parts; palm oil, 14 parts; sal soda, 5 1/2 parts; water, 3 parts, by
weight. Dissolve the soda in the water and separately melt the tallow,
then stir in the palm oil. This may be gently warmed before adding,
as it greatly facilitates its incorporation with the tallow, unless
the latter be made boiling hot, when it readily melts the semi-solid
palm oil. When these two greases are thoroughly incorporated, pour the
mixture slowly into the cold lye (or soda solution), and stir well
until the mass is homogeneous. This lubricant can be made less solid by
decreasing the tallow or increasing the palm oil.
II.—Slaked lime (in powder), 8 parts, is slowly sifted into rosin oil,
10 parts. Stir it continuously to incorporate it thoroughly, and gently
heat the mixture until of a syrupy consistency. Color with lampblack,
or a solution of turmeric in a strong solution of sal soda. For blue
grease, 275 parts of rosin oil are heated with 1 part of slaked lime
and then allowed to cool. The supernatant oil is removed from the
precipitated matter, and 5 or 6 parts of the foregoing rosin-oil soap
are stirred in until all is a soft, unctuous mass.
«For Axles of Ordinary Vehicles.»—I.—Mix 80 parts of fat and 20 parts
of very fine black lead; melt the fat in a varnished earthen vessel;
add the black lead while constantly stirring until it is cold, for
otherwise the black lead, on account of its density, would not remain
in suspension in the melted fat. Axles lubricated with this mixture can
make 80 miles without the necessity of renewing the grease.
II.—Mix equal parts of red American rosin, melted tallow, linseed oil,
and caustic soda lye (of 1.5 density).
III.—Melt 20 parts of rosin oil in 50 parts of yellow palm oil,
saponify this with 25 parts of caustic soda lye of 15° Bé., and add 25
parts of mineral oil or paraffine.
IV.—Mix residue of the distillation of petroleum, 60 to 80 parts;
tallow, 10 parts; colophony, 10 parts; and caustic soda solution of 40°
Bé., 15 parts.
«A Grease for Locomotive Axles.»—Saponify a mixture of 50 parts
tallow, 28 parts palm oil, 2 parts sperm oil. Mix in soda lye made by
dissolving 12 parts of soda in 137 parts of water.
«MISCELLANEOUS LUBRICANTS:»
«For Cotton Belts.»—Carefully melt over a slow fire in a closed iron
or self-regulating boiler 250 parts of caoutchouc or gum elastic, cut
up in small pieces; then add 200 parts of colophony; when the whole
is well melted and mixed, incorporate, while carefully stirring, 200
parts of yellow wax. Then heat 850 parts of train oil, mixing with it
250 parts of talc, and unite the two preparations, constantly stirring,
until completely cold.
«Chloriding Mineral Lubricating Oils.»—A process has been introduced
for producing industrial vaselines and mineral oils for lubrication,
based on the treatment of naphthas, petroleums, and similar
hydrocarbides, by means of chlorine or mixtures of chlorides and
hypochlorides, known under the name of decoloring chlorides. Mix and
stir thoroughly 1,000 parts of naphtha of about 908 density; 55 parts
of chloride of lime, and 500 parts of water. Decant and wash.
«Glass Stop Cock Lubricant.»—(See also Stoppers).
Pure rubber 14 parts
Spermaceti 5 parts
Petroleum 1 part
Melt the rubber in a covered vessel and then stir in the other
ingredients. A little more petroleum will be required when the compound
is for winter use. {463}
«Hard Metal Drilling Lubricant.»—For drilling in hard metal it is
recommended to use carbolic acid instead of another fatty substance as
a lubricant, since the latter, by decreasing the friction, diminishes
the “biting” of the drill, whereas the carbolic acid has an etching
action.
«Plaster Model Lubricant.»—Take linseed oil, 1,000 parts; calcined
lead, 50 parts; litharge, 60 parts; umber, 30 parts; talc, 25 parts.
Boil for 2 hours on a moderate fire; skim frequently and keep in
well-closed flasks.
«Graphite Lubricating Compound.»—Graphite mixed with tallow gives a
good lubricating compound that is free from any oxidizing if the tallow
be rendered free from rancidity. The proportions are: Plumbago, 1 part;
tallow, 4 parts. The plumbago being stirred into the melted tallow and
incorporated by passing it through a mixing mill, add a few pounds per
hundredweight of camphor in powder to the hot compound.
«Lubricants for Redrawing Shells.»—Zinc shells should be clean and free
from all grit and should be immersed in boiling hot soap water. They
must be redrawn while _hot_ to get the best results. On some shells hot
oil is used in preference to soap water.
