concomitant of civilization. As soon as the white settlers had planted
themselves securely at Pittsburgh, they made requisition on Philadelphia
for six thousand kegs of flour and three thousand kegs of whiskey—a
disproportion as startling as Falstaff’s intolerable deal of sack to one
half-pennyworth of bread. Congress, in 1791, passed an excise law to
assist in paying the war debt. The measure was very unpopular, and its
operation was forcibly resisted, particularly in Pittsburgh, which was
noted then, as now, for the quantity and quality of its whiskey. There
were distilleries on nearly every stream emptying into the Monongahela.
The time and circumstances made the tax odious. The Revolutionary War had
just closed, the pioneers were in the midst of great Indian troubles,
and money was scarce, of low value and very hard to obtain. The people
of the new country were unused to the exercise of stringent laws. The
progress of the French Revolution encouraged the settlers to account
themselves oppressed by similar tyrannies, against which some of them
persuaded themselves similar resistance should be made. Genêt, the French
demagogue, was sowing sedition everywhere. Lafayette’s participation
in the French Revolution gave it in America, where he was deservedly
beloved, a prestige which it could never have gained for itself.
Distillers who paid the tax were assaulted; some of them were tarred
and feathered; others were taken into the forest and tied to trees;
their houses and barns were burned; their property was carried away or
destroyed. Several thousand insurgents assembled at Braddock’s Field, and
marched on Pittsburgh, where the citizens gave them food and submitted
to a reign of terror. Then President Washington sent an army of fifteen
thousand troops against them, and they melted away, as a mob will ever do
when the strong arm of Government smites it without fear or respect.
[Illustration: THE COAL FLEET.]
Pittsburgh was incorporated a borough in 1794. Her first glassworks was
built in 1797; and both her population and her industries multiplied
until she was made a city in 1816. In 1845 (April 10th), a great fire
destroyed about one third of the total area of the city, including
most of the large business houses and factories, the bridge over the
Monongahela, the large hotel known as the Monongahela House and several
churches;—in all about eleven hundred buildings. The Legislature
appropriated $50,000 for the relief of the sufferers.
In 1877, the municipal government, being, in its personnel, at the moment
incompetent to preserve the fundamental principles on which it was
established, permitted a strike of railroad employees to grow without
restriction as to the observance of law and order until it became an
insurrection. Three million dollars’ worth of property was destroyed by
riot and incendiarism in a few hours. When at last outraged authority
was properly shifted from the supine city chieftains to the indomitable
State itself, it became necessary, before order could be restored, for
troops to fire, with a sacrifice of human life. The lesson was worth all
it cost, and anarchy has never dared to raise its head in the corporation
limits since that time.
[Illustration: CARNEGIE INSTITUTE.]
In 1889, the great flood at Johnstown, accompanied by a frightful
loss of life and destruction of property, touched the common heart of
humanity all over the world. The closeness of Johnstown geographically
made the sorrow at Pittsburgh most poignant and profound. In a few hours
almost the whole population had brought its offerings for the stricken
community, and besides clothing, provisions and every conceivable thing
necessary for relief and comfort, the people of Pittsburgh contributed
$250,000 to restore so far as possible the material portion of the loss.
Pittsburgh has thus passed through many battles, trials, afflictions
and adversities, and has grown in the strength of giants until it now
embraces in the limits of the county a population of over one million.
The tax valuation of her property is $554,000,000. Her share is more than
one half of the whole production in the United States of steel, steel
rails, coke, oil, plate glass, glassware, harness-leather and iron pipe.
She mines one quarter of the bituminous coal of the United States. She
has 2500 mills and factories, with an annual product worth $250,000,000,
and a pay-roll of $75,000,000. Her electric street-railway system
multiplies itself through her streets for 250 miles. Natural-gas fuel
is conveyed into her mills and houses through 1000 miles of iron pipe.
