INTRODUCTORY

'The express image' [Gr. 'the character'].--Heb. 1. 3.

The word 'character' occurs only once in the New Testament, and that is

in the passage in the prologue of the Epistle to the Hebrews, where the

original word is translated 'express image' in our version. Our Lord is

the Express Image of the Invisible Father. No man hath seen God at any

time. The only-begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, He hath

declared Him. The Father hath sealed His divine image upon His Son, so

that he that hath seen the Son hath seen the Father. The Son is thus the

Father's character stamped upon and set forth in human nature. The Word

was made flesh. This is the highest and best use to which our so

expressive word 'character' has ever been put, and the use to which it is

put when we speak of Bunyan's Characters partakes of the same high sense

and usage. For it is of the outstanding good or evil in a man that we

think when we speak of his character. It is really either of his

likeness or unlikeness to Jesus Christ we speak, and then, through Him,

his likeness or unlikeness to God Himself. And thus it is that the

adjective 'moral' usually accompanies our word 'character'--moral or

immoral. A man's character does not have its seat or source in his body;

character is not a physical thing: not even in his mind; it is not an

intellectual thing. Character comes up out of the will and out of the

heart. There are more good minds, as we say, in the world than there are

good hearts. There are more clever people than good people;

character,--high, spotless, saintly character,--is a far rarer thing in

this world than talent or even genius. Character is an infinitely better

thing than either of these, and it is of corresponding rarity. And yet

so true is it that the world loves its own, that all men worship talent,

and even bodily strength and bodily beauty, while only one here and one

there either understands or values or pursues moral character, though it

is the strength and the beauty and the sweetness of the soul.

We naturally turn to Bishop Butler when we think of moral character.

Butler is an author who has drawn no characters of his own. Butler's

genius was not creative like Shakespeare's or Bunyan's. Butler had not

that splendid imagination which those two masters in character-painting

possessed, but he had very great gifts of his own, and he has done us

very great service by means of his gifts. Bishop Butler has helped many

men in the intelligent formation of their character, and what higher

praise could be given to any author? Butler will lie on our table all

winter beside Bunyan; the bishop beside the tinker, the philosopher

beside the poet, the moralist beside the evangelical minister.

In seeking a solid bottom for our subject, then, we naturally turn to

Butler. Bunyan will people the house for us once it is built, but Butler

lays bare for us the naked rock on which men like Bunyan build and

beautify and people the dwelling-place of God and man. What exactly is

this thing, character, we hear so much about? we ask the sagacious

bishop. And how shall we understand our own character so as to form it

well till it stands firm and endures? 'Character,' answers Butler, in

his bald, dry, deep way, 'by character is meant that temper, taste,

disposition, whole frame of mind from whence we act in one way rather

than another . . . those principles from which a man acts, when they

become fixed and habitual in him we call his character . . . And

consequently there is a far greater variety in men's characters than

there is in the features of their faces.' Open Bunyan now, with Butler's

keywords in your mind, and see the various tempers, tastes, dispositions,

frames of mind from which his various characters act, and which, at

bottom, really make them the characters, good or bad, which they are. See

the principles which Bunyan has with such inimitable felicity embodied

and exhibited in their names, the principles within them from which they

have acted till they have become a habit and then a character, that

character which they themselves are and will remain. See the variety of

John Bunyan's characters, a richer and a more endless variety than are

the features of their faces. Christian and Christiana, Obstinate and

Pliable, Mr. Fearing and Mr. Feeblemind, Temporary and Talkative, Mr. By-

ends and Mr. Facing-both-ways, Simple, Sloth, Presumption, that brisk lad

Ignorance, and the genuine Mr. Brisk himself. And then Captain Boasting,

Mr. High-mind, Mr. Wet-Eyes, and so on, through a less known (but equally

well worth knowing) company of municipal and military characters in the

_Holy War_.

We shall see, as we proceed, how this and that character in Bunyan was

formed and deformed. But let us ask in this introductory lecture if we

can find out any law or principle upon which all our own characters, good

or bad, are formed. Do our characters come to be what they are by

chance, or have we anything to do in the formation of our own characters,

and if so, in what way? And here, again, Butler steps forward at our

call with his key to our own and to all Bunyan's characters in his hand,

and in three familiar and fruitful words he answers our question and

gives us food for thought and solemn reflection for a lifetime. There

are but three steps, says Butler, from earth to heaven, or, if you will,

from earth to hell--acts, habits, character. All Butler's prophetic

burden is bound up in these three great words--acts, habits, character.

Remember and ponder these three words, and you will in due time become a

moral philosopher. Ponder and practise them, and you will become what is

infinitely better--a moral man. For acts, often repeated, gradually

become habits, and habits, long enough continued, settle and harden and

solidify into character. And thus it is that the severe and laconic

bishop has so often made us shudder as he demonstrated it to us that we

are all with our own hands shaping our character not only for this world,

but much more for the world to come, by every act we perform, by every

word we speak, almost by every breath we draw. Butler is one of the most

terrible authors in the world. He stands on our nearest shelf with Dante

on one side of him and Pascal on the other. He is indeed terrible, but

it is with a terror that purifies the heart and keeps the life in the

hour of temptation. Paul sometimes arms himself with the same terror;

only he composes in another style than that of Butler, and, with all his

vivid intensity, he calls it the terror of the Lord. Paul and Bunyan are

of the same school of moralists and stylists; Butler went to school to

the Stoics, to Aristotle, and to Plato.

