assistants; but has neither hall nor livery. _Maitland._
TINDERBOX _alley_, Norton Falgate.
TINDERBOX _court_, White Lion yard.
TITE’S _alley_, Limehouse.†
TITTENHANGER, three miles south-east of St. Albans, is situated near
Colney, and is a very handsome seat belonging to Sir Henry Pope Blunt,
Bart.
TITMOUSE _alley_, Farmer’s street, Shadwell.
TITUS’S _court_, Holbourn hill.†
TOBACCOPIPE _alley_, 1. Little St. Anne’s lane.* 2. Sun yard,
Nightingale lane, East Smithfield.*
TOBACCOPIPE MAKERS, a company incorporated by letters patent, granted
by King Charles II. in the year 1663.
They are governed by a master, two wardens, and eighteen assistants;
but have neither hall nor livery. _Maitland._
TOBACCOPIPE _yard_, Old Gravel lane, Ratcliff Highway.*
TOBACCO ROLL _court_, 1. Gracechurch street*, 2. Long _alley_,
Moorfields.*
TOBACCO ROLL _yard_, Sun yard, Nightingale lane.*
TOKENHOUSE _yard_, 1. Leadenhall street: 2. A very handsome place in
Lothbury, chiefly inhabited by merchants.
TOM’S _yard_, Whitechapel.†
TONGUE’S _alley_, Whitechapel.†
TONGUE’S _yard_, Whitechapel.†
TONSON’S _wharf_, Puddle Dock.†
TOOLEY’S _gate_, Tooley street.†
TOOLEY’S _gate yard_, Tooley street.†
TOOLEY’S _stairs_, Tooley street.†
TOOLEY _street_, the first street in Southwark next London Bridge.†
TOOLEY’S _Watergate_, Tooley street.†
TOOLEY’S _Watergate stairs_, Tooley street.†
TORMENT _hill_, Broadway.
TOTHIL _court_, Tothil street.
TOTHILFIELDS, Peter street, Westminster.
TOTHILFIELDS SCHOOL, situated in Rochester row, Tothilfields, was
founded by Emery Hill, Esq; in the year 1667, for the instruction of
twenty boys of the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster, in english,
latin, writing and arithmetic. _Maitland._
TOTHIL SIDE, Tothilfields.
TOTHIL _street_, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster.
TOTTENHAM COURT, a pleasant village situated between St. Giles’s and
Hampstead.
TOTTENHAM _court road_, St. Giles’s.
TOTTENHAM HIGH CROSS, a village on the west side of the river Lea,
five miles north-east from London in the road to Ware. David King of
Scotland being possessed of this manor, after it had belonged to the
Earls of Northumberland and Chester, gave it to the monastery of the
Trinity in London; but Henry VIII. granted it to William Lord Howard
of Effingham, who being afterwards attainted, it reverted again to the
King, who then granted it to the dean and chapter of St. Paul’s to
whom it still belongs. The present Earl of Northumberland and the Lord
Colerain have seats here, and there are also a great number of pretty
houses belonging to the citizens of London, the church stands on a
hill, which has a little river called the Mosel at the bottom, to the
west, north and east.
The parish is divided into four wards, viz. 1. Nether ward, in which
stands the parsonage and vicarage: 2. Middle ward, comprehending Church
end, and Marsh street. 3. High Cross ward, containing the hall, the
mill, Page green, and the High cross; and 4. Wood Green ward, which
comprehends all the rest of the parish, and is bigger than the three
other wards put together.
The cross, which gives name to the place, was once much higher than it
is at present, and upon that spot Queen Eleanor’s corps was rested,
when on the road from Lincolnshire to London. St. Loy’s well, in this
parish, is said to be always full, and never to run over; and the
people report many strange cures performed at Bishop’s Well. In 1596,
an almshouse was founded here by one Zancher, a Spaniard, the first
confectioner ever known in this kingdom. Here are also a free-school,
and a charity school for twenty-two girls, who are cloathed and taught.