Her output of coke makes one train ten miles long every day throughout
the year. Her tonnage by river and rail exceeds the tonnage by river
and rail of any other city in the world; it is equal to one half the
combined tonnage of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Her rail tonnage
is three times as large as that of New York or Chicago, double that of
London, four times that of Paris, and greater than the combined tonnage
of New York, Boston and Chicago. Two hundred and fifty passenger trains
and six thousand loaded freight-cars run to and from her terminals every
day. Nowhere else in the world is there so large a Bessemer-steel plant,
crucible-steel plant, plate-glass plant, chimney-glass plant, table-glass
plant, air-brake plant, steel-rail plant, cork works, tube works or steel
freight-car works. Her armor sheathes our battleships, as well as those
of Russia and Japan. She equips the navies of the world with projectiles
and range-finders. Her bridges span the rivers of India, China, Egypt
and the Argentine Republic; and her locomotives, rails and bridges are
used on the Siberian railroad. She builds electric railways for Great
Britain and Brazil, and telescopes for Germany and Denmark. Indeed, she
distributes her varied manufactures into the channels of trade all over
the earth.
[Illustration: COURT HOUSE.]
But while these surpassing industries have given Pittsburgh her wealth,
population, supremacy and power, commercial materialism is not the
_ultima thule_ of her people. She has the largest and handsomest
court-house in the world, the crowning architectural triumph of H. H.
Richardson. Her churches and schoolhouses are found in nearly every
block. She spends a quarter of a million annually on her parks,—Schenley
and Highland. She maintains by popular support one of the three symphony
orchestras in America. She has given many famous names to Science,
Literature and Art. Her astronomical observatory is known throughout the
world. Her rich men are often liberal beyond their own needs—particularly
so William Thaw, who spent millions for education and benevolence;
Mrs. Mary Schenley, who has given the city a great park, four hundred
picturesque acres in the very heart of its boundaries; and Henry Phipps,
who erected the largest conservatory for plants and flowers in our
country. There is one other, Andrew Carnegie, whose wise and continuous
use of vast wealth for the public good is nearly beyond human precedent.
Mr. Carnegie has spent many millions on libraries, art galleries and
scientific museums in Pittsburgh alone, and millions more for similar
institutions in other parts of the world. The Carnegie Institute at
Pittsburgh, comprising Art Galleries, Library, Museum and Music Hall, now
in its fourth year, is the rallying-ground of the whole people in their
growing love of æsthetic and spiritual life. Its doors are open all day,
from nine in the morning until ten at night, free to the people. And
the people use it with delight, more than five hundred thousand of them
having thronged its halls in this past year.
Pittsburgh is truly an imperial city.
[Illustration: SEAL OF THE CITY.]
FOOTNOTES
[1] Reproduced by permission of Augustus Pruyn, Albany, N. Y.
[2] Reproduced by permission of Dr. Samuel B. Ward, Albany, N. Y.
[3] Reproduced by permission from _King Washington_, by Adelaide Skeel
and William H. Brearley.
[4] From _Book of Newburgh_.
[5] _From Spirit of ’76_.
[6] From _American Patriots_.
[7] Reproduced by permission from _Bowling Green_, by Spencer Trask.
[8] Reproduced by permission from _Bowling Green_, by Spencer Trask.
[9] Reproduced by permission from _The Outlook_.
[10] Reproduced by permission of Lewis C. Vandegrift, Wilmington, Del.
[11] Reproduced by permission of Henry C. Conrad, Wilmington, Del.
[12] Reproduced by permission of Buffalo Historical Society.
[13] Subsequently the river bore the name of North River, to distinguish
it from the Delaware, the South River of Nieu Nederlandt. In fact the
fair stream has been renamed as often as a Parisian street. Albany has
shared the fate of the river.
[14] The Chart illustrating this article is one of a later date.
[15] See page 93, Bradford’s _History of Plimoth Plantation. From the
original manuscript_. Boston, 1898. This original MS. in the above year
was transferred with appropriate ceremonies from the library of the
Archiepiscopal Palace at Fulham to the archives of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts.
