ILLUSTRISSIMA CAROLINA.
Queen Caroline’s funeral took place on the evening of Saturday,
December 17th (1737), in Westminster Abbey. It was her special request
that her obsequies should be as quiet and simple as possible, and the
King respected her wish, though he commanded a general mourning, and
arranged every detail of the ceremonial. During the month that elapsed
between the Queen’s death and her funeral, the body, encased in a
lead coffin and an outer one of English oak, rested in the chamber
wherein she died, which was transformed into a _chapelle ardente_ for
the time being. The walls were hung with purple and black, and tall
tapers burned night and day around the bier. The doors were guarded by
gentlemen pensioners, with their axes reversed, and the King allowed no
one to enter the room except himself and those who watched by the body.
The night before the funeral a brief service was held in the death
chamber by the Archbishop of Canterbury, which the King, the Duke of
Cumberland, and the Princesses Amelia, Caroline, Mary, and Louisa
attended. This was the King’s farewell of all that was mortal of his
Queen, for he was too ill, and too much overcome by grief to attend
her funeral. The service over, the coffin was privately conveyed by
torchlight from St. James’s Palace to the Princes’ Chamber adjoining
the House of Lords. Here the late Queen’s pages watched all night, and
were joined in the morning by her Majesty’s maids of honour. The body
lay in state all that day, guarded by twenty gentlemen pensioners.
At six o’clock in the evening the funeral procession started from the
Princes’ Chamber, and passed through Old Palace Yard to the great north
door of Westminster Abbey, by means of a covered way lined throughout
with black. Though the funeral was officially described as private,
the procession was a long one, and included the Ministers, the court
officials, the physicians who attended the Queen in her last illness,
all those who held places in her household, and many peers. Sir Robert
Walpole followed his royal mistress to her last resting-place. The
Queen’s Chamberlain carried her crown on a black velvet cushion, and
walked immediately before the coffin, which was borne by ten yeomen
of the guard, and covered “with a large pall of black velvet, lined
with black silk, with a fine holland sheet, adorned with ten large
escutcheons painted on satin, under a canopy of black velvet”.[130]
Six dukes acted as pall bearers, and ten members of the Privy Council
bore the canopy; in an equal line on either side marched the gentlemen
pensioners with their arms reversed. Behind the coffin walked the
Princess Amelia as chief mourner. She was supported by the Duke of
Grafton and the Duke of Dorset, and her train was born by the Duchess
of St. Albans and the Duchess of Montagu. The Princess Amelia was
followed by a long train of ladies, including nearly all the duchesses
and a large number of other peeresses, the late Queen’s ladies of the
bedchamber, maids of honour, and bedchamber women. The chief mourner
and all the ladies wore long veils of black crape. The Dean and Canons
of Westminster, wearing their copes, and the choir, augmented by the
choir boys of the Chapel Royal in their habits of scarlet and gold,
bearing wax tapers in their hands, met the coffin at the north door
of the Abbey, and the procession wended its way through the north and
south aisles to Henry the Seventh’s Chapel, the choir chanting the
while the psalm _Domine refugium_. The coffin was rested by the side of
the open grave, hard by the tomb of Henry the Seventh, and the burial
service was proceeded with up to the committal prayers. The Garter King
of Arms then stepped forward and proclaimed the late Queen’s style and
titles in a loud voice.
“Thus it hath pleased Almighty God to take out of the transitory life
to His Divine mercy the late most high, most mighty, and most excellent
princess, Caroline, by the Grace of God Queen-Consort of the most high,
most mighty, and most excellent monarch George the Second, by the Grace
of God King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the
Faith, whom God bless and preserve with long life, health and honour,
and all worldly happiness.”
Then the choir sang the beautiful anthem which Handel had composed
especially for the occasion:--
“_The ways of Zion do mourn, and she is in bitterness: all her people
sigh and hang down their heads to the ground. How are the mighty
fallen! she that was great among the nations and princess of the
provinces. How are the mighty fallen! When the ear heard her, then it
blessed her: and when the eye saw her, it gave witness of her. How are
the mighty fallen! she that was great among the nations and princess
of the provinces. She delivered the poor that cried: the fatherless
and him that had no helper. Kindness, meekness, and comfort were in
her tongue. If there was any virtue, and if there was any praise, she
thought on those things. Her body is buried in peace, but her name
liveth for evermore_.”[131]
When the last notes of the anthem had died away, the procession
returned to the north door of the Abbey in the same order as it had
come. The coffin under its canopy, with tall tapers burning on either
side, was left in the Chapel. Later a short service was held privately,
when it was lowered to the vault and placed in the large stone
sarcophagus prepared for it.
