DESTINY OF THE MISSOURI RIVER.
What of the future? Is the useful purpose of the Missouri River in
the up-building of the West already fulfilled? Is its great history a
closed book? Such, it must be admitted, is the general view. In popular
estimation that river to-day is little more than a vast sewer, whose
seething, eddying waters bear down the sands and clay and débris from
the far upper country, scattering them along its course, swelling
the floods of the Mississippi, and pushing ever seaward the delta of
that mighty stream. To the railroads it is a million-dollar obstacle
wherever they want to cross it. As a competitive route of commerce it
has sunk beneath their notice. To the husbandman along its borders it
is a perpetual nightmare, for he knows not what morning he may awake
to find his worldly possessions ruthlessly swept away. From all points
of view it now seems like one of those things in the economy of nature
which could be dispensed with and the world be none the worse for its
absence.
[Sidenote: PAST AND PRESENT.]
Nevertheless the river is still there--a fact, a thing to be reckoned
with in some way or other. It will not let its presence be forgotten.
In its old-time fashion it carves up the lands, but with vastly greater
destructiveness now that they have become so valuable. Its terrible
ice gorges pile up as of yore, but are now more dreaded than they used
to be on account of the property along the banks. In other respects as
well it is the same peculiar stream that it has ever been. The weird
sandstorms drive over its illimitable bars, the willows bend to the
blast, and the swift-rolling waters are lashed into foam by the prairie
gale. In periods of calm its silvery sheen stretches away under the
morning and evening sun as when the pilot followed its interminable
windings through the prairies; and its resistless tide rushes on, as in
the blithe steamboat days, when it carried upon its bosom the commerce
of the valley.
But here the likeness between the past and present ends. No aboriginal
savage now roams upon its borders. The buffalo does not come to its
shore to quench his thirst, or to swim its current, or to cross upon
its ice. The lonely dwellers of the valley have long since ceased
to watch the eastern horizon where the river runs into the sky, for
the curling smoke no longer tells them of the approach of those
white-winged messengers of civilization, the Missouri River steamboats.
They are gone, its greatness and glory, never, in their ancient form,
to return.
[Sidenote: THE GERM OF EMPIRE.]
But the river itself is still there, and those who dwell on its shores
refuse to believe that its power for good has passed away. For years
they have wistfully looked upon its waters, flowing by in absolute
waste, and then upon the rich lands on either side, parching in a
rainless climate. A vague hope of what the river _may_ be already
possesses their minds. Does it not hold the secret germ of a mighty
future empire? Twenty-five millions of people these wasted waters could
sustain, if only they could be scattered upon the neighboring lands.
With great canals to divert them from the river, with great reservoirs
to keep them from going to waste, there would follow the necessary
millions of money and men to turn them to proper account.
This is the dream. Can it be realized, or must it always remain nothing
more than a dream? It is an engineering problem purely. The grand
desideratum would be that everywhere, whether upon the main stream or
its tributaries, the water could be saved and used in irrigation. But
the obstacles in the way of so complete a result seem at present almost
insurmountable. The higher tributaries can doubtless all be utilized,
but the main streams, in their lower courses, have so little fall that
it will be very difficult to build canals of sufficient length to get
the water upon the higher ground. Whether the water will ever have a
value that will justify pumping it to the necessary elevation it would
be unwise at present to hazard a conjecture. But even if not more than
half can be utilized, it will still be enough to maintain a population
equal to that at present existing in the entire arid region of the West.
[Sidenote: A MIGHTY FUTURE.]
Here, then, is the answer to our question--What of the future? Turn
this river out upon the lands. Unlock its imprisoned power. Where the
rains do not fall let it supply the need. Then the new and greater
history of the Missouri River will begin. Utility will take the place
of romance. The buffalo, the Indian, the steamboat, the gold-seeker,
the soldier, will be seen in its valley no more, but in their stead
the culture and comfort, and the thousand blessings that come with
civilization. Such, let us hope, in drawing the curtain over a mighty
past, will be the consummation of a still more mighty future.[74]
FOOTNOTES
[44] The fact of this attack on the _Sam Gaty_ has been questioned by
some; but there would seem to be no doubt of its truth in all essential
details.
[45] Brother of Susan B. Anthony, and at the present date editor of the
Leavenworth _Times_.
[46] This was the opinion naturally held by Southern sympathizers in
Missouri. The unbending will of this stern and ardent patriot would
overbear and crush without compunction anyone who had even a taint of
disloyalty about him. Though La Barge had taken a stand which was quite
as honorable, and more self-sacrificing than that of Lyon, still the
latter could not forget that the Captain’s environment and training had
made him more sympathetic with the Southern cause than a Northerner
could possibly be. Lyon’s temperament, moreover, aggravated the
severity of his patriotism. He was not popular with his associates in
the old army on account of his overbearing disposition.
[47] Fisk repeated the expedition several times. It virtually amounted
to emigration at government expense. The military authorities did not
think much of either Fisk or his scheme, and officially denounced
both. Thus General Sully, September 9, 1864: “Why will the government
continue to act so foolishly, sending out emigrant trains at great
expense? Do they know that most of the men that go are persons running
away from the draft?”
[48] In 1866 the _Deer Lodge_, which left Benton about May 20, met the
following boats on her way down: _St. John_ and _Cora_ at Fort Benton;
_Waverly_ at Eagle Creek; _Mollie Dozier_ and _W. J. Lewis_ at Fort
Galpin; _Marcella_ at Fort Charles; _Big Horn_, above Big Muddy; _Only
Chance_ 30 miles below Union; _Favorite_ and _Ontario_ 70 miles below;
_Tacony_ and _Iron City_ 130 miles below; _Amelia Poe_ and _Walter
B. Dance_ near White Earth River; _Jennie Brown_, _Peter Balen_, and
_Gold Finch_ in Big Bend; _Miner_ below Fort Clark; _Luella_ above
Fort Rice; _Helena_ at Fort Rice; _Tom Stevens_ 40 miles below Fort
Rice; _Huntsville_ at Grand River; _Lillie Martin_ at Island below
Grand River; _Sunset_ 20 miles below Swan Lake Bend; _Agnes_ at Devil’s
Island; _Ned Tracy_ and _Mary McDonald_ above Big Cheyenne; _Marion_ 30
miles above Fort Sully; _Jennie Lewis_ above Pierre; _Gallatin_ below
Fort Sully; _Rubicon_ at Cadet Island; _Lexington_ above Great Bend;
_Montana_ below Crow Creek; and _Ben Johnson_ at Bon Homme Island.
