.E. | 87 | 102 | 107 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | E.N.E. | 85 | 100 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | E.N.E. | 86 | 102 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | E.N.E. | 85 | 102 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | N.E. | 83 | 101 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | E.N.E. | 85 | 103 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | N.E. | 85 | 103 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 27 | N.E. | 86 | 102 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | N.E. | 83 | 101 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | E.N.E. | 81 | 103 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | E.N.E. | 82 | 103 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| May. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 | E.N.E. | 85 | 106 | 106 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | N.E. | 85 | 103 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | N.E. | 83 | 105 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 4 | E.N.E. | 81 | 99 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | E.N.E. | 82 | 95 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | E.N.E. | 81 | 102 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | N. | 86 | 104 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | N.E. | 71 | 99 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | N.E. | 81 | 99 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | N.E. | 85 | 95 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 11 | N.E. | 86 | 101 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | Calm. | 81 | 99 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | W.S.W. | 75 | 98 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | W.S.W. | 75 | 95 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | W.S.W. | 74 | 97 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | W.S.W. | 72 | 92 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | S.W. | 74 | 97 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 18 | W.S.W. | 74 | 96 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | W.S.W. | 73 | 96 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | W.S.W. | 76 | 95 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | W.S.W. | 74 | 102 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | W.S.W. | 73 | 100 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | W.S.W. | 84 | 104 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | S.W. | 76 | 96 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 25 | S.W. | 73 | 96 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | S.W. | 81 | 98 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | S.W. | 76 | 99 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | S.W. | 80 | 98 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | W.S.W. | 81 | 97 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | W.S.W. | 82 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | W.S.W. | 80 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| June. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 1 | W.S.W. | 76 | 97 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | W.S.W. | 80 | 97 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | W.S.W. | 81 | 99 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | W.S.W. | 81 | 99 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | W.S.W. | 80 | 99 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | S.W. | 80 | 98 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | S.W. | 75 | 95 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 8 | S.W. | 78 | 98 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | S.W. | 79 | 95 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | S.W. | 78 | 89 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | W.S.W. | 75 | 89 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | W.S.W. | 79 | 87 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | W.S.W. | 80 | 95 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | W.S.W. | 81 | 97 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 15 | W.S.W. | 82 | 99 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | W.S.W. | 81 | 97 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | W.S.W. | 81 | 99 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | W.S.W. | 80 | 97 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | W.S.W. | 79 | 89 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | W.S.W. | 78 | 92 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | W.S.W. | 77 | 92 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 22 | W.S.W. | 78 | 98 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | S.W. | 81 | 95 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | S.W. | 76 | 95 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | S.W. | 80 | 97 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | S.W. | 81 | 94 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | S.W. | 87 | 96 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | S.W. | 81 | 97 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 29 | S.W. | 82 | 96 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | S.W. | | | |
| | | | | |
| July. 1 | S.W. | 82 | 97 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | S.W. | 81 | 92 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | S.W. | 82 | 93 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | S.W. | 74 | 85 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | S.W. | 78 | 89 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 6 | S.W. | 78 | 89 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | S.W. | 78 | 89 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | S.W. | 78 | 90 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | W.S.W. | 81 | 87 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | W.S.W. | 77 | 92 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | W.S.W. | 75 | 85 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | S.W. | 75 | 85 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 13 | S.W. | 71 | 79 | 82 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | S.W. | 72 | 82 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | S.W. | 75 | 83 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | S.W. | 76 | 87 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | S.W. | 72 | 84 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | S.W. | 76 | 83 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | S.W. | 75 | 86 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 20 | S.W. | 74 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | S.W. | 72 | 83 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | S.W. | 73 | 84 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | S.W. | 73 | 86 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | S.W. | 74 | 84 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | S.W. | 73 | 83 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | S.W. | 71 | 84 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 27 | S.W. | 80 | 86 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | S.W. | 76 | 86 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | S.W. | 73 | 84 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | S.W. | 76 | 85 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | W. | 76 | 85 | 92 |
