making 1.5-5 turns; fertile cells inflated on the outer side, straight
on the conjugating side; zygospores ellipsoid 33-40µ × 54-70µ, median
wall yellow, smooth. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 1883, 1890.
Charleston, Illinois.
This species bears some resemblance to a form of _S. varians_ figured
by Professor Borge.[D] It differs from his figure in that the
conjugating side of the fertile cells is not at all swollen, and the
dimensions are somewhat larger. If this form had been found but once
it would have been passed over as a variation intermediate between _S.
Juergensii_ and _S. varians_. But it has been found several successive
years in a small stream south, and at a small pond west of Charleston,
Illinois.
=S. lutetiana= Petit.
So far as I am aware no specimens of this species have been found in
America. The Illinois record in my list[E] is an error. The P. B.-A.
specimen labelled _S. lutetiana_ is _S. fallax_ (Hansg.) Wille, as
shown by its often replicate cell walls, verrucose spores and the
number of chromotophores.
=S. velata= Nordstedt var. =occidentalis= Transeau.
Specimens of this variety have been distributed in the P. B.-A. No. 96,
under the name of _S. dubia_ Kütz. var. _longiarticulata_ Kütz. from
Oak Bay, Victoria, British Columbia (N. L. Gardner). The spores are for
the most part not mature but they show the characteristic scrobiculate
markings of the median wall.
=S. Lagerheimii= Wittrock.
This species is not uncommon in central Illinois. The
specimen labelled _S. communis_ in P. B.-A. No. 1416, from
Winchester, Mass., has a cell diameter over 30µ, and the
spores are ellipsoid instead of ovoid. The median spore wall
in the mature spores is punctate. Here also belongs the P. B.-A.
specimen No. 365, Falmouth, Mass. Both the vegetative cells
and the spores are considerably below the lower dimensions
for _S. porticalis_. The P. B.-A. specimen No. 1668, _S. porticalis_
var. _tenuispira_ Collins establishes this name as a synonym of
_S. Lagerheimii_. Professor Farlow has recently sent me a
specimen of this species from Chocorua, N. H.
=S. daedalea= Lagerheim.
This species has recently been found in a pond south of
Coffeen, Ill. The spores show the characteristic markings
and the dimensions are near those of the original collection.
The spores are slightly more rhomboidal than in the type
material, which I have seen. In herb. E. N. T. Collection
No. 2912, 2850.
=S. Goetzei= Schmidle.
This species previously known only from the tropics has been found in
the collection of Mr. Charles Bullard, from Wellfleet, Mass. In herb.
E. N. T. Collection No. 2954.
=S. submarina= (Collins) nov. comb.
This species was described by Collins as a variety of _S. decimina_
(Müller) Kütz, which it somewhat resembles in the form of the
vegetative cells. The spores, however, are distinctly ellipsoid, while
those of _S. decimina_ are ovoid. The dimensions are much smaller than
those of _S. decimina_. It seems better therefore to recognize this as
a distinct species. It has been collected in Massachusetts, Connecticut
and Bermuda.
=E. ellipsospora= Transeau.
Described originally from Illinois, I have seen specimens during
the past year from Maine, Massachusetts and Minnesota. Professor G.
S. West[F] described about the same time a species from Columbia,
South America, which appears to be a form of this same species. The
vegetative cells are considerably larger, the chromatophores are six
(or five) in number, and the spores are at the upper limit of size of
the North American form. As our specimens all show, a wider range of
dimensions and number of chromatophores, the South American form is
best classified as a variety under the name _S. ellipsospora_ var.
=splendida= (G. S. West) nov. comb.
=S. propria= nov. sp.
Cellulis vegetativis 60-68µ × 80-150µ, dissepimentis planis;
chromatophoris 3, anfractibus arctis .5-1; cellulis fructiferis
cylindricis; zygosporis ellipticis 42-60µ × 80-120µ; membrana media
sporarum scrobiculis irregularis ornata, luteo-brunnea.
Vegetative cells 60-68µ × 80-150µ, end walls plane; 3 chromatophores
making .5-1 turn in the cell; fertile cells cylindrical; zygospores
ellipsoid, 42-60µ × 80-120µ, median wall irregularly pitted,
yellow-brown. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2666. Coffeen, Illinois.
