CONCLUSION.
Africa, Past and Present--The Sudan, Past and Present--Rise,
Progress, and Wane of Mahdism--How long will it last?--The
Khalifa's Present Position--European Encroachment--"Whites" in
the Bahr et Ghazal--Important Strategical Position of the
Province--Time and Tide wait for no Man--I recover my Long-lost
Sword--A Last Word.
After more than sixteen years in Africa, including twelve years of
captivity, during which I was cut off from all communication with the
civilised world, I have at length had the good fortune to return to
Europe. How Africa has changed within this period! Regions in the
exploration of which Livingstone, Speke, Grant, Baker, Stanley, Cameron,
Brazza, Junker, Schweinfurth, Holub, Lenz, and hundreds of others risked
their lives, are now accessible to civilisation. In most of these, in
which the explorer had formerly to encounter the greatest dangers, there
are now military posts and stations to afford security and facilitate
the trade which is constantly becoming more active. From the east,
Italy, England, Germany, from the west, the Congo State, France, and
England, are daily enlarging their spheres of influence, and are now on
the point of joining hands in Central Africa. Wild tribes, who in their
modes of life are nearer to beast than to man, are beginning to know new
wants, beginning to understand that there are beings mentally superior
to themselves, and who, through the appliances of modern civilisation,
are unconquerable even in foreign lands. The more northerly of the still
independent Mohammedan States--Wadai, Bornu, and the Fellata
Kingdoms--will doubtless sooner or later be compelled to conclude
alliances with some of the advancing powers, perceiving that only in
this way their hereditary rule can be secured.
In the middle of Africa, between the lands just mentioned and the powers
advancing from east, south, and west, lies the former Egyptian Sudan,
now under the rule of the Khalifa Abdullahi, the despotic head of the
Mahdists. No European can venture to cross the limits of this land, cut
off from civilisation, extending in the south along the Nile to Reggaf,
and east to west from Kassala to near Wadai; death, or lifelong
captivity, would be his lot. Yet it is only within the short period of
ten years that the land has been subjected to these miserable
conditions. For more than seventy years, since the time of Mohammed Ali,
it remained under the rule of Egypt, and was open to civilisation. In
the chief towns were found Egyptian and European merchants. In Khartum
itself, the foreign powers had their representatives. Travellers of all
nations could pass through the land unharmed, and found protection and
help through their aid. Telegraphs and a regular postal service
facilitated intercourse with the most distant countries. Mohammedan
mosques, Christian churches, and mission schools looked after the
religious and moral education of the young. The land was inhabited by
the most diverse tribes, many of which lived in hostility with one
another, but were compelled by the strength of the Government to keep
the peace.
Discontent, no doubt, prevailed in the land; and in the preceding pages
I have shown how the avarice and misgovernment of the officials brought
about a condition of affairs which rendered the country ripe for revolt.
I have endeavoured to explain how Mohammed Ahmed took advantage of the
mood of the people, and, well knowing that only a religious factor could
unite the hostile tribes, he maintained that he was the Mahdi sent by
God to deliver the country from foreign yoke, and to regenerate
religion, thus bringing into existence that element of fanaticism which
throws such a lurid glow over those dark episodes with which the
history of the past twelve years of the Sudan has been so replete.
Without fanaticism, the revolt could never have been successful, while
with it one is brought face to face with a condition of warfare and
religious enthusiasm, to find a parallel to which one must go back to
mediæval history and even further.
In the preceding account of my life and adventures, in the vortex itself
of this mighty religious movement, I have endeavoured to briefly trace,
step by step, the principal causes which have led to the present
situation,--changed greatly, it is true, from the time in which the
Mahdi and his successor were in the zenith of their power, but
nevertheless a situation requiring careful handling and a thorough
knowledge of details, in order that those concerned may be enabled to
grasp accurately the conditions necessary to restore to civilisation
this vast expanse of country which has now fallen into an almost
indescribable state of moral and religious decadence.
In the Sudan, we have before us a terrible example of a nascent and
somewhat crude civilisation suddenly shattered by wild, ignorant, and
almost savage tribes who have built over the scattered remnants a form
of government based, to some extent, on the lines they found existing,
but from which they have eradicated almost every symbol of right,
justice, and morality, and for which they have substituted a rule of
injustice, ruthless barbarity, and immorality. Nor can I recall any
other instance in modern times of a country in which a semblance of
civilisation has existed for upwards of half a century, falling back
into a state so little removed from absolute barbarism.
But let us consider for a moment what is this new power which has
suddenly grown up, and which seems to the European world to block so
completely all their civilising efforts, which have during recent years
made such startling strides in almost every other part of the vast
continent of Africa.
I have endeavoured to show how, on the Mahdi's first rise to power, the
entire country was with him heart and soul. How, on his death, real
fanaticism gradually waned, and gave place to a temporary power wielded,
under the cloak of religion, with reckless severity by the Khalifa and
his western Arabs, who, taking the place of the Egyptian garrisons they
had destroyed, ruled the unfortunate populations with a rod of iron, and
with such oppression and tyranny as to make them long for a return to
any form of government which would give them rest and peace. It is
needless for me to recapitulate the horrors and cruelties which have
been enacted by the Khalifa and his followers in order to maintain their
position of ascendancy; but it will be sufficient for my purpose to
recall here that at least seventy-five per cent of the total population
has succumbed to war, famine, and disease, while of the remainder the
majority are little better than slaves; and that terrible scourge, the
slave-trade with all its attendant horrors, is rampant in the land, and
includes amongst its victims numbers of Abyssinian Christians, Syrians,
Copts, and Egyptians.
The extent of country now governed by the Khalifa is little altered, it
is true, from that occupied originally by the Egyptian Government, but
with what a difference! Prosperous districts with a teeming population
have been reduced to desert wastes. The great plains over which the
western Arabs roamed are deserted, and their places taken by wild
animals, while the homesteads of the Nile dwellers are now occupied by
those nomad tribes who have driven out the rightful owners of the soil,
or enslaved them to till the land for the benefit of their new masters.
Deprived of the means of self-defence, reduced by oppression and tyranny
to a condition of hopelessness of relief from their foreign
task-masters, their powers of resistance crippled, the comparatively
small river populations which are left are little better than slaves.
What can they do of themselves against their despotic rulers? It is
folly to imagine that the country can right itself by internal revolt.