+------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+
+-----------+-------------------+----------------------+
| | | Fah. Thermometer. |
| Date. | State of Weather. +-------+------+-------+
| | |6 a.m. |Noon. |3 p.m. |
+-----------+-------------------+-------+------+-------+
| 1823. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Aug. 1 | Rain all night. | 75 | 82 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 73 | 78 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | Sunday. Rain in | 74 | 80 | 82 |
| | evening. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4 | | 78 | 82 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | | 76 | 82 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | Rain much. | 73 | 77 | 78 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | | 74 | 78 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | Rain. | 76 | 80 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 75 | 81 | 82 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | Sunday. Rain, | 74 | 77 | 80 |
| | loud thunder. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 76 | 81 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | Rain and thunder | 79 | 83 | 85 |
| | all night. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 75 | 80 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 76 | 80 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | Rain, thunder, | 77 | 84 | 87 |
| | vivid lightning. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 16 | | 76 | 82 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | Sunday. | 78 | 83 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | | 77 | 84 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | Rain and thunder | 79 | 85 | 86 |
| | during the night. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 20 | Rainy day. | 78 | 84 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | | 75 | 82 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | Much rain. | 74 | 79 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | Morning cloudy. | 74 | 80 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | Sunday. Drizzling | 76 | 83 | 85 |
| | rain. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 25 | Night violent. | 75 | 77 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | Night. | 75 | 78 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | All night. | 74 | 78 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | Day and night, | 73 | 77 | 79 |
| | showers. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 29 | Rain. | 74 | 78 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | | 75 | 80 | 82 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | Sunday. Rain, | 74 | 78 | 80 |
| | much thunder. | | | |
| | | | | |
| Sep. 1 | | 74 | 79 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 76 | 84 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 79 | 85 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | | 80 | 85 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | Morning. Rain and | 80 | 80 | 81 |
| | thunder. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 | | 78 | 83 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | Sunday. | 78 | 85 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | Rain. | 79 | 80 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 78 | 83 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | Night, hurricane, | 80 | 86 | 88 |
| | east. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 11 | South. | 78 | 85 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | | 80 | 86 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 79 | 85 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | Sunday. | 78 | 86 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | | 80 | 86 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | | 81 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | Cloudy afternoon. | 81 | 88 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | | 80 | 85 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | Hurricane, east | 80 | 87 | 85 |
| | and a half south. | | | |
| | Strong 3 p.m. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 80 | 84 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | Sunday. | 78 | 85 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | | 79 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | | 78 | 86 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | | 80 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | | 82 | 89 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | Violent storm, | 80 | 89 | 90 |
| | noon wind N. hail | | | |
| | and rain. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 27 | | 76 | 86 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | Sunday. | 80 | 86 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | | 81 | 87 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | | 80 | 86 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| Oct. 1 | Rain and wind in | 80 | 87 | 91 |
| | night. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 78 | 84 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 80 | 85 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | Wind, thunder. | 81 | 87 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | Sunday, rain and | 80 | 86 | 88 |
| | wind. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6 | | 79 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | | 80 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | | 80 | 89 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 79 | 89 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | Breeze N.W. | 78 | 89 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 77 | 90 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | Sunday, | 79 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 78 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 79 | 91 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | | 77 | 92 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | | 83 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | | 81 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | | 80 | 90 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | Sunday, | 81 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 79 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | | 80 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | | 81 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | | 75 | 90 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | | 76 | 85 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | | 77 | 87 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | Sunday, | 77 | 88 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | | 78 | 90 