shape that, without weighing, merely by counting or measuring one is
in a position to use equivalent quantities for every charge. Gearing
casts molten carbide in the shape of bars, and pours a layer of
gelatin, glue, and water soluble varnish over the carbide bars. Others
make shells containing a certain quantity of reduced carbide. For this
ordinary and varnished pasteboard, wax paper, tinfoil, thin sheet zinc,
and similar substances may be used which ward off atmospheric moisture,
thus protecting the carbide from premature decomposition. Before use,
the cartridge-like shell is pierced or cut open, so that the water can
get at the contents. The more or less reduced carbide is filled in the
shell, either without any admixture or united into a compact mass by a
binding agent, such as colophony, pitch, tar, sand, etc.
«Deodorization of Calcium Carbide.»—Calcium carbide is known to possess
a very unpleasant odor because it constantly develops small quantities
of impure acetylene in contact with the moisture of the air. Le Roy,
of Rouen, proposes for portable—especially bicycle—lamps, in which
the evil is more noticeable than in large plants, simply to pour some
petroleum over the carbide and to pour off the remainder not absorbed.
The petroleum, to which it is well to add some nitro-benzol (mirbane
essence), prevents the access of air to the carbide, but permits a very
satisfactory generation of gas on admission of water.
CALCIUM SULPHIDE (LUMINOUS): See Paints.
CALFSKIN: See Leather.
CAMERA RENOVATION: See Photography.
«CAMPHOR PREPARATIONS:»
«Fragrant Naphthalene Camphor.»—
Naphthalene white, in scales 3,000 parts
Camphor 1,000 parts
Melt on the steam bath and add to the hot mass:
Coumarin 2 parts
Mirbane oil 10 parts
Cast in plates or compressed tablets. The preparation is employed as a
moth preventive.
«Powdered Camphor in Permanent Form.»—I.—Powder the camphor in the
usual manner, with the addition of a little alcohol. When it is nearly
reduced to the proper degree of fineness add a few drops of fluid
petrolatum and immediately triturate again. In this manner a powder as
fine as flour is obtained, which does not cake together. This powdered
camphor may be used for all purposes except for solution in alcohol,
as it will impart to the latter a faint opalescence, owing to the
insolubility of the petrolatum.
II.—Take equal parts of strong ether and alcohol to reduce the camphor
to powder. It is claimed for this method that it only takes one-half
of the time required when alcohol alone is used, and that the camphor
dries more quickly. Before sifting add 1 per cent of white vaseline and
5 per cent of sugar of milk. Triturate fairly dry, spread out in the
air, say 15 minutes, then pass through a moderately fine wire sieve,
using a stubby shaving brush to assist in working it through. {145}
«Camphor Pomade»—
Oil of bitter almonds 1 drachm
Oil of cloves 20 drops
Camphor 1 1/2 ounces
White wax 4 ounces
Lard, prepared 1 pound
Melt the wax and lard together, then add the camphor in saturated
solution in spirit; put in the oils when nearly cold.
«Camphor Ice.»—
I.—White wax 16 parts
Benzoated suet 48 parts
Camphor, powdered 8 parts
Essential oil, to perfume.
Melt the wax and suet together. When nearly cold, add the camphor and
perfume, mix well, and pour into molds.
II.—Oil of almond 16 parts
White wax 4 parts
Spermaceti 4 parts
Paraffine 8 parts
Camphor, powdered 1 part
Perfume, quantity sufficient.
Dissolve the camphor in the oil by the aid of a gentle heat. Melt the
solids together, remove, and let cool, but before the mixture begins to
set add the camphorated oil and the perfume, mix, and pour into molds.
III.—Stearine (stearic acid) 8 pounds
Lard 10 pounds
White wax 5 pounds
Spermaceti 5 pounds
Melt on a water bath in an earthen or porcelain dish; strain into a
similar vessel; add a solution of 2 ounces powdered borax in 1 pound
of glycerine, previously warmed, to the melted substance when at the
point of cooling; stir well; add camphor, 2 pounds, powdered by means
of alcohol, 3 ounces; stir well and pour into molds.
CAMPHOR SUBSTITUTES IN THE PREPARATION OF CELLULOID: See Celluloid.
CAMPHOR AND RHUBARB AS A REMEDY FOR CHOLERA: See Cholera Remedies.
CAN VARNISH: See Varnishes.
«CANARY-BIRD PASTE.»
The following is a formula much used by German canary-bird raisers:
Sweet almonds, blanched 16 parts
Pea meal 32 parts
Butter, fresh (unsalted) 3 parts
Honey, quantity sufficient to make a stiff paste.