The helping hand must come from without; and the local populations must
realise that the first step to re-establish Government authority having
been taken, there will be no drawing back. They must be convinced that
the Khalifa's power is doomed, and that the bright era of civilisation
is assuredly returning. Then, and not till then, will they heartily
throw in their lot with the advancing forces, and lend their aid in
breaking down the power of the now waning Mahdist Empire. Let it not,
however, be supposed that, although I describe this power as declining,
it is likely of itself to become extinct within a comparatively short
period. A careful perusal of the last few chapters will, I think, make
it clear to all that the means taken by the Khalifa to render his
position secure against his internal enemies has been most thoroughly
effective, and, assuming that his authority is not threatened by
external influences, I see no cause why, as long as he is alive, he
should not maintain his ascendancy. With his death, it is more than
probable some internal revulsion will take place, which might, under
certain circumstances, displace the dynasty he has attempted to found,
but which would not necessarily bring that unfortunate country much
nearer to civilising influences than it is at present. Considered,
therefore, from this point of view, the necessary palliative still lies
in the introduction of external aid.
The above hypothesis does not, however, entirely meet the conditions of
the case. Those who wish to study the present situation in the Sudan
must not think of that country as it was in the days of Ismail Pasha,
when the civilising influence was represented by the Egyptian
Government, and when the various countries lying immediately beyond the
Egyptian sphere were barbarous or Pagan states, in which Europeans were
almost unknown, and the Arab slave-hunter had barely penetrated; that
condition has been little else than reversed. The Mahdist authority, as
I have already shown, is at once intolerably obstructive and dangerously
insecure. The once comparatively civilised Sudan is now occupied by a
barbaric power hostile to both European and Ottoman influence. It
blocks the way from the central plateaus along the Nile valley to the
Mediterranean; it seals up districts which were at one time fairly
tranquil, and open to the influences of commerce and civilisation, while
the various countries by which it is bordered are now being gradually
opened up. Intercourse between them and the outside world is becoming
easier; trade is pushing obstacles out of the way; risk to life is
lessened by the protective action of European governments; and the
savage races by which they are peopled, are beginning to learn the folly
of fighting against the resources of civilisation.
To turn from generalisation to details, what do we find to be the
present situation? On the east, Egyptian influence is slowly--very
slowly--recovering its lost ground in the vicinity of Suakin and Tokar.
To the southeast, the Italians have captured Kassala, and have forced
the Mahdists to take up a strong line of defence on the west bank of the
Atbara River. Further south, the Abyssinians show no present intention
of altering the relations which have previously existed between them and
the Dervishes. In the mountainous districts of Fazoglu and the Blue
Nile, the inhabitants have thrown off allegiance to the Khalifa. Far
away to the south, at the sources of the Nile, British influence is
beginning to make itself felt in those regions where Speke, Grant,
Baker, and others gained imperishable renown by their magnificent
explorations, and by their efforts against slavery and the
slave-trade,--regions which will ere long be connected with the coast by
a railway which will open up not only the country it traverses, but will
also give an exit to the trade of Southern Equatoria and the adjacent
countries. Next to these British possessions comes the Congo Free State,
which within the last few years has made such gigantic strides in
bringing under its influence large tracts of country, not only in the
vicinity of the Mbomu and Ubangi, but in many districts of the Bahr el
Ghazal Province and in Equatoria, almost to within striking distance of
the Dervish advanced post at Reggaf in the Nile valley, while behind
them, in the Haute Ubangi, or even in juxtaposition with them, the
enterprising French pioneers are striving to give effect to their
colonial dreams, which have of late years been so fully realised in
various parts of Africa. Still further to the northwest, the Khalifa's
authority in those districts is menaced by hostile tribesmen who may,
sooner or later, become subject to the guidance of European influence
penetrating from the west and north of Africa; and, on the extreme
north, lies the Egyptian power, which Abdullahi is gradually learning to
dread, as being that most likely to be the first to interfere with the
uncertain tenure of his empire.
Such, then, is briefly the present defensive and offensive position of
the Mahdist Sudan. All-powerful within his dominions, but threatened
from all sides from without, there is little doubt that before the
onward march of civilising forces the whole empire of the Khalifa must
crumble and collapse,--and what then? Will Egypt once more become the
actual possessor of the country of which she was the legitimate owner?
Will all those civilising powers who are marching forward unselfishly
realise that should they establish themselves on the banks of the
navigable Nile, they must not attempt to cut off or minimise the
life-giving water supply of Egypt by introducing skilled irrigation
within the territories they may have acquired? Will they unselfishly
abandon the advantages which they may have secured through the
expenditure of blood and treasure, in order that the legitimate rights
of Egypt may not be interfered with? All these questions enter into the
domain of practical and current politics, with which it is not my
province to deal. I am merely in the position of expressing my views on
the importance and value of the Sudan to Egypt; and on this subject I
hold a strong opinion. The reasons which first prompted Mohammed Ali,
three quarters of a century ago, to take possession of the Sudan, still
hold good. As the Nile is the life of Egypt, so every effort must be
made to preserve the Nile valley from intrusion. Any advance,
therefore, of civilising influences towards that gigantic waterway must
naturally be viewed with alarm by those authorities who are fully alive
to the danger which would arise by the creation, on the banks of the
river, of colonies whose personal interests would predominate over their
regard for the preservation and advancement of Egyptian welfare and
prosperity.
Here and there, in the preceding pages, I have referred to the immense
importance of the Bahr el Ghazal; and it is perhaps not out of place
here to recapitulate once again the peculiar position which this
province holds in regard to the remainder of the Sudan. It is a most
fertile district, extending over an enormous area, watered by a
labyrinth of streams, and covered with mountains and forests in which
elephants abound, while the low valleys are subject to inundations. The
soil is exceptionally good, producing quantities of cotton and
India-rubber. There are cattle in abundance; and I estimate the
population at between five and six millions. They are capable of making
excellent soldiers. Moreover, the continual feuds between the various
tribes prevent any combination of the inhabitants as a whole; hence the
ease with which foreigners can obtain an ascendancy in the province, and
create an efficient local army.
The port of the Bahr el Ghazal was Meshra er Rek. To this place steamers
periodically ascended from Khartum, but were often stopped by the
floating vegetation which from time to time blocks the passage of the
Upper Nile. Just south of Fashoda, the river emerges from what may have
been the bed of an ancient lake. Into this wide marsh trickle a great
number of winding streams which are often completely blocked by the
suds; and through these dense barriers travellers must at times cut
their way with swords and axes. Sir Samuel Baker's expedition,
1870-1874, was delayed a year from this cause.