For redrawing aluminum shells use a cheap grade of vaseline. It may
not be amiss to add that the draw part of the redrawing die should not
be made too long, so as to prevent too much friction, which causes the
shells to split and shrivel up.
For redrawing copper shells use good thick soap water as a lubricant.
The soap used should be of a kind that will produce plenty of “slip.”
If none such is to be had, mix a quantity of lard oil with the soap
water on hand and boil the two together. Sprinkling graphite over the
shells just before redrawing sometimes helps out on a mean job.
«Rope Grease.»—For hemp ropes, fuse together 20 pounds of tallow and
30 pounds of linseed oil. Then add 20 pounds of paraffine, 30 pounds
of vaseline, and 60 pounds of rosin. Finally mix with 10 pounds of
graphite, first rubbed up with 50 pounds of boiled oil. For wire ropes
fuse 100 pounds of suint with 20 pounds of dark colophony (rosin). Then
stir in 30 pounds of rosin oil and 10 pounds of dark petroleum.
«Sheet Metal Lubricant.»—Mix 1 quart of whale oil, 1 pound of white
lead, 1 pint of water, and 3 ounces of the finest graphite. This is
applied to the metal with a brush before it enters the dies.
«Steam Cylinder Lubricant.»—To obtain a very viscous oil that does
not decompose in the presence of steam even at a high temperature, it
is necessary to expose neutral wool fats, that have been freed from
wool-fatty acids, such as crude lanolin or wool wax, either quite alone
or in combination with mineral oils, to a high heat. This is best
accomplished in the presence of ordinary steam or superheated steam at
a heat of 572° F., and a pressure of 50 atmospheres, corresponding with
the conditions in the cylinder in which it is to be used. Instead of
separating any slight quantities of acid that may arise, they may be
dissolved out as neutral salts.
«Wooden Gears.»—An excellent lubricating agent for wooden gears
consists of tallow, 30 parts (by weight); palm oil, 20 parts; fish oil,
10 parts; and graphite, 20 parts. The fats are melted at moderate heat,
and the finely powdered and washed graphite mixed with them intimately
by long-continued stirring. The teeth of wooden combs are kept in
a perfectly serviceable condition for a much longer time if to the
ordinary tallow or graphite grease one-tenth part of their weight of
powdered glass is added.
«TESTS FOR LUBRICANTS.»
In testing lubricants in general, a great deal depends upon the class
of work in which they are to be employed. In dealing with lubricating
greases the specific gravity should always be determined. The viscosity
is, of course, also a matter of the utmost importance. If possible
the viscosity should be taken at the temperature at which the grease
is to be subjected when used, but this cannot always be done; 300° F.
will be found to be a very suitable temperature for the determination
of the viscosity of heavy lubricants. Although one of the standard
viscosimeters is the most satisfactory instrument with which to carry
out the test, yet it is not a necessity. Provided the test be always
conducted in exactly the same manner, and at a fixed temperature, using
a standard sample for comparison, the form of apparatus used is not of
great importance. Most dealers in scientific apparatus will provide a
simple and cheap instrument, the results obtained with which will be
found reliable. With the exercise of a little ingenuity any one can fit
up a viscosimeter for himself at a very small outlay.
Acidity is another important point to {464} note in dealing with
lubricating greases. Calculated as sulphuric acid, the free acid should
not exceed .01 per cent, and free fatty acids should not be present
to any extent. Cylinder oil should dissolve completely in petroleum
benzine (specific gravity, .700), giving a clear solution. In dealing
with machine oils the conditions are somewhat different. Fatty oils
in mixture with mineral oils are very useful, as they give better
lubrication and driving power, especially for heavy axles, for which
these mixtures should always be used. The specific gravity should be
from .900 to .915 and the freezing point should not be above 58° F. The
flash point of heavy machine oils is not a matter of great importance.
The viscosity of dynamo oils, taken in Engler’s apparatus, should be
15–16 at 68° F. and 3 1/2–4 at 122° F. In dealing with wagon oils and
greases it should be remembered that the best kinds are those which are
free from rosin and rosin products, and their flash point should be
above 212° F.
«To Test Grease.»—To be assured of the purity of grease, its density is
examined as compared with water; a piece of fat of the size of a pea is
placed in a glass of water. If it remains on the surface or sinks very
slowly the fat is pure; if it sinks rapidly to the bottom the fat is
mixed with heavy matters and coom is the result.
LUBRICANTS FOR WATCHMAKERS: See Watchmakers’ Formulas.
