THE POPULATION
The distribution of the population--The streams of emigration
to the interior--Seasonal migrations--The historic towns--The
towns of the Pampean region--Buenos Aires.
A large-scale chart of the mean density of the population for each
province--like those which were published in the latest Argentine
Census-reports--has no geographical value for the west and north-west,
where oases of slight extent are separated by vast desolate stretches,
deserted because of the lack of water. In the Pampean region, on the
other hand, the population is distributed in a very regular manner, and
the mean densities calculated fairly represent the facts.
To the several types of exploitation, of which we have studied the
distribution on the Pampa, there correspond unequal densities of
population. Cattle-breeding, for instance, requires only a thin
population. The early pastoral colonization of the plain on the west
of the Salado was carried out, between 1880 and 1890, with a very
small number of workers. A large ranch of 400 square kilometres on the
northern edge of the Pampa (the Tostado ranch) only employs about a
hundred men, or one for four square kilometres. The density increases
appreciably for sheep-breeding on the _pastos tiernos_ of Buenos Aires
province, where a ranch of a hundred square kilometres, devoted to
producing wool, with fifty or sixty shepherds, sustains at least 200
persons, or two to the square kilometre.[136] The density is not
appreciably greater in the area of wheat-growing on a large scale,
where the extent cultivated by one family reaches, including fallow,
200 hectares. But it may, even apart from the urban population, be more
than ten to the square kilometre in the maize belt.
[136] The density is twenty times less in the ranches which
use the meagre pastures of the Rio Negro.
The growth of the population of Argentina can be followed closely
from the middle of the eighteenth century. A Census taken in 1774
gives the Buenos Aires district within the first line of forts 6,000
inhabitants. At the end of the eighteenth century (Census of 1797,
quoted by D'Azara) the population of the province of Buenos Aires,
without the town, was a little over 30,000 souls, the zone occupied
having been extended in the meantime, at least in part, as far as the
Salado. Woodbine Parish estimates the population at 80,000 in 1824, at
the time when the expansion southward, beyond the Salado, as far as the
Sierra de Tandil, began. It doubled between 1824 and 1855. The northern
departments then counted 45,000 inhabitants, the western 58,000 and the
southern 63,000. The density was still a little greater in the north,
along the road to Peru, but the advance of sheep-rearing in the south
was beginning to change the centre of gravity of colonization. The
first regular Census of the Argentine Republic in 1869 showed a still
more rapid advance. The population of the Buenos Aires province had
grown to 315,000 inhabitants. The increase was greatest in the west,
where tillage began to extend round Chivilcoy, beyond the pastoral
area, and in the south, where sheep-farms multiplied. The population of
the southern departments more than doubled in fourteen years (137,000
inhabitants to 70,000 square kilometres in occupation, or two to the
square kilometre).
However, the Pampean region--Buenos Aires (including the capital),
Santa Fe, and the southern part of Cordoba--still had a smaller
population than that of the northern and north-western provinces:
626,000 as compared with 813,000. The Mesopotamian provinces had then
263,000 inhabitants.
The proportion was reversed twenty-five years later at the 1895 Census.
The population of the Pampas had increased threefold, and was more than
a half of the entire population of the country. That of the western and
north-western provinces was about a third of the whole, and had only
increased by fifty per cent.
If one considers in detail the distribution of the population of the
Pampean plain in 1895, one sees that beyond the suburbs of Buenos Aires
the area of greatest density--five to eight per square kilometre--was
in the north-west, between San Andres de Giles and Pergamino, a
district of advanced methods, where the cultivation of maize was
beginning to occupy a good part of the land. The population was
confined to the west of the preceding zone, in the agricultural area of
Junin, Chacabuco and Chivilcoy. This area, where maize and wheat were
next each other, already embraced Viente Cinco de Mayo (five to the
square kilometre) on the west and Nueve de Julio (2.5). In the south
of Buenos Aires, the departments of the left bank of the Salado, which
were entirely given up to breeding, but long colonized, had a density
of three to five per square kilometre. The region lying between the
lower Salado and the Sierra de Tandil, a sheep-breeding area, then
giving good returns but of recent colonization, had not more than
three. The density falls rapidly as one goes westward. It sinks to less
than one in the north-west and west of the Buenos Aires province, in
the area where the cattle-breeders from the east had settled. At Santa
Fe, the region of the colonies, at the level both of Rosario and Santa
Fe, had five inhabitants per square kilometre. But beyond the Cordoba
frontier the density falls to two in the San Justo department, and
still less further south, at Marcos Juarez, Union and General Lopez.
[Illustration: THE OLDER INDUSTRIES OF THE PAMPA: DRYING HIDES.
Photograph by Soc. Fotografica de Aficionados.]
[Illustration: DRYING SALT MEAT.
Photograph by Soc. Fotografica de Aficionados.
PLATE XXIII. To face p. 262.]
In 1914 the density was more than fifteen in the whole of the maize
area in the Buenos Aires and Santa Fe provinces, and it approached
this figure in the departments of the old agricultural colonies on the
middle Salado. In the region of the lucerne farms it was three to five,
except in the south-east (departments of Veinte Cinco de Mayo, Nueve
de Julio and Bolivia), where it rose, thanks to the co-existence of
ranches and of wheat and maize. It sank to between two and three in the
wheat area in the south and south-east of Buenos Aires. At Santa Fe the
district of the colonies had seven to the square kilometre.
The growth of the population is partly explained by immigration
from Europe. Foreigners were, in 1914, 30 per cent. of the total
population.[137] The proportion of foreigners to the total population
is one of the indications by which we can best follow the advance
of colonization. As soon as it relaxes in any region, the number of
immigrants diminishes. (The children born of foreign colonists in
Argentina are considered indigenous in Argentine statistics.) In 1869
the proportion of foreigners rose to 417 per 1,000 in the province
of Buenos Aires (without the capital). This was the great period
of pastoral colonization and the development of sheep-breeding. It
was then only 156 per 1,000 at Santa Fe. In 1895 the proportion of
foreigners sank to 309 per 1,000 at Buenos Aires, but rose to 419 at
Santa Fe, where the date almost marks the end of the great period of
agricultural colonization. In 1914 the proportion of foreigners at
Buenos Aires rose to 340 per 1,000 (development of the maize region and
the southern wheat area). It sank at Santa Fe (350 per 1,000), in spite
of considerable immigration in the southern maize-growing departments.
At the same time there was a great influx of foreign population in the
province of Cordoba (200 per 1,000) and in the area of the Central
Pampa (360 per 1,000).[138]
[137] All Europeans, except a few tens of thousands of
Bolivians in the Salta and Jujuy provinces, a few thousand
Brazilians in Misiones, and a few thousand Chileans at Neuquen.
[138] I have referred elsewhere to the magnitude of the stream
of European immigration at Mendoza. In Patagonia (territory
of the Rio Negro, the Neuquen, the Chubut, the Santa Cruz,
and Tierra del Fuego, of which the total population is only
104,000) sheep-breeding has attracted a considerable number of
immigrants (428 foreigners per 1000 in 1914).
The recent enumerations also enable us to follow the displacements of
the indigenous population on Argentine territory and the part this
has had in colonization. Outside the Pampean region the parts of the
country which have proved centres of attraction for the Argentine
population are the sugar provinces of Tucuman and Jujuy and the
province of Mendoza. In 1895 Tucuman had 40,000 inhabitants who had
been born in other provinces, Jujuy 15,000 and Mendoza 19,000. The
attraction of Tucuman was mainly felt in the adjoining province of
Santiago (12,000 immigrants) and Catamarca (12,000). At Mendoza the
immigrants came mainly from San Juan (7,000) and San Luis (3,000).
The attraction of the timber region is more difficult to estimate,
because most of the _obrajes_ are in the province of Santiago, which
found the workers itself, and the enumerations have not taken into
account displacements within each province. Nevertheless, immigration
into the land of the _quebracho Chaqueno_, along the Parana, can be
recognised from 1895 onward. It was maintained by the Corrientes
province. Santa Fe has 10,000 immigrants from Corrientes, of whom 6,500
are in the forestry departments of Reconquista and Vera. The Chaco
region maintains 2,000 Corrientes wood-cutters and several hundred
from Santiago and Salta. Corrientes has also sent 5,000 emigrants to
Misiones.
In the Pampean region the population of Buenos Aires in 1895 included
very few who came from other provinces. The population of Santa Fe was
more mixed. The attraction of the agricultural colonies had brought
65,000 Argentine immigrants. They came mainly from the left bank of
the Parana and Cordoba. The immigrants from Cordoba are localized
along the railway from Rosario to Cordoba, in the Belgrano and Iriondo
departments and the town of Rosario. The migration of the Santa Fe
colonists to the new lands in the west had scarcely begun at that time.