TOWER _of London_, on the east side of the city, near the Thames. This
edifice, at first consisted of no more than what is at present called
the White Tower; and without any credible authority, has been vulgarly
said to have been built by Julius Cæsar; though there is the strongest
evidence of its being marked out, and a part of it first erected by
William the Conqueror in the year 1076, doubtless with a view to secure
to himself and followers a safe retreat, in case the English should
ever have recourse to arms to recover their liberties. That this was
the Conqueror’s design, evidently appears from its situation on the
east side of London, and its communication with the Thames, whence it
might be supplied with men, provisions, and military stores, and it
even still seems formed for a place of defence rather than offence.
[Illustration:
_S. Wale delin._ _Elliot sculp._
_The Tower._]
However the death of the Conqueror in 1087, about eight years after he
had begun this fortress, for some time prevented its progress, and left
it to be completed by his son William Rufus, who in 1098 surrounded it
with walls, and a broad and deep ditch, which was in some places 120
feet wide, several of the succeeding Princes added additional works,
and Edward III. built the church.
Since the restoration, it has been thoroughly repaired: in 1663 the
ditch was scoured; all the wharfing about it was rebuilt with brick
and stone, and sluices made for letting in and retaining the Thames
water as occasion may require: the walls of the White Tower, have been
repaired; and a great number of additional buildings have been added.
At present, besides the White Tower, are the offices of Ordnance, of
the Mint, of the keepers of the records, the jewel office, the Spanish
armoury, the horse armoury, the new or small armoury, barracks for the
soldiers, handsome houses for the chief officers residing in the Tower,
and other persons; so that the Tower now seems rather a town than a
fortress. Lately new barracks were also erected on the Tower wharf; and
the ditch was in the year 1758, railed round to prevent for the future
those melancholy accidents which have frequently happened to people
passing over Tower Hill in the dark.
The Tower is in the best situation that could have been chosen for a
fortress, it lying only 800 yards to the eastward of London Bridge, and
consequently near enough to cover this opulent city from invasion by
water. It is to the north of the river Thames, from which it is parted
by a convenient wharf and narrow ditch, over which is a drawbridge, for
the readier taking in or sending out ammunition and naval or military
stores. Upon this wharf is a line of about sixty pieces of iron cannon,
which are fired upon days of state.
Parallel to this part of the wharf upon the walls is a platform seventy
yards in length called the Ladies line, from its being much frequented
in summer evenings by the ladies, as on the inside it is shaded with
a row of lofty trees, and without affords a fine prospect of the
shipping, and of the boats passing and repassing the river. The ascent
to this line is by stone steps, and being once upon it, you may walk
almost round the Tower walls without interruption, in doing which you
will pass three batteries, the first called the Devil’s battery, where
is a platform, on which are mounted seven pieces of cannon: the next
is named the Stone battery, and defended by eight pieces of cannon;
and the last, called the Wooden battery is mounted with six pieces of
cannon: all these are brass, and nine pounders.
But to return to the wharf, which is divided from Tower Hill at each
end, by gates opened every morning for the convenience of a free
intercourse between the respective inhabitants of the tower, the city,
and its suburbs. From this wharf is an entrance for persons on foot
over the drawbridge, already mentioned; and also a water-gate under
the Tower wall, commonly called Traitor’s Gate, through which it
has been customary, for the greater privacy, to convey traitors and
other state prisoners by water, to and from the Tower: the water of
the ditch having here a communication with the Thames, by means of a
stone bridge on the wharf. However the Lords committed to the Tower
for the last rebellion, were publicly admitted at the main entrance.
Over this water-gate, is a regular building terminated at each end by
a round tower, on which are embrasures for cannon, but at present none
are mounted there. In this building are an infirmary, a mill, and the
water-works that supply the Tower with water.
The principal entrance into the Tower is by two gates to the west, one
within the other, and both large enough to admit coaches and heavy
carriages. Having passed thro’ the first of these you proceed over a
strong stone bridge, built over the ditch, which on the right-hand
leads to the lions tower, and to a narrow passage to the draw bridge on
the wharf, while on the left-hand is a kind of street in which is the
Mint. The second gate is at a small distance beyond the lions tower,
and is much stronger than the first, it has a portcullis to let down
upon occasion, and is guarded not only by some soldiers, but by the
warders of the Tower, whose dress and appearance will be immediately
described.