[Illustration: HENRY VII.’S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER ABBEY, TEMP. 1737.]
The King remained inconsolable for many months. He saw no one at first
but his daughters, and when he was compelled to see Walpole, or
some other Minister, on important business, he could talk of nothing
but his loss and the great qualities of the late Queen. Many thought
that he would not long survive her; he seemed completely broken down.
The genuineness of his sorrow showed itself in various ways. By her
will the Queen had left everything to him, but it transpired that she
had little to leave except her house at Richmond, her jewels, and the
obligations she had incurred by her charities. When her heart was
touched by cases of poverty, sickness or sorrow, she would not only
relieve immediate necessities, but often grant pensions for life. These
pensions it was found amounted to nearly £13,000 a year. The King took
the full burden on his own shoulders. “I will have no one the poorer
for her death but myself,” he said. He also paid the salaries of every
member of her household until he could otherwise provide for them.
One morning, soon after the Queen’s death, he woke early and sent for
Baron Borgman, one of his Hanoverian suite. When he came the King
said, “I hear you have a picture of the Queen, which she gave you, and
that it is a better likeness than any in my possession. Bring it to
me here.” Borgman brought it to the King, who said it was very like
her Majesty, and burst into tears. “Put it,” he said presently, “upon
that chair at the foot of my bed, and leave me until I ring the bell.”
Two hours passed before he rang, and then he was quite calm. “Take the
picture away,” he said to its owner, “I never yet saw a woman worthy
to buckle her shoe.” Some little time later, he was playing cards
one evening with his daughters. Some queens were dealt to him, and no
sooner did he pick up the cards and perceive them than he burst into
tears, and was unable to go on with the game. Princess Amelia guarded
against a repetition of the scene the following night by privately
ordering all the queens to be taken out of the pack.
The King was very morbid in his grief, and much given to dwelling upon
the material aspect of death. He was very superstitious and a firm
believer in ghouls and vampires. Lord Wentworth gives an illustration
of this in a letter he wrote to his father, Lord Strafford, shortly
after the Queen’s funeral. “Saturday night, between one and two
o’clock, the King waked out of a dream very uneasy, and ordered the
vault, where the Queen is, to be broken open immediately, and have
the coffin also opened; and went in a hackney chair through the Horse
Guards to Westminster Abbey, and back again to bed. I think it is the
strangest thing that could be.” In a subsequent letter he refers to
it again: “The story about the King was true, for Mr. Wallop heard of
one who saw him go through the Horse Guards on Saturday night with ten
footmen before the chair. They went afterwards to Westminster Abbey.”
Thirty-three years later George the Second was buried by his Queen’s
side, and as a last proof of his devotion he left orders that one side
of her coffin should be removed, and one side of his taken away, so
that their bones should mingle, and in death be not divided.[132]
Caroline was widely mourned by all classes of her husband’s subjects.
Even those disaffected to the House of Hanover admitted the high
qualities of the Queen, and the Jacobites tempered their judgment,
when they remembered that she had always been on the side of mercy.
Only from the Prince of Wales’s household and from those who supported
him came any discordant note, and it must be admitted that some of
these were very discordant indeed. In the eighteenth century personal
and political hatreds were carried beyond the grave, and some of the
epigrams and mock epitaphs composed by the Queen’s enemies after her
death form anything but pleasant reading. The fact that she did not
see the Prince of Wales during her last illness was seized upon as a
pretext for attacking her memory.
And unforgiving, unforgiven dies!
cried Chesterfield with bitter sarcasm, while Pope with more subtle
irony wrote:--
Hang the sad verse on Carolina’s urn,
And hail her passage to the realms of rest.
All parts perform’d, and _all her children blest_!