They were still only 3,000 in the Buenos Aires province, and 5,000 at
Cordoba; most of them were in departments adjacent to the old colony
area. The colonization of Cordoba began simultaneously in the east,
toward Santa Fe, and in the south-west, in the Rio Cuarto department,
to which the breeders from San Luis went. Similarly, the Argentine
population of the Central Pampa includes elements from the east as
well as European colonists and elements from the north-west (10,000
immigrants from the Buenos Aires province, 3,000 from San Luis).
The 1914 Census has less complete details in regard to interior
immigration than its predecessor. The migrations had not ceased.
The attraction of Tucuman and Mendoza had, in fact, decreased. The
province of Tucuman had 55,000 Argentine immigrants, the province of
Jujuy 15,000, the province of Mendoza 34,000. The provinces of Mendoza
and Corrientes remained nuclei of considerable immigration (38,000
and 63,000 immigrants). At Santa Fe the number of emigrants who left
the province to settle at Cordoba and in the remainder of the Pampean
region rose from 14,000 to 87,000. The Patagonian territory also had a
large excess of immigrants from other provinces.
Periodic migrations with no definitive change of residence are not
given in the official statistics. The importance of these migrations in
northern Argentina has been noted in the chapters we devoted to Tucuman
and the forestry industry. They occur also in the Pampean region,
where they are due chiefly to the need of labour for the harvest and
the threshing of wheat and flax, and for reaping the maize. Miatello
has given us a detailed analysis of the phenomenon for the province
of Santa Fe in 1904. The period when the wheat and flax growers need
help is from November to February. It begins in March for the maize
farmers, and lasts so much longer when the harvest is good. The
temporary immigrants come partly from Europe. Not only is the stream
of immigration to Argentina fuller during the months which precede the
harvests, while the stream of re-emigration to Europe is greatest in
the autumn, but it is not a rare thing for Italians to go every year
to Argentina merely to stay there during the harvest, when wages are
high. This seasonal immigration from Italy is of long standing; it is
mentioned by Daireaux in 1889. These foreigners, however, are only
part of the adventurous crowd enlisted for the harvests on the Pampean
plain. Seasonal migration is everywhere a national practice. The labour
employed in reaping the maize includes elements borrowed from the towns
near the maize belt. But all the provinces round the Pampean region
send their contingent of temporary immigrants. Some even come from the
valley of the Rio Negro at Bahia Blanca, from San Luis, and even from
Mendoza to the Central Pampa and the Cordoba province.
The oldest, and still the largest, stream is that which comes from the
Santiago province. D'Orbigny notices in 1827 the temporary streaming
of Santiaguenos to the coast. In that year slow progress was made with
the wheat-harvest of Buenos Aires because of the shortage of labour.
"The forced levies for the army prevented the Santiaguenos from going
to hire themselves, as was their custom, in fear lest they should be
compelled to serve."[139]
[139] D'Orbigny, _Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale_, vol. i.
p. 528.
Temporary emigration began, no doubt, with the journeys which
brought the northerners to Buenos Aires as drivers of convoys of
wagons. Santiaguenos were numerous amongst these _troperos_. Lorenzo
Fazio collected reminiscences of these journeys in the land of the
_banados_.[140] They go back to the first quarter of the nineteenth
century, the period before the diversion of the Rio Dulce and the ruin
of Salavina and Atamisqui. "My father," said one of his informants,
"drove wagons of wheat to Cordoba, and sometimes to Buenos Aires,
where he sold them and bought goods-stuffs in exchange. He bought the
wheat at Loreto, Atamisqui or Salavina. It was a year before he got
back, because it was necessary to wait for the rain and the growth of
the vegetation, otherwise his animals would have died of thirst or
hunger on the road." The journeys of the _troperos_ meant a long spell
of idleness in the Pampean region, precisely at the harvest season.
Naturally, they would lend a hand in it.
[140] Lorenzo Fazio, _Memoria descriptiva de la provincia de
Santiago del Estero_ (Buenos Aires, 1889).
The temporary emigration of the Santiaguenos continued throughout the
nineteenth century. It was maintained even during the disturbances
under the government of Rosas, which almost entirely put an end to
commercial relations between Buenos Aires and the northern provinces.
When Galvez passed through the villages on the Rio Dulce he noticed
that there were few men in them. They had scattered over the roads or
were, as he says, _andariegos_. Only the women remained. The province
of Buenos Aires received the Santiaguenos in crowds, offering their
services. Chivilcoy and the whole region of the _chacras_ of maize and
wheat received their caravans for the harvest, and some were kept for
the sowing. Even the ranchers took advantage of this reinforcement,
and hired the men for marking. In the autumn they went back with their
_tropillas_, much dreaded by the breeders whose land they crossed,
stealing any horses that were not well guarded.
The province of Santa Fe, especially in the agricultural departments
of the north-west, is now the chief theatre in the Pampean region
for the immigration of the Santiaguenos. It does not always come by
rail, but has to some extent preserved its primitive and picturesque
features. The immigrants arrive in troops on mules and horses, and
scatter in November over the colonies.
The population of Argentina has also felt the attraction of the urban
centres. The growth of the towns is due to both foreign and national
immigration. The development of urban life, which is one of the
characteristic features of modern Argentina, is a recent phenomenon.
There was no indication of its coming in the eighteenth century.
D'Azara was, on the contrary, struck by the absence of communal life
(_pueblos unidos_). The scattering of the population was a result
of the predominance of breeding. "If these people found profit in
agriculture, one would see them gather together in villages, instead
of the whole population being dispersed in ranches."[141] It is
this scattering of the population rather than an absolute numerical
inferiority--the solitude, "the desert, the universal horizon that
forced itself into the very entrails of the land"[142]--that moulded
the fiery soul of the _gaucho_.
[141] F. de Azara, _Memorias sobre el estado rural del rio de
la Plata en 1801_, p. 10.
[142] Sarmiento, _El Facundo_, p. 19.
[Illustration: A HERD OF CREOLE CATTLE.
Photograph by Widmayer.]
[Illustration: A HERD OF DURHAM CATTLE.
Photograph by Soc. Fotografica de Aficionados.
PLATE XXIV. To face p. 268.]
The primitive urban sites were all either on the river or on the
historic roads to Chile and Peru. The only towns of the Parana region
at the end of the eighteenth century were Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and
Corrientes. As to towns in the interior, Helms's journey in 1778
gives us some idea of their size. Cordoba, at the crossing of the
Peru road and the tracks to the province of La Rioja, had then 1,500
white inhabitants and 4,000 blacks. As it was near the Sierra, which
provided granite and lime, it had some semblance of architecture, and
had paved streets, which struck even the traveller from Buenos Aires.
The attraction of its schools was felt over a wide area. We still have
a list of students from Paraguay who studied at Cordoba University in
the eighteenth century.[143] Tucuman and Salta, especially Salta, also
were busy centres. Salta had 600 Spanish families and 9,000 inhabitants
in all, and its influence extended as far as Peru and Chile. Jujuy,
on the other hand, was a very small town. Helms mentions the decay of
Santiago del Estero. The trade which had once flourished there had, he
says, gone in a different direction. The prosperity of Santiago was, as
a matter of fact, connected with traffic on the direct route from Santa
Fe to Tucuman, which ceased at the close of the eighteenth century.
Santa Fe also was a decaying town at the close of the eighteenth
century, and would remain such until the middle of the nineteenth. Its
distress was due, not merely to the suspension of its direct trade
with Peru, but also to the decay and isolation of Paraguay, which had
provided most of its trade and for which it acted as intermediary with
the Andean provinces.
[143] Published by the _Revista del Instituto Paraguayo_
(vol. iv. p. 334).
The great development of urban life in Argentina dates from the time
of the colonization of the Pampean region. The ratio of the urban
population has risen considerably during the last twenty-five years.
In 1895, 113 centres with more than 2,000 inhabitants comprised 37 per
cent. of the total population of Argentina; in 1914 the number of urban
centres was 322, and they comprised 53 per cent. of the population.
The population of towns with 5,000 to 20,000 inhabitants has increased
threefold in twenty years, rising from 312,000 in 1895 to 977,000 in
1914. Large new towns like Rosario and Bahia Blanca were created. The
relative sizes of the older towns changed rapidly. Tucuman and Mendoza
(121,000 and 92,000 inhabitants) shot beyond Santiago and Salta (22,000
and 28,000 inhabitants). The towns of the north-west, Catamarca and
Rioja, are, on the other hand, scarcely developed.
When one examines a chart of the urban population of the Pampean
region, one finds that colonization has led to the creation in it of
ten chief centres, of from 15,000 to 25,000 inhabitants, and some fifty
secondary centres, of from 5,000 to 12,000 inhabitants, which all
have a distinctly urban character. This association of urban centres
and a scattered agricultural or pastoral population is one of the
original features of the way in which the Pampa was peopled. There is
no village, or purely rural group. The distribution of these centres
on the plain is fairly regular. They are a little closer together in
the districts near the Parana, to the north of Buenos Aires, where
the population is older, and where the density, even of the rural
population, is at its highest. The territory of the Pampa is divided
between the spheres of influence of these various centres. Their radius
is as low as ten miles in the north-west, and is about twenty miles in
the south of Buenos Aires and twenty-five in the extreme west.