[49] The names were N. W. Burroughs, George Friend, Franklin Friend,
Abraham Low, James H. Lyons, Harry Martin, Frank Angevine, George
Allen, James Andrews, and James Perie (colored).
[50] This account is taken from the published narrative of Mr. Hubbell
in the St. Paul _Pioneer Press_ of December 11, 1898. Mr. Hubbell has
published several most interesting and valuable accounts in the St.
Paul papers of his early experiences as a Missouri River trader.
[51] “The _Ida Stockdale_ reached Fort Benton June 29, 1867. She could
not have returned to Trover Point before the 1st or 2d of July. The
_Sunset_ picked up the boy July 11. The time that he was alleged
to have been lost could therefore not have been far wrong, and the
distance he traveled is known with accuracy.”
[52] “The _Spread Eagle_ is just along side of us and we are having
a race, probably the first ever run on the upper Missouri. She
passed us and then we passed her, when she ran into us, breaking our
guard and doing some other damage. There was a good deal of angry
talk.”--_Harkness’ Journal_. (This journal of the voyage of 1862 and of
Harkness’ trip to the mines and his return to St. Louis is published in
the Proceedings of the Montana Historical Society, vol. ii.)
[53] See page 122.
[54] What is now the town of Deer Lodge, Mont., was first named La
Barge City, and was so known for about two years. The name was given
by two friends of Captain La Barge, John S. Pemberton of St. Louis and
Leon Quesnelle, a descendant of the Quesnelle who seems to have been
the first permanent settler at Bellevue, Neb. Quesnelle had been in the
Deer Lodge Valley for some time, and had a ranch near where the town
was afterward built. Two years later the town site was organized by
James Stuart and others, surveyed and laid out by W. W. De Lacy, and
rechristened Deer Lodge. The original town site plot of La Barge City
is in possession of the Montana Historical Society.
[55] Letter from S. N. Latta, agent, to W. P. Dole, Commissioner Indian
Affairs, dated Yankton, Dak., August 27, 1863. See report Com. Ind.
Affs., 1863, p. 170.
[56] The two Indian agents profess in their reports not to have
anticipated any trouble. Latta would hardly have ordered the yawl out
if he had suspected what actually occurred. Reed, the Blackfoot agent,
says that they “continued to hollow to us for some time, and showed
great signs of friendship, and wanted us to come ashore.” The sum of
it all is that the two men who were officially in charge of the trip
entirely failed to understand the gravity of the situation, which was
thoroughly appreciated by those, like Culbertson and La Barge, who had
had long experience with the Indians. The sending of the yawl and the
consequences which followed must ever remain charged to the account of
Samuel N. Latta, Indian Agent.
[57] The account of what happened from the time the yawl left the
_Robert Campbell_ until it returned was given to the author in an
interview with Andy Stinger, the steersman and rescuer of the party.
[58]
“KNOB VIEW, CRAWFORD, CO., MO.
Sept. 2, 1896.
“MY DEAR OLD CAPTAIN
“JOSEPH LA BARGE,
“_My Dear Friend_: I should like to hear from you whether you are still
in the land of the living. Thank God for his mercies. Dear Captain I
should be happy to be with you a few hours and have a good talk over
the hardships of our past life steamboating, especially on the _Robert
Campbell_ in 1863 going to the mountains. It would give me great
pleasure to see you and all your family once more. It is a great many
years since I have heard anything from you. Please let me hear from you
soon. My love and friendship to you and all your family. I remain your
true friend untill death. From the Hero of the Tobacco Garden on _Bob
Campbell_ in 1863.
“WM. ANDY STINGER.
“P. S. Address
“Wm. A. Stinger,
“Knob View, Crawford Co. Mo.
“Farewell Dear Captain. May God bless you all with health and strength.”
[59] There are numerous authorities upon the affair of the Tobacco
Garden. The reports of both the agents Latta and Reed describe it.
Henry A. Boller, in his “Among the Indians,” describes it at length,
as does Larpenteur in his “Forty Years a Fur Trader.” The testimony of
Captain La Barge and Andy Stinger, who in each other’s presence related
the matter to the author, is here produced for the first time.
In his edition of “Larpenteur’s Journal,” referred to above, p. 352,
Dr. Elliott Coues makes the following statement: “I have offered in
writing to Captain Joseph La Barge to print in this connection any
statement concerning the affair that he might wish to make and would be
willing to sign; but up to date of going to press have not heard from
him.”
The inference from this is that Captain La Barge could not controvert
Larpenteur’s statements, or he would have done so when the opportunity
was given. This offer was sent to Captain La Barge through the author
of the present work. The old gentleman retained in his old age the same
spirit of haughty disdain for willful attempts to injure the reputation
of others that characterized his whole life, and he indignantly refused
to notice the matter. “Time will set this right,” he said. The truth is
that Charles Larpenteur, although very long in the Indian country, was
never a man of high standing there, and proved a failure in whatever he
undertook. Like all such men, he nursed the delusion that the world was
in league against him, and he took advantage of the opportunity offered
by the preparation of his memoirs to even matters up. Nearly everyone
with whom he deals comes in for a round measure of abuse, until one
is led to believe that Larpenteur was a saint, solitary and forlorn,
wandering disconsolate among the children of Beelzebub. Larpenteur
was probably an honest man in his business relations, but never an
able man, and his attempts to account for the consequences of his own
deficiencies by attributing them to the rascality of others, does not
add to the value of his memoirs as historical material. Bad as the
early population of that country was, it was not entirely composed of
scoundrels.
[60] This was the same man who served as clerk to Captain Bonneville in
the latter’s celebrated expeditions. He died March 15, 1864.
[61] Following are the official reports of Agents Latta and Reed upon
this event:
Report of Judge Latta, p. 164, Report Com. Ind. Aff., 1863. “The Crow
goods, as I have informed you [Commissioner Dole], were stored at Fort
Union by the steamer _Shreveport_. When the _Robert Campbell_ reached
the mouth of the Yellowstone, she could get no further, there being
only two feet of water in the channel above, it requiring five trips
of the steamer _Shreveport_ to convey the _Campbell’s_ freight to Fort
Union some six miles above. We found it utterly impossible to proceed
any further. The _Shreveport_, though a light-draught boat, could not
have passed up empty.”