But these outbursts were overwhelmed in the spontaneous tribute of
affection and respect paid to the dead Queen on all sides. Her loss was
felt to be a national calamity. “The Lord hath taken away His anointed
with a stroke,” cried a preacher, “the breath of our nostrils is taken
away. The great princess is no more under whose shadow we said we
should be safe, and promised ourselves lasting peace--she, whom future
generations will know as Caroline the Illustrious.”[133] And indeed the
Queen’s pre-eminent qualities fit her for no lesser epithet. Caroline’s
character was formed on bold and generous lines, and her defects only
served to bring into stronger relief the purity of her life, the
loftiness of her motives and the excellence of her wisdom. She was
a good hater but a true friend, patient under suffering, strong in
adversity, fond of power, yet using it always for the good of others.
In the words which Frederick the Great applied to her early mentor the
Queen of Prussia, “She had a great soul”.
FOOTNOTES TO BOOK III, CHAPTER XVI:
[130] _The Gentleman’s Magazine_, 17th December, 1737.
[131] This same anthem was sung at the memorial service in Westminster
Abbey for Queen Victoria.
[132] The large stone sarcophagus which contains the remains of George
the Second and Queen Caroline stands in the middle of a vault below
Henry the Seventh’s chapel in Westminster Abbey. This vault was used
only for the family of George the Second. But many years after it was
opened to admit the coffin of a child of the Duke of Cumberland. In
1837, when the duke became King of Hanover, he decided to remove this
coffin to Hanover, and the vault was again opened. The two sides that
were withdrawn from George the Second’s and Queen Caroline’s coffin
respectively, were then seen, standing against the wall at the back of
their sarcophagus.
[133] Sermon preached on the death of Queen Caroline by the Rev.
Dr. Crowe, chaplain in ordinary to his Majesty, and Rector of St.
Botolph’s, Bishopsgate.
THE END.
APPENDIX.
A LIST OF AUTHORITIES.
UNPUBLISHED MSS.
The despatches of George Louis, Elector of Hanover, to Privy
Councillor von Eltz, and the replies thereto, 1705. Preserved in
the Royal Archives, Hanover.
The despatches of Poley, sometime English Envoy at the Court of
Hanover, 1705. State Paper Office, London.
The despatches of Howe (who succeeded Poley as English Envoy at
Hanover), 1706–7. State Paper Office, London.
The despatches of D’Alais (who succeeded Howe as English Envoy at
Hanover), 1714. State Paper Office.
Bromley’s despatches to Harley, Envoy-Extraordinary to the Court of
Hanover, and Harley’s replies thereto, 1714. State Paper Office,
London.
The memorial of the Electress-Dowager and the Elector of Hanover to
Queen Anne, and the Queen’s reply to the memorial, 1714. State
Paper Office, London.
The despatches of Lord Clarendon, Envoy-Extraordinary to the Court of
Hanover, 1714.
Sundry documents, preserved in the Archives of the Castle of Ansbach,
relating to the Margraves and the castle, which need not be
specified.
Letters from the Hon. Peter Wentworth to his brother Lord Strafford,
1711–1737. MSS. Department, British Museum. (A few of these were
published in 1883.)
Notes of a conversation with Queen Caroline by Lady Suffolk, 1734.
MSS. Department, British Museum.
A Memorandum of the Princesses’ dresses, etc. MSS. Department,
British Museum.
PUBLISHED WORKS.
_La Correspondance de Leibniz avec l’Electrice Sophie de
Brunswick-Lüneburg._ Vol. III.
_Geschichte der Deutschen Höfe_, Vehse. Vol. XVIII.
_Geschichte von Sachsen, Böttiger Flathe._ Vol. II.
_Biographische Denkmaler Varnhagen._ Vol. IV.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s _Letters and Works_. Edited by Lord
Wharnecliffe.
_The Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper_, Lady of the Bedchamber to the
Princess of Wales, 1714–1720.
Lord Hervey’s _Memoirs of the Reign of George the Second_. Edited by
John Wilson Croker.
Lord Mahon’s _History of England from the Peace of Utrecht_, Vols. I.
and II.
Coxe’s _Life of Sir Robert Walpole_, Vols. I. and II.
_The Dictionary of National Biography_, Vol. IX.
Horace Walpole’s _Reminiscences and Works_.
_The History of Hampton Court Palace._ Orange and Guelph Times, Vol.