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | | 78 | 90 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | | 79 | 91 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | | 78 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | | 79 | 89 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| Nov. 1 | | 78 | 87 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | Sunday, | 76 | 89 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 75 | 88 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | | 76 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | | 77 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | | 77 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | | 76 | 87 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | | 75 | 86 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | Sunday, | 76 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 77 | 86 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 79 | 87 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | | 76 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 74 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 74 | 86 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | | 73 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | Sunday, | 74 | 88 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | | 74 | 83 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | | 75 | 85 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | | 75 | 86 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 75 | 85 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | | 75 | 86 | 88 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | | 69 | 78 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | Sunday, | 71 | 79 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | | 69 | 77 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | | 68 | 78 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | | 67 | 79 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | | 66 | 78 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | | 65 | 77 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | | 66 | 77 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | Sunday, | 67 | 79 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| Dec. 1 | | 66 | 79 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 67 | 78 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 66 | 79 | 81 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | | 65 | 78 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | | 67 | 80 | 82 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | | 68 | 80 | 82 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | Sunday, | 68 | 78 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | | 63 | 76 | 78 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 64 | 76 | 78 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 63 | 75 | 77 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 64 | 76 | 78 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | | 64 | 77 | 78 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 64 | 78 | 78 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | Sunday, | 63 | 75 | 77 |
| | | | | |
| 15 |{ }| 64 | 74 | 76 |
| |{ }| | | |
| 16 |{ }| 63 | 75 | 77 |
| |{Dull cold days. }| | | |
| 17 |{Wind N.N.E. and }| 64 | 75 | 76 |
| |{E., but a cloudy }| | | |
| 18 |{sun at noon. }| 63 | 74 | 76 |
| |{ }| | | |
| 19 |{ }| 63 | 72 | 74 |
| |{ }| | | |
| 20 |{ }| 63 | 71 | 72 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | Sunday, | 64 | 73 | 75 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | | 65 | 74 | 75 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | | 66 | 73 | 75 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | | 65 | 74 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | | 66 | 74 | 77 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | | 64 | 75 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | | 64 | 72 | 74 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | Sunday, | 65 | 73 | 75 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | | 64 | 74 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | N.E. cold. | 61 | 63 | 65 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | | 58 | 66 | 73 |
| | | | | |
| 1824. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Jan. 1 | | 61 | 74 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 60 | 71 | 72 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 61 | 72 | 73 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | Sunday, | 60 | 70 | 74 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | | 61 | 73 | 75 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | | 63 | 75 | 77 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | | 65 | 77 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | | 65 | 82 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 66 | 84 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 65 | 83 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | Sunday, | 64 | 82 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | | 65 | 83 | 85 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 66 | 84 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 66 | 85 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | Elephant, | 70 | 85 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | | 75 | 86 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | | 74 | 85 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | Sunday, | 75 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | | 75 | 90 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 74 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | | 75 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | | 74 | 86 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Mar. 2 | | 80 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 77 | 94 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | | 78 | 95 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | | 78 | 95 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | | 80 | 95 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | Sunday, | 79 | 96 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | | 80 | 95 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 79 | 91 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 79 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 78 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | | 79 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 78 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | Sunday, | 80 | 95 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | | 82 | 95 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | | 80 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | | 79 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | Winds south. | 79 | 92 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | Heavy dull sky. | 78 | 91 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 79 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | Sunday, | 79 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | | 78 