Report of Dr. Reed, p. 172, Report Com. Ind. Aff., 1863. “We got to
the mouth of the Yellowstone River after the most untiring efforts,
especially on the part of Captain La Barge, who seemed to know the only
channel in the Missouri, about the 7th of July. After passing the mouth
of the Yellowstone, it was found that the Missouri River was extremely
low; indeed lower than ever known at this season of the year. It was
found that even the _Shreveport_, a light-draught and small boat, could
scarcely get up to Fort Union with any load at all, and as the river
has been constantly falling, it was ascertained that there was no hope
at all of getting to Milk River, the next fort above. Chouteau, with
a light-draught boat and not a large load, had just left his goods on
the bank, not being able to get up to Milk River fort. Under these
circumstances, especially as there were no teams at Fort Union and
the Indians (Sioux) were all through the country, so that no company
could go either with a mackinaw boat or by land, with any safety,
except under escort, it was thought not only advisable but the only
course, to stow away the goods, and leave them until next spring at
Fort Union. The man in charge of the fort said there was an abundance
of room, and there would be no danger unless the Indians should attack
the fort; then the goods would have to share the lot of all the other
goods and the people of the fort. The goods are all safely stored and
every prospect of everything being right. Of course Captain La Barge is
responsible, as the Blackfeet goods are not to their destination nor
the bills of lading receipted; though I must say I never saw men more
anxious to get up, nor do more night and day, to get along; and could
the goods have been at St. Louis by the 10th or 12th of April, they no
doubt would have all been distributed by this time.”
[62]
Blackfoot annuities, 142,862 lbs., freight St. Louis
to Fort Benton, at 11 cents per pound, $15,714.82
Crow annuities, 12,572 lbs., freight St. Louis to
the mouth of Milk River, at 8 cents, 1,005.76
Demurrage, 33 days at $300 per day, 9,900.00
----------
$26,620.58
Only payment ever received on this claim, 7,206.55
----------
Balance unpaid, $19,414.03
[63] Galpin’s mission to Washington was to secure reimbursement of a
ransom which he had paid for the liberation of a white female prisoner,
who had been captured the year before at the time of the Minnesota
massacres. Galpin had been sent by La Barge from Fort La Framboise to
rescue the prisoner, and had been compelled to pay fifteen hundred
dollars. Captain La Barge took her down in his boat to Sioux City,
whence she was sent home. He had Galpin go with him to Washington to
assist in presenting the matter to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The
ransom money was reimbursed in full.
[64] “What consideration will induce you to give up war and remain
at peace?” is the hypothetical question of a certain Indian agent
to a tribe of the Sioux in 1867. And the hypothetical answer, based
upon his many talks with them, was this: “Stop the white man from
traveling across our lands; give us the country which is ours by right
of conquest and inheritance, to live in and enjoy unmolested by his
encroachments, and we will be at peace with all the world.”
[65] Gruff old General Harney had his own views upon this treaty
business. When Commissioner Cummings came down the river from the
council with the Blackfeet, and, having lost his mules at Fort Pierre,
besought the General to give him some others to complete his journey
with, the General replied: “Yes, Colonel, I have plenty of mules, but
you can’t have one; and I only regret that when the Indians got your
mules they didn’t get your scalp also. Here all summer I and my men
have suffered and boiled to chastise these wretches, while you have
been patching up another of your sham treaties to be broken to-morrow
and give us more work.”
“It is beyond question that such a system of treaty-making is, of all
others, the most unpolitic, whether negotiated with savage or civilized
peoples, and ... aside from its effect in encouraging and stimulating
breaches of treaties of peace, is always attended with fraud upon the
government and upon the Indian.”--_General John Pope, Report of August
3, 1864._
[66] “Send me one man who will tell the truth and I will talk with
him,” was the laconic reply of a celebrated chief who had been asked to
meet a government commission in council.
[67] “Traders in former years have run the only boats to that region,
and had connected with their stores the only safe places for deposit;
hence a convenient mixture of government and traders’ goods has so
amalgamated matters as to have converted government annuities into
mercantile supplies.
“Our further progress up to the more remote tribes has disclosed to
us more mortifying evidence of negligence by former agents, and most
probably stupendous frauds and outrages.... Immediate arrangements
should be made to place the present agents independent of traders and
also to enable them to build safe storehouses, where the goods can be
properly protected and preserved....
“Deliveries of goods should be witnessed by some Federal officer
who should certify _that he saw the delivery_.”--_Report of the
Northwestern Treaty Commission to the Sioux of the Upper Missouri,
1866._
“The government appropriations are supposed to be liberal; but it so
happens that by the time they reach their destination, they have, and
not mysteriously either, dwindled down into a paltry present.”--_Henry
A. Boller, in “Among the Indians.”_
“This system of issuing annuity goods is one grand humbug.”--_Report of
Gen. Alfred Sully, August 18, 1864._
Evidence like the foregoing could be presented by the volume.
[68] “I saw, while at Sioux City, Captain La Barge, who had just
returned with his boat from the upper Missouri. Captain La Barge
has been in the American Fur Company employment for twenty-five
years, and says that never before this trip have the Indians been
unusually hostile. He says that now the whole Sioux nation is bound
for a war of extermination against the frontier, ... and that the
British government, through the Hudson Bay Company, are in his opinion
instigating all the Indians to attack the whites. He says British rum
from Red River comes over to the Missouri, and British traders are
among them [the Indians] continually. I have great confidence in his
judgment and opinion.”--_H. C. Nutt, Lieutenant Colonel Iowa State
Militia, to Hon. S. J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, dated Council Bluffs,
September 15, 1862._
[69] See page 277 for an account of the massacre of a party of miners
from Montana by these Indians.
[70] It has been asserted that the _Far West_ bore the first news of
the Custer massacre to the world; but this is not so. General Terry’s
dispatch to General Sheridan, written in camp on the Little Big Horn
June 27, was sent by courier to Fort Ellis, 240 miles distant, and
there put on the wire.