The geographical and strategical position of the province, therefore,
with reference to the rest of the Sudan, renders its possession of the
greatest importance. The presence of foreigners, unconcerned in the
preservation of Egyptian interests, having at their command the vast
resources of this great country, which are estimated at a much higher
value in both men and materials than those of any portion of the Nile
valley, would place them in such a predominating position as to endanger
any occupation by Egypt of her lost provinces.
In the preceding pages, I have described all I know of the movements of
Europeans in these districts; and it is possible an attempt in force on
their part to reach the Nile _via_ Meshra er Rek, or the Bahr el Homr,
or Bahr el Arab, might meet with some opposition from the Mahdists, but
if well-conducted it would, in all probability, result in their losing
their province.
If, therefore, the Khalifa were to learn that the "Whites" in the Bahr
el Ghazal were in greater force than his present information leads him
to suppose, he might engage in a campaign against them; and in this case
he would be obliged to send reinforcements from Omdurman,--a matter of
some difficulty, as the drain on his resources caused by the maintenance
of large forces at the threatened points on the Atbara opposite Kassala,
and in the Dongola province, is considerable.
Reverting to the Dervish situation in Darfur and Kordofan, it should be
noted that the present force of the Emir Mahmud amounts to some
thousands of rifle and spear men, scattered in garrisons at El Fasher,
Shakka, and El Obeid. Mahmud himself resides at El Fasher with the bulk
of this force, and is constantly at war with the Dar Gimr, Massalit,
Tama, Beni Hussein, Hotir, and other tribes of the Kebkebia and Kulkul
districts. Recently, one of Mahmud's lieutenants, Fadlalla, was killed,
and his force of six hundred men heavily defeated in a contest with
these revolted tribes; and, just at the time I left Omdurman, permission
had been given to Mahmud to send out a punitive expedition from El
Fasher, which appears to have been partially successful. These tribes,
although nominally independent, owe a certain allegiance to the Wadai
Sultanate. It is, therefore, erroneous to suppose that they are acting
under the direction of Rabeh Zubeir, whose hostility to Wadai is well
known, and whose authority does not extend so far to the east, and now
appears to be centred in the districts lying south and southwest of Lake
Tchad.
Such, then, was the state of affairs in these southern and western
districts when I left the Sudan; and, since my arrival in the midst of
civilisation, I have frequently seen many strange and conflicting
reports in the press as to the situation in these distant regions, and
although concurring with the view that the onward march of civilising
forces must eventually cause the collapse of the Mahdist Empire, I feel
that my unique position in the centre of Dervish authority entitles me
to give a word of warning to the country whose interests I endeavoured
for long years to uphold, and whose eventual welfare and prosperity, in
a recovered Egyptian Sudan, I earnestly long to see. I would merely
impress upon her the fact that time and tide wait for no man; that
whilst she is contemplating with longing eyes the recovery of her lost
provinces, there is always the possibility that they may fall into the
hands of others who may prove more difficult to dislodge than the
Khalifa, and who, by bringing engineering skill on the life-giving
waters of Egypt, may endanger its very existence, and who would--though
it is undoubtedly the lesser of two evils--deprive that country of the
rich blessings of trade and commerce which, under a beneficent
administration in the Sudan, would give wealth and prosperity both to
the parent Egypt and her recovered Nile provinces.
With these few words of friendly advice to the country to whose services
I rejoice to have returned after twelve long years of captivity, I now
end this narrative. But ere I close, I will relate yet one more incident
which, were I superstitious, I would consider presaged well for the
recovery of what has been lost. In December, 1883, when force of
circumstances obliged me to surrender to the Mahdi, the sword of
Austrian pattern which I had received on entering the Austrian army, and
on which I had had my name engraved in Arabic characters, was taken from
me. In August, 1895, when I came to London to attend the Geographical
Congress, it was returned to me by Mr. John Cook, Sen., of the firm of
Thomas Cook & Son, at his office in Ludgate Circus. It appears that Mr.
John Cook had, in 1890, purchased this sword from a native of Luxor, on
the banks of the Nile, his attention having been attracted by the Arabic
inscription on the blade, from which my friend, Major Wingate, whom he
met shortly afterwards, was able to decipher my name. It is, I think,
likely the Mahdi had presented my sword to one of his followers who had
taken part in the invasion of Egypt by Nejumi, in 1889; and when that
redoubtable Emir was overthrown by General Sir Francis Grenfell on the
field of Toski, it is probable that the wearer of my sword fell too, and
the long-lost weapon was taken from the field by a villager, from whom
Mr. Cook purchased it. To have lost my much-prized first sword in the
wilds of Darfur, and to find it again in the heart of London, is almost
more than a coincidence.
During the last sixteen years, I have led a life of strange
vicissitudes; and I have endeavoured to narrate as simply as I could my
unique experiences, in the hope that my story may not only prove of
interest to those who have shown sympathy with the hard fate of the
European captives in the Sudan, but with the most earnest desire that
these my experiences may prove of some value when the time for action
may arise, and when, if God wills, my services may be utilised in
helping to abolish the rule of my tyrannical master and lifelong enemy,
the Khalifa Abdullahi, and re-establish in that country the Government
authority I struggled with some measure of success, but alas vainly, to
uphold.
[Illustration: KHARTUM AND OMDURMAN
Edward Arnold; London & New York
STANDFORD'S GEOG^{L} ESTAB^{T}, LONDON
MAP SHOWING EXTENT OF MAHDIST INFLUENCE IN 1895.
Edward Arnold; London & New York
STANDFORD'S GEOG^{L} ESTAB^{T}, LONDON]
INDEX.
The following letters appended to names of persons signify: _A._
Ashraf, descended from the Prophet; _C._ Commander; _D._ Danagla
or Dongolawi; _E._ Emir; _G._ Governor; _J._ Jaalin; _K._ King;
_Kfa._ Khalifa; _M._ Mahdi; _P._ Pasha; _S._ Sultan; _Sh._
Sheikh.
Abakr, S., Begu, 149, 157, 190, 225 251, 261.
Abba, Island of, Mahdi's home, 123, 126, 136.
Abd el Kader, Mahdi's uncle, 286;
_P._, _G._ Gen. Sudan, 147;
his advice, 232.
Abderrahman, _K._ Darfur, 43;
and Napoleon, 44;
Abderrahman ben Naga's warning, 286.
