Powers of the Parliament.
91. [Legislative Authority of Parliament of Canada.] It shall be lawful
for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and
House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government
of Canada, in relation to all Matters not coming within the Classes of
Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the
Provinces; and for greater Certainty, but not so as to restrict the
Generality of the foregoing Terms of this Section, it is hereby declared
that (notwithstanding anything in this Act) the exclusive Legislative
Authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to all Matters coming
within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated; that is
to say,--
1. The Public Debt and Property.
2. The Regulation of Trade and Commerce.
3. The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation.
4. The borrowing of Money on the Public Credit.
5. Postal Service.
6. The Census and Statistics.
7. Militia, Military and Naval Service, and Defence.
8. The fixing of and providing for the Salaries and Allowances of
Civil and other Officers of the Government of Canada.
9. Beacons, Buoys, Lighthouses, and Sable Island.
10. Navigation and Shipping.
11. Quarantine and the Establishment and Maintenance of Marine
Hospitals.
12. Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries.
13. Ferries between a Province and any British or Foreign Country or
between Two Provinces.
14. Currency and Coinage.
15. Banking, Incorporation of Banks, and the Issue of Paper Money.
16. Savings Banks.
17. Weights and Measures.
18. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes.
19. Interest.
20. Legal Tender.
21. Bankruptcy and Insolvency.
22. Patents of Invention and Discovery.
23. Copyrights.
24. Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.
25. Naturalization and Aliens.
26. Marriage and Divorce.
27. The Criminal Law, except the Constitution of Courts of Criminal
Jurisdiction, but including the Procedure in Criminal Matters.
28. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Penitentiaries.
29. Such Classes of Subjects as are expressly excepted in the
Enumeration of the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned
exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces.
And any Matter coming within any of the Classes of Subjects enumerated
in this Section shall not be deemed to come within the Class of Matters
of a local or private Nature comprised in the Enumeration of the Classes
of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the
Provinces.
Exclusive Powers of Provincial Legislatures.
92. [Subjects of exclusive Provincial Legislation.] In each Province
the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Matters coming
within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated, that is to
say,--
1. The Amendment from Time to Time, notwithstanding anything in this
Act, of the Constitution of the Province, except as regards the
Office of Lieutenant Governor.
2. Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of
a Revenue for Provincial Purposes.
3. The borrowing of Money on the sole Credit of the Province.
4. The Establishment and Tenure of Provincial Offices and the
Appointment and Payment of Provincial Officers.
5. The Management and Sale of the Public Lands belonging to the
Province and of the Timber and Wood thereon.
6. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Public and
Reformatory Prisons in and for the Province.
7. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Hospitals,
Asylums, Charities, and Eleemosynary Institutions in and for
the Province, other than Marine Hospitals.
8. Municipal Institutions in the Province.
9. Shop, Saloon, Tavern, Auctioneer, and other Licences in order to
the raising of a Revenue for Provincial, Local, or Municipal
Purposes.
10. Local Works and Undertakings other than such as are of the
following Classes,--
a. Lines of Steam or other Ships, Railways, Canals, Telegraphs,
and other Works and Undertakings connecting the Province with
any other or others of the Provinces, or extending beyond the
Limits of the Province:
b. Lines of Steam Ships between the Province and any British
or Foreign Country:
c. Such Works as, although wholly situate within the Province,
are before or after their Execution declared by the
Parliament of Canada to be for the general Advantage of
Canada or for the Advantage of Two or more of the Provinces.
11. The Incorporation of Companies with Provincial Objects.
12. The Solemnization of Marriage in the Province.
13. Property and Civil Rights in the Province.
14. The Administration of Justice in the Province, including the
Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial Courts,
both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction, and including
Procedure in Civil Matters in those Courts.
15. The Imposition of Punishment by Fine, Penalty, or Imprisonment for
enforcing any Law of the Province made in relation to any Matter
coming within any of the Classes of Subjects enumerated in this
Section.
16. Generally all Matters of a merely local or private Nature in the
Province.
Education.
93. [Legislation respecting Education.] In and for each Province the
Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Education, subject
and according to the following Provisions:--
(1.) Nothing in any such Law shall prejudicially affect any Right or
Privilege with respect to Denominational Schools which any Class
of Persons have by Law in the Province at the Union:
(2.) All the Powers, Privileges, and Duties at the Union by Law
conferred and imposed in Upper Canada on the Separate Schools and
School Trustees of the Queen's Roman Catholic Subjects shall be
and the same are hereby extended to the Dissentient Schools of the
Queen's Protestant and Roman Catholic Subjects in Quebec:
(3.) Where in any Province a System of Separate or Dissentient
Schools exists by Law at the Union or is thereafter established
by the Legislature of the Province, an Appeal shall lie to the
Governor General in Council from any Act or Decision of any
Provincial Authority affecting any Right or Privilege of the
Protestant or Roman Catholic Minority of the Queen's Subjects in
relation to Education:
(4.) In case any such Provincial Law as from Time to Time seems to
the Governor General in Council requisite for the due Execution
of the Provisions of this Section is not made, or in case any
Decision of the Governor General in Council on any Appeal under
this Section is not duly executed by the proper Provincial
Authority in that Behalf, then and in every such Case, and as far
only as the Circumstances of each Case require, the Parliament
of Canada may make remedial Laws for the due Execution of the
Provisions of this Section and of any Decision of the Governor
General in Council under this Section.
Uniformity of Laws in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
94. [Legislation for Uniformity of Laws in three Provinces.]
Notwithstanding anything in this Act, the Parliament of Canada may make
Provision for the Uniformity of all or any of the Laws relative to
Property and Civil Rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick,
and of the Procedure of all or any of the Courts in those Three
Provinces, and from and after the passing of any Act in that Behalf
the Power of the Parliament of Canada to make Laws in relation to any
Matter comprised in any such Act shall, notwithstanding anything in this
Act, be unrestricted; but any Act of the Parliament of Canada making
Provision for such Uniformity shall not have effect in any Province
unless and until it is adopted and enacted as Law by the Legislature
thereof.
Agriculture and Immigration.
95. [Concurrent Powers of Legislation respecting Agriculture, &c.] In
each Province the Legislature may make Laws in relation to Agriculture
in the Province, and to Immigration into the Province; and it is hereby
declared that the Parliament of Canada may from Time to Time make
Laws in relation to Agriculture in all or any of the Provinces, and
to Immigration into all or any of the Provinces; and any Law of the
Legislature of a Province relative to Agriculture or to Immigration
shall have effect in and for the Province as long and as far only as
it is not repugnant to any Act of the Parliament of Canada.