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | North breeze. | 75 | 90 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | | 76 | 89 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | | 77 | 90 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | | 78 | 94 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | | 80 | 95 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | Sunday, | 83 | 99 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | | 85 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | | 84 | 98 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | | 85 | 99 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| Apr. 1 | | 86 | 97 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 85 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 84 | 95 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | Sunday, | 79 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | | 84 | 96 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | | 86 | 99 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | | 87 | 98 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | Slight rain with | 86 | 100 | 104 |
| | lightning. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 90 | 101 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 87 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | Sunday, | 88 | 100 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | | 86 | 102 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 87 | 103 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 86 | 101 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | | 87 | 101 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | | 86 | 100 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | | 85 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | Sunday, | 86 | 101 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | | 84 | 101 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 85 | 100 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | | 86 | 100 | 106 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | N.W. wind, | 86 | 100 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | | 85 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | Thick atmosphere. | 86 | 102 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | Sunday, | 79 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 26 |} {| 86 | 103 | 103 |
| |} Violent {| | | |
| 27 |} N.W. {| 86 | 102 | 102 |
| |} winds. {| | | |
| 28 |} {| 83 | 102 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | | 80 | 102 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | | 82 | 103 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| May 1 | | 86 | 104 | 106 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | Dull and thick, | 83 | 100 | 104 |
| | with wind. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3 |} {| | | |
| |} {| | | |
| 4 |} Rain, {| 83 | 100 | 100 |
| |} Thunder. {| | | |
| 5 |} {| 81 | 100 | 100 |
| |} {| | | |
| 6 |} {| | | |
| | | | | |
| 7 | | 86 | 98 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | | 85 | 99 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | Sunday, | 87 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 88 | 99 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 87 | 97 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | | 89 | 99 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | First day of | 88 | 99 | 106 |
| | summer. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 80 | 99 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | | 81 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | Sunday, | 86 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | | 84 | 99 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | | 86 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | | 87 | 101 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 88 | 102 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | | 86 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | | 85 | 99 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | Sunday, | 86 | 98 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 24 |} {| 88 | 101 | 102 |
| |} {| | | |
| 25 |} Sun rises at {| 87 | 100 | 103 |
| |} 5. 10. and {| | | |
| 26 |} the day is {| 88 | 100 | 104 |
| |} 13h. 10m. {| | | |
| 27 |} sets 6. 10. {| 87 | 101 | 103 |
| |} {| | | |
| 28 |} {| 88 | 102 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | Morning, thick | 89 | 101 | 102 |
| | hot vapours. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 30 | Sunday. Night | 91 | 100 | 101 |
| | stormy, no rain. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 31 | | 88 | 98 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| June 1 | | 90 | 101 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 89 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 90 | 103 | 105 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | | 90 | 102 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | Dull. | 89 | 103 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | Sunday, | 88 | 102 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | | 87 | 101 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | | 88 | 99 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 89 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 87 | 98 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 87 | 97 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | Wind S.S.E. | 89 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | Sunday, | 88 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 89 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | | 90 | 101 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| July 19 | | 80 | 87 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | | 78 | 87 | 89 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | Much rain. | 79 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | Dull. | 80 | 86 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | | 80 | 90 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | | 79 | 89 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | Sunday, | 80 | 91 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | | 80 | 90 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | | 78 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | | 79 | 87 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | | 78 | 88 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | | 80 | 89 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | | 80 | 89 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| Aug. 1 | Sunday, | 81 | 92 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | | 81 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | | 80 | 90 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | | 78 | 87 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | | 79 | 89 | 92 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | Sultry. Aide | 80 | 94 | 95 |
| | kebir. | | | |
| | | | | |