Abdul Kerim, Mahdi's cousin, 286;
to Sennar, 380, 383.
Abdullahi bin Sayd Mohammed, Khalifa el Mahdi, _W. Arab_,
early history, 127, 514;
proclaimed Khalifa, 281;
appearance, 285;
commands "blue flag," 303;
succeeds Mahdi, 370;
coinage, 407;
"signs and commands," 409;
tyranny, 429;
seizes Nile boats, 431;
Mahdi's Dome, 432;
Dr. Wahrmund's letter, 447;
brethren arrive, 449;
writes to Queen, etc., 450;
illness, 496;
fortifies Atbara, 507;
fiendish character, 516;
harem, 520;
postal service, 527;
how he rides abroad, 528;
reviews, 530;
present army, etc., 535;
frontiers, 537;
treasuries, 538;
timidity, 562;
house at Omdurman, 567;
his "blackholes," 571.
Abdullahi Dudbenga, Harun's cousin, _S._, 85, 211, 377.
Abdullahi om Dramo, _Sh._ Messeria, 192;
joins Madibbo, 251.
Abo Bey, _C._ Toweisha, disloyal, 204;
moves on Dara, 249.
Abu Anga, _E._ of Blacks, 174;
befriends Slatin, 329;
reduces Kordofan, 355, 397;
marches to Omdurman, 422;
beats Abyssinians, 426;
dies much lamented, 426.
Abu es Saud, attacks Abba, 136.
Abu "Falja" (Mahdi), 289.
Abu Gemmaisa, his rebellion, 442.
Abu Girga, _D. E._ Gezira, 283;
besieges Khartum, 302;
repulsed, 300;
to Kassala, 405;
joins Osman Digna, 433;
at Kassala, 472;
sent to Reggaf, 496.
Abyssinians take Gallabat, 404;
beaten by Abu Anga, 426;
King John's death, 439.
Adam Amer, _C._ El Fasher, 203.
Adlan, Ibrahim, in charge of Beit el Mal, 382, 407;
his new offices, 408;
hung, 463.
Afifi Wad Ahmed, _Sh._ Habbania, 158;
killed, 207.
Agordat, battle of, 502.
Ahmed ed Dalia, executioner, 240, 430, 447.
Ahmed el Makur, _K._ Darfur, 41.
Ahmed Fedil, Khalifa's cousin, commands Blacks, 480;
to Gedarif, 503.
Ahmed Katong, lame Arab, 68.
Ahmed Wad Ali, at Kassala, 433;
_E._, 472;
comes to Omdurman, 495;
back to Gallabat, 496, 500;
routed by Italians, and killed, 502.
Ahmed Wad Ali, "Kadi el Islam," 231;
with Khalifa, 286, 505;
starved, 575.
Ahmed Wad Suleiman, _E._ Beit el Mal, 177, 231;
with Khalifa, 286;
discharged, 381, 480;
condemned, 485.
Ala ed Din, _P._, _G._ Gen. Sudan, 3.
Ali Bey Sherif, _G._ Kordofan, 7;
_G._ Darfur, 88;
at El Fasher, 96;
Slatin succeeds, 103, 108;
submissive, 383, 406.
Ansar, "helpers," 141, 309.
Arab clothes, 114;
courage, 146, 154, 159, 208, 223, 414, 447;
customs, 114;
food, 34, 114;
greed of gain, 20;
oath of fealty, 120;
tactics, 52, 196, 198;
treachery, 240.
Arabs, _Baggara_, 29, 46;
_Batahin_, 446;
_Bedeyat_, 107, 117;
_Beni Helba_, 45;
country, 71, 205, 218;
revolt, 218;
chastised, 222;
_Ereikat_, 45;
_Gehéna_, 146;
destroyed, 423;
_Gimeh_, transported, 386;
_Gowama_, 230, 427;
_Habbania_, join Suleiman, 17;
against him, 26;
rise, 148;
_Hawazma_, 19, 146;
_Homr_, 19;
_Kababish_, plundered, 402;
_Khawabir_, restless, 58, 205;
_Maalia_, rise, 148, 154, 155, 182;
_Maheria_, 46;
rise, 244;
_Massalit_, 110;
_Mima_, restless, 58, 84, 205, 209, 248;
_Misseria_, 19, 182, 218;
_Rizighat_, 19;
from Ruzeik, 45;
independence of, 45;
rise, 148;
decimated and divided, 46;
join Suleiman, 17;
against him, 26;
rise, 148, 427;
_Shaigi_, loyal, 146;
to Khartum, 302;
_Tago_, 182, 218;
_Taaisha_, 29, 438;
masters, 563;
_Zaghawa_, 113, 182;
_Zayedia_, 244.
Arabs, animosity between E. and W. tribes, 129, 381, 476.
Arifi Wad Ahmed, _Sh._ Habbania, 22.
Artin, Armenian watchmaker, 578.
Ashraf, 478;
starved and beaten to death, 485;
property confiscated, 486, 494.
Atbara River, 625.
Babakr Abu Sebiba, 581.
Bahr el Ghazal, subject to Darfur, 47;
Black population, 13, 194;
recruiting ground, 509;
penetrated by Congo State, 510;
its importance to Egypt, 626.
Bairam, 317, 422, 529;
trooping colours at, 529.
Bara, captured by Mahdi, 174.
Barnu, Ismail Wad, 22, 149, 251, 261.
Batahin, execution of, 446.
Bazingers, 7.
Bee-keeping in Sudan, 77.
Begu, tribe of Bahr el Ghazal, 44;
_S._, 190.
Beit el Mal, 231, 241, 431, 538.
Berber, fall of, 290.
Beresford, Lord Charles, 352.
Beshari Bey, 218, 223.
Black babies, 78.
Calamatino, George, Gordon's messenger, 304, 321, 333.
Camel besieged by Waganda, 87;
runaway, 98.
Caravan road re-opened, 107.
Coinage, 541.
Comboni, R. C. Bishop, 101.
Congo State, flags, 508;
treaties, 510.
Corruption, 104.
Crane, Russian in Dongola, 498.
Dafalla, Ahmed Bey, 97;
at El Obeid, 145;
surrenders, 176;
interviews Mahdi, 179;
killed, 230.
Dafalla, Arabi, in Dongola, 476;
to Reggaf, 500;
defeats Fadl el Maula, 507.
Dali, _S._, 41.
Dali, Kitab, or penal code, 41.
Danagla, descendants of slave Dangal, 13.