This species is very distinct in the form of its spores and their
position in the fertile cells. Lateral conjugation only has been
observed. It is possible that the number of chromatophores is more
variable, but in all the vegetative cells in which they could be
counted there were three.
=Spirogyra braziliensis= (Nordstedt) nov. comb.
Owing to the indefinite and imperfect description of _S. lineata_
Suring., the variety _Braziliensis_ Nordstedt, of which we have a
perfect description and specimens (W. & N. Alg. aq. dulc. exsicc. No.
360), should be given specific rank. Its connection with _S. lineata_
is very problematical.
=S. fluviatilis= Hilse.
In all the published descriptions of this species the spores are
described as smooth, and the number of chromatophores is given as
four. I have seen many specimens from Illinois, and collections from
the upper peninsula of Michigan (T. L. Hankinson), Minnesota (J. E.
Tilden), Hawaii (J. E. Tilden), Massachusetts (P. B.-A. No. 1217),
Pennsylvania (E. N. T.) and Guatemala (W. A. Kellerman). In all cases
the mature spores are brown and scrobiculate, and the number of
chromatophores is three or four.
=S. nova-angliae= nov. sp.
Cellulis vegetativis 50-60µ × 200-350µ, dissepimentis planis;
chromatophoris 3-5, anfractibus arctis 2.5-4.5; cellulis fructiferis
non inflatis; zygosporis ovoideis 50-65µ × 80-120µ: membrana media
sporarum reticulata et dense punctata, flava.
Vegetative cells 50-60µ × 200-350µ, end walls plane; 3-5 chromatophores
making 2.5-4.5 turns; fertile cells not inflated; zygospores ovoid
50-65µ × 80-120µ: median wall reticulate and densely punctate, yellow
in color.
This species was first found in the collections of Mr. Bullard
from Beaver Dam, Brook Pond, Natick; the pond west of Winter Pond,
Winchester; and the Middlesex Fells, Mass. Recently the same form was
found in a large prairie pond south of Coffeen, Illinois. Its position
in the genus is near _S. malmeana_ Hirn. In herb. E. N. T. Collections
No. 2952, 2953 and 2900.
=S. diluta= Wood.
I first came across this species in Mr. Bullard’s collection from
the pond west of Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass. On going over Wood’s
description, its identity with _S. diluta_ is unmistakable. The
position, color and form of the spore, and the shape of the fertile
cells is perfectly represented in Wood’s figure. The dimensions also
correspond. Wolle is responsible for confusing this species with _S.
nitida_ (Dillw.) Link, but a glance at Wood’s figure is sufficient to
show that it is very different from that species. The P. B. A. specimen
No. 513 (labelled _S. nitida_) from Bridgeport, Conn., belongs here.
Miss Grace Stone also sent me a collection of this species from near
New York City. In the U. S. National Herbarium is another specimen from
Bois Sabbi, Louisiana, April 7th, 1891, (A. B. Langlois). Recently the
species has been collected at Donnelson, Illinois, by Mr. Frank Harris.
The vegetative cells are usually shorter than in _S. nitida_, the
spores are ovoid, not ellipsoid, and the spore wall is verrucose, or
reticulate-verrucose, chestnut brown in color. In herb. E. N. T. Coll.
No. 2900.
=S. crassa= Kützing.
Var. =formosa= nov. var. Varietas gracilis, cellulis vegetativis
80-95µ × 80-270µ; zygosporis 88-100µ × 120-150µ × 70-90µ; ceterum ut in
typo.
A small variety, vegetative cells 80-95µ × 80-270µ: zygospores
88-100µ × 120-150µ × 70-90µ; otherwise similar to the type. Type in
herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 1939. This variety occurs in a pond east of
Ashmore, Ill.
=S. submaxima= Transeau.
This species which was described from Illinois has been found with
nearly the same dimensions in the collections from Middlesex Fells, and
South Peabody Station, Mass., sent me by Mr. Chas. Bullard.
=S. micropunctata= nov. sp.
Cellulis vegetativis 30-36µ × 120-300µ, dissepimentis planis,
chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 3-7; cellulis fructiferis
modo binis vel quaternis inter cellulas vegetativas distributis,
modo continuis, altero latere (in quo conjugatio sequitur) inflatis,
altero rectis; tubo conjugationis plerumque ex cellula mascula emisso;
zygosporis ellipticis 37-42µ × 57-100µ membrana media micropunctata et
lutea.