LUPULINE BITTERS: See Wines and Liquors.
«LUSTER PASTE.»
This is used for plate glass, picture frames, and metal. Five parts
of very finely washed and pulverized chalk; 5 parts of Vienna lime,
powdered; 5 parts of bolus, powdered; 5 parts of wood ashes, powdered;
5 parts of English red, powdered; 5 parts of soap powder. Work all
together in a kneading machine, to make a smooth, even paste, adding
spirit. The consistency of the paste can be varied, by varying the
amount of spirit, from a solid to a soft mass.
LUTES: See Adhesives.
MACHINE OIL: See Lubricants.
MACHINERY, TO CLEAN: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.
MAGIC: See Pyrotechnics.
«MAGNESIUM CITRATE.»
Magnesium carbonate 10 ounces
Citric acid 20 ounces
Sugar 21 ounces
Oil of lemon 1/2 drachm
Water enough to make 240 ounces
Introduce the magnesium carbonate into a wide-mouthed 2-gallon bottle,
drop the oil of lemon on it, stir with a wooden stick: then add the
citric acid, the sugar, and water enough to come up to a mark on the
bottle indicating 240 ounces. For this purpose use cold water, adding
about half of the quantity first, and the remainder when the substances
are mostly dissolved. By allowing the solution to stand for a half to a
whole day, it will filter better and more quickly than when hot water
is used.
MAGNESIUM ORGEAT POWDER: See Salts, Effervescent.
MAGNESIUM FLASH-LIGHT POWDERS: See Photography.
«MAGNETIC CURVES OF IRON FILINGS, THEIR FIXATION.»
One of the experiments made in every physical laboratory in teaching
the elements of magnetism and electricity is the production of the
magnetic curves by sprinkling iron filings over a glass plate, after
the well-known method.
For fixing these curves so that they may be preserved indefinitely, a
plate of glass is warmed on the smooth upper surface of a shallow iron
chest containing water raised to a suitable temperature by means of a
spirit-lamp. A piece of paraffine is placed on the glass, and in the
course of 3 or 4 minutes spreads itself evenly in a thin layer over the
surface. The glass plate is removed, the surplus paraffine running off.
The image is formed with iron filings on the cooled paraffine, which
does not adhere to the iron, so that if the image is unsatisfactory
the filings may be removed and a new figure taken. To fix the curves,
the plate of glass is again placed on the warming stove. Finally, the
surface of the paraffine is covered with white paint, so that the
curves appear black on a white ground. Very well-defined figures may
thus be obtained. A similar though much simpler process consists in
covering one surface of stiff white paper with a layer of paraffine, by
warming {465} over an iron plate, spreading the filings over the cooled
surface, and fixing them with a hot iron or a gas flame.
MAGNOLIA METAL: See Alloys.
MAHOGANY: See Wood.
MALTED FOOD: See Foods.
MALTED MILK: See Milk.
MALT, HOT: See Beverages.
MANGANESE ALLOYS: See Alloys.
MANGANESE STEEL: See Steel.
MANGE CURES: See Veterinary Formulas.
MANICURE PREPARATIONS: See Cosmetics.
«MANTLES.»
These are prepared after processes differing slightly from one another,
but all based on the original formula of Welsbach—the impregnation of
vegetable fibers with certain mineral oxides in solution, drying out,
and arranging on platinum wire.
Lanthanum oxide 30 parts
Yttrium oxide 20 parts
Burnt magnesia 50 parts
Acetic acid 50 parts
Water, distilled 100 parts
The salts are dissolved in the water, and to the solution another
150 parts of distilled water are added and the whole filtered. The
vegetable fiber (in its knitted or woven form) is impregnated with
this solution dried, and arranged on platinum wire. In the formula the
acetic acid may be replaced with dilute nitric acid. The latter seems
to have some advantages over the former, among which is the fact that
the residual ash where acetic acid is used has a tendency to ball up
and make a vitreous residue, while that of the nitric acid remains in
powdery form.
«Self-Igniting Mantles.»—A fabric of platinum wire and cotton thread
is sewed or woven into the tissue of the incandescent body; next it is
impregnated with a solution of thorium salts and dried. The thorium
nitrate in glowing gives a very loose but nevertheless fireproof
residue. A mixture of thorium nitrate with platinic chloride leaves
after incandescence a fire-resisting sponge possessing to a great
extent the property of igniting gas mixtures containing oxygen. Employ
a mixture of 1 part of thorium nitrate to 2 1/2 parts of platinic
chloride.
MANURES: See Fertilizers.