A secondary railway nucleus has generally settled the sites of them
(San Francisco-Pergamino, Junin). Their population comprises all the
workers needed for the flow of the economic life of the Pampa: agents
for the exporters of cereals, merchants who supply the colonies
with imported goods--especially agricultural machinery--bankers and
insurance companies, surveyors and lawyers. Those which have the
best service of trains have a certain amount of industry--mills and
breweries--the products of which are absorbed locally. These towns
derive all the elements of their life from the Pampean region itself,
and have no direct relations either with foreign markets or with other
parts of Argentina.[144]
[144] Only two of them, Villa Mercedes and Villa Maria, are on
the edge of the Pampa. We have seen elsewhere the part which
the extensive breeding of the north-west plays in the business
of the Villa Mercedes cattle-market. Villa Maria also derives
some advantage from its nearness to the scrub. Its limekilns
receive limestone from the Sierra de Cordoba, but they get
their fuel locally, from the men who clear the scrub.
But the towns of the Pampa which have grown most rapidly are the ports.
Rosario rose from 23,000 inhabitants in 1869 to 91,000 in 1895 and to
245,000 in 1914; Bahia Blanca from 9,000 in 1895 to 62,000 in 1914. The
actual population of the Pampa ports is not at all in proportion to the
part which each plays in the export of Pampean products:--
_Export of Cereals in thousands of tons._ (Average for 1913-1915)
Buenos Bahia San Nicolas. La Santa
Aires. Blanca. Rosario. Plata. Fe.
2,716 2,051 1,075 651 459 278
Population in 1914.
245,000 1,575,000 62,000 19,000 137,000 64,000
Some centres, such as Campana, Zarate, San Pedro or San Nicolas, which
load up meat or grain in great quantities, have nevertheless remained
small towns. Neither the trade in meat nor that in cereals is enough of
itself to sustain a busy urban life. In point of fact, the growth of
the Pampa ports is mainly connected with their function as importing
ports and markets of capital. The close dependence of Bahia Blanca upon
Buenos Aires in both these respects seems to forbid it all hope of ever
becoming the equal of Rosario. The prosperity of Rosario was founded
during the time when Buenos Aires was isolated, between 1853 and 1860;
this enabled them to organize an import trade there and to accumulate a
nucleus of independent capital.[145]
[145] Buenos Aires and Rosario alone have independent grain
markets, though it is differently organized in each case. At
Buenos Aires the exporters have entered into direct relations
with the producers and eliminated intermediaries. At Rosario
they have to use the services of a strong body of agents.
* * * * *
The development of Buenos Aires must be studied separately. It does
not merely reflect the success of the colonization of the Pampa; it is
a phenomenon of a national order. The attraction of Buenos Aires has
been felt throughout the whole land. In 1895, of a total population
of Argentine birth of 318,000 souls, more than a half--167,000--were
born in the provinces.[146] The way in which the prosperity of Buenos
Aires is bound up, not only with that of the adjacent territory but
with that of the whole country, is seen in the stability of the figure
representing the number of the inhabitants who have come from foreign
lands. While the proportion of foreigners in each of the provinces
varies from one census to another, according to the displacements of
the stream of colonization, it remains almost the same at Buenos Aires:
496 per 1,000 in 1869, 520 in 1895, 493 in 1914.
[146] The 1914 Census does not give reliable details on this
point.
The population of the city of Buenos Aires was estimated by Helms
in 1788 to be between 24,000 and 30,000. D'Azara put it at 40,000
in 1799. The Revolution did not interrupt its growth. According to
the estimate of Woodbine Parish the city had 81,000 inhabitants in
1824. On the other hand, the Rosas Government involved a period of
stagnation (90,000 inhabitants in 1855). But after 1855 Buenos Aires
resumed its progress, even before the political unity of Argentina was
re-established, and has never since relaxed. Its population has doubled
almost regularly at intervals of fifteen years: 177,000 in 1869,
433,000 in 1887, 663,000 in 1895, and 1,575,000 in 1914. The latter
figure, in fact, is inadequate. Greater Buenos Aires, including the
outlying parts, has really 1,990,000 inhabitants.
The site on which the city is built is a regular plateau, sixty-five
feet above sea level, cut by flat-bottomed, marshy valleys. The
Riachuelo, at the mouth of one of these valleys, provided Buenos Aires
with its first port. The low and badly drained lands of the valleys are
occupied by the poorest quarters. Their sides, the _barrancas_, bear
the aristocratic residences, and the gardeners have been able to use
the sites to great advantage in their plans.
As a whole, the growth of Buenos Aires presents the same feature of
regularity, on account of the uniformity of the soil, as the spread
of colonization over the plain of the Pampas. The city is distributed
in concentric zones, and it is thus a model on a small scale of the
distribution of the various types of exploitation on the Pampa which
surrounds it. The central nucleus, the business quarter, contains
not only the offices, but the warehouses of imported goods. Round
this centre, with a radius of one to three miles, are the residential
quarters in which the density is greatest (250 to 350 to the hectare).
Beyond this the density sinks to less than 200 per hectare and less
than fifty on the outskirts. The central quarters developed the maximum
density after 1900. Those of the first outer zone have gained greatly
between 1904 and 1909. Since the latter date, the progress of these
quarters has been arrested in turn, and the recent growth is mainly in
the remote working-class suburbs in the south and on the bank of the
Riachuelo.
Buenos Aires has preserved in its central district, and reproduces
in all its outer districts, the primitive draught-board plan of a
Spanish colonial city. This plan is not suited to its needs to-day.
The rapid growth of the city and its expansion--the mean density is
not more than fifty-four inhabitants to the hectare, as against 360 at
Paris--complicate the problem of transport. At the present time the
city is considering plans for reconstructing its thoroughfares and
making diagonal streets, starting from the centre and following the
direction of the main streams of traffic. In this way the city would
reproduce the fan-wise distribution of railways over the Pampean plain.
Buenos Aires is the intermediary between the provinces and oversea
countries. It has three titles to this profitable part. In the first
place, it is the chief centre of the import trade. The merchants of the
cities in the interior are customers of the Buenos Aires importers,
and are closely bound to them by a system of long-term credit. Buenos
Aires is, secondly, the centre for the distribution of the European
capital which has been used in the development of the country. Lastly,
it divides immigrant workers amongst the provinces, just as it divides
capital. As an immigration port its position is unrivalled. The efforts
that were made to divert part of the immigrants to Bahia Blanca failed,
and direct immigration to the Santa Fe province ceased at the close
of the first period of colonization, about 1880. It is also at Buenos
Aires that immigrants who are not going to settle in Argentina embark;
re-emigration, which is regarded as a national plague by Argentine
economists, is another source of profit to the capital. Hence the
fortune of Buenos Aires is due in the first place to the close contact
between the economic life of Argentina and that of Europe and North
America.
But its very growth has led to a gradual change in the part it plays
in the interior of the country. In proportion as its population and
wealth grew, it became a great national market. The products of the
provinces go to it, not merely to meet its own needs as consumer, but
in order to be distributed over the entire country. The figures of
the cattle trade on the Buenos Aires market are instructive in this
respect. From January to July 1919 there were 1,130,000 head of cattle
sold, 240,000 being for the supply of the capital and 700,000 for the
refrigerators.[147] Of the remainder, 120,000 were bought for fattening
and 40,000 by the butchers of other towns. The capital of its own which
has accumulated at Buenos Aires is invested either in real estate or in
industry, which has found great profit both in the development of local
consumption and in the great stock of labour provided by immigration.
Buenos Aires is not now content to be merely an intermediary between
the country and foreign lands. It contributes by its own resources
and work to the task of colonization and the supply of manufactured
articles to the agricultural and pastoral districts. It is, finally, a
luxurious city, with every opportunity for the men who have grown rich
by the rise in the price of lands to spend their income, and providing
pleasure for the country folk who come up occasionally, tired of their
laborious, rough and solitary existence.
[147] During the same period the Argentinian refrigerators
killed 1,490,000 head of cattle. Therefore, about half of
these were bought at Buenos Aires.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I give here only the most important and most recent works. A list of
the articles I have consulted would be long and uninteresting, while
a complete list of those which might have been consulted, and from
which information might have been gleaned, is impossible. For a work
of this character there is no account of travel, no study of the soil,
the climate, or the vegetation, no statistical document or journal or
purely historical text, that has not a perfect right to be regarded as
a source.