III., by Ernest Law.
_Notes on the Personal Union between England and Hanover_, by Dr.
A. W. Ward.
_Greater London_, by Edward Walford.
_The Memoirs of Wilhelmina, Margravine of Baireuth._ Translated by
H.R.H. the Princess Christian.
_The Lockhart Memoirs._
Colley Cibber’s _Apology for My Life_.
_The Historical Register_, 1718.
_Parliamentary History_, Vols. VIII. and IX.
_The Criticks_: Being Papers of the Times, 1718.
_The Political State of Great Britain_, Vol. VIII.
Sundry Reports of the Historical MSS. Commission, including Earl de
la Warr’s MSS. preserved at Buckhurst, the Duke of Marlborough’s
MSS. at Blenheim, and the Earl of Carlisle’s MSS. at Castle
Howard.
_The Wentworth Papers_, 1705–1739.
_The Suffolk Correspondence_: Letters to and from Henrietta, Countess
of Suffolk.
Hervey’s _Letter Books_, 1651–1750.
Kemble’s _State Papers and Correspondence_.
House of Commons’ _Journal_, Vol. XX.
_The Etough Papers._
_The Sundon Correspondence._ Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon, by Mrs.
Thomson.
The Earl of Bristol’s _Letter Book_, 1651–1750.
_La Correspondance Secrète du Comte de Broglie._
_Les Mémoires de Berwick_, Vol. II.
_The Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries in Scotland_, Vol. I.
Macpherson’s _Stuart Papers_, Vol. II.
Dr. King’s _Anecdotes of My Own Times_.
_The Correspondence of Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orleans._
_An Essay Towards the Character of Queen Caroline_, by Dr. Alured
Clarke.
Wright’s _England under the House of Hanover_.
Maby’s _Life of Chesterfield._
Jesse’s _Memoirs_.
_Our Hanoverian Kings_, by B. C. Skottowe.
_Epitaphium Reginae Carolinae_, 1737.
_A Particular Account of the Solemnities used at the Coronation of
His Sacred Majesty King George II., and his Royal Consort Queen
Caroline, on Wednesday, 11th October, 1727._ London, 1760.
_Ceremonial Proceedings at the Private Interment of Queen Caroline,
1737._
_Dix Années de la Cour de George II._, by Vicomte Frolois. Paris,
1760.
_The London Gazette_, 1714–1737 (official).
Sundry news-sheets and journals 1714–1737, including: _The
Gentleman’s Magazine_, _The Daily Courant_, _The Leiden Gazette_,
_The Freeholder_, _The Craftsman_, _The Daily Post_, _The Weekly
Journal_, _The Daily Journal_, _The Flying Post_, _Mist’s
Journal_, _Brice’s Weekly Journal_, _The Stamford Mercury_, _The
County Journal_, _The Daily Advertiser_, _Fog’s Weekly Journal_,
_Reed’s Weekly Journal_, _The General Evening Post_, _Hooker’s
Miscellany_, _The Old Whig_, etc.
INDEX.
VOLUME II.
Albemarle, Lady, 126.
Amelia, Princess, 94;
at Bath, 97;
and the Prince of Wales, 217;
at Caroline’s funeral, 362.
Anne, Princess Royal of England, 93;
and the Prince of Wales, 217;
betrothal, 249;
marriage, 252.
Appendix, 369.
Arbuthnot, Dr., 76.
Argyll, Duke of, in opposition, 51, 189;
and the Church, 149;
and Caroline, 311.
Atterbury, Prince James’s agent in Paris, 20;
death, 143.
Augusta, Princess of Saxe-Gotha, betrothal, 284;
marriage, 289.
Baltimore, Lord, 214.
Berkeley, Dr., 179.
Berkeley, George, 268.
Berkeley, Lord, resignation, 17.
Berwick, Duke of, 144.
Bolingbroke, Viscount, and the Patriots, 48;
and the Prince of Wales, 205, 208;
leaves England, 271.
Bolton, Duke of, 170;
in opposition, 189;
dismissed, 202.
Borgman, Baron, 365.
Bourguait, English Envoy at Berlin, 88.
Brett, Dr., 245.
Bristol, Lady, 92.
Brunswick, Duchess of, 335.
Buckingham, Duchess of, 144.