The following graphic account of the voyage of the _Far West_ is
well worth preserving in spite of its many errors of fact. As a word
picture of what was really a notable performance, it is a fine example
of journalistic writing. It is from the pen of M. E. Terry, and was
published in the _Pioneer Press_ of St. Paul in May, 1878:
“The steamer _Far West_ was moored at the mouth of the Little Big
Horn. The wounded were carried on board the steamer and Dr. Porter
was detailed to go down with them. Terry’s adjutant general, Colonel
Ed Smith, was sent along with the official dispatches and a hundred
other messages. He had a traveling-bag full of telegrams for the
Bismarck office. Captain Grant Marsh, of Yankton, was in command of
the _Far West_. He put everything in the completest order and took on
a large amount of fuel. He received orders to reach Bismarck as soon
as possible. He understood his instructions literally, and never did a
river man obey them more conscientiously. On the evening of the 3d of
July the steamer weighed anchor. In a few minutes the _Far West_, so
fittingly named, was under full head of steam. It was a strange land
and an unknown river. What a cargo on that steamer! What a story to
carry to the government, to Fort Lincoln, to the widows!
“It was running from a field of havoc to a station of mourners. The
steamer _Far West_ never received the credit due her. Neither has the
gallant Marsh; nor the pilots, David Campbell and John Johnson. Marsh,
too, acted as pilot. It required all their endurance and skill. They
proved the men for the emergency. The engineer, whose name is not known
to me, did his duty. Every one of the crew is entitled to the same
acknowledgment. They felt no sacrifice was too great upon that journey,
and in behalf of the wounded heroes. The Big Horn is full of islands,
and a successful passage, even on the bosom of a ‘June rise,’ is not
an easy feat. The _Far West_ would take a shoot on this or that side
of an island, as the quick judgment of the pilot would dictate. It is
no river, in the Eastern sense of that word. It is only a creek. A
steamboat moving as fast as a railway train in a narrow, winding stream
is not a pleasure. It was no pleasant sensation to be dashing straight
at a headland, and the pilot the only power to save. Occasionally the
bank would be touched and the men would topple over like ten-pins. It
was a reminder of what the result would be if a snag was struck. Down
the Big Horn the heroine went, missing islands, snags, and shore. It
was a thrilling voyage. The rate of speed was unrivaled in the annals
of boating. Into the Yellowstone the stanch craft shot, and down that
sealed river to pilots she made over twenty miles an hour. The bold
Captain was taking chances, but he scarcely thought of them. He was
under flying orders. Lives were at stake. His engineer was instructed
to keep up steam at the highest pitch. Once the gauge marked a pressure
that turned his cool head and made every nerve in his powerful frame
quiver. The crisis passed and the _Far West_ escaped a fate more
terrible than Custer’s. Once a stop was made, and a shallow grave
explained the reason. He still rests in that lone spot. Down the swift
Yellowstone, like shooting the Lachine Rapids, every mile a repetition
of the former. From the Yellowstone she sped into the broad Missouri,
and then there was clear sailing. There was a deeper channel and more
confidence. A few minutes were lost at Buford. Everybody at the fort
was beside himself. The boat was crowded with inquirers, and their
inquiries were not half answered when the steamer was away. At Berthold
a wounded scout was put off, and at Fort Stevenson a brief stop to tell
in a word what had happened. There was no difference in the speed from
Stevenson to Bismarck. The same desperate rate was kept up to the end.
They were approaching home with something of that feeling which always
moves the human heart. At eleven o’clock on the night of the 5th of
July they reached Bismarck and Fort A. Lincoln. One thousand miles in
fifty-four hours was the proud record.”
[71] Charles Larpenteur, who was interpreter for the Commission in
their negotiations with the Assiniboines at Fort Union, says in his
journal, “The great Peace Commission was a complete failure.” Such was
the general sentiment along the valley.
[72] The _Montana Post_ is authority for the statement that this voyage
of the _Octavia_ was the quickest ever made from St. Louis to Fort
Benton.
[73] See footnote at end of chapter xxxviii.
[74] On the 13th of June, 1902, Congress passed an Act abolishing the
Missouri River Commission, and virtually abandoning the river as a
commercial highway.
On the 17th of the same month it passed an act inaugurating a
government policy of reclamation of the arid lands. This policy will
eventually result in an extensive use of the waters of the Missouri in
irrigation.
INDEX.
A
Abraham Lincoln, Fort, 386, 387
Arrival of _Far West_ at, 390
Agency system, 362
Agents, Indian, situation of, 360
Alder Gulch, discovery of, 271
_Amanda_, the, impressed by Peace Com. of 1866, 405
American Fur Company, questionable methods of, 25, 43, 59, 64, 135,
159, 183, 215, 290, 320, 329, 343, 344, 360
sells its business on the river, 239, 260
sends steamboat to Fort Benton, 218
Annuities, delivery of, in 1863, 301
Annuity system, abuses of, 177, 359, 360
Anthony, Col. R. D., 254
Appropriations for improving the Mo. r., 421–3
Aricara Indians, Ashley’s fight with, 5
Army, the, in Indian affairs, 365 et seq.
Arrival of steamboat at trading post, 132
Ash Hollow, battle of, 367
Ashley, Gen. W. H., 5, 8
transports furs by bullboat, 101
_Assiniboine_, the, ascends Mo. r. to Poplar r., 139, 218
Assiniboine Indians, 352
break peace with Blackfeet, 228
Astor, John Jacob, 134, 138
Astorian expedition, 107
Atkinson, Gen. Henry, takes expedition to Yellowstone in 1825, 376, 383
Aubrey, Felix X., ride of, 114
Audubon the naturalist and the black squirrel, 150
on board the _Omega_, 141 et seq.
unpopularity of, 150
B
Bad Axe, battle of, 24
Bad lands, first military expedition through, 375
Bailey, pilot of the _Spread Eagle_, 1863, 290, 291
Bannock City, 269
Barry, William, kills Captain Spear, 412
released from arrest, 414
tried and acquitted, 415
Bell of the _Saluda_, 125
Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, 442
Beneetse, discoverer of gold in Montana, 266
_Ben Johnson_, the, transports Peace Com. of 1863, 397
Benteen, Captain, in Custer campaign, 381
Benton, Fort, christening of, 235
growth of, 237
head of navigation, 220, 222
historical sketch of, 222 et seq.
ruined by the railroads, 419
Benton, Thos. H., bequeaths name to Fort Benton, 235
defends Am. F. Co., 27, 159, 235, 348
faith of, in the West, 348
Benton Transportation Company, 420
Bercier accompanies La Barge on war party, 46
death of, 46
Berger, Jacob, attacks Malcolm Clark, 232
goes on mission to the Blackfeet, 223
Bible lost on the _Naomi_, 79
Big Mound, battle of, 372
_Bishop_, the, lost in whirlpool, 122
Bismarck, first railroad at, 419
Black Dave, adventure of, 149
Blackfeet Indians, annuities for, 315 et seq.
enemies of Crows, 223, 228
sketch of, 226, 352
trade relations with, 223
treaty with Assiniboines, 225
treaty with whites, 237, 359
Black Squirrel, Audubon and the, 150
Blair, Frank, and La Barge, 257
Bloody Island, 185
Boats, kinds of, on the Mo. r., 91 et seq.