[16] The writer is indebted to As-que-sent-wah, a member of the Onondaga
tribe, an authority upon Indian local lore, and well known among white
men as Edward Winslow Paige, for an account of the tradition which fixes
the residence of Hiawatha at Schonowe. Mr. Paige owns the lot at the west
end of Union Street on the bank of the Binnekill, upon which the castle
and residence stood. He points out to the visitor existing traces of the
Indian occupation.
[17] He was drowned in October, 1667, in Lake Champlain, while journeying
to Canada in response to the pressing invitation of the Governor General
to visit him.
[18] Governor Leisler was afterwards unjustly condemned and executed for
high treason; the destruction of Schenectady being one of the charges
against him.
[19] He came again in 1782, when the struggle was practically over.
The authorities and the people did their utmost in his honor. This he
suitably acknowledged in a letter addressed “To the magistrates and
military authorities of the township of Schenectady,” closing in these
words: “May the complete blessings of peace soon reward your arduous
struggle for the freedom and independence of our common country.”
[20] “Ten eynde de Gemeente niet verstroyt werde.”
[21] EPITAPH OF JOSHUA DE KOCKERTHAL, IN BURYING-GROUND AT SAUGERTIES, N.
Y.
Wisse Wandersman Unter diesem Steine Rusht nebst Seiner Sibylla Charlotte
Ein Rechter Wandersman Per Hoch Jeutsehen in Nord America ihr Josua und
der selben an Der Ost and West seite Der Hudson’s River rein Lutherischer
Prediger. Seine erste an Kunft war mit Lrd Lovelace, 1707-8, den 1
Januar. Seine sweite mit Col. Hunter 1710 d. 14 Juny. Seine Englandische
ruc reise unterbrach Seine Seelen Himmelische reise an St. Johannis sage
1719. Regherstu mehr Ku wissen So untersuche in Welaneh thons vaterland,
Wer war de Kockerthal, Wer Harschias, Wer Winchenbuch, B. Berkenmayer, S.
Heurtin, L. Brevort.
MDCCXLII.
Know, Wanderer, under this stone rests beside his Sybilla Charlotte a
right wanderer, the Joshua of the High Dutch in N. America, the pure
Lutheran Preacher of them on the East and West side of the Hudson River.
His first arrival was with Lord Lovelace in 1707, the first of January.
His second with Colonel Hunter, 1710, the fourteenth of June. His voyage
back to England was prevented (literally interrupted) by the voyage of
his soul to Heaven, on St. John’s Day, 1719. Do you wish to know more?
Seek in Melancthon’s fatherland who was Kockerthal, who was Harschias,
who Winchenbuch, B. Berkenmayer, S. Heurtin, L. Brevort.
1742.
[22] On this Glebe site was erected about 1730 the Lutheran Church of the
Palatine Parish by Quassaick. Reverend Michael Christian Knoll, Pastor.
From July 19, 1747, the Reverend Hezekiah Watkins of the Church of
England held services for about twenty-five years.
Erected by Quassaick Chapter, DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
[23]
IN MEMORY OF
REVEREND HEZEKIAH WATKINS
YALE 1737 ORDAINED 1754 IN ENGLAND
SENT HERE BY VEN. SOC. P. G. IN F. P.
FOUNDED THE PARISHES OF
S. DAVID’S, S. ANDREW’S AND S. GEORGE’S
RESIDENT MINISTER AT NEWBURGH
FROM 1752 UNTIL HIS DEATH.
APRIL 10, 1765. AET. 57.
_Tablet in S. George’s Church, Newburgh._
[24]
GEORGE CLINTON
MEMBER OF CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
1775-1777
BRIGADIER-GENERAL CONTINENTAL ARMY
1777
GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1777-85—1801-4
VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1804-1812
_Cara Patria Carior Libertas._
Inscription on Clinton Statue in Colden Square, Newburgh. Statue by
Henry Kirke Brown. Presented to the city by the Historical Society of
Newburgh Bay and the Highlands and other citizens. Unveiled on the
119th anniversary of the battles of Forts Clinton and Montgomery in the
Highlands.