Dara, capital of S. Darfur, 62;
the Doctor of, 69.
Darfur, kingdom of, once reached Atbara, 37;
Egyptians conquer, 56;
_S._ in revolt, 218.
Darho, Omar Wad, _C._ Shaigia, 58;
arbitrator, 96;
accused by Zogal, 102, 108;
disloyal, 149;
chastises Arabs, 151, 205;
back to El Fasher, 207;
joins Zogal, 268;
attacks Jebel Marra, 377;
revolts against Khalifa, 378;
shot by Zogal, 379.
Deain, Madibbo's village, 93, 183.
Delen, R. C. Mission Station, 173.
Dinkas, 470.
Divorce, oath of, 222.
Dongola, 303.
Donkey postman, 251.
Duem, on White Nile, 234.
Ebtar Idris Bey, _D._ Zubeir's agent, 13;
accuses Suleiman at Khartum, 14;
_G._ Bahr el Ghazal, 14.
Ebtar, Osman, Idris' brother, killed at Ganda, 16.
Egeil Wad el Jangawi, Madibbo's enemy, 93.
El Fasher, capital of Darfur, 37;
taken by Zubeir, 55;
besieged by Harun, 57;
Slatin at, 58;
taken by Zogal, 270.
El Koreishi, _Sh._, 359, 362.
El Obeid, siege of, 173;
starved out, 176;
mutiny at, 393.
Elias Pasha, _G._ Gen. Kordofan, 133, 142;
invites Mahdi to El Obeid, 144;
at Duem, 237.
Emiliani dei Danziger, of Kobbé, 108;
Mudir of Dara, 109;
dies, 120.
Emin Bey, 2.
Esh Sheikh's advice, 359, 362.
Evil Eye, the, 519.
Fadlalla, Ali Wad, arrested, 93, 191;
his grave rifled, 183.
Fadl el Maula, _C._ of _all_ Blacks, 384.
Fadl el Maula Bekhit, mutinies, 393.
Famine, 453, _et seq._
Farag, Mohammed Effendi, 211, 213.
Faragalla, _P._ defends Omdurman Fort, 337.
Farquhar, Col., 236;
his note-book, 241.
Fayo, native radish, 198.
Fealty, Arab oath of, 120.
Felkin, Dr. R. W., at Dara, 85.
Fiki Mohammed el Heliki, 50.
French and English, 310.
Fungs, 37, 68.
Furs, 37;
only stopped by Nile, 41;
Niurnia, 75.
Gabralla, 55, 68;
slave-dealer, 217.
Gallabat, destroyed by Abyssinians, 404;
almost taken again, 440.
Gellabas (_J._ and _D._), traders from Nile, 60;
Gordon's order ruins, 20, 30;
claims of, 92, 169;
revenge on Gordon, 280.
Gessi, Romolo, and Shellali attack Suleiman, 16;
sick at Khartum, 101;
dies at Suez, 102.
Gezira, Island (_J._ and _D._), between Blue and White Niles,
espouse Mahdi's cause, 132, 232.
Ghanima, "plunder," 265 note, 377, 431, 442;
granary of Khartum, 403.
Giegler Pasha, 3, 5, 139, 146, 228.
Gilif mountains, 595.
Gordon, his kindness, 35, 60, 61;
coolness, 60;
meets Suleiman, 10;
succeeds Ismail Pasha, 57;
marched out of Abyssinia, 89;
leaves Sudan, 91;
returns, 280;
popular with W. Arabs, 298;
his letter, 334;
despatches and awaits steamers, 337, 341;
his death, 343.
Gowl, Bir, hot spring, 64, 72.
Gretli, Mohammed el, 253, 256.
Gsiller, Herr Von, Egyptian consul, 579.
Guma, Ali Agha, conducts retreat, 166;
goes to Mima country, 207.
Guma, Mohammed, lets Mahdi escape, 138.
Guma, Said Bey, 59, 104;
_C._ El Fasher, 121, 244, 267;
defends El Fasher, 270;
with Mahdi, 289.
Guru, village, 224.
Hamada Effendi, tortured, 271.
Hamed Wad All, Khalifa's cousin, _E._ Kassala, 472;
commands Jaalin, 508, 534.
Hansal, Austrian Consul, writes to Slatin, 325;
killed at Khartum, 347.
Harun, _S._ Darfur, heads a revolt, 57;
at Niurnia, 58;
threatening, 64;
raids Dara, 80;
pursued, 81;
defeated, 83.
Hasaballa, _Sh._ Maheria, 117, 120.
Hashaba, _Sh._ Salama's village, 170;
number of force collected at, 181.
Hassan Bey om Kadok (Berti), and his brother Ismail, 34.
Hassan Hussein, _E._ of Egyptians, 293.
Hassan Wad Saad Nur, 100;
joins Mahdi, 250, 266.
Helmi, Hassan Pasha, 6;
_G._ Darfur, 8, 56, 58.
Helmi, Mansur Effendi, 22;
accuses Suleiman, 28;
sent to Shakka, 149;
false, 153;
at Murrai, 157;
runs away, 165.
Helu, Ali Wad, Degheim, _Kfa._, 138;
commands "green flag," 304;
sides with Khalifa, 383;
well paid, 406;
in Ashraf insurrection, 480, 482, 496.
Helu, Musa Wad, to Metemmeh, 336;
killed at Abu Klea, 338.
Hicks Pasha, 233;
his expedition a mistake, 234;
cut to pieces at Shekan, 240.
Home Rule in the Sudan, 297.
Hussein, _P._ _G._ Shakka, 11.
Hussein _Kfa._ Berber, at Mahdi's camp, 294.
Ibrahim, _S._ last _K._ Darfur, 54;
his tomb, 74;
his sisters, 429.
Ismail Pasha, 8;
and Zubeir, 55;
summoned to Egypt, 56.
Iya, Basi Zemzem, "eldest sister" of _S._ Darfur, 46.
Jaalin, descended from Abbas the Prophet's uncle, 13;
Zubeir's tribe, 9.
Janghé, Baggara tribe transferred to Bahr el Ghazal, 95;
revolt and join Maddibbo, 194.
Japo, Mohammed Agha, 145;
hoodwinks Mahdi, 174.
Jebel Gedir, renamed "Masa," 144.
Jebel Marra, centre of Darfur, 38.
Jehad (holy war) proclaimed, 116, 138, 141;
round Suakin, 233.