Burlington, Lord, 202.
Butler, Dr., 179, 229.
Caroline, Queen of England, 3;
Civil List, 12;
and Schulemburg, 26;
coronation, 30;
power of, 40;
and the opposition, 50;
and Windsor, 56, 117;
household, 70;
toilet, 75;
Regent of England, 112, 184, 273, 297;
and the people, 147;
charities, 150;
and vaccination, 154;
and literature, 156;
and prison reform, 184;
and the Church, 223;
and Madame de Walmoden, 314;
illness, 344;
death, 360;
funeral, 361.
Caroline, Princess, 101.
Carteret, Lord, in opposition, 48, 330.
Cavendish, Lord James, 126.
Charles Edward, Prince, 143.
Chesterfield, Lord, in opposition, 48, 190;
Lord Steward of the Household, 81;
dismissed, 202.
Chevenix, Rev. Charles, 235.
Clarke, Dr. Alured, 181.
Clarke, Dr. Samuel, 228.
Clayton, Dr., 232.
Clayton, Mrs., 71;
and the Church, 231;
becomes Lady Sundon, 236.
Clementina, consort of Prince James Stuart, 18.
Clinton, Lord, in opposition, 190;
dismissed, 202.
Cobham, Lord, 202.
Compton, Sir Spencer, Prime Minister, 6;
created Earl of Wilmington, 16.
Croft, Sir Archer, 143.
Crowe, Dr., 368.
Cumberland, Duke of, 102.
D’Elitz, Madame, 302.
De Fleury, Cardinal, 13.
Delaware, Lord, 285.
Deloraine, Lady, 280;
and George II., 331.
De Roussie, Lady Charlotte, 68.
Doddington, George Budd, 206.
Dorset, Duchess of, 70.
Dorset, Duke of, 362.
Duck, Stephen, 180.
Duncombe, William, 180.
Dyves, Dorothy, 235.
Fenton, Miss, 170.
Finch, Lord, 103.
Fleury, Cardinal, 145.
Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, 105.
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Cassel, 104.
Frederick, Prince of Wales, 86;
in England, 90;
in opposition, 203;
and Bolingbroke, 205;
and Lady Diana Spencer, 209;
escapades, 210;
and Miss Vane, 212;
and his sisters, 217;
betrothal, 284;
marriage, 289;
and the Patriots, 326;
at Norfolk House, 342;
and the Queen, 350.
Gay, 168.
George Augustus (George II.), accession, 3;
Civil List, 15;
and George I.’s will, 23;
coronation, 30;
visit to Hanover, 112, 184, 273, 297;
and the King of Prussia, 131;
and the Church, 223;
illness, 325.
George Louis (George I.), will, 23;
funeral, 29.
Gibraltar, 115.
Gibson, Dr., 224.
Grafton, Duke of, 63;
and Princess Amelia, 95;
Lord Chamberlain, 170;
at Caroline’s funeral, 362.
Grantham, Lord, 119.
Hamilton, Lady Archibald, 213;
and the Princess of Wales, 293.
Harrington, Lord, Secretary of State, 141;
and Walpole, 274.
Harwicke, Lord, 342.
Hay, created Earl of Inverness by Prince James, 18.
Hervey, Lord, Vice-Chamberlain to Caroline, 64;
duel with Pulteney, 67;
and Pope, 173;
and the royal family, 220.
Hoadley, Bishop, 239.
Hobart, Sir Henry, raised to peerage, 73.
Hotham, Special Envoy at Berlin, 132.
Howard, Mrs., 73;
and Swift, 164;
becomes Lady Suffolk, 219;
Mistress of the Robes, 219;
resignation, 257;
second marriage, 268;
death, 268.
Isla, Lord, 191.
James Stuart, Prince, 18.
Kendal, Duchess of. (See _Schulemburg_.)
Lamotte, 87.
Lifford, Lord, 68.
Lockhart, Prince James’s agent for Scotland, 20.
Lorne, Colonel, 89.
Louisa, Princess, 105.
Lumley, Mr., 126.
Lytelton, 326.
Maddox, Dr., 79.
Malpas, Lord, dismissed, 11;
reinstated, 18.
Manners, Lady Fanny, 126.
Mar, Earl of, death, 142.