_The Officers of the Tower._ The principal of these to whom the
government of the Tower is committed, are, first the Constable of
the Tower, who has 1000_l._ _per annum_, and is usually a person of
quality, as his post at all coronations and state ceremonies, is of
the utmost importance, and as the crown and other regalia are in his
custody: he has under him a Lieutenant, and a deputy Lieutenant; these
officers are likewise of great dignity; the first has 700_l._ a
year, and the last, who is commonly called the Governor of the Tower,
has 1_l._ a day. The other officers are, a tower-major, a chaplain, a
physician, a gentleman-porter, a yeoman-porter, a gentleman-jailer,
four quarter-gunners, and forty warders, who wear the same uniform as
the King’s yeomen of the guard. They have round flat crowned caps,
with bands of party-coloured ribbands: Their coats, which are of a
particular make, but very becoming, have large sleeves, and very full
skirts gathered round, somewhat in the manner of a petticoat. These
coats are of fine scarlet cloth, laced round the edges and seams with
several rows of gold lace, and girt round their waists with a broad
laced girdle. Upon their breasts and backs they wear the King’s silver
badge, an embroidered thistle and rose, and the letters G. R. in very
large capitals.
_The ceremony at opening and shutting the gates._ This is done every
morning and night with great formality. A little before six in the
morning in summer, and as soon as it is well light in winter, the
yeoman-porter goes to the Governor’s house for the keys, and from
thence proceeds back to the innermost gate, attended by a serjeant and
six of the main guard. This gate being opened to let them pass, is
again shut; while the yeoman-porter and the guard proceed to open the
outermost gates, at each of which the guards rest their firelocks, as
do the spur-guard, while the keys pass and repass. The yeoman-porter
then returning to the innermost gate, calls to the warders in waiting
to take in King George’s keys; whereupon the gate is opened, and the
keys lodg’d in the warders hall, till the time of locking them up
again, which is usually about ten or eleven at night, with the same
formality as when opened. After they are shut, the yeoman and guard
proceed to the main guard, who are all under arms, with the officers
upon duty at their head. The usual challenge from the main guard is,
_Who comes here?_ To which the yeoman-porter answers _The keys_. The
challenger returns _Pass keys_, and the officer orders the guard to
rest their firelocks; upon which the yeoman-porter says, _God save
King George_, and _Amen_ is loudly answered by all the guard. The
yeoman-porter then proceeds with his guard to the Governor’s, where the
keys are left; after which no person can go out, or come in upon any
pretence whatsoever till the next morning, without the watch-word for
the night, which is kept so secret, that none but the proper officers,
and the serjeant upon guard, ever come to the knowledge of it; for it
is the same on the same night, in every fortified place throughout
England. But when that is given by any stranger to the centinel at
the spur-guard, or outer gate, he communicates it to his serjeant,
who passes it to the next on duty, and so on till it comes to the
Governor, or commanding officer, by whom the keys are delivered to the
yeoman-porter, who, attended as before, the main guard being put under
arms, brings them to the outer gate, where the stranger is admitted,
and conducted to the Governor; when having made known his business,
he is conducted back to the outer gate; and dismissed, the gate shut,
and the keys delivered again with the same formality as at first. It
is happy for us that all this seems mere form and parade; but it is
however fit that all this ceremony should be duly observed.
_The Lions Tower._ In examining the curiosities of the Tower, it will
be proper to begin with those on the outside the principal gate,
the first thing a stranger, usually goes to visit is the wild beasts,
which from their situation first present themselves: for having entered
the outer gate, and passed what is called the spur-guard, the keeper’s
house presents itself before you, which is known by a painted lion on
the wall, and another over the door which leads to their dens; and by
ringing a bell, and paying six pence each person, you may easily gain
admittance.
At your entrance, you come to a range of dens in the form of an half
moon. These dens are rooms about twelve or thirteen feet high,
divided into two apartments, the upper and the lower. In the upper
apartment the beasts generally live in the day, and at night retire
into the lower to rest: you view them through large iron grates, like
those before the windows of a prison; so that you may see them with the
utmost safety, be they ever so savage. Some of these dens are empty,
and other inhabited by lionesses of different ages, who are here kept
with the utmost care, particularly while young; for hardly any creature
is more tender than a lion’s whelp, and they would here infallibly
perish, were they not immediately taken from their dams as soon as
whelped; for even in Barbary, where they are a part of the inhabitants
of the woods and forests, many of them die in strong convulsions, from
the pain they suffer in breeding their teeth. Those bred in the Tower
are kept twelve months in a warm room, and fed mostly with milk diet,
before they are put into their dens: when about five or six weeks old,
they are as gentle as a lamb; but it is observed, that their savage
nature gradually increases with their growth, which at three years is
at the full, and then they seem as fierce as those brought from abroad.