The ingredients are worked into a stiff paste, which is pressed through
a colander or large sieve to granulate the mass. Some add to every 5
pounds, 10 or 15 grains of saffron and the yolks of 2 eggs.
CANARY BIRDS AND THEIR DISEASES: See Veterinary Formulas.
«CANDLES:»
«Coloring Ceresine Candles for the Christmas Tree.»—For coloring these
candles only dye stuffs soluble in oil can be employed. Blue: 23–24
lavender blue, pale or dark, 100–120 parts per 5,000 parts of ceresine.
Violet: 26 fast violet R, 150 parts per 5,000 parts of ceresine. Silver
gray: 29 silver gray, 150 parts per 5,000 parts of ceresine. Yellow and
orange: 30 wax yellow, medium, 200 parts per 5,000 parts of ceresine;
61 old gold, 200 parts per 5,000 parts of ceresine. Pink and red: 27
peach-pink, or 29 chamois, about 100 parts per 5,000 parts of ceresine.
Green: 16–17 brilliant green, 33 May green, 41 May green, 200–250
parts per 5,000 parts of ceresine. The above-named colors should be
ground in oil and the ceresine tinted with them afterwards.
«Manufacture of Composite Paraffine Candles.»—Three parts of
hydroxy-stearic acid are dissolved in 1 part of a suitable solvent (e.
g., stearic acid), and the solution is mixed with paraffine wax to form
a stock for the manufacture of composite candles.
«Transparent Candles.»—The following are two recipes given in a German
patent specification. The figures denote parts by weight:
I.—Paraffine wax, 70; stearine, 15; petroleum, 15.
II.—Paraffine wax, 90; stearine, 5; petroleum, 5. Recipe I of course
gives candles more transparent than does recipe II. The 15 per cent may
be regarded as the extreme limit consistent with proper solidity of the
candles.
«To Prevent the Trickling of Burning Candles.»—Dip the candles in the
following mixture:
Magnesium sulphate 15 parts
Dextrin 15 parts
Water 100 parts
The solution dries quickly and does not affect the burning of the
candle. {146}
«Candle Coloring.»—Candles are colored either throughout or they
sometimes consist of a white body that is covered with a colored layer
of paraffine wax. According to the material from which candles are made
(stearine, paraffine, or ozokerite), the process of coloring varies.
Stearine, owing to its acid character, dissolves the coal-tar colors
much more readily than do the perfectly neutral paraffine and ozokerite
waxes. For coloring stearine the necessary quantity of the color is
added to the melted mass and well stirred in; if the solution effected
happens to be incomplete, a small addition of alcohol will prove an
effective remedy. It is also an advantage to dissolve the colors
previously in alcohol and add the concentrated solution to the melted
stearine. The alcohol soon evaporates, and has no injurious effect on
the quality of the stearine.
For a number of years there have been on the market so-called “fat
colors,” formed by making concentrated solutions of the color, and also
special preparations of the colors in stearine. They are more easily
applied, and are, therefore, preferred to the powdered aniline colors,
which are apt to cause trouble by being accidentally distributed
in soluble particles, where they are not wanted. Since paraffine
and ozokerite dissolve comparatively little, they will not become
colored, and so must be colored indirectly. One way is to dissolve the
color in oleic acid or in stearine acid and add the solution to the
wax to be colored. Turpentine may be employed for the same purpose.
Concerning the colors suitable for candles, there are the eosine colors
previously mentioned, and also chroline yellow, auramine, taniline
blue, tartrazine, brilliant green, etc. The latter, however, bleaches
so rapidly that it can hardly be recommended. An interesting phenomenon
is the change some colors undergo in a warm temperature; for instance,
some blues turn red at a moderate degree of heat (120° F.) and return
to blue only when completely cooled off; this will be noticed while the
candle mixture is being melted previous to molding into candles.
CANDLES (FUMIGATING): See Fumigants.
CANDY COLORS AND FLAVORS: See Confectionery.
CANDY: See Confectionery.
CANVAS WATERPROOFING: See Waterproofing.
CAOUTCHOUC: See Rubber.
CAOUTCHOUC SOLUTION FOR PAINTS: See Paint.
CAPPING MIXTURES FOR BOTTLES: See Bottle-Capping Mixtures.
CAPSULE VARNISH: See Varnishes.