[25] The change from Vredryk Flypse to Frederick Philips was
synchronously made—both names being changed at the same time.
[26] The word is commonly spelt thus for the mountains, but
thus—_Allegheny_—for the river, county and city.
[27] “The commissaries will issue a gill of whiskey, extraordinary,
to the non-commissioned officers and privates, upon this joyful
occasion.”—General Irvine’s Order.
[Illustration]
INDEX
A
Abercrombie, General, 30, 51
Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, 332
Ackland, Lady, 64
Adams, John, 266
Adams, Mrs. John, 310
Adams, John Quincy, 380
Albany, W. W. Battershall on, 1-37;
settled by Dutch, 1-9;
captured by English, 9;
incorporated, 10;
English church built, 14;
its frontier position, 15-18;
during the French wars, 18;
convention of 1754, 20;
in the Revolution, 20-23;
becomes the State Capital, 24;
historic survivals in, 24-37;
architecture of, 30-32;
the Capitol described, 32-34
Aldrich, T. B., 205
Allegheny, 414
_Almirante Oquendo_, 244
American Philosophical Society, 310, 318
Amersfoort, 216, 219
Amherst, Lord, 52
Amsterdam, 3, 6
André, John, in New York, 194;
capture of, 158-161
Andros, Edmund, 176
Army, American, volunteer system organized, 380
Arnold, B., at Saratoga, 62;
in Philadelphia, 312;
treason of, 160, 161, 182, 195
Arnold, Matthew, cited, 300
As-que-sent-wah, _see_ E. W. Paige
B
Baldwin’s Locomotive Works, 326
Baltimore, Congress flees to, 272
Barbadoes, Washington’s voyage to, 393
Barclay, Rev. T., quoted, 100
Barnard College, 207
Baron, Father, 407
Bartram, John, and his garden, 312, 314
Battershall, W. W., on Albany, 1-37
Bayard, James A., 360
Bayard, Richard A., 360
Bayard, Thomas F., 350, 351
Beatty, Charles, quoted, 268
Beatty, Rev., preaches first Protestant sermon at Pittsburgh, 407
Bedford, Gunning, 267
Bedford, Gunning, Jr., 358
Beecher, H. W., 247
Beekman Mansion, 195-197
Belcher, Governor J., 252, 257
Bemis Heights, 23, 41, 64
Bennington, battle of, 58
Bertholf, Rev. G., at Tarrytown, 154
Beverwyck, 73, 81
Biddle, Colonel, 122
Bidwell, D. D., 390
Binney, Horace, house of, 318
_Bird Grip_, Swedish vessel, 337
Bjork, Rev. Eric, builds Old Swedes’ Church, 349
Black Rock, battery at, 373, 384
“Block House,” the Pittsburgh, 408
Bloomingdale, absorbed by New York, 188
Blue Anchor, the Swedish tavern, 301
Bordentown, 269
Boston, 181, 188
Boudinot, President, of Princeton, 288
Bouquet, Col. Henry, builds the “Block House,” 407;
defeats Indians, 407-410
Bowles, naval constructor, 244
Bowling Green, 193
Boyle, H., 107
Brackinridge, 269
Bracola, _see_ Brooklyn
Braddock, defeat and death of, 51, 399-404, 416
Braddock’s Field, 418
Bradford, Governor, quoted, 4, 6
Bradford, press of, 306
Brainerd, David, expelled from Yale, 256
Brandt, 56
Brazil, Emperor of, 206
Breuckelen, _see_ Brooklyn
Brewster, E. A., 135
Brinkerhoff, M., 132
Broadhead, Colonel, attacks Indians, 412
Brocklandia, _see_ Brooklyn
