[1] See Morga's account of the martyrdom of the Franciscans, in
his _Sucesos_ (Hakluyt Soc. trans.), pp. 78-84; and that by Santa
Inés, in his _Crónica_, ii, pp. 273-581, 621-644. The latter writer
furnishes also biographical sketches of the martyrs (among whom was
Pedro Baptista). They were canonized in 1862.
Taikô-sama was a name adopted by Hideyoshi in 1591, when he made a
partial abdication of his power in favor of an adopted son. He died
in September, 1598.
[2] This confraternity was founded (1594) at Manila by a priest
named Juan Fernandez de León, who came to the islands in 1591. The
association was planned in imitation of that at Lisboa, and included
prominent members of all the orders, as well as secular persons. Its
first presiding officer was Luis Pérez Dasmariñas. In conjunction
with the Franciscans, the Confraternity of La Misericordia ("mercy")
administered the hospital for many years. See Santa Inés's _Crónica_,
ii, pp. 200-215.
[3] This was Fray Martin de León, according to Santa Inés (_Crónica_,
ii, p. 270).
[4] Food prepared from the sago-palm (see _Vol_. IV, p. 276).
[5] Husk of the cocoa-nut (Retana's edition of Zúñiga's _Estadismo_,
ii, p. 449*).
[6] _Ketchil_, a Malay word signifying "little, young;" hence a
young man of distinction, a son or brother of the Molucca princes:
in Amboina it is the designation of the heir-apparent. Marsden's
_Dictionary_, cited by Stanley, in his translation of Morga (Hakluyt
Soc. publications), p. 59.
[7] The salambao is a raft of reeds or bamboo; on which is erected an
apparatus not unlike the mast and yard of a square-rigged ship. To
one end of the yard is attached a net which may be raised from and
lowered into the water. This contrivance is called by the natives
_timba_. See full description of the salambao, and of other native
modes of fishing, in Zúñiga's _Estadismo_ (Retana's ed.), i, pp. 199,
200; and illustration of this apparatus in F. Jagor's _Travels in
the Philippines_ (London, 1875), p. 47.
[8] "The black people or Caffares of the land of Mozambique, and
all the coast of Ethiopia and within the land to the Cape de Bona
Speranza." ... "The Portingales do make a living by buying and selling
of them" (Linschoten's _Voyage_ (Hakluyt Soc. trans., London, 1885),
vol. i, pp. 269, 277).
[9] _Blanca_: half a maravedi, equivalent to nearly one mill in
U.S. money.
[10] A law dated 1556 provides that jettisons are to be reckoned as
risks in common, and to be distributed among ship, freight-money,
and cargo. See _Recop. leyes Indias_ (ed. 1841), lib. ix, tit. xxxix,
ley x.
[11] Apparently referring to Fray Marcelo de Rivadeneira, one of the
Franciscans who went to Japan with Pedro Baptista. Rivadeneira wrote
a book, _Historia de las islas del Archipiélago_, etc. (Barcelona,
M.DC.I), which describes the countries of Eastern Asia, and relates
the history of Franciscan missions therein.
[12] In the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla, is a document which
contains the following statement: "I, Captain Joan de Bustamante,
accountant and official judge of the royal exchequer of the Filipinas
islands, certify that, according to the books, accounts, and papers of
the office and records of the said royal exchequer, it is not, since
the past year of fifteen hundred and eighty-one, when the cathedral
church of this city was founded by Don Fray Domingo de Salazar, first
bishop of these islands, up to the present year of fifteen hundred
and ninety-nine, evident nor apparent that there have been given from
the royal exchequer to the said church any bells, images, ornaments,
chalices, candelabra, missals, or choir-books for the service thereof;
nor has there been paid over for that purpose any coins of gold, as
appears by the said books and papers to which I refer. In certification
whereof, and that this may be apparent, I have, on the petition of the
dean and chapter, _sede vacante_, given these presents in Manila on the
fifth of July of the year one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine."
[13] _Vosotros_: the familiar form of the second person plural of
the personal pronoun; its use in this case was a mark of contempt
for his audience.
[14] The convent of San Francisco del Monte was situated at
somewhat more than a league from Manila; and an estate was granted
to the Franciscan order by Santiago de Vera, for the support of the
convent. See Santa Inés's _Crónica_, i, pp. 531-534, for full account
of its foundation.
[15] This dignitary was Fray Miguel Benavides, of the Dominican order;
see _Vol_. VII, p. 234.
[16] Morga says of this affair, in his _Sucesos_ (Hakluyt Soc. trans.),
p. 62: "Ronquillo was set at liberty on showing a private letter
from the governor, which he had sent him separately with the first
instructions, ordering him in any case to come to Manila with all his
forces, because he wanted them for other necessities of the islands;
and Don Juan said that on the strength of that letter he had not
waited for second instructions."
[17] According to Morga, this chief was killed by some of his own
followers, to gain the reward offered by the Spaniards.
[18] Span., _negros çambales_. It is possible that _y_ was omitted by
some error; or it may mean the blacks who lived in the hill-country
of the Zambales district. The Zambales were a Malay tribe; but, as
we have already seen (_Vol_. VIII, p. 218), their revolt against the
Spaniards in 1591-92 was in association with the Negritos of that
region. As will be remembered, the Zambales surviving that revolt
were placed in new settlements in other districts.
[19] Another corruption of Kuwambaku, the official appellation of
Hideyoshi, then ruler of Japan (see _Vol_. VIII, p. 262, and note 42).
[20] Morga states that Navarrete, after sending the letter to Tello
died at Nangasaki.
[21] Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acebedo, Conde de Monterey, was viceroy of
Nueva España from September 18, 1595, to September, 1603, when he
became viceroy of Peru; he died in March, 1606, while in the latter
office.
[22] This statement is somewhat blindly worded; but Tello apparently
means that the viceroy, to save expense to the royal treasury, sends
government supplies to the Philippines on private ships; and, instead
of paying the owners freight thereon, he permits them, contrary to
the royal decrees, to carry money to the islands for investment,
on which they make enormous profits.
[23] This letter was addressed to Felipe II; but of course its
writer had not then received news of the king's death, which occurred
September 13, 1598; he was succeeded by his son, Felipe III (_Vol_. 1,
p. 353).
[24] See list of encomiendas existing in 1591 (_Vol_. VIII); this
encomienda is there named Passi.
[25] These italic paragraphs are a part of the letter itself. The
matter included in brackets and preceded by the words "_In the margin_"
is remarks written in Spain.
[26] The letters or words in brackets are conjectural readings, the
original being illegible or worn in many places. When no conjectural
reading is given, the break is indicated by leaders.
[27] A sort of vessel with lateen-rigged sails, used in the Levant
trade; the name is of Arabic origin.
[28] Thus in original--apparently a misnumbering of paragraphs.
[29] See La Concepcion's account of Dasmariñas's unfortunate expedition
(_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 231-277).
[30] Bolinao is the name of a cape at the northwest extremity of the
peninsula of Zambales, Luzón; also applied to a narrow channel between
that cape and the small island of Santiago. The submarine cable from
Hongkong formerly landed here, but now reaches Manila direct.
[31] The paragraphs in italics which accompany the sections of Tello's
letter are apparently brief summaries thereof, made by some clerk
for the use of the Council of the Indias.
[32] Referring to the diocese of Nueva Cáceres (also known as
Camarines). It was offered successively to three Franciscans, two of
whom declined the honor; the third, Fray Pedro Bautista, was already
a martyr in Japan when the royal decree arrived at Manila. The office
was finally conferred (1600) upon Francisco de Ortega, O.S.A. Benavides
was the first bishop of Nueva Segovia, and Agurto of Cebú.
[33] A grant of graces, indulgences, and dispensations awarded by
the Holy See to the faithful of either sex, inhabitants of Spain,
Portugal, their colonies, and the kingdom of Naples. The condition
requisite for the enjoyment of these favors is the contribution yearly
of a small alms for the support of divine worship and maintenance of
institutions of beneficence, as hospitals, asylums, and the like. Among
the privileges granted are absolution from reserved cases, commutation
of vows, exemption from abstinence and fasts, and so on. In former ages
the alms thus contributed were employed in battles against infidels and
heretics. The document empowering the recipient of the above favors
to make use of them must be printed on stamped paper, and sealed and
signed by the commissary-general apostolic delegated therefor by the
Holy See. The dispensation must be renewed yearly. Moroni--_Dizionario_
(Venezia, 1840), v, 283-285--states that, from the revenue thus
received from the Crusade sales annually, the following amounts are
turned over to the Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul in the Vatican,
for its support, viz.: by Spain, $12,000; by Portugal, $4,000; by
Brazil, $2,000; by Naples, about $700. (See Ferraris--_Bibliotheca_,
art. "Bulla Cruciatæ.")--_Rev. T.C. Middleton_, O.S.A.
[34] Another appellation of the diocese of Nueva Segovia, which
comprised the province of Cagayan.
[35] This was Fray Pedro de Agurto, bishop of Cebú; his official
appellation in the text is derived from the name of the capital city
of Cebú. Agurto was a native of Mexico; he became a friar in the
Augustinian order, in which he filled many important posts. He took
possession of his diocese of Cebú on October 14, 1598, and died at
Cebú on the tenth anniversary of that day (1608).