Marchmont, Earl of, in opposition, 190;
dismissed, 202.
Marlborough, Duchess of, 93, 144;
and the Prince of Wales, 209;
and Mrs. Clayton, 236.
Mary, Princess, 104.
Masham, Lady, 76.
Meadows, Miss, 72.
Middleton, Lady, 126.
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 37;
and vaccination, 154;
and Pope, 174;
and Mrs. Clayton, 236;
at Caroline’s funeral, 362.
Montrose, Duchess of, 38.
Montrose, Duke of, in opposition, 189;
dismissed, 202.
Murray, created Earl of Dunbar by Prince James, 18.
Nash, “King,” 98.
Newcastle, Duke of, and Princess Amelia, 95;
in office, 141.
Norfolk, Duchess of, 348.
North, Lord, 350.
Onslow, Chancellor, 113.
Orange, Prince of, betrothal, 249;
marriage, 252.
Orkney, Earl of, 118.
Orkney, Lady, 37.
Orrery, Prince James’s agent in London, 20.
Pelham, Henry, 126.
Pelham, Lady Catherine, 126.
Pembroke, Lord, 236.
Pitt, 326.
Pomfret, Countess of, 69.
Pomfret, Lord, 128;
and Mrs. Clayton, 236.
Pope, 173.
Porteous, Captain, 308.
Portland, Lady, 38.
Potter, Dr., 356.
Poyntz, 116.
Pulteney, head of opposition, 48;
duel with Hervey, 67;
and the Prince of Wales, 327.
Queensberry, Duchess of, 169.
Ranby, 349.
Raymond, Lord, 150.
Robertson, 307.
Robinson, 227.
St. Albans, Duchess of, 362.
St. John, Lady, 38.
Sastot, 87.
Savage, 180.
Scarborough, Lord, 44, 196.
Schulemburg, and George I.’s will, 25;
and Caroline, 26;
death, 28.
Schütz, 69.
Scott, Sir Walter, and the Porteous Riots, 312.
Scrivelsby, Lord of the Manor of, King’s Champion, 35.
Secker, Bishop, 229.
Selwyn, Colonel, 140.
Seville, Treaty of, 115.
Shippen, 17.
Skerrett, Maria, 137.
Sloane, Sir Hans, 154.
Somerville, 180.
Sophie Dorothea, Queen of Prussia, 86.
Spencer, Lady Diana, 209.
Spense, Betty, 126.
Stair, Earl of, in opposition, 190;
dismissed, 202.
Stanhope, English Plenipotentiary at Madrid, 115.
Steele, Sir Richard, 179.
Strafford, Lady, 103.
Strafford, Lord, 20.
Suffolk, Lady. See _Mrs. Howard_.
Sundon, Lady. See _Mrs. Clayton_.
Swift, Dean, 162.
Sylvine, Major, 124.
Talbot, Dr., 241.
Tankerville, Lady, 280.
Tankerville, Lord, 181.
Titchburne, Mrs., 100, 336.
Townshend, Lord, 113;
and Walpole, 136;
resignation, 140;
and the Prince of Wales, 208.
Trevor, Lady, 37.
Vane, Miss, 212.
Voltaire, 157.
Wake, Dr., 23.
Walmoden, Madame de, 274, 300.
Walpole, Lady, 15.
Walpole, Sir Robert, dismissed, 5;
reinstated, 15;
and Caroline, 41;
and Townshend, 136;
at Houghton, 138;
and literature, 160;
and the Excise Scheme, 187;
and the Church, 223;
and Madame de Walmoden, 314;
and Caroline’s illness, 354.
Walsingham, Lady, 25.
Wentworth, Lord, 366.
Wentworth, Peter, 108;
and Caroline, 121.
Wesley, John, 239.
Wharton, Duke of, 142.
Widdrington, Lord, 100.
Wigton, Lady, 98.
Wilhelmina, Princess of Prussia, 86.
William, Duke of Cumberland, 102.
Wilson, 307.
Wolfenbüttel, Duke of, and George I.’s will, 23;
subsidy to, 48.
Wyndham, 208.
Yarmouth, Countess of. See _Walmoden_.
Yonge, Sir William, dismissed, 11;
reinstated, 18.
THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED.
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
references.