Boller, Henry A., cited, 300, 307, 313, 361
Bonneville, Captain, ships furs by bullboat, 101
Boone, Daniel, burial of, 57
Boonville, battle of, 255
Bozeman, J. M., 268
Bradley, James H., historical researches of, 238
Brasseaux Houses, 374, 375, 385
Bridger, Fort, La Barge at, 335
Brulé, Fort, origin of name, 232
Bruyère tries to break up La Barge’s expedition, 61
Buffalo, adventure with, 163
Bullboat, description of, 96
Indian type of, 101
noted voyages of, 100
Burgwin, Captain, inspects the _Omega_, 144
Burials along the Missouri r., 36
Burleigh, Dr. W. A., 341
C
Cabanné, John P., affair of, with Leclerc, 24–7
California, conquest of, 172
discovery of gold in, 173
Calvary cemetery, St. Louis, 442
Campbell, Robert, criticises La Barge, 395
Canoe, description of, 91
Cargo of steamboats, 126
Cass, Fort, 228
Catholic sisters on La Barge’s boat, 434
Catlin, George, on board the _Yellowstone_, 137
Championship among steamboat employees, 128
Channel of the Missouri, changes in, 76
Chantier, description of, 96
Chappelle, Phil. A., assistance acknowledged, vi
Chardon, F. A., and Blackfoot massacre, 231
relieves Alexander Culbertson, 231
Chardon, Fort, 232, 237
Chase, Salmon P., La Barge’s experience with, 343
Chatillon, Henry, hunter for steamboats, 126
Cheyenne Indians, 352
Chicago and N. W. R. R. reaches Council Bluffs, 418
_Chippewa_, the, reaches head of navigation, 218, 219
Cholera on the _St. Ange_, 189
on the _Yellowstone_, 31
Chouteau Bluffs, origin of name, 137
Chouteau, C. P., 201, 219
encounter with Col. Dimon, 261
Chouteau, Edward Liguest, La Barge’s companion, 19, 345
Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., colloquy with La Barge, 292
offers stand of colors to La Barge, 240
quoted, 35, 134
Civil War, the, effect of, on Indians, 368
relation of, to Mo. r. commerce, 249 et seq.
termination of, 368
Clark, Fort, 139
Clark, Malcolm, attacks Alexander Harvey, 233
kills Owen McKenzie, 233
Clergymen as Indian agents, 143, 362
Cook, Camp, 410, 413
Cordelle, the, description of, 103
Cottonwood bark as forage, 49
Coues, Dr. Elliott, quoted, 313
Council Bluffs, first railroad at, 418
Crazy Wolf, Yanktonais Indian, 402
Crook, General, in campaign of 1876, 378, 379
Crooks, Ramsay, quoted, 138
Crow Indians, 352
enemies of Blackfeet, 223, 228
experience with Peace Com. of 1866, 404
Crow Indian prisoner killed by Pawnee, 31
Culbertson, Alexander, career at Fort Benton, 227 et seq.
Cummings, Alfred, makes treaty with Blackfeet, 236, 359
Curtis, General, mem. Peace Com. 1866, 397 et seq.
Custer, General, campaign of 1876, 380
command of, annihilated, 380
tries to arrest La Barge, 431
Custer massacre, first news of, 388
D
Dauphin, Louis, hunter for steamboats, 126
subaqueous adventure of, 303
Dawson, Andrew, receives property of La Barge, Harkness & Co., 327
Dead Buffalo Lake, battle of, 372
Deadman, meaning of term in steamboating, 122
_Deer Lodge_, the, boats met by, in 1866, 273
Deer Lodge Valley, discovery of gold in, 266, 267
De Lacey, W. W., 237, 295
Departure from port, 127
De Smet, Father P. J., at Fort Laramie, arrived in 1851, 358
goes from Fort Union to Fort Laramie, 193
on the _St. Ange_ in 1851, 189
stories of, 194
Diamond R Company, 329
Dimon, Col. Charles A. R., 260 et seq.
Dodge, Grenville M., assistance acknowledged, vi
relations with Lincoln, 243, 244
Dog, a, causes steamboat wreck, 116
chloroformed by Gen. Harney, 202
Durack, John, lassoes a buffalo, 163
E
Edgar, Henry, discoverer of Alder Gulch, 271
Edmunds, Newton, mem. Peace Com. of 1866, 397
_Edna_, the, explosion of, 124
_Effie Deans_, the, burned, 394
length of voyage in one season, 336
purchase of, 332
voyage of, in 1864, 319
_El Paso_, the, reaches Milk r., 218
Embalming, new method, 413
_Emilie_, the, 240, 241
voyage of, in 1862, 288
Evans, Dr., on the _St. Ange_ in 1851, 190
Exploration of the West, 174
Express, the, description of, 41
F
Fairweather, William, discoverer of Alder Gulch, 271
_Far West_, the, part played by, in campaign of 1876, 387, 388
Fire canoe of the Indians, 111
Fisk James L., leader of Northern Overland Expedition, 270
Flood of 1844, 154
Floods of Missouri and Mississippi, 83, 155
Fremont, General John, as an explorer, 348
inaccessibility of, 347
La Barge’s acquaintance with, 347
Freight rates on the Missouri, 276
Fuel for steamboats, 117
Fur trade, relation of, to the Indians, 353
use of steamboats in, 3
G
Galpin, Charles E., 341
Galpin, Fort, 293
Galvanized Yankees, 260
Gardner, Johnson, transports furs by bullboat, 101
Garreau, Pierre, 197
Gibbon, General, in Custer campaign, 378
Gilbert, Colonel, incident concerning, 427
Gold, discovery of, in California, 173
discovery of, in Montana, 237, 265 et seq., 368
Gold dust, first sale of, in Montana, 267
great quantity shipped by the _Octavia_, 413
transportation of, 275, 333
Good, Frederick, lost from the _Trover_, 286
Government work on the Missouri r., 421 et seq.