The first they shew is Dido, a beautiful lioness, about twelve years
of age; and the next is a young lioness from Africa, that used to play
with her keeper like a puppy. She was taken by a negroe boy, as she was
drinking in the river Gambia, on the coast of Africa, when no bigger
than a cat; for the boy being sent to fetch water, found her without
her dam, and carried her home: but the dam afterwards coming in search
of her, and not finding her, ran roaring about, and killed several
negroes, the cattle and every living thing that came in her way. The
boy and the lioness were bought by the French, but being taken in their
passage to Europe, were sent to the Tower, where she seemed incredibly
fond of the young negroe.
After having seen another lioness or two, you are conducted to another
range, where you are shewn a fine leopard, and three most beautiful
tygers. The tyger, in shape resembles a cat, only is much larger, and
when wild is extremely fierce and ravenous, it lurks in the woods,
and seizes its prey by a sudden spring, and men in traversing the
desarts, are frequently surprized by this animal. These tygers are
finely spotted or streaked with black upon a yellowish ground. They
are full of play, and leap a prodigious height, when, like a cat, they
are playing their gambols. As to the leopard, he is a most beautiful
creature; his colour is a shining yellow, finely interspersed with
bright spots. No description can give the reader a complete idea of
these beasts; for every image that words can convey, must fall short of
that original beauty stamped upon them by nature.
Having satisfied your curiosity with the sight of these extraordinary
beasts, you are shewn a variety of birds, among which is a golden
eagle, a noble bird that has been kept here above ninety years; besides
which there are other eagles from different countries, all of them
having something different in their shape or colour, by which a curious
observer may easily distinguish them.
You are next shewn an horned owl, which is a very surprizing bird,
and as there is not perhaps such another in England, we shall give a
particular description of it. Its head seems full as big as that of a
cat, and its eyes, which are large, have circles round them of a bright
shining gold colour. The feathers that compose the horns begin just
above the eyes, and rise intermixed with a little white; but as they
extend beyond the head, become of a red brown clouded with a more dusky
colour, and are tipp’d with black. The spaces round the eyes, which
compose the face, are of a light brown, confusedly mixed with orange
colour, gradually becoming more dusky as it borders on the eyes. The
top of the head, neck, back, wings, and upper side of the tail are of a
dark brown, spotted and intermixed with some confused transverse small
lines of ash colour and reddish. The great wing-feathers, and the tail,
are barred across with dusky bars of half an inch in breadth, more or
less; but between the back and wings the feathers are of an ash colour.
The fore part of the neck and breast are a bright brown, inclining to
orange, which gradually grows fainter on the sides. This brown part
is spotted with pretty large dark spots, and intermixed between them,
with the same dusky colour. The middle of the breast, belly, thighs,
and under side of the tail are a faint ash colour, pretty regularly
barred transversely with dusky lines; and the inside of the wings are
coloured and variegated in the same manner: the legs and toes, almost
to the ends are covered with light ash coloured feathers, and the ends
of the toes and the claws, are of a dark horn colour, and very strong
and sharp.
From these extraordinary birds you are conducted to a den where you
are shewn the Great Pompey, the finest and largest lion ever seen in
England; he is about twelve years of age, and of a noble and majestic
appearance. His head is large, and his neck covered with a long shagged
mane that reaches to his shoulders. He is of a yellowish colour, and
about four feet high; his body is small in proportion to his head; but
his legs have the appearance of amazing strength; his large muscles
being very visible. The bones of his fore-legs seem about the thickness
of a man’s wrist, and his fore-feet are armed with five prodigious
claws, sheathed like those of a cat, with which he seizes his prey like
that animal; but his hinder feet have only four. He seems very gentle
and tractable to his feeder, and will lie down and let him play with
him like a spaniel.
