and bowels; vomiting and purging, thirst, convulsions, and faintings;
pulse small and frequent, dilated pupil and stupor, cold sweats and
death. Treatment: The stomach and bowels are to be cleared by an emetic
of ground mustard or sulphate of zinc, followed by frequent doses of
Glauber’s or of Epsom salts, and large stimulating clysters. After
the poison is evacuated, either may be given with small quantities of
brandy and water. But if inflammatory symptoms manifest themselves such
stimuli should be avoided, and these symptoms appropriately treated.
A hypodermic injection of 1/62 grain of atropine is the latest
discovered antidote.
Potash.—See Alkali.
Prussic or Hydrocyanic Acid.—See Acids.
«Poison Ivy.»—Symptoms: Contact with, and with many persons the
near approach to, the vine gives rise to violent erysipelatous
inflammation, especially of the face and hands, attended with itching,
redness, burning, and swelling, with watery blisters. Treatment:
Give saline laxatives, and apply weak sugar of lead and laudanum, or
limewater and sweet oil, or bathe the parts freely with spirits of
niter. Anointing with oil will prevent poisoning from it.
«Saltpeter (Nitrate of Potash).»—Symptoms: Only poisonous in large
quantities, and then causes nausea, painful vomiting, purging,
convulsions, faintness, feeble pulse, cold feet and hands, with tearing
pains in stomach and bowels. Treatment: Treat as is directed for
arsenic, for there is no antidote known, and emptying the stomach and
bowels with mild drinks must be relied on.
«Savine.»—Symptoms: Sharp pains in the bowels, hot skin, rapid pulse,
violent vomiting and sometimes purging, with great prostration.
Treatment: Mustard and hot fomentations over the stomach and bowels
and ice allowed in the stomach only until the inflammation ceases. If
prostration comes on, food and stimulants must be given by injection.
«Stramonium, Thorn Apple, or Jamestown Weed.»—Symptoms: Vertigo,
headache, perversion of vision, slight delirium, sense of suffocation,
disposition to sleep, bowels relaxed, and all secretions augmented.
Treatment: Same as for belladonna.
«Snake Bites, Cure for.»—The Inspector of Police in the Bengal
Government reports that of 939 cases in which ammonia was freely
administered, 207 victims have recovered, and in the cured instances
the remedy was not administered till about 3 1/2 hours after the
attack; on the average of the fatal cases the corresponding duration of
time was 4 1/2 hours.
«Strychnine or Nux Vomica.»—The characteristic symptom is the special
influence exerted upon the nervous system, {97} which is manifested by
a general contraction of all the muscles of the body, with rigidity of
the spinal column. A profound calm soon succeeds, which is followed
by a new tetanic seizure, longer than the first, during which the
respiration is suspended. These symptoms then cease, the breathing
becomes easy, and there is stupor, followed by another general
contraction. In fatal cases these attacks are renewed, at intervals,
with increasing violence, until death ensues. One phenomenon which is
found only in poisonings by substances containing strychnine is that
touching any part of the body, or even threatening to do so, instantly
produces the tetanic spasm. Antidote: The stomach should be immediately
cleared by means of an emetic, tickling the fauces, etc. To counteract
the asphyxia from tetanus, etc., artificial respiration should be
practiced with diligence and care. “If the poison has been applied
externally, we ought immediately to cauterize the part, and apply a
ligature tightly above the wound. If the poison has been swallowed for
some time we should give a purgative clyster, and administer draughts
containing sulphuric ether or oil of turpentine, which in most cases
produce a salutary effect. Lastly, injections of chlorine and decoction
of tannin are of value.”
According to Ch. Gunther the greatest reliance may be placed on full
doses of opium, assisted by venesection, in cases of poisoning by
strychnia or nux vomica. His plan is to administer this drug in the
form of solution or mixture, in combination with a saline aperient.
Another treatment is to give, if obtainable, 1 ounce or more of bone
charcoal mixed with water, and follow with an active emetic; then to
give chloroform in teaspoonful doses, in flour and water or glycerine,
every few minutes while the spasms last, and afterwards brandy and
stimulants, and warmth of the extremities if necessary. Recoveries have
followed the free and prompt administration of oils or melted butter or
lard. In all cases empty the stomach if possible.
Sulphate of Zinc—White Vitriol.—See Zinc.