Grant, General, La Barge’s acquaintance with, 347
La Barge’s resemblance to, 443
Grattan massacre, 366, 367
Great Falls of the Missouri, 75
first white woman to see, 294
Great Falls City, Mont., 420
Great fire of St. Louis, 185
Great Northern R. R. reaches Helena, 417, 418
Greer, Capt. W. B., witnesses transactions at Fort Union, 316, 320, 321
Grismore, Nathan, La Barge’s mate, 181
Guerette, Louis, killed on the _Saluda_, 24, 124
Guerette, Pelagie wife of Capt. La Barge, 71
Guerrillas in Missouri, 250
H
Half breeds, British, among the Indians, 369
Hannibal and St. Joseph R. R. reaches the Mo. r., 241, 417, 418
Hard, C. D., arrests La Barge, 432
Harkness, James, connection of, with firm of La Barge, Harkness & Co.,
286, 293, 324, 329
journal of, 290
Harney, General, campaign of 1855, 367, 383
chloroforms a dog, 202
experience with Captain La Barge’s father, 6
friend of the Indians, 201
quoted, 356
Harvey, Alexander, attacked by Malcolm Clark, 234
desperate character of, 229 et seq.
Harvey, Primeau & Co., 234
Hat, Louis Dauphin’s, 303
Hawley, Hubbell & Co., buy out Am. F. Co., 239, 260
Hayden, Dr. F. N., on La Barge’s boat, 209
Helena, Mont., rise of, 272
Hill, Father W. H., preaches La Barge’s funeral sermon, 440
Hodgkiss, Wm., agent at Fort Union, 316, 320
Hoecken, Father, death of, 191
Hooper, Mormon acquaintance of La Barge’s, 334
Hopkins, Mormon acquaintance of La Barge’s, 334
Horrigan, Lieutenant, with troops on _Octavia_, 410
Hortiz, Eulalie, mother of Capt. La Barge, 11
Hortiz, Joseph Alvarez, 11
Hubbell, J. B. assistance acknowledged, vi
cited, 284
mackinaw voyage of, in 1866, 283
Hunters for steamboats, 125
Hyde, Orson, Mormon preacher, 375
I
Ice break up of 1856, 204
Ice gorges, 81
Illinois Central R. R. reaches Sioux City, 418
Improvement work on the Mo. r., 241 et seq.
_Independence_, the, first steamboat on the Missouri, 90, 219
Indian, the, and the fur trade, 353
and the steamboat, 364
Indian agents, character of, 362
Indian question, 355
Indians attack the _Martha_, 179
attack the _Omega_, 148
danger to boats from, 123
Indians of the Missouri Valley, 351
Insurance rates, 276
Irrigation, Congressional Act of, 448
relation of, to Mo. r., 447
Irving, Washington, quoted, 109
_Island City_, the, wreck of, 385
J
Jesuits honor La Barge’s memory, 440
Johnston, General A. S., 346
Joseph, Nez Percé chief, 392
captured, 393
K
Kansas City, first railroad at 417
Kansas Indians, 351
Keelboat, advent of, on the Missouri, 90
description of, 102
Kernel of corn, the, 152
Kidder, Judge, tries murderer of Capt. Spear, 414
Killdeer Mountain, battle of, 374
Kimball, Heber, Mormon preacher, 335
Kipp, James, accompanies La Barge, 70
builds Fort Piegan, 225
L
La Barge, A. G., assistance acknowledged, vi
La Barge Avenue, St. Louis, 198
La Barge, Charles S., killed in steamboat explosion, 13, 124
La Barge city, 295
La Barge, Fort, established, 293
turned over to Am. F. Co., 327
La Barge, Harkness & Co., 270, 287
collapse of firm, 329
operations of, in 1862, 293
sued, 326
La Barge, John B., brother of Capt. La Barge, 13
member of firm L. H. & Co., 287
takes first steamboat to head of navigation, 219
LA BARGE, JOSEPH, Mo. r. pilot accompanies Pawnee war party, 45
acquaintance with the Mormons, 56
acquaintance with prominent men, 346, 350
adventure with Sioux war party, 38
among the Pawnees, 27 et seq.
ancestry of, 2 et seq.
an authority on Mo. r. history, 439
as an expert witness, 165
at Ford’s theater, 344
before Senate Committee, 344
birth of, 12, 13
captured by Pawnees, 160
carries express to Pierre, 44
changes during his lifetime, 441
childhood of, 13
claim against government, 323
contemplates retirement, 198, 426
death of, iv, 440
dictates memoirs, iii
education of, 17
enters service Am. F. Co., 23, 56, 67, 200
enters service H. & St. Joe R. R., 241, 418
experience with Englishmen, 344
experience with rattlesnakes, 46
falls into an air hole, 50
funeral of, 440
grave of, 442
helps prepare list of steamboat wrecks, 438
in Cabanné-Leclerc affair, 24 et seq.
in Custer campaign, 389
in meteoric shower, 40
in Montana, 331 et seq.
in “opposition,” 59 et seq., 287
in Salt Lake City, 333
in Washington, 340 et seq.
intimate knowledge of the river, 116
leaves service Am. F. Co., 56, 184, 199, 210, 214, 215
marriage of, 71
meets Dave McCann, 430
on the _Yellowstone_ in cholera scourge, 32
opposes Am. F. Co., 59, et seq., 287
personal characteristics, 443
politics of, 444
purchases the _Sonora_, 190
religion of, 444
remains with the Union, 253
rescues boat from ice gorge, 207
retires from the river, 447
serves apprenticeship in steamboating, 55
serves as interpreter, 22
skill as a swimmer, 53
works for city of St. Louis, 438
La Barge, Joseph Marie, at Council Bluffs, 42
sketch of, 3
stories concerning, 6 et seq.
Laberge, Dr. Philemon, 12
La Fayette, visits of, to St. Louis, 15
La Framboise, Fort, 293
Langford, N. P., assistance acknowledged, vi
Laramie Fort, treaty of, 358
Larpenteur, Charles, cited, 307
estimate of, 313
quoted, 398
Last Chance Gulch, 272
Latta, S. M., Indian agent, 300
at the Tobacco Garden, 306
cited, 207
quoted, 317
Leavenworth, Colonel, in Aricara campaign, 383
Leclerc, Narcisse, affair of, with Cabanné, 24 et seq.
disloyal to La Barge, 60, 65
Lee, General R. E., acquaintance of La Barge with, 346
examines Mo. r., 422
surrender of, 336
Lemon, R. H., transfers Fort La Barge, 327
Lewis and Clark, expedition of, 375
Lewis, Fort, 233 et seq.