Jehadia, _J._, 524.
Jibba, the Mahdist dress, 231, 283, 285;
the Mahdi's own, 289.
Kabbashi, Mustem Wad, _Sh._, 60;
at Om Waragat, 190;
wounded, 249.
Kalaka, headquarters of Habbania, 22.
Kapsun, Fertit boy sent to England, 88.
Karamalla, _D._, Mahdi's relative, _G._ Bahr el Ghazal, 275;
at Shakka, 412;
prefers Dara, 413;
retires, 414.
Kassala, besieged, 280;
closely besieged, 380;
surrenders, 385;
captured by Italians, 504.
Kebkebia, capital W. Darfur, 109.
Kerraba, the, 604.
Khadiga, Donkusa's sister, 113.
Khadiga, Khalifa's daughter, married to Mahdi's son, 520.
Khaled Wad Iman, sent to Kordofan, 57, 203;
Zogal's agent, 245;
writes to Madibbo, 245.
Khartum, Gordon at, 285;
invested by Gezira tribes (_J._), 295;
famine, 337;
fall of, 342;
pillaged, 345.
Kitab-Dali, or penal code, 41.
Kitchener, Sir Herbert, 303 (note), 473.
Klootz, Gustav, brought in, 238, 242;
in chains, 314;
died, 405.
Kobbé, old capital of Darfur, 44, 108.
Kordofan, taken and retaken, 37;
in possession of Mahdi, 208.
Koreina Nur, killed, 195.
Kuku Agha, killed, 250.
Kurd, Abu Sheikh, 44.
Leontides, Gr. Consul, killed at Khartum, 347.
Locusts, 457.
Lupton Bey, _G._ Gen. Bahr el Ghazal, 193;
capitulates, 275;
arrives at Mahdi's camp, 326;
in irons, 332;
his wife and daughter, 354;
hair white, 358;
set free, 361;
engineer, 401;
dies, 437.
Madibbo, _Sh._ Rizighat, 22, 95;
discharged by Emiliani, 149;
joins Mahdi, 156;
attacks Deain, 158;
stampeded, 163;
wins Om Waragat, 186;
beaten off, 197;
challenged, 200;
surprised, 247;
attacks Dara, 250;
explains, 263;
Abu Anga's revenge on, 413.
"Mahdi el Muntazer," 134.
_See_ Mohammed Ahmed.
Mahmud, Khalifa's relative, _E._ Darfur, returns to Dongola, 499;
resides now at El Fasher, 628.
Mahmud, Ali Said, Mahdi's relative, killed at Korti, 303.
Marching order, 183.
Marcopoli Bey, 95.
Marissa, Sudan beer, 34.
Marriage, in Sudan, 561;
Gabralla's office for, 217;
of Fadl Maula, 315;
jars, 357;
made easy, 373;
divorce frequent, 561;
abruptly dissolved, 31.
Massawa, Italians at, 442.
Mek Adam Um Daballo, 133;
advises Mahdi to retire into interior, 139.
Melek Hagger, 107.
Melek Jusef, 146.
Messallamia, 4, 125, 129.
Messedaglia Bey, _G._ El Fasher, 37;
plans attack on Harun, 74.
Miracles, 143;
comet, 174, 179;
at Friday reviews, 304.
Mohammed Ahmed (Mahdi), _A._ first news of, 111;
his history, 122;
quarrel with Sherif, 125;
builds Koreishi's tomb, 129;
secret tour in Kordofan, 132;
proclaims himself Mahdi, 134;
chooses three Khalifas, 138;
first successes, 137-146;
Jebel "Masa," 144;
takes El Obeid, 176;
works a miracle, 179;
imitates Mohammed, 180;
his sensuality, 231;
master of Sudan, 242;
at Rahad, 275;
Friday reviews, 304;
to Khartum, 305;
his appearance, 289;
death, 369;
burial, 371;
teaching, 373;
Chronicles, 515;
"instructions," 544.
Mohammed el Fadl, _S._ Darfur, subdues Arabs, 45;
his mosque, 62.
Mohammed el Kheir, Mahdi's first teacher, 123;
takes Berber, 303;
awaits English at Metemmeh, 336;
holds Dongola, 381;
dead, 438.
Mohammed et Taki, Khalifa's father, 127.
Mohammed Hussein, _K._ Darfur, 46;
his prophecy, 51.
Mohammed Idris, 107.
Mohammed Khaled. _See_ Zogal Bey.
Mohammed Said Pasha, _G._ El Obeid, 96;
misses Mahdi, 139, 145;
lets Mahdi go again, 173;
his treasure, 178;
death, 230.
Mohammed Sherif, _Kfa._ _See_ Sherif.
Mohammed Terab, _K._ Darfur, stopped by Nile, 43.
Mohammed Wad Asi, 203;
brings news, 208.
Morgan Hosan, faithful in death, 189.
Mussaid Wad Gaidum, 405;
in Dongola, 476;
recalled, 477;
Kassala, 496;
loses Kassala, 505.
Mustapha Bey Yawer, defends Dongola, 303.
Nejumi, Abderrahman, with Zogal, 257;
sent against Khartum, 301;
takes Sennar, 382;
to Dongola, 405;
defeated and killed at Toski, 452.
Neufeldt, Charles, 416;
in prison, 572.
Niurnia, capital of Tago princes, 58;
Fur Sultans, 75.
Nur Angara Bey, _G._ W. Darfur, 11;
surprises Harun, 85;
his history, 105;
household, 110, 145;
sent to Metemmeh, 338.
O'Donovan, 237;
his note-book, 241.
Officers, six shot at Dara, 210.
Ohrwalder, Father, 101;
taken by Mahdi, 173;
escapes in Ashraf insurrection, 483.
Om Badr, 403.
Ombeija, Sudan war-horn, 26, 51, 283, 292, 446, 504.
Om Bilbil, 106, 111.
Om Lawai, taken and destroyed, 209.
Om Shanga, 151;
fort evacuated, 207;
surrender of, 256.
Om Waragat, disaster at, 186.
Omdurman, the sacred city of the Mahdi, 565;
filth of, 570;
fort besieged, 331;
prison, 571;
taken, 337.
_See_ Map.
Osman Digna, 233;
fights Abyssinians, 385;
at Tokar, 473;
flies to Atbara, 474.
Osman Sheikh ed Din, Khalifa's son, 140;
married to Yakub's daughter, 519.