«Tin—Chloride of Tin, Solution of Tin (used by dyers), Oxide of Tin,
or Putty Powder.»—Symptoms: Vomiting, pains in the stomach, anxiety,
restlessness, frequent pulse, delirium, etc. Treatment: Empty the
stomach, and give whites of eggs in water, milk in large quantities, or
flour beaten up in water, with magnesia or chalk.
Tartar Emetic.—See Antimony.
«Tobacco.»—Symptoms: Vertigo, stupor, fainting, nausea, vomiting,
sudden nervous debility, cold sweat, tremors, and at times fatal
prostration. Treatment: After the stomach is empty apply mustard to the
abdomen and to the extremities, and give strong coffee, with brandy and
other stimulants, with warmth to the extremities.
«Zinc—Oxide of Zinc, Sulphate of Zinc, White Vitriol, Acetate of
Zinc.»—Symptoms: Violent vomiting, astringent taste, burning pain in
the stomach, pale countenance, cold extremities, dull eyes, fluttering
pulse. Death seldom ensues, in consequence of the emetic effect.
Treatment: The vomiting may be relieved by copious draughts of warm
water. Carbonate of soda, administered in solution, will decompose the
sulphate of zinc. Milk and albumen will also act as antidotes. General
principles to be observed in the subsequent treatment.
«Woorara.»—Symptoms: When taken into the stomach it is inert; when
absorbed through a wound it causes sudden stupor and insensibility,
frothing at the mouth, and speedy death. Treatment: Suck the wound
immediately, or cut it out and tie a cord around the limb between the
wound and the heart. Apply iodine, or iodide of potassium, and give it
internally, and try artificial respiration.
«ANTIFERMENTS.»
The following are tried and useful formulas:
I.—Sulphite (not sulphate) of lime, in fine powder, 1 part; marble
dust, ground oyster shells, or chalk, 7 parts; mix, and pack tight, so
as to exclude the air.
II.—Sulphite (not sulphate) of potassa, 1 part; new black-mustard seed
(ground in a pepper mill), 7 parts; mix, and pack so as to exclude air
and moisture perfectly. Dose (of either), 1/2 ounce to 1 1/2 ounces
per hogshead.
III.—Mustard seed, 14 pounds; cloves and capsicum, of each, 1 1/4
pounds; mix, and grind them to powder in a pepper mill. Dose, 1/4 to
1/2 pound per hogshead.
A portion of any one of these compounds added to cider, or the like,
soon allays fermentation, when excessive, or when it has been renewed.
The first formula is preferred when there is a tendency to acidity.
The second and third may be advantageously used for wine and beer, as
{98} well as for cider. The third compound greatly improves the flavor
and the apparent strength of the liquor, and also improves its keeping
qualities.
«Anchovy Preparations»
«Extemporaneous Anchovy Sauce.»—
Anchovies, chopped small 3 or 4
Butter 3 ounces
Water 2 ounces
Vinegar 1 ounce
Flour 1 ounce
Mix, place over the fire, and stir until the mixture thickens. Then rub
through a coarse sieve.
«Essence of Anchovies.»—Remove the bones from 1 pound of anchovies,
reduce the remaining portions of the fish to a pulp in a Wedgewood
mortar, and pass through a clean hair or brass sieve. Boil the bones
and other portions which will not pass through the sieve in 1 pint of
water for 15 minutes, and strain. To the strained liquor add 2 1/2
ounces of salt and 2 1/2 ounces of flour, and the pulped anchovies.
Let the whole simmer over the fire for three or four minutes; remove
from the fire, and when the mixture has cooled a little add 4 ounces of
strong vinegar. The product (nearly 3 pounds) may be then bottled, and
the corks tied over with bladder, and either waxed or capsuled.
«Anchovy Paste.»—
Anchovies 7 pounds
Water 9 pints
Salt 1 pound
Flour 1 pound
Capsicum 1/4 ounce
Grated lemon peel 1
Mushroom catsup 4 ounces
«Anchovy Butter.»—
Anchovies, boned and beaten to a paste 1 part
Butter 2 parts
Spice enough
ANTIFOULING COMPOSITIONS: See Paints.
ANTIFREEZING SOLUTION: See Freezing Preventives.
ANTIFRICTION METAL: See Alloys, under Phosphor Bronze and Antifriction
Metals.