1. PERIODICALS.
Of the periodicals published in Argentina, and partly or wholly devoted
to the study of the land and its development, the principal are:--
_Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino_ (Buenos Aires, since 1879;
vol. i, 1879, vol. ii, 1881; one vol. yearly from 1881 to 1901; has
appeared irregularly since).
_Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina_ (Buenos Aires, 2 vols,
yearly from 1876).
_Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina_ (Buenos Aires, only
appeared from 1883 to 1889).
_Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba_ (Cordoba,
since 1874, 23 vols. to 1918).
The publications of the Buenos Aires and La Plata museums also contain,
besides copious anthropological, archaeological, palaeontological,
and historical material, a large number of articles of interest to
geographers:--
_Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires._ Begins
1864, 25 vols., folio and quarto, to 1914.
_Anales del Museo de la Plata._ First series 1890-1900, second series
from 1907.
_Revista del Museo de la Plata._ From 1890-1891, 17 vols. to 1910-1911.
All these reviews contain especially articles on the parts of the
country which were last explored--Patagonia, Chaco, Misiones. They
contain little about the parts that were early colonized, though these
are not always the best known.
2. MAPS.
The maps published in the eighteenth century (D'Anville's map, 1733, in
the _Lettres edifiantes_, 19th collection, Paris, 1734: Bellin's map in
vol. ii of the _Histoire du Paraguay_ of the R.P.P.F.X. de Charlevoix,
Paris, 1756, 3 vols., etc.) are based upon information collected by the
Jesuit missionaries.
D'Azara's map (1809) shows a remarkable advance.
Important corrections of D'Azara's map are found in Woodbine Parish's
map (1838).
Brackebusch's two maps are essential documents: _Mapa del interior de
la Republica Argentina_, por el Dr. L. Brackebusch, 1:1,000,000 (Gotha,
1835) and _Mapa geologico del interior de la Republica Argentina_,
1:1,000,000 (Gotha, 1890).
The results of earlier work have been used in the _Atlas de la
Republica Argentina construido y publicado por el Instituto Geografico
Argentino_ (Buenos Aires, 1894), which includes a list of its sources.
Since that date many maps have been published: maps of the various
provinces and surveys drawn up by the railway companies, the Chile
Frontier Commission (see Patagonia), the Mines Division (see Natural
Regions), and the Ministerio de Obras Publicas (see River Routes). A
brief account of the history of Argentine cartography and a list of
maps of provinces will be found in Colonel B. Garcia Aparicio, _La
carta de la Republica (Anuario del Instituto Geografico Militar_, i,
1912, Buenos Aires, pp. 1-27).
The Military Geographical Institute has itself published a large number
of maps, either on the basis of fresh surveys or by compiling earlier
work, chiefly:--
About thirty sheets on the scale 1:25,000 (Pampean region) since 1904,
interesting for studying the relief of the plain.
"Governacion de la Pampa," 1:500,000 (Estado Mayor, 3A Division, Buenos
Aires, 1909).
Three sheets on the scale 1:1,000,000 (Buenos Aires, Concordia, and
Corrientes). Buenos Aires, provisional edition 1911 of a map of
Argentina on the scale 1:1,000,000, which is to comprise twenty-one
sheets.
A convenient reference map, though of no scientific value, is the map
of the railways, on the scale 1:2,000,000, in three sheets, published
in 1910 by the Ministerio de Obras Publicas.
3. STATISTICS.
A summary of the chief statistics is published annually in _The
Argentine Yearbook_ (from 1902 at Buenos Aires; from 1909 at Buenos
Aires and London).
The _Anuario de la Direccion General de Estadistica_, which has
appeared since 1880 in one, two or three vols. quarto, gives the
figures of trade, immigration, agriculture, railways, navigation, etc.
(last volume consulted is for 1914, Buenos Aires, 1915).
In the third volume of the _Anuario_ for 1912 will be found a list of
the publications of the Direccion de Estadistica. Besides the _Anuario_
the Direccion publishes a bulletin with commercial statistics (last
number consulted 181, "El comercio exterior Argentino en los primeros
trimestres de 1918 y 1919," Buenos Aires, 1919). _Boletin_ 176 contains
a review of Argentine trade from 1910 to 1917.
The statistical department of the Ministry of Agriculture, under the
direction of E. Lahitte, publishes the _Boletin Mensual de Estadistica
Agricola_ (last volume consulted, xxi, 1919).
4. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS.[148]
[148] Besides the publications of the Jesuits, which can
easily be consulted, a fairly large number of texts bearing
upon the history of colonization have been published or
re-published in the nineteenth and the twentieth century. See
especially:
_Relaciones Geograpicas de Indias_ (vol. i, 1881; vol. ii,
1885, Madrid).
_Anales de la Biblioteca National, Buenos Aires, Publicacion
de documentos relativos al Rio de la Plata_ (from 1900).
Publications of the _Junta de Historia y Numismatica
Americana_ (Buenos Aires, 7 vols., octavo, from 1905 to 1915).
Valuable notes on some of the most important historical
documents will be found in E. Boman, _Antiquites de la region
andine_ (see North-West Argentina).
The most curious collection of all for the geographer is:
Pedro de Angelis, _Coleccion de obras y documentos relativos
a la historia antigua y moderna de las provincias del Rio de
la Plata_ (Buenos Aires, 1837, 6 vols, octavo, containing many
itineraries, journals of expeditions, etc., together with
notes by D'Azara).
The scientific study of this part of South America may be traced back
as far as D'Azara. His observations are collected in Don Felix de
Azara, _Voyages dans l'Amerique meridionale_, published by Walckenaer
(Paris, 1809, 4 vols. in 12^{mo} and atlas) and _Descripcion e historia
del Paraguay y del Rio de la Plata_, published by D. Agustin de Azara
(Madrid, 1847, 2 vols. octavo).
The _Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale_ of Alcide d'Orbigny contains
his observations on the Parana, the province of Corrientes, the Pampa
(Parchappe's voyages), and Patagonia (1828). (Historical section, vol.
i, Paris, 1835; vol. ii, Paris, 1839-43; vol. iii, third part, geology,
Paris, 1842).
Darwin also visited the coast of Patagonia and crossed the Pampa
(1833): _Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H.M.S. "Adventure" and
"Beagle"_ ... vol. iii, as _Journal_ and _Researches_ (London, 1839).
Sir Woodbine Parish's work, _Buenos Aires and the Provinces of the Rio
de la Plata_ (London, 1838), is remarkably well-informed, and is based
upon a thorough study of previous publications and archives.
W. MacKann's _Ten Thousand Miles' Ride through the Argentine Republic_
(London, 1855, 2 vols.) is interesting, and the work of a close
observer.
Martin de Moussy, _Description geographique et statistique de la
Confederation argentine_ (Paris, 1858, 3 vols. octavo and atlas), is
unequal, but full of information.
The work of H. Burmeister, _Description physique de la Republique
argentine_ (Paris, 2 vols., 1876), is of little value, and has been
overrated.
Richard Napp, _Die Argentinische Republik_ (Buenos Aires, 1876, I vol.
octavo), includes a valuable chapter by P. G. Lorentz on the flora
("Vegetationsverhaeltnisse Argentiniens," pp. 87-149).
The second volume ("Territoire") of the _Second recensement de
la Republique argentine_ (Buenos Aires, 1898) includes a joint
geographical study by a number of writers.
_Geologie_, by J. Valentin.
_Climat_, by G. G. Davis.
_Flore_, by E. L. Holmberg.
Some attempt at a general consideration of our geographical knowledge
of Argentina has been made by E. A. S. Delachaux, "Las regiones fisicas
de la Republica Argentina" (_Rev. Mus. Plata_, xv, 1908, pp. 102-131).
Our physical knowledge of Argentina has been greatly promoted by the
work of the Direccion de Minas. The results are summarized in the
_Memorias de la Direccion general de Minas, Geologia, e Hidrologia_,
published from 1908 onward (_Anales del Ministerio de Agricultura,
Seccion geologia, mineralogia, y mineria_: last volume published for
the year 1915, Buenos Aires, vol. xii, No. 2).
Special works are published in the same section of the _Anales del Min.
Agric._, and in the _Boletines de la Direccion de Minas, Geologia, e
Hidrologia_. See, especially, series B (Geologia). These reports and
the accompanying maps are the basis of all work on the geography of
Argentina. They already cover a great deal of Argentine territory. The
work of Keidel, in particular, which is an essential contribution to
the geological history of the South-American continent, and that of
Windhausen, are largely concerned with physical geography, the study of
the relief, and the influence of the climate on the landscape.
A summary of the history of study of the soil of Argentina will be
found in E. Hermitte, _La geologia y mineria Argentina in 1914_
(_Tercer Censo Nacional_, vol. vii, pp. 407-494).