Broecke, _see_ Brooklyn
Broeckede, _see_ Brooklyn
Broicklede, _see_ Brooklyn
Bronck, Jonas, 77, 80
Brooklyn, 181, 186, 271;
Harrington Putnam on, 213-249;
Dutch settlement, 213;
Dutch settlers described, 216-220;
first church, 220-222;
British rule, 224-227;
battle of Long Island, 228-240;
the Navy Yard, 242;
Fort Lafayette, 244-248;
modern Brooklyn, 248
Brooklyn Institute, 249
Brown, General, in War of 1812, 378, 380, 381
Brown, H. K., 119, 125, 135
Bryant, Wm. Cullen, 215
Buffalo, Rowland B. Mahany on, 367-391;
founding of, 367;
early history, 368;
incorporated, 370;
strategic position in the War of 1812, 373;
Perry’s victory, 376;
burning of, 377;
battle of Chippewa, 378;
Lundy’s Lane, 380;
unsuccessful siege by the British of Fort Erie, 381;
the Erie Canal, 382-384;
the modern city, 385-391
Burgoyne, surrender at Saratoga, 22, 23, 58-68;
imprisoned at Albany, 28
Burns, Robert, statue of, 36
Burr, Aaron, 28, 204, 205, 254, 259, 267
Burr, Rev. Aaron, 252, 259
Burr, Dr. Horace, 350
Burwell, Dr. G. N., 389
Bushy Run, battle at, 410
C
Cadwalader, in battle of Princeton, 275
_Caledonia_, captured in War of 1812, 374
Campanius, at Fort Christina, 339
Campbell, Douglas, cited, 6
Canada acquired by England, 19
Carnahan, James, 292
Carnegie, Andrew, 424
Carnegie Institute, 424
Carpenters’ Hall, 314
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 28
Caverley’s statue of Burns, 36
Celeron, Louis, 397
Centennial Exhibition of 1876, 332
Champlain, Samuel, 45
Chapin, E. P., 390
Charles I., 13, 346
Charles II., 175
Chemnitz, surrender of, 339
Cherry Valley, 49
Chippewa, battle of, 378, 380
Christiana, Swedes settle on the, 337;
fortified, 355
Christina, Queen, 336
Christina Harbor, village of, 339
Christinaham, 346, 347
Church, S. H., on Pittsburgh, 393-426
Cincinnatus, Society of, 132
Clark, Abraham, signer, 268
Clinton, DeWitt, 205;
favors Erie Canal, 382, 383
Clinton, General George, at Saratoga, 69;
at Newburgh, 124-126
Clinton, Sir Henry, 194, 229, 236
Clinton, James, 124
Coit, George, 384
Colden, C., 121
Colden, Maria, 122
College Settlement, New York, 208
Colonnade Hotel, Philadelphia, 326
Columbia University, 207, 211
Colve, Captain, 175
Congress, first general American, 94
Congress, Continental, Witherspoon elected to, 265;
flees to Baltimore, 272;
meets in Nassau Hall, 286, 288;
Declaration of Independence, 318;
and the Indians, 412
Congress, U. S., and Whiskey Insurrection, 417
Congress Spring, _see_ Saratoga
_Connecticut_, the, captured in War of 1812, 374
_Constitution_, the, 242
Constitution, U. S., adoption of, 367
Contrecœur, Captain, 399
Convention of 1787, 290
Cooper, J. Fenimore, 29, 110, 157, 205
Cooper Institute, 204
Cornwallis, Lord, 194;
at Brooklyn, 234-237;
at Trenton and Princeton, 271-283
Courcelle, 46
Coxe, Right Reverend A. C., 389
Cramps, shipbuilders, 326
Crane Hook, 349
Cronyn, Dr. John, 389
Crown Point, 40, 54
Curtis, G. W., 141, 205
D