| 7 | Night, rain. | 81 | 91 | 93 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | Sunday, | 78 | 84 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | | 79 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | | 80 | 89 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | | 79 | 88 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | Much rain. | 80 | 89 | 90 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | | 78 | 80 | 82 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | | 79 | 81 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | Sunday, | 76 | 82 | 81 |
+-----------+-------------------+-------+------+-------+
* * * * *
_Thermometrical Journal kept at Kano._
+------------+--------+-------------------------+
| | | Fah. Thermometer. |
| Date. | Winds. +--------+-------+--------+
| | | 6 a.m. | Noon. | 3 p.m. |
+------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+
| January | | | | |
| 1824. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 25 | E.N.E. | 83 | 84 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | E.N.E. | 82 | 84 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | N.E. | 64 | 79 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | N.E. | 65 | 80 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | N.E. | 74 | 75 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | N.E. | 74 | 76 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | N.E. | 72 | 75 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| February | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 1 | N.E. | 80 | 82 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | N.E. | 73 | 79 | 79 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | N.E. | 69 | 79 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 4 | N.E. | 70 | 79 | 78 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | N.E. | 79 | 83 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | E.N.E. | 79 | 82 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | E.N.E. | 81 | 84 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 8 | N.E. | 79 | 84 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | N.E. | 75 | 79 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | N.E. | 77 | 80 | 80 |
| | | | | |
| 11 | N.E. | 74 | 74 | 74 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | N.E. | 70 | 73 | 73 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | N.E. | 69 | 73 | 74 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | N.E. | 72 | 74 | 74 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 15 | N.E. | 72 | 76 | 76 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | N.E. | 74 | 82 | 83 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | N.E. | 74 | 84 | 84 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | N.E. | 81 | 85 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | N.E. | 82 | 87 | 87 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | N.E. | 81 | 85 | 86 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | E.N.E. | 82 | 86 | 87 |
| | | | | |
+------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+
_Thermometrical Journal kept at Sackatoo._
+------------+--------+-------------------------+
| | | Fah. Thermometer. |
| Date. | Winds. +--------+-------+--------+
| | | 6 a.m. | Noon. | 3 p.m. |
+------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+
|March 1824. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 16 | E.N.E. | 84 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | E.N.E. | 82 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 18 | E.N.E. | 84 | 91 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | E.N.E. | 86 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | E.N.E. | 82 | 93 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 21 | E.N.E. | 83 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | E.N.E. | 84 | 94 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | E.N.E. | 82 | 93 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | E.N.E. | 84 | 95 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 25 | E.N.E. | 83 | 96 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | E.N.E. | 82 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | E.S.E. | 82 | 94 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 28 | E.S.E. | 86 | 96 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | E.S.E. | 84 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | E.S.E. | 84 | 96 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 31 | E.S.E. | 81 | 96 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| April. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 | E.S.E. | 79 | 94 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 2 | E.S.E. | 78 | 94 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | E.S.E. | 84 | 98 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 4 | E.N.E. | 74 | 95 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 5 | E.N.E. | 83 | 92 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 6 | E.N.E. | 76 | 98 | 101 |
| | | | | |
| 7 | E.N.E. | 77 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 8 | E.N.E. | 78 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 9 | E.N.E. | 85 | 98 | 99 |
| | | | | |
| 10 | E.N.E. | 84 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 11 | S.W. | 84 | 95 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 12 | S.W. | 84 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 13 | S.W. | 84 | 99 | 103 |
| | | | | |
| 14 | S.W. | 84 | 104 | 108 |
| | | | | |
| 15 | S.W. | 86 | 103 | 106 |
| | | | | |
| 16 | S.W. | 87 | 102 | 106 |
| | | | | |
| 17 | S.W. | 89 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 18 | S.W. | 87 | 97 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 19 | S.W. | 87 | 100 | 104 |
| | | | | |
| 20 | S.W. | 88 | 99 | 100 |
| | | | | |
| 21 | S.W. | 84 | 92 | 95 |
| | | | | |
| 22 | S.W. | 85 | 91 | 97 |
| | | | | |
| 23 | S.W. | 81 | 96 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 24 | S.W. | 78 | 81 | 82 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 25 | S.W. | 74 | 92 | 91 |
| | | | | |
| 26 | S.W. | 79 | 94 | 96 |
| | | | | |
| 27 | S.W. | 76 | 92 | 98 |
| | | | | |
| 28 | S.W. | 79 | 89 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| 29 | S.W. | 74 | 100 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 30 | S.W. | 76 | 91 | 94 |
| | | | | |
| May. | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1 | S.W. | 76 | 98 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| Sunday, 2 | S.W. | 76 | 99 | 102 |
| | | | | |
| 3 | S.W. | 78 | 100 | 102 |
+------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+
NOTE.—The observations of the height of mercury in the barometer were
mostly discontinued at Kouka, partly from the illness of Dr. Oudney,
who took charge of the instrument, and partly from the uncertainty of
its accuracy. At Tripoli it was regularly registered three times a day
for about three months, the mean height during that period being 30,39
inches. About the middle of the desert, and indeed most of the way from
Mourzuk to the Yeou, it generally stood about 28,50, and at Kouka from
28,72 to 29 inches.