«CARAMEL:»
«Cloudless Caramel Coloring.»—I.—When it is perfectly understood that
in the manufacture of caramel, sugar is to be deprived of the one
molecule of its water of constitution, it will be apparent that heat
must not be carried on to the point of carbonization. Cloudy caramel is
due to the fact that part of the sugar has been dissociated and reduced
to carbon, which is insoluble in water. Hence the cloudiness. Caramel
may be made on a small scale in the following manner: Place 4 or 5
ounces of granulated sugar in a shallow porcelain-lined evaporating
dish and apply either a direct heat or that of an oil bath, continuing
the heat until caramelization takes place or until tumescence ceases
and the mass has assumed a dark-brown color. Then carefully add
sufficient water to bring the viscid mass to the consistence of a heavy
syrup. Extreme _care_ must be taken and the face and hands protected
during the addition of the water, owing to the intensity of the heat of
the mass, and consequent sputtering.
II.—The ordinary sugar coloring material is made from sugar or glucose
by heating it, while being constantly stirred, up to a temperature of
about 405° F. A metal pan capable of holding nearly ten times as much
as the sugar used, is necessary so as to retain the mass in its swollen
condition. As soon as it froths up so as nearly to fill the pan, an
action which occurs suddenly, the fire must instantly be extinguished
or removed. The finished product will be insoluble if more than about
15 per cent of its weight is driven off by the heat.
CARAMEL IN FOOD: See Food.
CARAMELS: See Confectionery. {147}
«CARBOLIC ACID.»
«Perfumed Carbolic Acid.»—
I.—Carbolic acid (cryst.) 1 ounce
Alcohol 1 ounce
Oil bergamot 10 minims
Oil eucalyptus 10 minims
Oil citronella 3 minims
Tincture cudbear 10 minims
Water, to make 10 ounces
Set aside for several days, and then filter through fuller’s earth.
II.—Carbolic acid (cryst.) 4 drachms
Cologne water 4 drachms
Dilute acetic acid 9 ounces
Keep in a cool place for a few days, and filter.
«Treatment of Carbolic-Acid Burns.»—Thoroughly wash the hands with
alcohol, and the burning and tingling will almost immediately cease.
Unless employed immediately, however, the alcohol has no effect. When
the time elapsed since the burning is too great for alcohol to be of
value, brush the burns with a saturated solution of picric acid in
water.
«Decolorization of Carbolic Acid.»—To decolorize the acid the following
simple method is recommended. For purifying carbolic acid which has
already become quite brown-red on account of having been kept in a tin
vessel, the receptacle is exposed for a short time to a temperature of
25° C. (77° F.), thus causing only a part of the contents to melt. In
this state the acid is put into glass funnels and left to stand for 10
to 12 days in a room which is likewise kept at the above temperature.
Clear white crystals form from the drippings, which remained unchanged,
protected from air and light, while by repeating the same process more
clear crystals are obtained from the solidified dark colored mother
lye. In this manner 75 to 80 per cent of clear product is obtained
altogether.
«Disguising Odor of Carbolic Acid.»—Any stronger smelling substance
will disguise the odor of carbolic acid, to an extent at least, but it
is a difficult odor to disguise on account of its persistence. Camphor
and some of the volatile oils, such as peppermint, cajeput, caraway,
clove, and wintergreen may be used.
«To Restore Reddened Carbolic Acid.»—Demont’s method consists in
melting the acid on the water bath, adding 12 per cent of alcohol of
95 per cent, letting cool down and, after the greater part of the
substance has crystallized out, decanting the liquid residue. The
crystals obtained in this manner are snowy white, and on being melted
yield a nearly colorless liquid. The alcohol may be recovered by
redistillation at a low temperature. This is a rather costly procedure.
CARBOLIC SOAP: See Soap.
«CARBOLINEUM:»
See also Paints and Wood.
«Preparation of Carbolineum.»—I.—Melt together 50 parts of American
rosin (F) and 150 parts of pale paraffine oil (yellow oil), and add,
with stirring, 20 parts of rosin oil (rectified).
II.—Sixty parts, by weight, of black coal tar oil of a specific gravity
higher than 1.10; 25 parts, by weight, of creosote oil; 25 parts, by
weight, of beechwood tar oil of a higher specific weight than 0.9. Mix
together and heat to about 347° F., or until the fumes given off begin
to deposit soot. The resulting carbolineum is brown, and of somewhat
thick consistency; when cool it is ready for use and is packed in
casks. This improved carbolineum is applied to wood or masonry with
a brush; the surfaces treated dry quickly, very soon loose the odor
of the carbolineum, and are effectively protected from dampness and
formation of fungi.
CARBON PRINTING: See Photography.
CARBON PROCESS IN PHOTOGRAPHY: See Photography.
CARBONYLE: See Wood.
CARBUNCLE REMEDIES: See Boil Remedy.
CARDS (PLAYING), TO CLEAN: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.