«ANTIQUES, TO PRESERVE.»
The best process for the preservation of antique metallic articles
consists in a retransformation of the metallic oxides into metal
by the electrolytic method. For this purpose a zinc strip is wound
around the article and the latter is laid in a soda-lye solution of 5
per cent, or suspended as the negative pole of a small battery in a
potassium cyanide solution of 2 per cent. Where this method does not
seem practicable it is advisable to edulcorate the objects in running
water, in which operation fragile or easily destroyed articles may be
protected by winding with gauze; next, they should be carefully dried,
first in the air, then with moderate heat, and finally protected from
further destruction by immersion in melted paraffine. A dry place is
required for storing the articles, since paraffine is not perfectly
impermeable to water in the shape of steam.
ANTIRUST COMPOSITIONS: See Rust Preventives.
«Antiseptics»
«Antiseptic Powders.»—
I.—Borax 3 ounces
Dried alum 3 ounces
Thymol 22 grains
Eucalyptol 20 drops
Menthol 1 1/2 grains
Phenol 15 grains
Oil of gaultheria 4 drops
Carmine to give a pink tint.
II.—Alum, powdered 50 parts by weight
Borax, powdered 50 parts by weight
Carbolic acid, crystals 5 parts by weight
Oil of eucalyptus 5 parts by weight
Oil of wintergreen 5 parts by weight
Menthol 5 parts by weight
Thymol 5 parts by weight
III.—Boracic acid 10 ounces
Sodium biborate 4 ounces
Alum 1 ounce
Zinc sulphocarbolate 1 ounce
Thymic acid 1 drachm.
Mix thoroughly. For an antiseptic wash dissolve 1 or 2 drachms in a
quart of warm water.
IV.—Ektogan is a new dusting powder which is a mixture of zinc
hydroxide and dioxide. It is equivalent to about 8 per cent of active
oxygen. It is a yellowish-white odorless and tasteless powder,
insoluble in water. It is used externally in wounds and in skin
diseases as a moist dressing mixed with citric, tartaric, or {99}
tannic acid, which causes the liberation of oxygen. With iodides it
liberates iodine. It is stated to be strongly antiseptic; it is used in
the form of a powder, a gauze, and a plaster.
«Antiseptic Pencils.»—
I.—Tannin q. s.
Alcohol, q. s 1 part
Ether, q. s 3 parts
Make into a mass, using as an excipient the alcohol and ether
previously mixed. Roll into pencils of the desired length and
thickness. Then coat with collodion, roll in pure silver leaf, and
finally coat with the following solution of gelatine and set aside to
dry:
Gelatine 1 drachm
Water 1 pint
Dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat.
When wanted for use, shave away a portion of the covering, dip the
pencil into tepid water and apply.
II.—Pencils for stopping bleeding are prepared by mixing:
Purified alum 480 parts by weight
Borax 24 parts by weight
Oxide zinc 2 1/2 parts by weight
Thymol 8 parts by weight
Formalin 4 parts by weight
Melting carefully in a water bath, adding some perfume, and forming
mixture into pencils or cones.
A very convenient way to form into pencils where no mold need be made
is to take a small glass tube, roll a piece of oil paper around the
tube, remove the glass tube, crimp the paper tube thus formed on one
end and stand it on end or in a bottle, and pour the melted solution in
it and leave until cool, then remove the paper.
«Antiseptic Paste (Poison) for Organic Specimens.»—
(_a_) Wheat flour 16 ounces
Beat to a batter with cold water 16 fluidounces
Then pour into boiling water 32 fluidounces
(_b_) Pulverized gum arabic 2 ounces
Dissolve in boiling water 4 fluidounces
(_c_) Pulverized alum 2 ounces
Dissolve in boiling water 4 fluidounces
(_d_) Acetate of lead 2 ounces
Dissolve in boiling water 4 fluidounces
(_e_) Corrosive sublimate 10 grains
Mix (_a_) and (_b_) while hot and continue to simmer; meanwhile stir in
(_c_) and mix thoroughly; then add (_d_). Stir briskly, and pour in the
dry corrosive sublimate. This paste is very poisonous. It is used for
anatomical work and for pasting organic tissue, labels on skeletons,
etc.