“Daughters of the American Revolution,” 408
Davies, President, of Princeton, 259
de Beauvois, Carel, 222
Declaration of Independence, 265, 270, 318
de Kockerthal, Joshua, 107, 115
Delaware, Washington crossing the, 274
Delaware Historical Society, 358
Denny, Governor, 406
de Rochambeau, Count, 28
de Tracy, Lieutenant-General, 46
_Detroit_, the, captured in War of 1812, 374
Dickens, Charles, 206
Dickinson, John, 264
Dickinson, President, of Princeton, 252, 259
Dinwiddie, Governor, 394
Dongan, Governor, 10
Donop at Princeton, 282
Dordrecht, Synod of, 89
Dort, Synod of, 13
Downing, A. J., 116, 135
Downing, Charles, 135
Drummond, Lieutenant-General, besieges Fort Erie, 381
Duke Alexis, the Grand, 206
Duke of Veragua, 206
Duke of York, 9
Dunham, Carroll, 135
Dunlap, Wm., quoted, 17
Dunmore, Governor, at Pittsburgh, 410
Du Ponts, the, 357
Dutch church, Tarrytown, 152-156
Dutch East India Company, 3
Dutch West India Company, 7, 71, 75, 87, 335, 340
E
Eager, S. W., 135
_Eagle_, the, 341
Ebeling cited, 353
Ecuyer, Simon, 410
Edison, Thomas, 206
Edwards, Jonathan, at Princeton, 254, 256, 259
Elfsborg, 343
Elizabethtown, 252
Ellicott, Andrew, 367
Ellicott, Joseph, founds Buffalo, 367-369, 385;
favors Erie Canal, 382
Elliott, Lieut. J. D., in War of 1812, 374
Ellison house, Newburgh, 122, 126
Ellsworth, Oliver, 254, 291
Elsinborough, 343
Emperor of Brazil, 206
Erie Canal, history of, 104, 186, 382-385
Ettrick house, Newburgh, 128
F
Fairfax, Lord, estates of, 393
Fairmount Water-works, 324
Fall’s house, at Newburgh, 124
Faneuil Hall, 157
Fillmore, Millard, 383, 389
Finley, President, of Princeton, 260
Five Nations, _see_ Indians
Flash, Sandy, 362
Fletcher, Governor, 46
Flypse, Vredryk, _see_ Philips
Forbes, General, 405, 406
Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, 380
Forsythe, Rev. John, 135
Forts: Albany, 9;
Amsterdam, 172;
Ann, 97;
Box, 232;
Carillon, 40;
Casimir, 341;
Christina, 339, 341, 343, 360;
Clinton, 121, 124, 125;
Corkscrew, 232;
Crailo, 30;
Defiance, 232, 233, 417;
Duquesne, 51, 401, 405, 406;
Edward, 41, 58, 97;
Elfsborg, 340, 341;
Erie, 373, 378, 380, 381;
Frederick, 40, 48;
Frontenac, 405;
George, 380;
Greene, 232;
Hamilton, 216, 244;
Hardy, 66;
Hunter, 97;
Johnson, 97;
Lafayette, 244-248, 416;
Lee, 271;
Montgomery, 121, 124, 125;
Nassau, 337, 340;
Necessity, 399;
Niagara, 407;
Orange, 7-9, 12, 73, 75, 80, 83;
Pitt, 407-410, 413, 414, 416;
Putnam, 232, 233, 239;
Schuyler, 97;
Stanwix, 58;
Sterling, 233;
Sumter, 362;
Ticonderoga, 19;
Washington, 271;
Wayne, 417;
William Henry, 18
Fort Stanwix Conference, 53
Forward, Oliver, 384
_Fox’s Journal_, 300, 302
Francis I., 2
Franklin, Benjamin, 20, 28, 99, 205, 307, 400
Franklin Institute, 310
Franklin, William, 265
Fraser at Saratoga, 60-64
Fraunces, Samuel, 184
Fraunces’s Tavern, 184
Frederick, Harold, 29
Freeman’s Farm, 59, 61
Freerman, Rev. B., 95
French and Indian Wars, 16, 46, 50, 91-93
Freneau, 269;
quoted, 175