CARDBOARD, WATERPROOF GLUE FOR: See Adhesives under Cements and
Waterproof Glues.
CARDBOARD, WATERPROOFING: See Waterproofing.
CARMINATIVES: See Pain Killers.
CARPET PRESERVATION: See Household Formulas.
CARPET SOAP: See Soap. {148}
CARRIAGE-TOP DRESSING: See Leather.
CARRON OIL: See Cosmetics.
CASE HARDENING: See Steel.
«Casein»
«Dried Casein, its Manufacture and Uses.»—For the production of casein,
skimmed milk or buttermilk is used, articles of slight value, as they
cannot be employed for feeding hogs or for making cheese, except of a
very inferior sort, of little or no alimentive qualities. This milk
is heated to from 70° to 90° C. (175°–195° F.), and sulphuric or
hydrochloric acid is added until it no longer causes precipitation. The
precipitate is washed to free it from residual lactose, redissolved
in a sodium carbonate solution, and again precipitated, this time by
lactic acid. It is again washed, dried, and pulverized. It takes 8
gallons of skimmed milk to make 1 pound of dry casein.
In the manufacture of fancy papers, or papers that are made to imitate
the appearance of various cloths, laces, and silks, casein is very
widely used. It is also largely used in waterproofing tissues, for
preparation of waterproof products, and various articles prepared
from agglomeration of cork (packing boards, etc.). With lime water
casein makes a glue that resists heat, steam, etc. It also enters into
the manufacture of the various articles made from artificial ivory
(billiard balls, combs, toilet boxes, etc.), imitation of celluloid,
meerschaum, etc., and is finding new uses every day.
Casein, as known, may act the part of an acid and combine with bases
to form caseinates or caseates; among these compounds, caseinates of
potash, of soda, and of ammonia are the only ones soluble in water;
all the others are insoluble and may be readily prepared by double
decomposition. Thus, for example, to obtain caseinate of alumina
it is sufficient to add to a solution of casein in caustic soda, a
solution of sulphate of alumina; an insoluble precipitate of casein, or
caseinate of alumina, is instantly formed.
This precipitate ought to be freed from the sulphate of soda (formed by
double decomposition), by means of prolonged washing. Pure, ordinary
cellulose may be incorporated with it by this process, producing a new
compound, cheaper than pure cellulose, although possessing the same
properties, and capable of replacing it in all its applications.
According to the results desired, in transparency, color, hardness,
etc., the most suitable caseinate should be selected. Thus, if a
translucent compound is to be obtained, the caseinate of alumina yields
the best. If a white compound is desired, the caseinate of zinc, or of
magnesia, should be chosen; and for colored products the caseinates of
iron, copper, and nickel will give varied tints.
The process employed for the new products, with a base of celluloid and
caseinate, is as follows: On one hand casein is dissolved in a solution
of caustic soda (100 parts of water for 10 to 25 parts of soda), and
this liquid is filtered to separate the matters not dissolved and
the impurities. On the other hand, a salt of the base of which the
caseinate is desired is dissolved, and the solution filtered. It is
well not to operate on too concentrated a solution. The two solutions
are mixed in a receptacle provided with a mechanical stirrer, in order
to obtain the insoluble caseinate precipitate in as finely divided a
state as possible. This precipitate should be washed thoroughly, so
as to free it from the soda salt formed by double decomposition, but
on account of its gummy or pasty state, this washing presents certain
difficulties, and should be done carefully. After the washing the
mass is freed from the greater part of water contained, by draining,
followed by drying, or energetic pressing; then it is washed in
alcohol, dried or pressed again, and is ready to be incorporated in the
plastic mass of the celluloid.
For the latter immersion and washing it has been found that an
addition of 1 to 5 per cent of borax is advantageous, for it renders
the mass more plastic, and facilitates the operation of mixing. This
may be conducted in a mixing apparatus; but, in practice, it is found
preferable to effect it with a rolling mill, operating as follows:
The nitro-cellulose is introduced in the plastic state, and moistened
with a solution of camphor in alcohol (40 to 50 parts of camphor in
50 to 70 of alcohol for 100 of nitro-cellulose) as it is practiced in
celluloid factories.
This plastic mass of nitro-cellulose is placed in a rolling mill,
the cylinders of which are slightly heated at the same time as the
caseinate, prepared as above; then the whole mass is worked by the
cylinders until the mixture of the two {149} is perfectly homogeneous,
and the final mass is sufficiently hard to be drawn out in leaves in
the same way as practiced for pure celluloid.