THE END.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS.
[Illustration: From Sketches by Major Denham.
Etched by E. Finden.
FIG. 1. QUIVER OF ARROWS OF THE MUNGA NATION; FIG. 2. ONE
OF THE ARROWS; FIG. 3. CAP OF THE QUIVER.
FIG. 4. BOW OF THE MUNGA NATION.
FIG. 5. 6. & 7. JAVELINS OF CENTRAL AFRICA.
FIG 8. CASE SUSPENDED FROM THE SADDLE, TO RECEIVE THE POINTS
OF THE JAVELINS.
_Published Feb. 1826, by John Murray, London._]
[Illustration: From Drawings by Major Denham.
Engraved by E. Finden.
FIG. 1. SADDLE AND SABRE-TASCHE OF THE PRINCE OF BEGHARMI.
FIG. 2. DOUBLE-HEADED LANCE OF THE CAVALRY OF BEGHARMI.
FIG. 3. LANCE OF THE BODY-GUARD OF THE SHEIKH OF BOURNOU.
FIG. 4. JAVELIN OF CENTRAL AFRICA.
_Published Feb. 1826, by John Murray, London._]
[Illustration: From Drawings by Major Denham.
Engraved by E. Finden.
FIG. 1. & 2. FRONT VIEW AND PROFILE OF A CHANFRON USED BY THE
CAVALRY OF BOURNOU.
FIG. 3. & 4. HAND-BILLS CALLED BY THE NATIVES HUNGA-MUNGAS, USED
BY THE INFANTRY TO THROW AT A RETREATING ENEMY.
FIG. 5. BATTLE-AXE SUSPENDED FROM THE SADDLE-BOW.
FIG. 6. & 7. DAGGER AND ITS SHEATH, CONSTANTLY WORN ON THE
LEFT ARM BY THE CHIEFS.
FIG. 8. & 9. FRONT AND BACK OF AN IRON CUIRASS, WORN BY THE
CHIEFS OF BOURNOU.
_Published Feb. 1826, by John Murray, London._]
Transcriber's note:
An entry for the Prefatory notice by John Barrow has been added to
the table of contents.
pg xvi-xvii (footnote 1) Changed: poor in the grusses to: grasses
pg liii Changed: Mahomet ben Kaml to: Raml
pg lv Changed: a bowl of libau to: liban
pg 105 Changed: hung round ther necks to: their
plate 16 (caption) Changed: ATTACH IN MUSFEIA. to: ATTACK ON
MUSFEIA.
pg 220 (in table, row: Ear) Changed: 2[ft.] 2 by 2 6[in.] to:
2 by 2[ft.] 6[in.]
(changed as seen in French transl. of this edition, 1826)
pg 268 (footnote 52) Changed: flows near Darpoor to: Darfoor
After Denham's Narrative:
pg 77 Changed: expedition under Abdecachman to: Abderachman
pg 152 Changed: named Fair (Tyrwhit) to: Tair
pg 162 Changed: Amoug the provinces to: Among
pg 194 Changed: S. albovittalus to: albovittatus
pg 231 Changed: universall exist in to: universally
List of plates Changed: Salt Lake Tegishy to: Salt Lake at Tegerhy
The list of plates has been moved from the end of the book to after
the table of contents.
Minor changes in punctuation and fixes of typographical errors have
been done silently.
Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.
In the LETTERS table (Excursion to the Westward of Mourzuk),
the Tuarick characters have been indicated as [Symbol] followed by
the inferred Tifinagh equivalent, when possible.