MANUSCRIPT COPYING: See Copying.
MAPLE: See Wood.
MARASCHINO: See Wines and Liquors.
MARBLE CEMENTS: See Adhesives.
MARBLE CLEANING: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.
MARBLE COLORS: See Stone.
MARBLE ETCHING: See Etching.
MARBLE, IMITATION: See Plaster.
MARBLE, PAINTING ON: See Painting.
MARBLE POLISHING: See Polishes.
MARBLING CRAYONS: See Crayons.
MARGERINE: See Butter.
«MARKING FLUID:»
See also Inks and Etching.
For laying out work on structural iron or castings a better way than
chalking the surface is to mix whiting with benzine or gasoline to the
consistency of paint, and then apply it with a brush; in a few minutes
the benzine or gasoline will evaporate, leaving a white surface ready
for scribing lines.
MASSAGE APPLICATIONS: See Cosmetics.
MASSAGE SOAPS: See Soaps.
«Matches»
(See also Phosphorus.)
«Manufacture of Matches.»—Each factory uses its own methods and
chemical mixtures, though, in a general way the latter do not vary
greatly. It is {466} impossible here to give a full account of the
different steps of manufacture, and of all the precautions necessary to
turn out good, marketable matches. In the manufacture of the ordinary
safety match, the wood is first comminuted and reduced to the final
shape and then steeped in a solution of ammonium phosphate (2 per cent
of this salt with 1 or 1 1/2 per cent of phosphoric acid), or in a
solution of ammonium sulphate (2 1/2 per cent), then drained and
dried. The object of this application is to prevent the match from
continuing to glow after it has been burned out. Next the matches are
dipped into a paraffine or stearine bath, and after that into the
match bath proper, which is best done by machines constructed for the
purpose. Here are a few formulas:
I.—Potassium chlorate 2,000 parts
Lead binoxide 1,150 parts
Red lead 2,500 parts
Antimony trisulphide 1,250 parts
Gum arabic 670 parts
Paraffine 250 parts
Potassium bichromate 1,318 parts
Directions: See No. II.
II.—Potassium chlorate 2,000 parts
Lead binoxide 2,150 parts
Red lead 2,500 parts
Antimony trisulphide 1,250 parts
Gum arabic 670 parts
Paraffine 250 parts
Rub the paraffine and antimony trisulphide together, and then add the
other ingredients. Enough water is added to bring the mass to a proper
consistency when heated. Conduct heating operations on a water bath.
The sticks are first dipped in a solution of paraffine in benzine and
then are dried. For striking surfaces, mix red phosphorus, 9 parts;
pulverized iron pyrites, 7 parts; pulverized glass, 3 parts; and gum
arabic or glue, 1 part, with water, quantity sufficient. To make the
matches water or damp proof, employ glue instead of gum arable in the
above formula, and conduct the operations in a darkened room. For
parlor matches dry the splints and immerse the ends in melted stearine.
Then dip in the following mixture and dry:
Red phosphorus 3.0 parts
Gum arabic or tragacanth 0.5 parts
Water 3.0 parts
Sand (finely ground) 2.0 parts
Lead binoxide 2.0 parts
Perfume by dipping in a solution of benzoic acid.
III.—M. O. Lindner, of Paris, has patented a match which may be
lighted by friction upon any surface whatever, and which possesses the
advantages of being free from danger and of emitting no unpleasant
odor. The mixture into which the splints are first dipped consists of
Chlorate of potash 6 parts
Sulphide of antimony 2 parts
Gum 1 1/2 parts
Powdered clay 1 1/2 parts
The inflammable compound consists of
Chlorate of potash 2 to 3 parts
Amorphous phosphorus 6 parts
Gum 1 1/2 parts
Aniline 1 1/2 parts
Red or amorphous is substituted for yellow phosphorus in the match
heads. The composition of the igniting paste is given as follows:
By weight
Soaked glue (1 to 5 of water) 37.0 parts
Powdered glass 7.5 parts
Whiting 7.5 parts
Amorphous phosphorus (pure) 10.0 parts
Paraffine wax 4.0 parts
Chlorate of potash 27.0 parts
Sugar or lampblack 7.0 parts
Silicate of soda may be substituted for the glue, bichromate of potash
added for damp climates, and sulphur for large matches.
The different compositions for tipping the matches in use in different
countries and factories all consist essentially of emulsions of
phosphorus in a solution of glue or gum, with or without other matters
for increasing the combustibility, for coloring, etc.