As to climate: Buenos Aires Ministerio de Agricultura, _Servicio
Meteorologico Argentino, Historia y Organisacion, con un resumen de los
resultados_, preparado bajo la direccion de G. G. Davis (Buenos Aires,
1914, quarto), dispenses one from consulting any previous works.
There is a very complete bibliography of works on the botany
and geographical botany of Argentina in F. Kurtz, "Essai d'une
bibliographie botanique de l'Argentine" (2nd edition, _Bol. Acad. Nac.
Ciencias Cordoba_, xx, 1915, pp. 369-467).
There is a convenient summary of our knowledge of the primitive
population in Felix F. Outes and Carlos Bruch, _Los aborigenes de la
Rep. argentina_ (Buenos Aires, 1910).
5. NORTH-WEST ARGENTINA.
The most complete general work on irrigation is that of E. A. Soldano,
_La irrigacion en la argentina_ (Buenos Aires, 1910, octavo). See also
C. Wouters, "La irrigacion en el valle de Lerma" (_An. Soc. Cient.
Argentina_, lxvi, 1908, pp. 117-145).
The best description of the Puna de Atacama and the country of the
Valles is in Eric Boman, "Antiquites de la region andine de la
Republique Argentine et du desert d'Atacama" (_Mission scientifique
G. de Crequi, Montfort, et E. Senechal de la Grange_, Paris, 1908, 2
vols.).
L. Brackebusch, "Ueber die Bodensverhaeltnisse des nordwestlichen
Teiles der Argentinischen Republik mit Bezugnahme auf die Vegetation"
(_Petermann's Mitteilungen_, 1893, p. 153) is a general description of
the whole of north-western Argentina; but Brackebusch's description
of his journey, "Viaje a la provincia de Jujuy" (_Bol. Inst. Geog.
Argent._, iv, 1883, pp. 9-17, 204-211, and 217-226) is fresher and more
useful.
I have mentioned in the note to p. 40 Bodenbender's work on the
province of La Rioja.
Of the various articles, from all quarters, on North-Western Argentina
the following may be noticed:--
J. B. Ambrosetti, "Viaje a la Puna de Atacama de Salta a Caurchari"
(_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, xxi, 1900, pp. 87-116).
F. Kuehn, "Descripcion del camino desde Rosario de Lerma hasta Cachi"
(_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, xxiv, 1910, pp. 42-50).
H. Seckt, "Contribucion al conocimiento de la vegetacion del Nordeste
de la Rep. Arg.--Valles de Calchaqui y Puna de Atacama" (_An. Soc.
Cient. Arg._, lxxiv, 1912, pp. 185-225).
Juan F. Barnabe, "Informe sobre el distrito minero de Tinogasta" (_An.
Min. Agric., Seccion Geol. Mineralogia y Mineria_, x, No. 4, Buenos
Aires, 1915).
On the Puna de Atacama:
L. Caplain, "Informe sobre el estado de la mineria en el Territorio de
los Andes" (_An. Min. Agric., Seccion Geol. Mineralogia y Mineria_,
vii, No. 1, Buenos Aires, 1912).
On the sub-Andean chains:--
Guido Bonarelli, "Las Sierras subandinas del Alto y Aguarague y los
yacimientos petroliferos del distrito minero de Tartagal" (_ibid._,
viii, No. 4, Buenos Aires, 1913). See also Direccion General de Minas,
Geol., e Hidrol, _Boletin_, series B, No. 9 (Buenos Aires, 1914).
On the Chaco Salteno:--
L. Arnaud, "Expedicion al Chaco" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, vi, 1885,
pp. 201-210).
On the part of the San Luis province that lies in the zone of the
scrub:--
Ave-Lallemant, "Datos orograficos e hidrograficos sobre la Provincia
de San Luis" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, v, 1884, pp. 191-196, and
222-224), and "Apuntes sobre represas y baldes en San Luis" (_An. Soc.
Cient. Arg._, xi, 1881, pp. 178-188).
A. L. Cravetti, "Investigacion agricola en la Provincia de San Luis"
(Buenos Aires, 1904, _An. Min. Agric._, Seccion Agric., Botanica, y
Agronomia, vol. i, No. 5).
On the scrub south of Mar Chiquita:--
H. Frank, "La repoblacion forestal en la region de la Mar Chiquita"
(_Bol. Dep. gen. Agric. y Ganaderia_, Prov. Cordoba, ii, 1912, pp.
52-57), and "Contribucion al conocimiento de la Mar Chiquita" (_ibid._,
pp. 87-101).
6. TUCUMAN AND MENDOZA.
On Tucuman see Emilio Lahitte, _La industria azucarera, apuntes de
actualidad_ (Buenos Aires, 1902).
The best source of the economic history of the sugar industry is the
file of the _Revista azucarera_ ("organa de los cultivadores de cana y
fabricantes de azucar," Buenos Aires).
On Mendoza, "Investigacion vinicola" (Buenos Aires, 1903, _Anales_,
Min. Agric., Seccion Comercio, Industrias, y Economia, i, No. 1).
7. FORESTRY INDUSTRIES.
Rudolf Leutgens, "Beitraege zur Kenntniss des Quebracho-Gebietes in
Argentinien und Paraguay" (_Mitteil. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, xxv, 1911,
pp. 1-70).
8. PATAGONIA.
_A. The Tableland._
Apart from Villarino's journey on the Rio Negro in the eighteenth
century, the first journey across the Patagonian tableland is that of
G. Chaworth Musters, _At Home with the Patagonians_ (London, 1871).
In the early volumes of the _Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._ will be found
the results of various explorations between 1878 and 1885 by Argentine
travellers.
With this group of documents, which provided the first material for
his conclusions, we may associate the geological studies of Florentino
Ameghino, "L'age des formations sedimentaires de Patagonie" (_An.
Soc. Cient. Argentina_, l, 1900, pp. 109-130, 145-160, and 209-229;
li, 1901, pp. 20-39 and 65-90; lii, 1901, pp. 189-197 and 244-250;
liii, 1902, pp. 161-181, 220-249 and 282-342) and "Les formations
sedimentaires du cretace superieur et du tertiaire en Patagonie" (_An.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires_, series ii, vol. viii, 1906, pp. 1-568).
On the southern part of Patagonia, south of 50 deg. S. lat.:--
_Svenska Expeditionen till Magellanslaenderna (Wissenschaftliche
Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Expedition nach den Magellans Laendern_,
1895-1897, unter Leitung von Dr. Otto Nordenskjoeld, Band I, Geologie,
Geographie und Anthropologie, Stockholm, 1907).
On the Magellan region and that of the Santa Cruz:--
_Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia_, 1896-9,
i, J. B. Hatcher, _Narrative of the Expeditions, Geography of Southern
Patagonia_ (Princeton and Stuttgart, 1903).
On the Rio Negro district:--
S. Roth, "Apuntes sobre la Geologia y la Paleontologia de las
Territorios del Rio Negro y Neuquen" (_Rev. Mus. Plata_, ix, 1899, pp.
141-196).
Of more recent works we must especially notice those of the engineers
of the Direccion de Minas:--
R. Stappenbeck y F. Reichert, "Informe preliminar relativo a la parte
sudeste del Territorio del Chubut" (_An. Min. Agric._, Seccion Geol.
Mineral., y Minas, vol. ix, No. 1, Buenos Aires, 1909).
Ricardo Wichmann, various studies of the eastern part of the plateau of
the Rio Negro (_ibid._, xiii, Nos. 1, 3 and 4, Buenos Aires, 1918 and
1919).
A. Windhausen, studies on the Rio Negro and the Neuquen (_ibid._, x,
No. 1, Buenos Aires, 1914). The geological results of Windhausen's work
are summarized in articles that appeared in the _American Journal of
Science_ (4th series, xlv, 1918, pp. 1-53) and in the _Bol. Acad. Nac.
Ciencias Cordoba_ (xxiii, 1918, pp. 97-128 and 319-364).
We must add G. Rivereto, "La valle del Rio Negro" (_Bol. Soc. Geologica
Ital._, xxxi, 1912, pp. 181-237, and xxxii, 1913, pp. 101-142).
_B. The Andes._
Numerous articles in the _Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._ and the _An.
Soc. Cient. Argentina_, immediately after the military expedition of
1879-1880 (Host, Ave-Lallemant, etc.).
A detailed study of the Andean region was undertaken at the time of
the frontier-quarrel between Argentina and Chile, and this led to a
number of publications. The work done by the Argentinians under F. P.
Moreno is used in _Frontera Argentina-Chilena, Memoria presentada al
tribunal nombrado por el Gobernio de su Majestad Britanica_ (London,
1902, 2 vols. quarto, 1 vol. maps, and 1 vol. photographs), and in the
_Breve Replica a la memoria Chilena_ (London, 1 vol. quarto, 1902).
See a summary of the results in L. Gallois, "Les Andes de Patagonie"
(_Annales de Geographie_, x, 1901, pp. 232-259).