Lincoln, Abraham, assistance of, 261, 336
at Council Bluffs, 241
commutes sentence of Indians, 371
election of, 247
interest in Indian question, 342
on La Barge’s boat, 246
on Missouri r., 241 et seq.
presented with fur robe, 340
Little Crow, Sioux Chief, incites massacre, 370
Liquor, importation of, prohibited, 25, 141
Lisa, Manuel, voyage of, in 1811, 106, 107
Loan, Brig. Gen., quoted, 251
Log book kept by Captain Sire, 139
quoted, 146, 159
Lyon, General, goes to Illinois r. for pilots, 249
La Barge’s experience with, 257, 258
M
Mackinaw boat, description of, 94 et seq.
party are massacred, 277, 278
voyages of, 275, 284
Majors, Alexander, saves La Barge, 254
Mandan Indians, 252
Marine Insurance Companies, frauds upon, 420
Marmaduke, General, impresses the _Emilie_, 255
Marquette and Joliet discover Mo. r., 87
Marsh, Captain Grant, important services of, 387
master of the _Far West_, 388
Massacre, Custer, 380
Massacre on the Marias r., 279
Matlock, Indian Agent, 178
Maximilian, Prince of Wied, at Fort McKenzie, 228
voyage of, in 1833, 139
Maybrick, Mrs., case of, compared with that of Capt. Spear, 415
Meteoric shower, 40
Mexico, war with, 171
Miles, General, in Nez Percé campaign, 392
Miller, mate on the _Robert Campbell_, 396
Miller, Dr. Geo. L., quoted, 203
Miller, Joseph, Indian agent at Bellevue, 156
_Miner_, the, caught in a whirlpool, 122
Minnesota massacre, 370
Minnetarees, or Gros ventres of the Missouri, 352
Missouri Indians, 351
Missouri Pacific R. R. reaches Kansas City, 416
MISSOURI RIVER, THE
burials along shore, 36
commercial importance of, iv, 73
destiny of, 445
discovery of, 87
early exploration of, 89
first navigation of, 87
first steamboat to enter, 90
head of navigation on, 220
highest point reached by steam, 220
improvement of, by the government, 422 et seq.
Indian tribes along, 351
kinds of boats used on, 91 et seq.
modern view concerning, 445
navigation of, 115
origin of name, 88
physical characteristics of, 74 et seq.
relation of, to gold regions of Montana, 273
scenery of, 83
sediment carried, 78
source of, 74
Missouri River Commission, abolition of, 424, 448
creation of, 422
Mitchell, D. D., attends Council at Fort Laramie, 358
builds Fort McKenzie, 226
Montana, first railroads in, 419
gold fields of, 265
Montana Historical Society, 239
Mormons, the, in Missouri, 65
La Barge’s acquaintance with, 175, 333
migration of, to Great Salt Lake, 171
relation of, to commerce of Mo. r., 171
sketch of, 167
McCann, Dave, meets La Barge, 430
McCune, John S., relations with La Barge, 337, 396, 435
McKenzie, Fort, 137
burned, 232
founding of, 227
sketch of, 228
McKenzie, Kenneth, 134
opens trade with the Blackfeet, 223
McKenzie, Owen, killed by Malcolm Clark, 233
McPherson, W. W., government contractor, 409
N
_Naomi_, the, discovery of a Bible belonging to, 79
Negro boys lost, 285
New Mexico, conquest of, 172
Nez Percé campaign, steamboat in, 392
Nicollet, J. J., 347
_Nimrod_, the, injured by hailstorm, 164
inspection of, at Bellevue, 156
voyage of, in 1844, 154
Northern Overland Expedition, 270
Northern Pacific R. R. reaches Bismarck, 419
reaches Montana, 419
Northwestern Fur Company, 239, 260
Northwestern Treaty Commission--See “Peace Commission of 1866”
Nutt, H. C., quoted, 369
O
_Octavia_, the, built, 396
great profit on voyage of, 416
voyage of, 1867, 408
Omaha, first railroad at, 418
Omaha Indians, 351
_Omega_, the, voyage of 1843, 141 et seq.
Ophir City, 279
“Opposition,” meaning of term, 59
Orleans, Fort, 88
Osage Indians, 351
Otrante, Comte de, 155
P
Passenger fares on Mo. r., 276
lists on Mo. r. steamboats, 120
Pawnee Indians, 27, 351
capture La Barge, 160
La Barge’s residence among, 27
Peace Commission of 1866, 396 et seq.
quoted, 360
Peindry, Comte de, 155
Piegan, Fort, founding of, 225
Pierre, Fort, 137
transfer of, to United States, 201, 367, 383
Pike’s Peak Gulch, 269
Pilcher, Joshua, in charge of Cabanné’s post, 37
interest in young La Barge, 39, 44, 48
Pilot, Missouri r., experiences of, 131
important duty of, 115
wages of, 276
Pilot shields, 250
Poles, use of, on keelboats, 104
Pope, General, plans Indian campaign, 371
quoted, 357
Price, General Sterling, 255
Profits in steamboat business, 276
Prou, Mr., botanist to Audubon, 152
Provost, Etienne, praises La Barge, 39
outwits a botanist, 152
settles championship, 128
wooding the Martha, 179
R
Racing steamboats on the Mo. r., 123
Railroads, the enemy of the steamboat, 417
relation of, to Mo. r., 445
Randall, Fort, 367, 383
Rattlesnakes, 46
Ray, Captain, faithful conduct of, 337
Reed, H. W., Indian Agent, 300
advises La Barge to store annuities, 316
cited, 207
mem. Peace Com. 1866, 397
quoted, 314
Reeve, Colonel, makes Crows walk, 405
Rencontre, Zephyr, aids La Barge, 67
interprets for Peace Com. of 1866, 400, 402
Reno, Major, in Custer campaign, 381, 391
Rice, Fort, 260, 374
_Robert Campbell_, the, voyage of, in 1863, 298 et seq.