Frontenac, 46;
and the Schenectady Massacre, 92
Fugitive Slave Law, 362
Fulton, Robert, 185, 206
G
Ganson, John, 389
Garrett, Thomas, 362
Gates, General, displaces Schuyler, 22;
at Saratoga, 57-68, 122
_Gazette, The_, of Buffalo, 373;
of Pittsburgh, 416
Genêt, 418
George II., 17;
portrait of, 282, 287
George III., statue of, in Bowling Green, 194
Germantown in the Revolution, 320
Gibbs’s St. Martin in the Fields, 317
Gilder, J. B., on New York City, 169-211
Gilman, Governor, 69
Girard College, 326
Gist, Christopher, 394
Gowanus, 213, 218, 233;
Canal, 214
Grant, Major, defeat of, 405
Grant, Mrs., of Laggan, 18
Grant’s Hill, fight at, 405
Gravesend settled by English, 222
Gray’s Ferry, Hessians at, 320
Great Britain, wars with, 373-382, 411, 413
Great Meadows, battle at, 399
Greeley, Horace, 205
Green, Ashbel, 292
Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, 122;
plans defensive works for Brooklyn, 232;
in battle of Princeton, 276
Greenwich, New Yorkers at, 188
_Griffin_, La Salle’s vessel, 384
Gustavus Adolphus and Usselinx, 335
H
Hale, Nathan, statue of, 195
_Half Moon_, Hudson’s, 2, 3, 110, 170
Hall, James, 35
Hamilton, Alexander, 205;
marriage of, 28;
political principles of, 180;
in Philadelphia, 320
Hamilton, Governor, 252
Hancock, John, 314, 412
Hand, General, 276, 281, 412
Harlem absorbed by New York, 188
Harrison, Provost C. C., of University of Pennsylvania, 324
Hart, John, Signer, 268
Hasbrouck, Col. J., 121, 127
Hasbrouck House, 126
Hawley, Jesse, and the Erie Canal, 382
Headley, J. T., 111, 135
Helvetius, Madame, 310
Henry, Joseph, 35, 292
Hessians, at Trenton, 270-274;
at Gray’s Ferry, 320
Hiawatha, real story of, 81-83
Hitchcock at battle of Princeton, 281
Hodge, Mr., at Buffalo, 373
Holland Land Company, 369
Holland, laws of, 85;
States-General of, 3, 71, 143
Hollendare, Peter, 339
Holy Trinity church, Wilmington, 350
Hopkins, Stephen, 20
Hopkinson, Francis, Signer, 269
Houdon’s bust of Franklin, 308
Howe, Admiral, 230, 271, 272
Howe, Lord, 194;
at New York, 230, 236;
at Brooklyn, 239
Howe, Lord Viscount, death of, 19, 22, 51
Howells, W. D., 205
Hudde at Fort Nassau, 337
Hudson, Henry, 2, 3, 45, 110, 140, 142, 143, 164
“Hugh Wynne,” 318
Hunter, Governor, 14
I
Independence Hall, 157, 317
Indians in history of Saratoga, 16 _ff._;
of Schenectady, 75-84, 91-93;
of Buffalo, 369;
of Pittsburgh, 394-411, 416
Ingoldsby, Major, 48
Ingoldsby, Richard, 112
Iroquois, _see_ Indians
Irvine, Gen. Wm., 413
Irving, Washington, 9, 30, 81, 110, 161-166, 205, 344;
quoted, 146, 147
J
James, Duke of York, 175, 346
James, Henry, 29
James II., 91
Jamestown, Va., 157
Jay, John, 132, 180, 205
Jefferson, Thomas, writes Declaration of Independence, 265, 318
Jensen, Sally, 122
Jogues, Father, 9, 76
Johnson, Sir John, 97
Johnson, Sir William, 17, 51, 52, 97
Johnstown Flood, 421
Jumel Mansion, 202-204
Jumonville, death of, 399
K
Kalm, 314
Kayadrossera patent, the, 45, 53, 55