In the _Revista_ and the _Anales_ of the La Plata Museum will be
found part of the research made during this period (1897-1900) by
Argentine experts; especially the work of Burckhardt and Wehrli on
the Neuquen Cordillera. The Chilean work which served as the basis of
the _Statement presented on behalf of Chile in reply to the Argentine
Report_ (London, 1902, 4 vols. and 2 vols. as appendices) is, on the
whole, less valuable.
Of later travellers we must mention P. D. Quensel, "On the
influence of the Ice Age on the continental watershed of Patagonia"
(_Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Upsala_, ix, 1908-9, pp. 60-92), and
"Geologisch-petrographische studien in der Patagonischen Cordillera"
(_ibid._, xi, 1912, pp. 1-114).
Very important surveys in the Cordillera and on the plateau of the
Rio Negro were made under the direction of Bailey Willis (_Northern
Patagonia_, Ministry of Public Works, Bureau of Railways, Argentine
Republic; text and maps by the Comision de Estudios hidrologicos,
Bailey Willis Director, 1911-1914, New York, 1914, 1 vol and atlas).
On the Patagonian forest (Argentine slope from 40 deg. S. lat. to Cape
Horn) see Max Rothkugel, _Los Bosques Patagonicos_ (Minist. Agric.,
Direccion Gen. Agric. y Defensa Agricola: Officina de Bosques y
Yerbales, Buenos Aires, 1916).
9. THE PAMPEAN REGION.
The occupation of the western part of the Pampa between 1875 and 1880
led to a fairly large amount of research. The most important work is
the _Informe oficial de la Comision cientifica agregada al Estado Mayor
General de la Expedicion al Rio Negro_, vol. iii, _Geologia_, by Dr.
Ad. Doering (Buenos Aires, 1882). We must also notice G. Ave-Lallemant,
"Excursion al Territorio indio del Sud" (_Bol. Inst. Geogr. Argent._,
ii, 1881, pp. 41-49); D. Dupont, "Notas geograficas sobre el pais de
los Ranqueles" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, 1790, pp. 47-56); and Est.
Zeballos, _Descripcion amena de la Republica Argentina_, vol. i, _Viaje
al pais de las Araucanos_ (Buenos Aires, 1881).
Of general works on the Pampa and the Pampean deposits:
Fl. Ameghino, _La formacion Pampeana_ (Paris and Buenos Aires, 1881),
and "Las formaciones sedimentarias de la region litoral de Mar del
Plata y Chapalmalan" (_An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires_, series ii, vol. x,
1908, pp. 348-428).
G. Bodenbender, "La cuenca del valle del rio Primero en Cordoba:
Descripcion geologica del valle del rio Primero desde la Sierra de
Cordoba hasta la Mar Chiquita" (_Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciencias Cordoba_,
xii, 1890, pp. 1-54); and "Die Pampa Ebene in Osten der Sierra von
Cordoba in Argentinien" (_Petermann's Mitteilungen_, 1893, pp. 201-237
and 258-264).
Santiago Roth, "Beobachtungen ueber Entstehung und Alter der
Pampasformationen in Argentinien" (_Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Geol. Ges._, xi, 1888, pp. 375-464); "Beitrag zur Gliederung der
Sedimentablagerungen in Patagonien und der Pampas Region" (_Neues
Jahrbuch fuer Min., Geol., und Palaeont._, Beilage, Band xxvi, Stuttgart,
1908, pp. 92-150); and "La construccion de un Canal de Bahia Blanca a
las provincias andinas bajo el punto de vista hidrogeologico" (_Rev.
Museo de la Plata_, xvi, 1909).
_Nouvelles recherches sur la formation pampeenne et l'homme fossile de
la Republique argentine._ A collection of scientific articles published
by R. Lehmann-Nitsche (_Rev. Mus. Plata_, xiv, 1907, pp. 143-488),
which contains, especially, one by C. Burckhardt, "La formation
pampeenne de Buenos Aires et Santa Fe," and one by Ad. Doering, "La
formation pampeenne de Cordoba."
Ales Hrdlicka, _Early Man in South America_ (Smithsonian Institution,
Bull. 52, Washington, 1912--geological part by Bailey Willis).
On the district of the Central Pampa, R. Stappenbeck, "Investigaciones
hidrogeologicas de los valles de Chapalco y Quehue y sus alrededores"
(Min. Agric., Dir. Gen. Minas, Geol., e Hidrol., Bol. No. 4, Buenos
Aires, 1913).
On various points in detail one may consult:--
Lavalle y Medici, "Las nivelaciones de la Provincia" (_Bol. Inst. Geog.
Argent._, vii, 1866, pp. 57-71).
P. A. Bovet, _El Problema de los Medanos en el Pais_ (Buenos Aires,
1910).
R. Velasco, "Los Medanos de la Provincia de Cordoba" (_Bol. Dep. Gen.
Agric. y Ganaderia_, Prov. Cordoba, i, pp. 155-173).
Among descriptions of an economic character, which are generally of
poor value, we must make an exception in favour of Emile Daireaux, _La
vie et les moeurs a la Plata_ (Paris, 1889).
A few useful notes on colonization will be found in Teod. Morsbah,
"Estudios economicos sobre el Sud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires"
(_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, ix, 1888, pp. 143-151) and in E. Segui, "La
provincia de Buenos Aires" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, xix, 1898, pp.
419-440).
A very useful summary of the results of a general inquiry into
agriculture will be found in "Investigacion agricola en la Rep. argent."
(_Anales Min. Agric. Agronomia_, vol. i, No. 1, 2 and 3, Buenos Aires,
1904: "Preliminares," by Carlos D. Girola, "Investigacion agricola en
la region septentrional de la Provincia de Buenos Aires," by Ricardo J.
Huergo, and "Investigacion agricola en la Provincia de Santa Fe," by
Hugo Miatello).
With this inquiry is associated G. D. Girola, _El cultivo del trigo en
la provincia de Buenos Aires_ (Buenos Aires, 1904).
Agricultural censuses have been taken repeatedly. For 1888 F. Latzina,
_L'agriculture et le betail dans la Republique argentine_ (Paris,
1889). For 1895 (_Secundo censo_, see Population) the results are
given in C. P. Salas, _Bureau central de Statistique de la province
de Buenos Aires_ and _L'agriculture, l'elevage, et le commerce dans
la province en 1895_ (La Plata, 1897; maps by Delachaux). For 1908,
_Censo agro-pecuario nacional_. _La ganaderia y la agricultura en 1908_
(Buenos Aires, 3 vols. quarto, 1909). Vol. iii contains a series of
monographs dealing not only with the Pampean region, but the economic
history of the whole country.
For 1914 (_Tercer censo_, see Population) the publication of vol.
v, relating to agriculture, is unfortunately delayed. There is also
available a census of cattle made in 1915 for the Buenos Aires
province, _Provincia de Buenos Aires, Min. Obras Publicas, Censo
Ganadero_ (1916).
10. THE RAILWAYS.
For the history of the railways see Rebuelto, "Historia del desarollo
de los ferrocarriles argentinas" (_Bol. Obras Publicas_, vol. v, 1911,
pp. 113-172, vol. vi, 1913, pp. 1-48 and 81-110, and vol. viii, 1913,
pp. 1-32), and the entire series of the _Boletin de Obras Publicas_.
A sort of annual of the Argentine railways has been published every
year since 1906 under the title _Killik's Argentine Railway Manual_
(London, 1 vol. with map, last issue 1918).
11. THE PARANA.
E. A. S. Delachaux, "Los problemas geograficos del territorio
Argentino" (_Rev. Univ. Buenos Aires_, 1906, v), includes a study of
the floods of the Parana.
The chief source is the memoir of Repossini, "Memoria sobre el rio
Parana" (_Bol. Obras Publicas_, vol. vi, 1912, pp. 141-168 and 254-264,
vol. vii, 1912, pp. 31-48 and 163-186, and vol. viii, 1913, pp. 33-99).
It contains on a reduced scale the map issued by the Ministry of Public
Works, which is not available in France. The defect is supplied by the
English Admiralty Charts, "Rio de la Plata," 1869 (No. 2544 in the
Catalogue of Admiralty Charts), and "River Parana," parts i, ii, iii,
iv, v, and vi of 1905 (Nos. 1982/A and 1982/B).
There is an interesting economic summary in W. S. Barclay, "The River
Parana, an economic survey" (_Geogr. Journal_, xxxiii, 1909, pp. 1-10).
On the estuary:--
Alej. Foster, "Regimen del Rio de la Plata y su correccion" (_An. Soc.
Cient. Argent._, lii, 1901, pp. 209-234).
G. Rovereto, "Studi di geomorfologia argentina," ii, "Il rio della
Plata" (_Bol. Soc. Geol. Ital._, xxx, 1911).