I.—English.—Fine glue, 2 parts, broken into small pieces, and soaked in
water till quite soft, is added to water, 4 parts, and heated by means
of a water bath until it is quite fluid, and at a temperature of 200°
to 212° F. The vessel is then removed from the fire, and phosphorus,
1 1/2 to 2 parts, is gradually added, the mixture being agitated
briskly and continually with a stirrer having wooden pegs or bristles
projecting at its lower end. When a uniform emulsion is obtained,
chlorate of potassa, 4 to 5 {467} parts; powdered glass, 3 to 4 parts;
and red lead, smalt, or other coloring matter, a sufficient quantity
(all in a state of very fine powder), are added, one at a time, to
prevent accidents, and the stirring continued until the mixture is
comparatively cool. The above proportions are those of the best quality
of English composition. The matches tipped with it deflagrate with a
snapping noise.
II.—German (Böttger).—Dissolve gum arabic, 16 parts, in the least
possible quantity of water; add of phosphorus (in powder), 9 parts, and
mix by trituration. Then add niter, 14 parts; vermilion or binoxide
of manganese, 16 parts, and form the whole into a paste as directed
above. Into this the matches are to be dipped, and then exposed to dry.
As soon as they are quite dry they are to be dipped into very dilute
copal varnish or lac varnish, and again exposed to dry, by which means
they are rendered waterproof, or at least less likely to suffer from
exposure in damp weather.
III. (Böttger.)—Glue, 6 parts, is soaked in a little cold water for 24
hours, after which it is liquefied by trituration in a heated mortar;
phosphorus, 4 parts, is added, and rubbed down at a heat not exceeding
150° F.; niter (in fine powder), 10 parts, is next mixed in, and
afterwards red ocher, 5 parts, and smalt, 2 parts, are further added,
and the whole formed into a uniform paste, into which the matches are
dipped, as before. This is cheaper than the previous one.
IV. (Diesel.)—Phosphorus, 17 parts; glue, 21 parts; red lead, 24 parts;
niter, 38 parts. Proceed as above.
Matches tipped with II, III, or IV, inflame without fulmination when
rubbed against a rough surface, and are hence termed noiseless matches
by the makers.
«Safety Paste for Matches.»—The danger of explosion during the
preparation of match composition may be minimized by addition to the
paste of the following mixture: Finely powdered cork, 3 parts, by
weight; oxide of iron, 15 parts; flour, 23 parts; and water, about 40
parts. In practice, 30 parts of gum arabic are dissolved in water,
40 parts, and to the solution are added powdered potassium chlorate,
57 parts, and when this is well distributed, amorphous phosphorus, 7
parts, and powdered glass, 15 parts, are stirred in. The above mixture
is then immediately introduced, and when mixing is complete, the
composition can be applied to wooden sticks which need not have been
previously dried or paraffined. The head of the match is finally coated
with tallow, which prevents atmospheric action and also spontaneous
ignition.
Most chemists agree that the greatest improvement of note in the
manufacture of matches is that of Landstrom, of Jonkoping, in Sweden.
It consists in dividing the ingredient of the match mixture into two
separate compositions, one being placed on the ends of the splints,
as usual, and the other, which contains the phosphorus, being spread
in a thin layer upon the end or lid of the box. The following are
the compositions used: (_a_) For the splints: Chlorate of potassa, 6
parts; sulphuret of antimony, 2 to 3 parts; glue, 1 part. (_b_) For the
friction surface: Amorphous phosphorus, 10 parts; sulphuret of antimony
or peroxide of manganese, 8 parts; glue, 3 to 6 parts; spread thinly
upon the surface, which has been previously made rough by a coating
of glue and sand. By thus dividing the composition the danger of fire
arising from ignition of the matches by accidental friction is avoided,
as neither the portion on the splint nor that on the box can be ignited
by rubbing against an unprepared surface. Again, by using the innocuous
red or amorphous phosphorus, the danger of poisoning is entirely
prevented.
MATCH MARKS ON PAINT, TO REMOVE: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.
MATCH PHOSPHORUS, SUBSTITUTE FOR: See Phosphorus Substitute.
«Matrix Masses»
«Matrix for Medals, Coins, etc.»—I.—Sharp impressions of coins, medals,
etc., are obtained, according to Böttger, with the following: Mix
molten, thinly liquid sulphur with an equal quantity of infusorial
earth, adding some graphite. If a sufficient quantity of this mass,
made liquid over a flame, is quickly applied with a spatula or spoon
on the coin, etc., an impression of great sharpness is obtained after
cooling, which usually takes place promptly. Owing to the addition of
graphite the articles do not become dull or unsightly.