Osman Wad Adam, Khalifa's cousin, to Kordofan, 386;
at El Obeid, 399;
_E._ Kordofan and Darfur, 416;
to Shakka, 427, 444;
dies, 475.
Osman Wad Dekeim, to Berber, 438.
Ostrich, hunting, 112;
breeding stopped, 552;
swiftness of, 154.
Pain, Olivier (Frenchman), 306;
taken ill and dies, 317.
Rahad, 238;
Mahdi at, 275;
Slatin reaches, 283.
Ramadan, 63, 106.
Rashed Bey, _G._ Fashoda, and men annihilated, 140.
Rations paid for, 66, 67, 201.
Rauf Pasha, succeeds Gordon, 91;
warned by Sherif, 135.
Reggaf, 469;
most southern post of Khalifa, 537.
Rifki, Hassan Effendi, 63, 64, 76, 86;
killed with Shellali, 141.
Rott, Gottfried, at Dara, 182;
taken ill and dies, 203.
Rudolph, Crown Prince, news of death, 495.
Saadalla, Nubawi, 365, 367, 466.
Sahra, Khalifa's principal wife, 522.
Said Hussein, _G._ Shakka, 11;
arrested, 17.
Said Mahmud, 395.
Salama, Abu Mohammed Bey, _Sh._ Habbania, 155;
deserts, 164;
joins Madibbo, 201.
Salama, brother of Om Dramo, his ride, 192;
wounded, 226.
Saleh Bey el Kabbashi, _Sh._ Kababish at Om Badr, 403;
sends to Egypt, 416;
caravan waylaid, 417;
flies and is killed, 421.
Saleh Donkusa and Zaghawa, 113, _et seq._, 376.
Saleh Wad el Mek, 300;
in Mahdi's suite, 305;
his brother's head, 336;
his sons, 348;
discharged, 353.
Seckendorff, Baron, 237, 240.
Sennar, relieved, 146;
again, 232;
falls, 382.
Sennusi, Mohammed es, _Sh._ of N. Africa, 138, 231.
Shakka, battle at, 52;
Slatin marches to, 183.
Sharaf ed Din, 181, 184;
his death, 188.
Shekan, disaster at, 240.
Shellali, Yusef Pasha esh, 6, 141;
disaster, 143.
Sherif, Mohammed, _Sh._, 123;
warns Rauf, 135;
joins Mahdi, 316.
Sherif, Mohammed es, _Kfa._, 138;
commands "red flag," 304;
at storming of Khartum, 339, 383;
loses his drums, 385;
appeased, 386;
revolts, 479;
gets into trouble, 488.
Shilluks, 470.
Slatin Pasha goes to Egypt, 3;
Mudir of Dara, 5;
attacks Harun, 64;
collects Suleiman's Bazingers, 91;
_G._ General Darfur, 101;
retires on Dara, 153;
marches to Shakka, 183;
turns Mohammedan, 216;
_C._ Darfur, 245;
surrenders Dara, 261;
meets Khalifa, 285;
swears fealty to Mahdi, 288;
writes to Gordon and Consul Hansal, 320;
in chains, 328;
more chains, 334;
more still, 352;
free, 361;
Darfurian wife, 365;
offered wives, 367, 368, 389, 464;
white jibba instead, 390;
with Yunes, 390;
suspected, 393;
rides, 422;
hears from home, 434, 447, 461;
moves house, 493;
meditates escape, 513;
by whom aided, 579;
fails, 584;
succeeds, 591;
recovers sword, 630.
Slave market at Beit el Mal, 408, 472, 557;
runaway slaves, 564.
Slave trade, 47, 97, 107, 134, 140;
Rott and, 182, 194.
Small-pox, at Omdurman, 357;
Gemmaisa dies of, 443.
Solong, Suleiman, _K._ Darfur, 42.
Stambuli, George, 174, 469.
Stewart, Col., steamer wrecked, 322.
Sudan, education in, 549;
effects of proclamation abandoning, 297;
gross immorality in, 560, 562;
justice in, 544;
liberty in, 108;
manufactures, 559;
market in, 71;
one quarter of population left, 623;
past and present state, 621;
products, 38, 550;
religion, 546;
soldiers' rations in, 65;
trade routes, 551.
Tagos, displaced by Tungurs, 38, 41.
Tarika, Sammania, etc., 123;
Mahdi's new, 232, 373.
Taxation, Slatin inspector, 4;
of Baggara Arabs, 73;
unjust, 133;
Mohammedan poll tax and alms, 406;
on gum, 552.
Theft, punishment of, 36.
Tomb of Mahdi, building of, 431;
pilgrimage to, 549.
Toweisha, 20.
Tuti Island, 333;
surrenders, 347;
Sir C. Wilson at, 350.
Typhus fever, 318;
Mahdi dies of, 368, 487;
Khalifa attacked by, 496.
Uganda, Christians in, 508.
Umbusa, Begu, mother of Mohammed el Fadl, 44.
Usul, El Ata Wad Melek, at Om Shanga, 203.
Vizetelly, 237.
Wadai, Sultanate, 629.
Waganda, envoys, 85.
Wahrmund, Professor, 448.
Water bottles, 110, 111;
melons, 206, 209;
Baobab trees, 277.
Wilson, Rev. C. T. at Dara, 85.
Wilson, Sir C., and steamers, 350.
Wodehouse, _P._ Wadi Halfa, 451.
Wolseley, Lord, at Dongola, 333;
at Abu Klea, 338.
Yakub, Khalifa's brother, 240;
sympathetic villain, 292, 326, 364;
his spies, 429, 457;
plot against Zogal, 477, 501, 506;
pays W. Arabs, 407.
Yunes Wad Dekeim (Khalifa's relative), 256;
subdues Gimeh, 386;
Gallabat, 405;
attacks Abyssinians, 415;
his rapacity, 416;
escapes plot and is recalled, 424;
_E._ Dongola, 445;
recalled, 476;
sent back, 477.
Yusef Pasha. _See_ Shellali.
Yusef, _S._ aims at independence, 411;
killed at Kebkebia, 428.
Zeidan Agha, "all right," 197.
Zeki Tummal (Taaisha), 312;
succeeds Abu Anga, 439;
defends Gallabat, 440;
harries Shilluks, 471.
Zeki, starved to death, 501, 574.
Zigada, Dimitri, of El Fasher, 203, 276;
breaking rules, 287, 291.