Our Lord Himself came to be the express image He was and is by living and

acting under this same universal law of human life--acts, habits,

character. He was made perfect on this same principle. He learned

obedience both by the things that He did, and the things that He

suffered. Butler says in one deep place, that benevolence and justice

and veracity are the basis of all good character in God and in man, and

thus also in the God-man. And those three foundation stones of our

Lord's character settled deeper and grew stronger to bear and to suffer

as He went on practising acts and speaking words of justice, goodness,

and truth. And so of all the other elements of His moral character. Our

Lord left Gethsemane a much more submissive and a much more surrendered

man than He entered it. His forgiveness of injuries, and thus His

splendid benevolence, had not yet come to its climax and crown till He

said on the cross, 'Father, forgive them'. And, as He was, so are we in

this world. This world's evil and ill-desert made it but the better

arena and theatre for the development and the display of His moral

character; and the same instruments that fashioned Him into the perfect

and express image He was and is, are still, happily, in full operation.

Take that divinest and noblest of all instruments for the carving out and

refining of moral character, the will of God. How our Lord made His own

unselfish and unsinful will to bow to silence and to praise before the

holy will of His Father, till that gave the finishing touch to His always

sanctified will and heart! And, happily, that awful and blessed

instrument for the formation of moral character is still active and

available to those whose ambition rises to moral character, and who are

aiming at heaven in all they do and all they suffer upon the earth.

Gethsemane has gone out till it has covered all the earth. Its cup, if

not in all the depth and strength of its first mixture, still in quite

sufficient bitterness, is put many times in life into every man's hand.

There is not a day, there is not an hour of the day, that the disciple of

the submissive and all-surrendered Son has not the opportunity to say

with his Master, If it be possible, let this cup pass: nevertheless, not

as I will, but as Thou wilt.

It is not in the great tragedies of life only that character is tested

and strengthened and consolidated. No man who is not himself under God's

moral and spiritual instruments could believe how often in the quietest,

clearest, and least tempestuous day he has the chance and the call to

say, Yea, Lord, Thy will be done. And, then, when the confessedly tragic

days and nights come, when all men admit that this is Gethsemane indeed,

the practised soul is able, with a calmness and a peace that confound and

offend the bystanders, to say, to act so that he does not need to say,

Not my will, but Thine. And so of all the other forms and features of

moral character; so of humility and meekness, so of purity and

temperance, so of magnanimity and munificence, so of all self-suppression

and self-extinction, and all corresponding exalting and magnifying and

benefiting of other men. Whatever other passing uses this present world,

so full of trial and temptation and suffering, may have, this surely is

the supreme and final use of it--to be a furnace, a graving-house, a

refining place for human character. Literally all things in this life

and in this world--I challenge you to point out a single exception--work

together for this supreme and only good, the purification, the refining,

the testing, and the approval of human character. Not only so, but we

are all in the very heat of the furnace, and under the very graving iron

and in the very refining fire that our prefigured and predestinated

character needs. Your life and its trials would not suit the necessities

of my moral character, and you would lose your soul beyond redemption if

you exchanged lots with me. You do not put a pearl under the potter's

wheel; you do not cast clay into a refining fire. Abraham's character

was not like David's, nor David's like Christ's, nor Christ's like

Paul's. As Butler says, there is 'a providential disposition of things'

around every one of us, and it is as exactly suited to the flaws and

excrescences, the faults and corruptions of our character as if

Providence had had no other life to make a disposition of things for but

one, and that one our own. Have you discovered that in your life, or any

measure of that? Have you acknowledged to God that you have at last

discovered the true key of your life? Have you given Him the

satisfaction to know that He is not making His providential dispositions

around a stock or a stone, but that He has one under His hand who

understands His hand, and responds to it, and rises up to meet and salute

it?

And we cease to wonder so much at the care God takes of human character,

and the cost He lays out upon it, when we think that it is the only work

of His hands that shall last for ever. It is fit, surely, that the

ephemeral should minister to the eternal, and time to eternity, and all

else in this world to the only thing in this world that shall endure and

survive this world. All else we possess and pursue shall fade and

perish, our moral character shall alone survive. Riches, honours,

possessions, pleasures of all kinds: death, with one stroke of his

desolating hand, shall one day strip us bare to a winding-sheet and a

coffin of all the things we are so mad to possess. But the last enemy,

with all his malice and all his resistless power, cannot touch our moral

character--unless it be in some way utterly mysterious to us that he is

made under God to refine and perfect it. The Express Image carried up to

His Father's House, not only the divine life He had brought hither with

Him when He came to obey and submit and suffer among us; He carried back

more than He brought, for He carried back a human heart, a human life, a

human character, which was and is a new wonder in heaven. He carried up

to heaven all the love to God and angels and men He had learned and

practised on earth, with all the earthly fruits of it. He carried back

His humility, His meekness, His humanity, His approachableness, and His

sympathy. And we see to our salvation some of the uses to which those

parts of His moral character are at this moment being put in His Father's

House; and what we see not now of all the ends and uses and employments

of our Lord's glorified humanity we shall, mayhap, see hereafter. And we

also shall carry our moral character to heaven; it is the only thing we

have worth carrying so far. But, then, moral character is well worth

achieving here and then carrying there, for it is nothing else and

nothing less than the divine nature itself; it is the divine nature

incarnate, incorporate, and made manifest in man. And it is, therefore,

immortal with the immortality of God, and blessed for ever with the

blessedness of God.