Vegetative cells 30-36µ × 120-300µ, end walls plane; 1 chromatophore
making 3-7 turns; fertile cells scattered in twos or fours among
vegetative cells, or continuous, inflated on the conjugating side,
outer side straight; conjugating tubes formed almost wholly by the
male cell, zygospores ellipsoid 37-42µ × 57-70µ, median wall minutely
punctate, yellow. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2470, 2953.
This species was first found in the West Big Four Pond, east of
Charleston, Illinois. It has since been found in a collection from
Chocorua, N. H., sent me by Mr. Chas. Bullard. It evidently belongs in
the _punctata_ group of the Spirogyras, but in form and markings of the
spore, and the shape of the fertile cells it is amply distinct from its
nearest allies; _S. punctiformis_ Transeau and the next species to be
described.
=S. reflexa= nov. sp.
Cellulis vegetativis 30-40µ × 120-300µ, dissepimentis planis;
chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 3-8 cellulis fructiferis
binis vel quaternis inter cellulas vegetativas distributis, inflatis
et valde reflexis; tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso;
zygosporis ellipticis, 44-54µ × 90-150µ, membrana media glabra et
luteo-brunnea.
Vegetative cells 30-40µ × 120-300µ, with plane end wall; 1
chromatophore making 3-8 turns; fertile cells in groups of 2 or 4,
inflated or enlarged and strongly reflexed; conjugating tube formed by
the male cells; zygospores ellipsoid, 44-54µ × 90-150µ, median wall
smooth, yellow-brown. Type in herb. E. N. T. Collection No. 2661, 2664,
2912.
This species has been under observation for four years and has been
collected from ponds near Casey, Lerna, Coffeen and Donnellson,
Illinois. The large, smooth spores, the reflexed conjugating cells,
and the tube produced wholly by the male cells are the distinguishing
characteristics.
=S. hydrodictya= nov. sp.
Cellulis vegetativis 75-100µ × 210-360µ, dissepimentis planis,
chromatophoris 7-10, modo subrectis longitudinalibus, modo spiralibus
anfractibus arctis .1-.5; cellulis fructiferis inflatis vel
subinflatis; tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso; zygosporis
lenticularibus vel globoso-lenticularibus, 80-120µ × 110-195µ, membrana
media scrobiculis obsita, brunnea.
Vegetative cells 75-100µ × 210-360µ, end walls plane, 7-10
chromatophores, either straight, or spiral making .1-.5 turns; fertile
cells inflated or subinflated; conjugating tube formed by the male
cell; zygospores lenticular or globose-lenticular 80-120µ × 110-195µ,
median wall brown, pitted. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2661, 2665.
Coffeen, Illinois.
This is one of the most remarkable forms described in this genus.
It combines large size, the lenticular spore form, and the habit of
forming the conjugating tube entirely by the male cell. The conjugating
tube has walls heavier than those of any known species. Conjugation
is both lateral and scalariform, and occurs between scattered cells,
very rarely continuous for 6-8 cells. In the fruiting condition the
filaments form a mesh-work which suggests the specific name. It has
thus far been found only in the Fath Pond, north of Coffeen, Illinois.
=S. protecta= Wood.
A study of American specimens of this species from Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New Jersey, Michigan and Illinois, shows that like _S.
Grevilleana_ there are always some cells with two chromatophores. I
have twice found this species producing aplanospores.
=S. tenuissima= (Hass.) Kütz var. =rugosa= Transeau.
P. B.-A. specimen No. 456, Easton’s Pt., Newport, R. I., belongs to
this variety rather than the type, as shown by the scrobiculate spore
wall. In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are also specimens of the
variety from Pennannock, N. J., and from Spy Pond, Lake St., Arlington,
Mass.
=S. Farlowii= nov. sp.
Cellulis vegetativis 24-30µ × 70-180µ, dissepimentis replicatis;
chromatophoris singulis, rarius duobus, anfractibus arctis 2.5-6;
cellulis fructiferis inflatis (ad 39-60µ); zygosporis ellipticis, polis
plus minus acuminatis, 32-45µ × 48-93µ, membrana media glabra, lutea.