12. POPULATION.
Besides municipal and provincial censuses, there have been three
general censuses:
First census made in 1869, one folio volume published in 1872. I have
only been able to consult _Oficina del Censo_. _Informe sobre la
operacion y resultado del Primer censo argentino_ (Buenos Aires, 1870,
octavo).
Second census of the Argentine Republic, May 10, 1895 (2 vols, quarto,
Buenos Aires, 1898).
_Tercer Censo Nacional levantado el 1º de junio de 1914_ (10
vols, quarto, Buenos Aires, 1916-1917). Only the fifth volume, on
agriculture, is not yet to hand.
A geographical interpretation of the distribution of the population
was attempted by E. A. S. Delachaux, "La poblacion de la Rep. Argent."
(_Rev. Univ. Buenos Aires_, iii, 1905).
INDEX
Abipones, the, 24
_Acequia_, the, 45, 69, 83
Aconcagua, 19, 38, 59, 70, 71
Aeolian deposits, 21, 124, 170
Agricultural Centres Law, the, 202
_Aguadas_, 61, 210
_Algarrobas_, 39, 54, 64
Alhuampa, 113
Alumine, the, 128, 129
Ambrosetti, J. B., 136, 282
Ameghino, F., 168
Andalgala, 42
Andes, the Argentine, 19, 37, 46, 54, 57, 70, 126
Andes, the Patagonian, 19, 120, 126, 129
Anecon, 122, 151
Antofagasta, 54, 55
Apipe rapids, the, 239
Apostoles, 116
Araucanians, the, 24, 121
Argentine hydrographic service, 254
_Arrieros_, the, 51, 216, 217
Arroyo del Rey, 26
Asses, trade in, 53
Atamisqui, 97, 98
Atuel, the, 81, 84
Azcarate, 51, 52
Bahia Blanca, 25, 32, 148, 155, 164, 168, 173, 198, 223, 227, 271
Bajada Grande, the, 242, 243
Bamboo, 133
_Banados_, the, 62, 63, 67, 97, 98, 101
Barra del Indio, the, 253
Barrancas, 17, 245
Basalt, 122, 125, 149
Basques in Argentina, 183, 186
Bellavista, 246
Bellville, 167, 188
Bermejo, the, 40, 115
_Bodegueros_, 87-90
Bodenbender, G., 40, 57, 168, 286
Bolivia, relations with, 48, 50, 52, 53, 70
Boman, E., 47, 282
Brackebusch, L., 48, 54, 278, 282
Brazil, 109, 116, 182, 235
Breeding, 22, 131, 179, 188, 189
British Navy in Argentine waters, 238, 248, 252
Buenos Aires, 17, 29, 30, 32, 57, 109, 112, 155, 159, 164, 184, 209,
218, 220, 239, 254, 259, 272-275
Burruyacu, Sierra de, 72, 73
Calchaqui, 48, 54
_Caldenes_,163
_Canadas_, 107
_Canadones_, 122-141
Candelaria, 110, 116
_Caneros_, the, 74, 75
Carcarana, the, 171, 212, 246
Carilaufquen, the, 141
Carmen, 130
Carri Lauquen, Lake, 128, 151, 157
Catamarca, 31, 43, 45, 55, 80
Cattle, creole, 22, 131, 179-183, 189
Cattle, pedigree, 22, 188, 189
Cattle fairs, 209
Cattle trade, the, 48, 50, 53, 66, 80, 131, 179-189, 206-208
Catuna, 62
Cedar-forests, 109
Central Argentine Railway, 76, 191, 220, 225
Central Cordoba, 74, 76, 91, 104, 221
Central Norte Railway, 114
_Cerco_, the, 63
Cerro Payen, the, 119, 136
Cerros Colorados, 150, 151
Chaco, the, 32, 78, 96, 104-115
Chaco, Salteno, the, 58-60
Chamical, 62
_Chanares_, 163
Charcoal-burners, 112
Chicago and Buenos Aires, 17
Chile, relations with, 25, 29, 30, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57, 134, 137,
138, 204, 205, 210
Chile road, the, 210, 213
Chilean flour, 79
Chiriguanos, the, 79
Chivilcoy, 190, 194, 195, 212, 263
Choele Choel, 133, 134, 149
Chosmalal, 120, 137, 144
Chubut, the, 138, 140, 155
Climate, 46, 70, 71, 72, 77, 80, 92, 119, 120, 139
_Coilrue_, the, 127
Colalao del Valle, 42
Colastine, 226, 253
Colonia, 251, 252
Colonies, the, 191, 193, 195, 196
Colonization Companies, 202
_Colonos_,75
Colorado, the, 172
Conlara, 178
Cordillera, the, 19, 20, 48, 81, 121, 126, 129
Cordoba, 29, 33, 50, 57, 164
Cordoba, Sierra de, 209
Corrientes, 32, 49, 102, 107, 108, 189, 215, 257, 269
_Costa_, the, 41, 42, 60
Cruz Alta, 73, 74, 75
Cuarto, the Rio, 25, 211
Cuenca Vidal, 155
Cumbre Tunnel, 222
Cuyo, 79, 85, 86, 96
Cypresses, 127
Daireaux, E., 187, 193, 287
Dairies, 186, 190, 193
Dams, 69-70
Darwin, C, 23, 123, 133, 170, 217, 280
D'Azara, F., 25, 28, 49, 102, 174, 180, 212, 279, 280
Dead valleys, 122, 129
_Demarcacion_, 44
Diamante, 248, 249
Diamante, the, 81, 84
Diez y seis de Octubre, 120, 144
Doering, A., 168, 286
Dolores, 178
D'Orbigny, A., 130, 131, 133, 142, 180, 236, 237, 280
Drainage, 83
Drought, 65, 66, 105, 120
Dulce, the Rio, 97, 98
Dunes, 173, 174, 181
Durham cattle, 189, 207
English Bank, the, 252
Entre Rios, 169, 182, 186, 194
Epecuen Lake, 212
Exhibition, San Francisco, 7
_Falda_, the, 73, 74
Famatina, Sierra de la, 40
Fiords, the Patagonian, 20, 128
Flax, 176, 196, 197
Floods, 97, 99, 211
Floods on the rivers, 240, 241
Forests, 23, 96-118
Forts, the early, 26, 27
Frontiers, early, 25
Funes, Dean G., 30, 179
_Galeria_, the, 218
Gallegos, 120, 121, 136
Garcia, Colonel, 27, 182, 183, 210
_Garrapate_, the, 22, 189, 207
_Gauchos_, 218
Gauge, differences of, 221, 222, 231, 232
General La valle, 165
Geological formations, 40, 121, 122, 124-126, 129, 166, 168
Glaciers, the Patagonian, 19, 36, 123, 128, 129
Gold, 138
Goods, traffic, analysis of, 228-231
Granite, 121, 125, 149
Guapichas, 54
Guayra, the, 246
Harvest, labour and the, 266
Helms, A. Z., 51
Hides, 178-180
Holmberg, E. L., 23, 281
Hrdlicka, A., 168, 287
Huari, 56
Hutchinson, F. J., 50
Immigration, 9, 116, 137, 191, 263, 264
Indians, relations with the, 24-28, 47, 131-135
Indians, the Patagonian, 131-135
Ingeniero White, 226
_Intrusos_, 139, 157
_Invernadas_, the, 51, 53, 60, 65, 183
Irrigation, 36, 41-46, 61, 64, 74, 83-86, 144, 154
Itinerary of author, 6
Ituzaingo, 246, 257
Japan, trade with, 8
Jegou, A., 205
Jerked meat, 115
Jesuit missions, 110
Jujuy, 38, 56, 77
Junin, 194
Labour-supply, 76, 77, 79, 88, 108-111
Lacar, Lake, 144
Land-ownership, 61, 201-203
Land, speculation in, 201
Lanin, Mount, 128-147
Larch, the, 146
La Rioja, 32, 33, 59, 80, 209
Ledesma, 78
_Lenga_, the, 127
Lima, 29, 48
Limay, the, 120, 123, 124, 130, 146, 154
Lincoln sheep, 184
Los Sauces, 41
Lucerne-farms, 53, 67, 155, 176-178, 196
Lumbrera, Sierra de la, 58, 70, 77
MacKann, W., 180, 280
Maize, 71, 192-194, 197, 198, 230
_Mallin_, 124, 125, 142, 151
_Manantiales_, 142, 148
Maquinchao, 148, 150, 151, 153, 158
Mar Chiquita, 113, 162, 173, 176, 191
Markets, Argentine, 203-210
Martin Garcia, 166, 251, 253
Matacos, the, 79
_Mate_, 33, 109-112, 117
Matto Grosso, 117, 235
_Mayten_, 128
Mejia, Ramos, 224
Mendoza, 19, 32, 33, 50, 57, 79-93, 218, 270, 271
_Merced_, the, 61, 67
Mercedario, 19
Merino sheep, 184
Mesopotamia, the Argentine, 18
Miatello, 176