Roe, John J., organizes Diamond R. Co., 328
relations with La Barge, 325
Rolette, agt. Am. F. Co. at Fort Union, 320
S
Sail, use of, on keelboats, 106
Sailors, lost from the _Nimrod_, 160
_Saint Ange_, launching of, 184
voyage of, in 1851, 189
Saint Joseph, first railroad at, 417
Saint Louis, great fire of, 185
Salaries on steamboats, 271
_Saluda_, the, explosion of, 124
_Sam Gaty_, the, attack on, 251
Sanders, W. F., assistance acknowledged, vi
counsel against La Barge, Harkness & Co., 328
Sarpy, Peter A., arrests Leclerc, 26
in charge of Cabanné’s post, 49
Scenery of the Missouri r., 83
Sediment carried by the Mo. r., 78
Sheridan, General, plans campaign of 1876, 378
Sherman, General, Commissioner to treat with Indians, 377
gives La Barge a contract, 410
_Shreveport_, the, impressed by General Sully, 385
voyage of, in 1863, 302
Sibley, General, in charge of operations against Sioux Indians
in 1863, 370
Sioux City, first railroad at, 418
important river port, 419
Sioux City and Pacific R. R. reaches Sioux City, 418
Sioux Indians, 351
capture Grosventre herd, 304
non-treaty, 377
power of, broken, 377
Sire, Joseph A., 140
master of the _Omega_, 141
master of the _Nimrod_, 154
outwits inspectors, 144, 157
Sire log book, the, 139
Slope of Missouri river, 83
Smallpox among the Blackfeet, 229
Smith, Green Clay, Governor of Montana Territory, 409
Smith, Joseph, death of, 57, 169
Snags in Missouri river, 80, 119, 421
Snagboats, early, 422
Sounding the channel, 120
Sparring over sand bars, 121
Spear, Capt. W. D., killed by a sentinel, 412
takes passage on the _Octavia_, 411
_Spread Eagle_, the, rams the _Emilie_, 289
Stanley, General, arrests Custer, 431
Statistics of steamboat traffic, 217, 275
Steamboat, the, and the Indians, 364
architectural beauty of, 111
description of, 109 et seq.
in the Indian wars, 382
in the Nez Percé campaign, 392
last at Fort Benton, 420
navigation of the Mo. r., importance of, iv
trade on Mo. r., rapid growth of, 174, 216, 274
wrecks, causes of, 421
voyages up the Mo. r., 127
Stevens, I. I., makes treaty with Blackfeet, 236, 359
Stinger, Andy, hero of the Tobacco Garden, 307, 311
Stony Lake, battle of, 372
Storm injures the _Nimrod_, 164
Storms on the Missouri, 84
Stuart, Fort, 293
Stuart, James, English traveler, 4
Stuart, James, Montana pioneer, 267, 268, 271
Sublette & Campbell, 36
Suit against La Barge, Harkness & Co., 328
Sully, Fort, 373
Sully, General, campaign of 1863, 371, 372
campaign of 1864, 374
impresses the _Shreveport_, 318
opinion of Col. Dimon, 262
quoted, 270, 361
uses steamboats in his campaigns, 385
Survey of the Missouri r., 436
Suter, Capt, C. R., purchases the _Octavia_, 425
T
Tecumseh, Fort, 137
Terry, General Alfred, in campaign of 1876, 378
on La Barge’s boat, 390
Terry, Lieutenant, English officer, investigates death of Capt.
Spear, 414
Terry, M. M., writes account of voyage of _Far West_, 388
Thomas, Col., Quartermaster in St. Louis, 410
Thompson, C. W., Indian agent, 385
Thompson, Fort, 385
Tobacco Garden, affair at, 305 et seq.
Transportation by water and rail, 420
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 358, 366
with Blackfeet, 237, 259
Treaty system, abuses of, 356
_Trover_, the, wreck of, 285
U
Union, Fort, 139
Union Pacific Bridge at Omaha opened, 418
Union Pacific R. R., Lincoln’s interest in, 244
reaches Ogden, 419
Upson, Gad E., Indian agent, 322
Utah Northern R. R. enters Montana, 419
V
Vallandingham, C. L., 244
Virginia City, Mont., 272
Volunteers, U. S., 259
Voyage, last, to Fort Benton, 436, 437
Voyageurs, 108
W
Wall, Nicholas, relations with Capt. La Barge, 258, 295, 325, 326
War with Mexico, 171
Warping over rapids, 121
Warren, General, on the upper Missouri, 208
Weather, influence of, on navigation of the river, 86
_Western Engineer_, the, 91, 382
Whirlpools on the Missouri, 122
Whitestone Hill, battle of, 373
Winnebago Indians, transported by steamboat, 384
Wooding steamboat, 118
Wooding at Crow creek in 1847, 179
Wounded Knee, battle of, 366
Wrecks of steamboats on Mo. r., causes of, 421
list of, 438
Wright, Geo. B., agent for the Blackfeet, 405
Wyeth, Nathaniel J., transports furs by bullboat, 101
Y
Yankee Jack, adventure of, 129
mentioned, 282
Yanktonais, the, experience of, with Peace Com. of 1866, 399
Yawl, importance of, to steamboat, 54, 91
_Yellowstone_, the, first steamboat on the upper river, 22, 136
cholera on, 32
description of, 112
public interested in voyage of, 138
Yellowstone expedition of 1819, 382
Yellowstone National Park, 75, 266
Yellowstone river, 75
falls of, 75
La Barge ascends, 436
Young, Brigham, 169, 175
entertains La Barge, 334
Transcriber’s Notes
Old English lettering on the pages preceding the Table of Contents is
represented here within =equals signs=.
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
Running page headers are shown here as Sidenotes, usually positioned
just above the paragraph they summarize. When such Sidenotes summarize
footnotes, they are positioned above the paragraphs that referenced
those footnotes.
This is Volume II of a two-volume set. The Index covers both
Volumes. Volume I, which also is available at no cost at Project
Gutenberg, ends on page 248 and this volume begins on page 249.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or
correct page references.
Footnotes have been renumbered to continue the sequence begun in Volume I.
Page 254: Missing footnote anchor added by Transcriber. Based on the
context of the text, this likely is in the right place.
Page 276: “6 1-2” was printed that way.
Page 306: Missing footnote anchor added by Transcriber. This may not be
in the right place. The document cited in the footnote is easily found
by an online search.
Footnote 58, originally on page 311: “untill” was printed that way.
Page 461: Page numbers for the entry, “Yawl, importance of, to
steamboat” were omitted in the original book and added by the
Transcriber, based on an examination of the main text.