These leaves are placed in hydraulic presses, where they are
compressed, first hot, then cold, and the block thus formed is
afterwards cut into leaves of the thickness desired. These leaves
are dried in an apparatus in the same way as ordinary celluloid. The
product resembles celluloid, and has all its properties. At 90° to
100° C. (194° to 212° F.), it becomes quite plastic, and is easily
molded. It may be sawed, filed, turned, and carved without difficulty,
and takes on a superb polish. It burns less readily than celluloid,
and its combustibility diminishes in proportion as the percentage of
caseinate increases; finally, the cost price is less than that of
celluloid, and by using a large proportion of caseinate, products may
be manufactured at an extremely low cost.
«Phosphate of Casein and its Production.»—The process is designed
to produce a strongly acid compound of phosphoric acid and casein,
practically stable and not hydroscopic, which may be employed as an
acid ingredient in bakers’ yeast and for other purposes.
The phosphoric acid may be obtained by any convenient method; for
example, by decomposing dicalcic or monocalcic phosphate with sulphuric
acid. The commercial phosphoric acid may also be employed.
The casein may be precipitated from the skimmed milk by means of
a suitable acid, and should be washed with cold water to remove
impurities. A caseinate may also be employed, such as a compound of
casein and an alkali or an alkaline earth.
The new compound is produced in the following way: A sufficient
quantity of phosphoric acid is incorporated with the casein or a
caseinate in such a way as to insure sufficient acidity in the
resulting compound. The employment of 23 to 25 parts by weight of
phosphoric acid with 75 to 77 parts of casein constitutes a good
proportion.
An aqueous solution of phosphoric acid is made, and the casein
introduced in the proportion of 25 to 50 per cent of the weight of
the phosphoric acid present. The mixture is then heated till the
curdled form of the casein disappears, and it assumes a uniform fluid
form. Then the mixture is concentrated to a syrupy consistency. The
remainder of the casein or of the caseinate is added and mixed with
the solution until it is intimately incorporated and the mass becomes
uniform. The compound is dried in a current of hot air, or in any other
way that will not discolor it, and it is ground to a fine powder. The
intimate union of the phosphoric acid and casein during the gradual
concentration of the mixture and during the grinding and drying,
removes the hydroscopic property of the phosphoric acid, and produces
a dry and stable product, which may be regarded as a hyperphosphate of
casein. When it is mixed with water, it swells and dissolves slowly.
When this compound is mingled with its equivalent of sodium bicarbonate
it yields about 17 per cent of gas.
CASEIN CEMENTS: See Adhesives.
CASEIN VARNISH: See Varnishes.
«CASKS:»
«To Render Shrunken Wooden Casks Watertight.»—When a wooden receptacle
has dried up it naturally cannot hold the water poured into it for the
purpose of swelling it, and the pouring has to be repeated many times
before the desired end is reached. A much quicker way is to stuff the
receptacle full of straw or bad hay, laying a stone on top and then
filling the vessel with water. Although the water runs off again, the
moistened straw remains behind and greatly assists the swelling up of
the wood.
CASSIUS, PURPLE OF: See Gold.
CASKET TRIMMINGS: See Castings.
CASTS (PLASTER), PRESERVATION OF: See Plaster.
CASTS, REPAIRING OF BROKEN: See Adhesives and Lutes.
CASTS FROM WAX MODELS: See Modeling.
«Casting»
«Castings Out of Various Metals.»—Until recent years metal castings
were all made in sand molds; that is, the patterns were used for the
impressions in the sand, the same as iron castings are produced to-day.
Nearly all of the softer metals are now cast in brass, copper, zinc,
or iron molds, and only the silver {150} and German silver articles,
like wire real bronze, are cast the old way, in sand. Aluminum can
be readily cast in iron molds, especially if the molds have been
previously heated to nearly the same temperature as the molten
aluminum, and after the molds are full the metal is cooled gradually
and the casting taken out as soon as cooled enough to prevent breaking
from the shrinkage. Large bicycle frames have been successfully cast in
this manner.
The French bronzes, which are imitations, are cast in copper or brass
molds. The material used is principally zinc and tin, and an unlimited
number of castings can be made in the mold, but if a real bronze piece
is to be produced it must be out of copper and the mold made in sand.
To make the castings hollow, with sand, a core is required. This fills
the inside of the figure so that the molten copper runs around it, and
as the core is made out of sand, the same can be afterwards washed out.
If the casting is to be hollow and is to be cast in a metal mold, then
the process is very simple. The mold is filled with molten metal, and
when the operator thinks the desired thickness has cooled next to the
walls, he pours out the balance. An experienced man can make hollow
castings in this way, and make the walls of any thickness.