Zogal Bey, Mahdi's cousin, at Dara, 22, 62;
disloyal, 149, 169;
left at Dara, 182;
sent to El Obeid, 221;
detected, 246;
Said Mohammed Ibn Khaled, 261;
enters Dara, 263;
takes El Fasher, 270;
lives in style, 274;
arrested, 297;
sent to Osman Digna, 473;
_E._ Dongola, 476;
recalled and imprisoned for life, 477;
exiled, 500.
Zubeir, Pasha, _J._ Ali Abu Amuri's assistant, 47;
"Not the Mahdi," 127;
_G._ Bahr el Ghazal, 49;
takes Dara, 53;
made Pasha and goes to Cairo, 56.
Zubeir Suleiman, _J._ threatens revolt, 9;
Bey _G._ Bahr el Ghazal, 12;
dismissed, 14;
attacks Ganda five times, 17;
his wealth, 18;
submits to Gessi, 26;
shot by Helmi's Danagla, 28;
his wife and son, 269.
Zubeir Rabeh, 8;
escape of, 19;
goes West, 25;
near Lake Tchad, 629.
Zurbuchen, Dr., 7, 30, 59, 99;
treats Gessi, 102.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The dabarek is the circular pond usually made close to a well, into
which the water when drawn up is poured, and which is then used as the
drinking-trough for the flocks.
[2] The name given to the lords of the Bahr el Ghazal zaribas and their
men.
[3] A sheba is a piece of forked wood which is fixed on the neck by way
of punishment, and in this position is very painful.
[4] When religious Sheikhs go out to preach, they are generally preceded
by men bearing flags, on which texts from the Kuran are inscribed.
[5] Favourites of God. The expression occurs in the Kuran in the
following verse: "Are not the favourites of God those on whom no fear
shall come, nor shall they be put to grief?" (Surah x. 63).
[6] The Mahdi is supposed to come from Jebel Masa in North Africa; but
the astute Mohammed Ahmed did not hesitate to call Jebel Gedir, which
was to be his destination in Kordofan, by this name, and thus fulfil one
of the principal conditions of a "Mahdi."
[7] That is, the "Helpers,"--a term given by the Prophet Mohammed to the
early converts of El Medina.
[8] One of the most solemn forms of administering an oath is for the
person taking the oath to say, "I impose upon myself divorcement."
[9] More familiarly, "He who fights and runs away, lives to fight
another day."
[10] According to Mohammed Ibn Taher, "fai" is booty taken from a
country which submits to Islam without resistance, as distinguished from
"Ghanima," or plunder. The Mahdi adopted the "Ghanima" principle
entirely.
[11] Major Kitchener, now Sir Herbert Kitchener, the Sirdar of the
Egyptian Army.
[12] On my return to Cairo in 1895, I learnt that the full text of the
letters to which I have referred, had reached the British authorities,
and had been published in General Gordon's Journal.
[13] The steamer "Husseinyeh."
[14] One Egyptian piastre = 2½d.
[15] Unfortunately, the jibba was too big and long for me, consequently
I was unable to wear it at the time of my escape.
[16] By mere chance I had heard that the man's name was Taib Wad Haj
Ali, and that he had once been in Omdurman with Nejumi.
[17] The Khalifa, being a Baggari, or cattle-owning Arab, frequently
draws similes of this description.
[18] All true Moslems are buried facing Mecca.
[19] The term "Muslimani" is generally given to the descendants of
"unbelievers;" is an opprobrious epithet, and is applied by the Mahdists
to all so-called renegades.
Transcriber's Notes
Obvious errors of punctuation and diacritics repaired.
The following variants have not been changed: "spear men" and
"spearmen", "ombeÿa" and "ombeija".
The following words appear both with and without hyphens and have not
been changed: "birth[-]place", "day[-]time", "dock[-]yard",
"down[-]hearted", "re[-]capture", "re[-]capturing", "re[-]conquer",
"re[-]conquest", "re[-]named", "re[-]opened", "re[-]taken",
"re[-]united", "wide[-]spread(ing)".
Hyphen removed: "bare[-]footed" (p. 224), "life[-]long" (p. 630),
"mid[-]day" (pp. 198, 199), "re[-]gain" (p. 434).
Hyphen added: "Body[-]guard" (p. xvi), "camel[-]men" (p. 530),
"fire[-]arms" (pp. 38, 532), "good[-]will" (p. 105), "mid[-]stream" (p.
137), "semi[-]circle" (p. 61), "Small[-]pox" (p. 635), "water[-]melons"
(p. 550).
P. 82: "Omer" changed to "Omar" (Hillet Omar).
P. 133: "become" changed to "became" (a spirit of jealousy became
rampant).
P. 149: "send" changed to "sent" (At the same time I sent word).
P. 154: "Bilal Nagur" changed to "Belal Nagur".
"Madhi" changed to "Mahdi" (pp. 239, 241, 242, 292, 545, 615).
P. 219: "an" added (He kept an open table).
P. 245: "Maddibo" changed to "Madibbo".
P. 251: "sowed" changed to "sewed" ( I then sewed up the wound).
P. 279: "Imprisoment" changed to "Imprisonment" (The Rigours of my
Imprisonment).
P. 305: "the" added (ordered me in the future to remain).
P. 341: "heartly" changed to "heartily" (would have joined most
heartily).
P. 348: duplicate "age" removed (Even women of an advanced age).
P. 377: "collected" changed to "collecting" (he succeeded in
collecting).
P. 408: added "to" (rank next to that of the Khalifa).
P. 446 (caption of facing illustration): "Batakin" changed to "Batahin".
P. 451: "suppresed" changed to "suppressed" (the revolt of Abu Gemmaiza
having been suppressed).
P. 493: "Gareifawi" changed to "Gereifawi".
P. 522: "stills" changed to "still" (he still pretends to lead a life).
P. 588: "Aberrahman" changed to "Abderrahman".
P. 610: "he" changed to "the" (the sun disappeared from the horizon).
P. 614: "moutains" changed to "mountains" (first slopes of the Etbai
mountains).
P. 616 (caption of facing illustration): "Wady" changed to "Wadi".
P. 618: "Ascanea Nova" changed to "Ascania Nova".
P. 633 (index entry for "Ibrahim"): "Dafur" changed to "Darfur".
P. 635 (index entry for "Sennar"): "23" changed to "232".
P. 636 (index entry for Zeki Tummal, defends Gallabat): added page
number "440".
End of Project Gutenberg's Fire and Sword in the Sudan, by Rudolf C. Slatin