#victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium effûgit, XVI, 30.
4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a
noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a
limiting genitive:
ob #virginês# raptâs (on account of the _seizure of_ the maidens),
II, 14; Annô trecentêsimô ab #urbe conditâ# (from the _founding of_
the city), XII, 1.
5. English is fond of coördinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the
same mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ 'They took the ass and
saddled him.' Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers
to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression,
_e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two
classes of sentences:
(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #îctum cônflagrâsse#, IV, 74, which =
fulmine #îctum esse et cônflagrâsse#, _i.e._ 'he _was struck_ by
lightning _and burned_,' etc.
(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvulôs alveô #impositôs
abiêcit#, I, 6 = parvulôs alveô #imposuit et abiêcit#; #êlatam# secûrim
in êius caput #dêiêcit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# secûrim #et# in êius caput
#dêiêcit#; côniugem ê Cûriâ #êvocâtum# . . rêgem #salûtâvit#, VII, 47 =
côniugem ê Cûriâ #êvocâvit et# eum rêgem #salûtâvit#.
_M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE
1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and
_Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may
quote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the
writer gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in
which the thought was formulated (if put into words at all), he is said
to use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely
the substance or the gist of his own or another's statements or
thoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as in
English, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.
2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous
changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under
two heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) those
which occur in subordinate clauses.
3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative,
interrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask a
question, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider
three forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions,
(_c_) Commands.