EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERNMENT.
At no point does the working of the government more seriously claim
the attention of statesmen than at that of its expenses. It is the
tendency of all governments to increase their expenses, and it
should be the care of all statesmen to restrain them within the
limits of a judicious economy. This obligation was felt as a duty
in the early periods of our history, and the doctrine of _economy_
became a principle in the political faith of the party, which,
whether called Republican as formerly, or Democratic as now, is
still the same, and was incorporated in its creed. Mr. Jefferson
largely rested the character of his administration upon it; and
deservedly: for even in the last year of his administration,
and after the enlargement of our territory by the acquisition
of Louisiana, the expenses of the government were but about
three millions and a half of dollars. At the end of Mr. Monroe's
administration, sixteen years later, they had risen to about
seven millions; and in the last year of Mr. Van Buren's (sixteen
years more), they had risen to about thirteen millions. At the
same time, at each of these epochs, and in fact, in every year of
every administration, there were payments from the Treasury for
extraordinary or temporary objects, often far exceeding in amount
the regular governmental expenses. Thus, in the last year of Mr.
Jefferson, the whole outlay from the Treasury, was about twelve
millions and a half; of which eight millions went to the payment of
principal and interest on the public debt, and about one million to
other extra objects. And in the last year of Mr. Monroe, the whole
payments were about thirty-two millions of dollars, of which sixteen
millions and a half went to the liquidation of the public debt;
and above eight millions more to other extraordinary and temporary
objects. Towards the close of Mr. Van Buren's administration, this
aggregate of outlay for all objects had risen to about thirty-seven
millions, which the opposition called thirty-nine; and presenting
this gross sum as the actual expenses of the government, made a
great outcry against the extravagance of the administration; and
the people, not understanding the subject, were seriously impressed
with the force and truth of that accusation, while the real expenses
were but about the one-third of that sum. To present this result
in a plain and authentic form, the author of this View obtained a
call upon the Secretary for the different payments, ordinary and
extraordinary, from the Treasury for a series of years, in which
the payments would be placed under three heads--the ordinary, the
extraordinary, and the public debt--specifying the items of each;
and extending from Monroe's time (admitted to be economical), to
Mr. Van Buren's charged with extravagance. This return was made by
the Secretary, divided into three columns, with specifications, as
required; and though obtained for a temporary and transient purpose,
it possesses a permanent interest as giving a complete view of the
financial working of the government, and fixing points of comparison
in the progress of expenditure--very proper to be looked back upon
by those who would hold the government to some degree of economy
in the use of the public money. There has been no such examination
since the year 1840: there would seem to be room for it now (1855),
when the aggregate of appropriations exceed seventy millions of
dollars. A deduction for extraordinaries would largely reduce that
aggregate, but still leave enough behind to astound the lovers of
economy. Three branches of expenditure alone, each within itself,
exceeds by upwards of four to one, the whole ordinary expenses of
the government in the time of Mr. Jefferson; and upwards of double
of such expense in the time of Mr. Monroe; and some millions more
than the same aggregate in the last year of Mr. Van Buren. These
three branches are, 1. The civil, diplomatic, and miscellaneous,
$17,265,929 and 50 cents. 2. The naval service (without the pensions
and "reserved" list), $15,012,091 and 53 cents. 3. The army,
fortifications, military academy (without the pensions), $12,571,496
and 64 cents. These three branches of expenditure alone would
amount to about forty-five millions of dollars--to which twenty-six
millions more are to be added. The dormant spirit of economy--hoped
to be only dormant, not dead--should wake up at this exhibition of
the public expenditure: and it is with that view--with the view
of engaging the attention of some economical members of Congress,
that the exhibit is now made--that this chapter is written--and
some regard invoked for the subject of which it treats. The evils
of extravagance in the government are great. Besides the burden
upon the people, it leads to corruption in the government, and
to a janissary horde of office holders to live upon the people
while polluting their elections and legislation, and poisoning the
fountains of public information in moulding public opinion to their
own purposes. More than that. It is the true source of the just
discontent of the Southern States, and must aggravate more and more
the deep-seated complaint against the unnecessary levy of revenue
upon the industry of one half of the Union to be chiefly expended
in the other. That complaint was great enough to endanger the Union
twenty-five years ago, when the levy and expenditure was thirty odd
millions: it is now seventy odd! At the same time it is the opinion
of this writer, that a practical man, acquainted with the objects
for which the federal government was created, and familiar with its
financial working from the time its fathers put it into operation,
could take his pen and cross out nearly the one half of these
seventy odd millions, and leave the government in full vigor for all
its proper objects, and more pure, by reducing the number of those
who live upon the substance of the people. To complete the effect
of this chapter, some extracts are given in the ensuing one, from
the speech made in 1840, upon the expenditures of the government, as
presenting practical views upon a subject of permanent interest, and
more worthy of examination now than then.