«Mouth Antiseptics.»—I.—Thymic acid, 25 centigrams (3 1/4 grains):
benzoic acid, 3 grams (45 grains); essence of peppermint, 75 centigrams
(10 minims); tincture of eucalyptus, 15 grams (4 1/2 drachms);
alcohol, 100 grams (3 ounces). Put sufficient in a glass of water to
render latter milky.
II.—Tannin, 12 grams (3 drachms); menthol, 8 grams (2 drachms); thymol,
1 gram (15 grains); tincture benzoin, 6 grams (90 minims); alcohol, 100
grams (3 ounces). Ten drops in a half-glassful of tepid water.
See also Dentifrices for Mouth Washes.
«Antiseptic Paste.»—Difficulty is often experienced in applying an
antiseptic dressing to moist surfaces, such as the lips after operation
for harelip. A paste for this purpose is described by its originator,
Socin. The composition is: Zinc oxide, 50 parts; zinc chloride, 5
parts; distilled water, 50 parts. The paste is applied to the wound,
previously dried by means of a brush or spatula, allowed to dry on, and
to remain in place five or six days. It may then be removed and a fresh
application made.
Potassium bicarbonate 32.0 grams
Sodium benzoate 32.0 grams
Sodium borate 8.0 grams
Thymol 0.2 gram
Eucalyptol 2.0 c. cent.
Oil of peppermint 0.2 c. cent.
Oil of wintergreen 0.4 c. cent.
Tincture of cudbear 15.0 c. cent.
Alcohol. 60.0 c. cent.
Glycerine 250.0 c. cent.
Water, enough to make 1,000.0 c. centimeters
Dissolve the salts in 650 cubic centimeters of water, and the thymol,
eucalyptol, and oils in the alcohol. Mix the alcoholic solution with
the glycerine and add the aqueous liquid, then the tincture of cudbear,
and lastly enough water to make 1,000 cubic centimeters. Allow to stand
a few days, then filter, adding a little magnesium carbonate to the
filter, if necessary, to get a brilliant filtrate.
This is from the Formulary of the Bournemouth Pharmaceutical
Association, as reported in the Canadian Pharmaceutical Association:
{100}
«Alkaline Glycerine of Thymol.»—
Sodium bicarbonate 100 grains
Sodium biborate 200 grains
Sodium benzoate 80 grains
Sodium salicylate 40 grains
Menthol 2 grains
Pumilio pine oil 4 minims
Wintergreen oil 2 minims
Thymol 4 grains
Eucalyptol 12 minims
«Compound Solution of Thymol.»—
A
Benzoic acid 64 grains
Borax 64 grains
Boric acid 128 grains
Distilled water 6 ounces
Dissolve.
B
Thymol 20 grains
Menthol 6 grains
Eucalyptol 4 minims
Oil of wintergreen 4 minims
Oil of peppermint 2 minims
Oil of thyme 1 minim
Alcohol (90 per cent) 3 ounces
Dissolve.
Mix solutions A and B, make up to 20 fluidounces with distilled water,
and filter.
«Oil of Cinnamon as an Antiseptic.»—Oil of cinnamon in a 9-per-cent
emulsion, when used upon the hands, completely sterilizes them. A 7- to
8-per-cent emulsion is equal to a 1-per-cent solution of corrosive
sublimate and is certainly far more agreeable to use. Oil of thyme in
an 11-per-cent solution is equal to a 7-per-cent solution of cinnamon
oil.
«Green Coloring for Antiseptic Solutions.»—The safest coloring
substance for use in a preparation intended either for internal
administration or for application to the skin is the coloring matter
of leaves, chlorophyll. A tincture of spinach or of grass made by
macerating 2 ounces of the freshly cut leaves in a pint of alcohol for
five days will be found to give good results. If the pure coloring
substance is wanted the solvent should be evaporated off.
«Antiseptic Bromine Solution.»—
Bromine 1 ounce
Sodium chloride 8 ounces
Water 8 pints
Dissolve the sodium chloride in the water and add the bromine. This
solution is to be diluted, when applied to broken skin surfaces, 1 part
with 15 parts of water.