You are next shewn what your guides call their school of apes, which
consists of two apes from Turky, and two Egyptian night-walkers. Of the
largest of these creatures they will tell you abundance of surprizing
stories. There are also one or two man tygers, a man of the wood, a
Guinea racoon, much more beautiful than those brought from America; a
jackal, a fine tyger cat, two large hyenas, a male and a female, and a
very uncommon beast which the keeper calls the whistler of the woods.
This is a beautiful little creature of the size of a badger, brought
from Guinea, and receives her name from her counterfeiting in the woods
the whistling and chirping of birds, by which she allures them to her,
and so makes them her prey.
These animals are all regularly fed with proper food, and attended with
all possible care.
But to proceed; the next place worthy of observation is the Mint, which
comprehends near one third of the Tower, and contains houses for all
the officers belonging to the coinage. See the article MINT.
_The white Tower_, on passing the principal gate you see the White
Tower, built, as has been already said, by William the Conqueror. This
is a large, square, irregular stone building, situated almost in the
centre, no one side answering to another, nor any of its watch towers,
of which there are four at the top, built alike. One of these towers is
now converted into an observatory.
The building itself consists of three very lofty stories, under which
are spacious and commodious vaults, chiefly filled with saltpetre.
It is covered on the top with flat leads, from whence there is an
extensive and delightful prospect.
In the first story are two noble rooms, one of which is a small armoury
for the sea service, it having various sorts of arms very curiously
laid up, for above 10,000 seamen. In the other room are many closets
and presses, all filled with warlike engines and instruments of death.
Over this are two other floors, one principally filled with arms; the
other with arms and other warlike instruments, as spades, shovels,
pick-axes, and cheveaux de Frize. In the upper story are kept match,
sheep-skins, tanned hides, &c. and in a little room called Julius
Cæsar’s chapel are deposited some records, containing perhaps the
ancient usages and customs of the place. In this building are also
preserved models of the new invented engines of destruction that have
from time to time been presented to the government.
On the top of one of the towers is a large cistern or reservoir for
supplying the whole garrison with water; it is about seven feet deep,
nine broad, and about sixty in length, and is filled from the Thames by
means of an engine very ingeniously contrived for that purpose.
_The Spanish Armoury._ Near the south-west angle of the White Tower
is the Spanish armoury, in which are deposited the spoils of what was
vainly called the Invincible Armada, in order to perpetuate to latest
posterity the memory of that signal victory obtained by the English
over the whole naval power of Spain in the reign of Philip II. which
will ever render the glorious name of Queen Elizabeth dear to Britons:
for of 132 ships that arrived in the British channel; scarce 70 of
them returned home, and of 30,000 men on board, upwards of 20,000 were
either killed, drowned, or made prisoners in England, such was the fate
of this vain-glorious enterprize!
The trophies preserved here of this memorable victory, with some other
curiosities are,
1. A Spanish battle-ax, so contrived as to strike four holes in a man’s
skull, at once; it has besides a pistol in its handle with a match-lock.
2. The Spanish General’s halbert, covered with velvet. All the nails
are double gilt, and on the top is the pope’s head, curiously engraven.
3. The Spanish morning star; a destructive engine in the form of a
star; of which there were many thousands on board, and all of them
with poisoned points; designed to strike at the English, in case they
boarded them.
4. Thumb screws, of which there were several chests full on board the
Spanish fleet. The use they were intended for is said to have been
to extort confession from the English where their money was hid, had
they prevailed.——Certain it is, that; after the defeat, the whole
conversation of the court and country turned upon the discoveries
made by the Spanish prisoners of the racks, the wheels, and the whips
of wire, with which they were to scourge the English of every rank,
age, and sex. The most noted hereticks were to be put to death; those
who survived were to be branded on the forehead with a hot iron; and
the whole form of government, both in church and state, was to be
overturned.
5. A Spanish poll-ax, used in boarding of ships.
6. Spanish halberts, or spears, some of them curiously engraved and
inlaid with gold.
7. Spanish spadas, or long swords, poison’d at the points, so that if a
man received but ever so slight a wound, it would prove certain death.
8. Spanish cravats, as they are called; these are engines of torture,
made of iron, and put on board to lock the feet, arms, and heads of
English Hereticks together.