Migrations of cattle, 65, 143, 157-159
Migrations of indigenous population, 264-267
Misiones, 33, 109-112, 115
_Molle_, 127
_Monte_, the, 22, 96
Montevideo, 238, 251
Moussy, Martin de, 25, 50, 204, 210
Muleteers, the, 216-7
Mule-trade, the, 49, 51-2, 53, 55
Nahuel Huapi, Lake, 120, 126, 127, 130, 132, 133, 144, 225, 245, 247
Navigation, statistics of, 258
Negro, the Rio, 32, 80, 119, 121, 130, 153
Negroes captured, 131
Neuquen, the, 129, 130, 137, 138, 153
Oases, 36, 41, 86
Oats, 199
_Obrajes_, the, 103-105, 107
Olavarria, 194
Olta, 62
_Omber_, the, 163
Ortiz Bank, the, 252
Otway Water, 129, 136
Pagancillo, 40
Pampa, the, 17, 21, 33, 161-208, 261, 262
Pampa, extent of the, 102
Parabolic tariffs, 226
Paracao, 248
Paraguay, 109, 110, 236, 269
Paraguay, the river, 116, 165, 235, 241, 247
_Paraisos_, 175
Parana, the, 17, 26, 111, 112, 171, 214, 234, 236-50
Parana de las Palmas, the, 250, 252, 253
Parana Guazu, the, 251
Parana Mini, the, 253
Parish, Sir Woodbine, 30, 100, 130, 182, 213, 215, 261, 280
Paso Paraguayo, the, 250
_Pasto dulce_, 23, 24, 183
_Pasto duro_, 23, 24, 183
_Pasto fuerto_, 23
Patagones, 153, 154
Patagonia, 119-160
Pehuenches, the, 24, 131
Peru, relations with, 28, 29, 49, 51
Peru road, the, 209, 210, 213, 214, 216
Piedra Blanca, 43
Pine forests, 109
Plata, Rio de la, 28, 29, 234, 239
Playa Honda, the, 252, 253
Poma, 56
Poncel, B., 31, 53
Population, growth of, 261-263
Ports, 225
Portuguese, relations with the, 235
Posadas, 111, 116, 242, 248, 249
Potatoes, 205
Pozos del Barca Grande, 253
Protectionism, 93, 94
Puerto Belgrano, 232
Pumpkin, the, 100
_Puna_, the, 37, 38
Puna de Atacama, 47, 48
Punta Arenas, 136
_Quebracho_, the, 23, 96, 103, 256-7
Quebracho Herrado, 26
_Quebradas_, 38, 41, 53
Quetriquile, 151
Quinto, the Rio, 26
Quiroga, 59
Railways, 74, 76, 91, 104, 114, 191, 211, 220-233
Railway tariffs, 226
Rainfall, 21, 38, 39, 71, 72, 80, 120-121, 164
Ranqueles, the, 24, 131
Refrigerators, 143, 187, 188, 209
Repossini, 254
_Represa_, the, 64, 210
Riachucho, 247
Rincones, 180
River-floods, 240, 241, 243
River-traffic, 235-258
Roads, 210-220
Roca, General, 26, 27
Rosario, 92, 164, 171, 173, 191, 215, 221, 239, 245, 253
Rosario de Lerma, 55, 56
Rosas, General, 30, 238
_Saladeros_, 184, 189
Salado, the, 23, 26, 112, 171
Sali, the, 69, 77
_Salitral_, 124, 149
Salt Lakes, the, 24
Salt Road, the, 212
Salta, 29, 32, 33, 38, 46, 48, 51, 59, 70, 214, 218
San Cristobal, 114
San Feliciano, 248
San Javier, 110, 114, 249
San Jose, 116, 134
San Juan, 19, 32, 33, 50, 66, 79, 82
San Lorenzo, 249
San Luis, 33
San Pedro, 78, 289, 250
San Rafael, 80, 81, 82, 172, 177
Sancho, 71
Santa Cruz, the, 120, 121, 122
Santa Fe, 26, 52, 112, 114, 175, 191, 196, 198, 253
Santa Maria, 55, 56, 77
Santiago del Estero, 26, 28, 50, 60, 77, 97, 113
Saw-mills, 106-8
Scrub, the, 22, 96
Seasonal migrations, 266
Selective breeding, 21, 179, 188, 189
Sheep-breeding, 139-144, 183-186
Shipping, 236, 240, 253-259
Sierra de los Llanos, 59-63, 67
Sierra d'Ulapes, 66
Somuncura, 122, 152
Spaniards, the early, 28, 29, 48
Stage-coaches, 210
Straits of Magellan, 129
Sugar-industry, the, 69-79
_Suerte de agua_, the, 85
Tablelands, the alluvial, 17, 37
Tandil, Sierra de, 25, 172, 179, 182, 184, 190
Tannin, 102, 105, 106, 107
Tehuelches, the, 131
Texas fever, 22, 189
Teran, M. J. B., 7
Tercero, the Rio, 211, 213
Tierra del Fuego, 128, 140
Tinogasta, 48
Tobacco, 101
Tobas, the, 24, 26
_Toma_, the, 63
_Tosca_, the, 123, 172, 173, 178
Tostado, 114
Trans-Andean railway, 220, 221, 222
Transhumation, 143, 156-159, 182
Transport, evolution of, 215-220, 228
Travelling, early difficulties of, 211-219, 237-238
_Travesias_, the, 52, 60, 142, 211
Tronador, Mount, 128, 147
_Troperos_, the, 217-19
Tucuman, 29, 32, 33, 69-79, 218, 221, 270, 271
Tunuyan, the, 81, 82
Tupungato, 19
_Turno_, the, 44, 85, 86
United States, comparison with 32, 34
United States, trade with, 8
Urban centres, 268, 269
Urquiza, 26, 180, 215
Uruguay, 116
Uruguay, the river, 110, 235, 238, 259
Useless Bay, 129
Valcheta, 122, 123, 149, 150, 153
Valle de Lerma, 48, 54
Valle Viejo, 43, 45
_Valles_, 37-48
_Vegas_, 54, 144
Veinte cinco de Mayo, 194, 262
Ventana, Sierra de, 172, 182, 198, 199
Villa Concepcion, 110
Villa Maria, 113, 213
Villa Mercedes, 25, 66, 113, 164, 174, 177, 207, 221
Villa Parana, 245
Villa Rica, 110, 111
Villarino, 130, 133
Villa Urquiza, 244
Vilque, 56
_Vinatores_, 87-93
Vineyards, 80-93
_Volcada de agua_, 45
Volcanic eruptions, 122, 125
Wagons, travel by, 216, 217
War, the European, effect of, 8
Water-power in Patagonia, 146
Water-rights, 43-46, 61, 64, 84-86
Water-supply, 36, 38, 39, 41-46, 61, 64, 72, 83-86, 141, 154, 181
Welsh in Patagonia, 138
Wheat, 190-192, 194, 198, 199, 230
Wheelwright, 221
Wild cattle, 179-181
Willis, Bailey, 138, 146, 147, 152, 171
Wind, action of the, 20, 124, 170
Wine-industry, the, 80-95
Wool, 139, 183-185
_Yerbales_, the, 49, 109-112, 115, 117
Yguassu, the, 242, 246, 257
Zapala, 156, 158
Zeballos, 204, 213
_Zonda_, the, 41
_Printed in Great Britain by_
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, LONDON AND WOKING
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Small capitals have been rendered as ALL CAPITALS.
Apparent printer's errors have been corrected.
The following table lists changes made by the transcribers.
+----+---------------+---------------+
|PAGE| CHANGED TO | ORIGINAL |
+----+---------------+---------------+
| 9| inmigracion | immigracion |
| 9| despues | despues |
| 14| Santa | Sante |
| 22| fisicas | fisicas |
| 22| Republica | Republica |
| 23| Republica | Republica |
| 23| Republica | Republica |
| 52| Cordoba, | Cordoba |
| 82| melt | meet |
| 82| Estero | Eestero |
| 91| wines | vines |
| 84| Sometimes | Somtimes |
| 91| regards | regrads |
| 103| Santa | Sante |
| 103| quebracho | quebraco |
| 105| small | mall |
| 105| alongs | along |
| 112| crops | props |
| 113| quebrachos | quegrachas |
| 114| Santa | Sante |
| 136|Forschungsreise|Farschungsreise|
| 142| than | that |
| 157| are | are are |
| 167| campaign | compaign |
| 175| enlarge | enlarges |
| 181| Santa | Sente |
| 193| dairy | diary |
| 219| galera | galeria |
| 266| the | he |
| 291| 248 | 24 |
| 287| Hrdlicka | Hrdlicker |
| 295| 240 | 740 |
|----+---------------+---------------+