«Substitute for Rubber Gloves.»—Murphy has found that a 4-, 6-, or
8-per-cent solution of gutta-percha in benzine, when applied to the
hands of the surgeon or the skin of the patient, will seal these
surfaces with an insoluble, impervious, and practically imperceptible
coating—a coating that will not allow the secretions of the skin to
escape, and will not admit secretions, blood, or pus into the crevices
of the skin. At the same time it does not impair the sense of touch nor
the pliability of the skin. A similar solution in acetone also meets
most of the requirements.
Murphy’s routine method of hand preparation is as follows: First, five
to seven minutes’ scrubbing with spirits of green soap and running
hot water; second, three minutes’ washing with alcohol; third, when
the hands are thoroughly dried, the gutta-percha solution is poured
over the hands and forearms, care being taken to fill in around and
beneath the nails. The hands must be kept exposed to the air with the
fingers separated until thoroughly dry. The coating is very thin and
can be recognized only by its glazed appearance. It will resist soap
and water, but is easily removed by washing in benzine. The hands can
be washed in bichloride or any of the antiseptic solutions without
interfering with the coating or affecting the skin. If the operations
be many, or prolonged, the coating wears away from the tips of the
fingers, but is easily renewed. For the remaining portion of the hands
one application is sufficient for a whole morning’s work.
The 4-per-cent solution of rubber wears better on the tips of the
fingers, in handling instruments, sponges, and tissues than the acetone
solution.
For the abdomen the acetone solution has the advantage, and it dries in
three to four seconds after its application, while the benzine solution
takes from three to four and a half minutes to make a dry, firm coating.
The preparation of the patient’s skin consists in five minutes’
scrubbing with spirits of green soap, washing with ether, followed by
alcohol. The surface is then swabbed over thoroughly with the benzine
or acetone solution.
The gutta-percha solution is prepared by dissolving the pure
gutta-percha chips in sterile benzine or acetone. These solutions do
not stand boiling, as this impairs the adhesiveness and elasticity of
the coating.
ANTISEPTICS FOR CAGED BIRDS: See Veterinary Formulas. {101}
APOLLINARIS: See Waters.
APPLE SYRUP: See Essences and Extracts.
AQUA FORTIS FOR BRIGHT LUSTER: See Castings.
AQUA FORTIS FOR THE TOUCHSTONE: See Gold.
AQUARIUM CEMENTS: See Adhesives.
AQUARIUM PUTTY: See Putty.
ARGENTAN: See Alloys.
ARMENIAN CEMENT: See Adhesives under Jewelers’ Cements.
ARMS, OIL FOR: See Lubricants.
ARNICA SALVE: See Ointments.
ARSENIC ALLOYS: See Alloys.
ASBESTOS CEMENT: See Adhesives.
ASBESTOS FABRIC: See Fireproofing.
ASPHALT AS AN INGREDIENT OF INDIA RUBBER: See Rubber.
ASPHALT IN PAINTING: See Paint.
ASPHALT VARNISHES: See Varnishes.
ASSAYING: See Gold.
«ASTHMA CURES.»—_Asthma Papers._—I.—Impregnate bibulous paper with the
following: Extract of stramonium, 10; potassium nitrate, 17; sugar, 20;
warm water, 200 parts. Dry.
II.—Blotting or gray filter paper, 120; potassium nitrate, 60; powdered
belladonna leaves, 5; powdered stramonium leaves, 5; powdered digitalis
leaves, 5; powdered lobelia, 5; myrrh, 10; olibanum, 10; phellandrium
fruits, 5 parts.
_Stramonium Candle._—Powdered stramonium leaves, 120; potassium
nitrate, 72; Peruvian balsam, 3; powdered sugar, 1; powdered
tragacanth, 4 parts. (Water, q. s. to mass; roll into suitable shapes
and dry.)
_Cleary’s Asthma Fumigating Powder._—Powdered stramonium, 15; powdered
belladonna leaves, 15; powdered opium, 2; potassium nitrate, 5.
_Asthma Fumigating Powders._—I.—Powdered stramonium leaves, 4; powdered
aniseed, 2; potassium nitrate, 2 parts.
II.—Powdered stramonium, 30; potassium nitrate, 5; powdered tea, 15;
powdered eucalyptus leaves, 15; powdered Indian hemp, 15; powdered
lobelia, 15; powdered aniseed, 2; distilled water, 45 parts. (All the
herbal ingredients in coarse powder; moisten with the water in which
the potassium nitrate has been previously dissolved, and dry.)
_Schiffmann’s Asthma Powder._—Potassium nitrate, 25; stramonium, 70;
belladonna leaves, 5 parts.
_Neumeyer’s Asthma Powder._—Potassium nitrate, 6 parts; sugar, 4;
stramonium, 6; powdered lobelia, 1.
_Fischer’s Asthma Powder._—Stramonium, 5 parts; potassium nitrate, 1;
powdered _Achillea millefolium_ leaves, 1.
_Vorlaender’s Asthma Powder._—Stramonium, 150; lobelia, 80; arnica
flowers, 80; potassium nitrate, 30; potassium iodide, 3; naphthol,
1,100 parts.
«Asthma Cigarettes.»—I.—Belladonna leaves, 5 parts; stramonium leaves,
5 parts; digitalis leaves, 5 parts; sage leaves, 5 parts; potassium
nitrate, 75 parts; tincture of benzoin, 40 parts; boiling water, 1,000
parts. Extract the leaves with the boiling water, filter, and in the
filtrate dissolve the salts. Immerse in the fluid sheets of bibulous
paper (Swedish filter paper will answer) and let remain for 24 hours.
At the end of this time remove, dry, cut into pieces about 2 3/4 by 4
inches, and roll into cigarettes.
II.—Sodium arseniate, 3 grains; extract of belladonna, 8 grains;
extract of stramonium, 8 grains. Dissolve the arseniate of sodium in a
small quantity of water, and rub it with the two extracts. Then soak up
the whole mixture with fine blotting paper, which is dried and cut into
24 equal parts. Each part is rolled up in a piece of cigarette paper.
Four or five inhalations are generally sufficient as a dose.
ASTHMA IN CANARIES: See Veterinary Formulas.
ASTRINGENT FOR HORSES: See Veterinary Formulas.
ATOMIC WEIGHTS: See Weights and Measures. {102}
«ATROPINE, ANTIDOTE TO.»
The usual physiological antidotes to the mydriatic alkaloids from
belladonna, stramonium, and hyoscyamus are morphine or eserine. Strong
tea, coffee, or brandy are usually administered as stimulants. Chief
reliance has usually been placed upon a stomach siphon and plenty of
water to wash out the contents of the stomach. The best antidote ever
reported was that of muscarine extracted by alcohol from the mushroom,
_Amanita muscaria_, but the difficulty of securing the same has
caused it to be overlooked and almost forgotten. Experiments with this
antidote showed it to be an almost perfect opposite of atropine in its
effects upon the animal body and that it neutralized poisonous doses.
«AQUA AROMATICA.»—
Cort. cinnam. chinens 3 parts
Flor. lavandulæ 5 parts
Fol. Menth. pip. 5 parts
Fol. rosmarini 5 parts
Fol. salviæ 10 parts
Fruct. fœniculi 3 parts
Spiritus 70 parts
Aqua 300 parts
Macerate the drugs in the mixed alcohol and water for 24 hours and
distill 200 parts.
«AQUA REGIA.»—Aqua regia consists in principle of 2 parts of
hydrochloric acid and 1 part of nitric acid. But this quantity varies
according to the shop where it is used for gilding or jewelry, and
sometimes the proportion is brought to 4 parts of hydrochloric acid to
1 of nitric acid.
AUTOMOBILES, ANTIFREEZING SOLUTION FOR: See Freezing Preventives.
AXLE GREASE: See Lubricants.
BABBITT METAL: See Alloys.
«Baking Powders»
I.—Tartaric acid, 3 parts; sodium bicarbonate, 1 part; starch, 0.75
part. Of this baking powder the required amount for 500 parts of flour
is about 20 parts for rich cake, and 15 parts for lean cake.
The substances employed must be dry, each having been previously
sifted by itself, so that no coarse pieces are present; the starch
is mixed with the sodium bicarbonate before the acid is added. When
large quantities are prepared the mixing is done by machine; smaller
quantities are best mixed together in a spacious mortar, and then
passed repeatedly through a sieve. Instead of starch, flour may be
used, but starch is preferable, because it interferes with the action
of the acid on the alkali.
II.—A formula proposed by Crampton, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, as the result of an investigation of the leading baking
powders of the market, is:
Potassium bitartrate 2 parts
Sodium bicarbonate 1 part
Cornstarch 1 part