Vegetative cells 24-30µ × 70-180µ, end walls replicate; 1 (rarely 2)
chromatophore making 2.5-6 turns; fertile cells inflated to 39-60µ;
zygospores ellipsoid, ends more or less pointed, 32-45µ × 48-93µ,
median wall smooth, yellow. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2955,
2956, 2957.
In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are specimens of this species from
Lexington, Arlington, and Middlesex Fells, Mass. The P. B.-A. specimen
No. 362, labeled _S. Grevilleana_, from Medford, Mass., belongs here,
rather than to _S. Grevilleana_, in which the spores are distinctly
ovoid with broad rounded ends.
=S. groenlandica= Rosenvinge.
This interesting form is characterized by quadrately inflated fertile
cells, highly refractive cell walls, and unusually long cells and
spores. In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are specimens from Stony
Brook, South Framingham, Middlesex Fells, Wayside Inn, North Eastham,
and Malden Fells, Massachusetts. The P. B.-A. specimen No. 363 labelled
_S. inflata_, Orange, Conn., belongs to this species.
=S. fallax= (Hansgirg) Wille.
This species is one of several forms near _S. insignis_ (Hass.)
Kützing. If Wille’s description is correct and identical with
Hansgirg’s material, then _S. inconstans_ Collins becomes a synonym
of _S. fallax_. Hansgirg’s figure suggests that the filaments in his
material are homosexual. While Wille’s description and figure suggests
that the filaments are reflexed and that conjugation does not regularly
occur between parallel filaments, with the spores all in one filament.
It is difficult to decide just where these rough-spored forms belong
as the earlier authors did not pay much attention to spore markings.
In this connection the note by Professor Nordstedt in connection with
specimen No. 958 in Wittrock and Nordstedt’s Algae Exsiccatae is of
interest. Until these forms have been clearly separated by a study
of the original collections it seems best to use _S. fallax_ for _S.
inconstans_, of which the type is P. B.-A. No. 1568. Here also belongs
P. B.-A. No. 1570, Middlesex Fells, Mass., and P. B.-A. No. 1571,
Wakefield, Mass.
=S. floridana= nov. sp.
Cellulis vegetativis 56-66µ × 120-335µ, dissepimentis planis;
chromatophoris 4-5, subrectis vel anfractibus arctis .5; cellulis
conjugatis abbreviatis, inflatis (ad 135µ) et geniculatis; canalis
conjugationis brevis et latis; zygosporis ellipticis, 75-105µ × 95-135µ
membrana media glabra, lutea.
Vegetative cells 56-66µ × 120-335µ, end walls plane; 4-5
chromatophores, nearly straight or making a half turn; conjugating
cells geniculate, shortened; fertile cells inflated up to 135µ;
conjugating tube very short and broad; zygospores ellipsoid, 75-105µ ×
95-135µ median wall smooth, yellow. Type in U. S. National Herbarium,
collected by J. D. Smith, in S. W. Florida, March, 1878.
In its dimensions _S. floridana_ is intermediate between _S. stictica_
(Eng. Bot.) Wille and _S. ceylanica_ Wittrock. In several publications
the statement is made that _S. ceylanica_ is intermediate between _S.
stictica_ and the common forms of _Spirogyra_. A study of authentic
material of this species has shown that it has not intermediate
characters, but with its spores having a minutely pitted median
wall, it seems to be intermediate between _S. floridana_ and _S.
illinoiensis_ Transeau, the most specialized form in the Sirogonium
group of the genus.
Throughout the study of these collections the writer has been greatly
assisted by Mr. Hanford Tiffany, now a teacher in the Charleston,
Illinois, High School. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness
to the many collectors who have sent me specimens for study.
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FOOTNOTES:
[A] Contribution from the Botanical Laboratory of the Ohio State
University, No. 91.
[B] Hallas, E., Om en ny Zygnema-Art med Azygosporer. Bot. Tidsskrift
20:1-16. 1895.
[C] See Fig. 3, Plate XXV, Amer. Jour. Bot. 1:301. 1914.
[D] Borge, O., Beitrage zur Algenflora von Schweden.
[E] Transeau, E. N., Annotated list of the Algae of Eastern Illinois.
Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. 6:69-89, 1913.
[F] West, G. S., A contribution to our knowledge of the Freshwater
Algae of Columbia. Memoires de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences
Naturelles 5:1013-1051. Neuchatel, 1914.
Transcriber’s Notes: