[1256] These Igletes are the same which _The Geography of Strabo, Volume 1 (of 3) Literally Translated, with Notes

Gletes, and by an error of the copyist Tletes. Herodotus places them

between the Cynetæ, and the Tartessians, and Theopompus in the

neighbourhood of the Tartessians. The position between the Ebro and the

Pyrenees, which Asclepiades the Myrlean thus gives them, supports the

opinion of those who reckon that Rosas was founded by the Rhodians, and

that the people of Marseilles did not settle there till afterwards; it

is more than probable that the Igletes were nothing more than Ignetes or

Gnetes of the Isle of Rhodes.

[1257] Caslona.

[1258] Merida.

[1259] Casaubon supposes that this is the river Ptolemy names Merus.

Lopez, Geograf. de Estrabon, lib. iii. p. 232, thinks it the Narcea.

[1260] Pomponius Mela and Pliny coincide with Strabo in making this city

belong to the Asturians; Ptolemy however describes it under the name of

Noega Ucesia as pertaining to the Cantabrians. Some say it corresponds

to the present Navia, others to Pravia. Groskurd reckons it Gajon, or

Navia, or Santander.

[1261] Carthagena.

[1262] Tarragona.

[1263] Murviedro.

[1264] Iviça

[1265] Majorca.

[1266] Palma.

[1267] Pollerça.

[1268] Gosselin observes that the greatest length of Majorca is 14

leagues and a half; its breadth at the narrowest part 8 leagues; and

adds, that by confounding stadia of unequal value, Strabo makes Majorca

a long narrow island, whereas in fact its form approaches nearer to that

of a square.

[1269] Minorca.

[1270] Viz. the Phœnicians.

[1271] Immediately after the word μελαγκραΐνας, which we have translated

black rush, the text of our geographer runs on as follows: “resembling

the schœnus, a species of rush from which cords are made. Philetas in

his Mercury [says] ‘he was covered with a vile and filthy tunic, and

about his wretched loins was bound a strip of black rush, as if he had

been girt with a mere schœnus.’” It is evident that this passage is the

scholium of some ancient grammarian, and we have followed the example of

the French editors in inserting it in a note, as it is a great

impediment in the middle of Strabo’s description of the equipment of the

island warriors.

[1272] “Cibum puer a matre non accipit, nisi quem, ipsa monstrante,

percussit.” Florus, lib. iii. c. 8. The same thing is stated by

Lycophron, v. 637, and Diodorus Siculus, l. v. c. 18.

[1273] Cadiz.

[1274] The rock of Gibraltar.

[1275] This mouth of the Guadalquiver, opposite Cadiz, no longer exists.

[1276] The Mediterranean.

[1277] Padua.

[1278] “The length of the island of Leon, at the extremity of which the

city of Cadiz is situated, is about 9500 toises, which are equivalent to

100 Olympic stadia.” _Gosselin._

[1279] L. Cornelius Balbus was a native of Cadiz, and descended from an

illustrious family in that town. His original name probably bore some

resemblance in sound to the Latin Balbus. Cadiz being one of the

federate cities, supported the Romans in their war against Sertorius in

Spain, and Balbus thus had an opportunity for distinguishing himself. He

served under the Roman generals Q. Mettellus Pius, C. Memmius, and

Pompey, and was present at the battles of Turia and Sucro. He

distinguished himself so much throughout the war, that Pompey conferred

the Roman citizenship upon him, his brother, and his brother’s sons and

this act of Pompey was ratified by the law of the consuls, Cn. Cornelius

Lentulus and L. Gellius, B. C. 72. It was probably in honour of these

consuls that Balbus took the Gentile name of the one, and the prænomen

of the other. It was for this Balbus that Cicero made the defence which

has come down to us. The reason which induced Strabo to notice, as

something remarkable, that Balbus had received the honours of a triumph,

we learn from Pliny, who, noticing the victories which he had gained

over the Garamantes and other nations of Africa, tells us he was the

only person of foreign extraction who had ever received the honour of a

triumph. “Omnia armis Romanis superata et a Cornelio Balbo triumphata,

uni huic omnium externo curru et Quiritium jure donato.” Plin. lib. v.

c. 5. Solinus likewise says of him, (cap. xxix. p. 54.) “Primus sane de

externis, utpote Gadibus genitus accessit ad gloriam nominis

triumphalis.”

[1280] This word signifies “The Twins.”

[1281] Gosselin says, the temple of Saturn appears to have stood on the

site of the present church of S. Sebastian, and that of Hercules at the

other extremity of the island on the site of St. Peter’s.

[1282] Groskurd supposes that we should here read, “[certain citizens of

Cadiz have appropriated to themselves possessions in the interior of the

island,] but the whole sea-shore is inhabited in common,” that is, by

shepherds who pastured the grounds in common.

[1283] Gosselin shows that we ought to read 500 stadia in this place.

[1284] The rock of Gibraltar.

[1285] The Ape-mountain near Ceuta.

[1286] The text is corrupt, but it is needless to go through all the

emendations proposed.

[1287] This passage of Pindar has not come down to us.

[1288] ψεῦσμα Φοινικικόν, a proverbial mode of speaking, having its

origin in the bad faith of the Phœnicians [_fides Punica_].

[1289] Regio.

[1290] Strabo, in his 17th book, gives a different locality to these

altars.

[1291] These were twelve altars, of fifty cubits each, erected to the

twelve gods. _Vide_ Diodorus Siculus, l. XVII. c. 95.

[1292] The text is ἐν τοῖς παραδόξοις, which Gosselin renders, “Les

ouvrages qui traitent des choses merveilleuses.”

[1293] Strabo’s argument is here so weak, that one can hardly believe it

can have ever been seriously made use of.

[1294] This method of explaining the ebb and flow of the sea, by

comparing it to the respiration of animals, is not so extraordinary,

when we remember that it was the opinion of many philosophers that the

universe was itself an animal. Pomponius Mela, (De Situ Orbis, lib. iii.

c. 1,) speaking of the tides, says, “Neque adhuc satis cognitum est,

anhelitune suo id mundus efficiat, retractamque cum spiritu regerat

undam undique, si, ut doctioribus placet, unum (_lege_ universum) animal

est; an sint depressi aliqui specus, quo reciprocata maria residant,

atque unde se rursus exuberantia attollant: an luna causas tantis

meatibus præbeat.”

[1295] Thirty degrees.

[1296] The Persian Gulf.

[1297] Alcolea.

[1298] Some MSS. read 50 stadia.

[1299] This is the sense of the text, πᾶσαν τὴν κύκλῳ παρωκεανῖτιν.

[1300] We are not aware that the Ebro passes through any lake.

[1301] This is probably a description of the appearance of the Druids.

Tacitus, (Ann. lib. xiv. 30,) speaking of the consternation into which

the Druids of Anglesey threw the Roman soldiers who had disembarked

there, says, “Druidæque circum, preces diras, sublatis ad cœlum manibus,

fundentes, novitate adspectus perculere milites, ut, quasi hærentibus

membris, immobile corpus vulneribus præberent.” Immediately before these

words he thus describes the women, “Stabat pro litore diversa acies,

densa armis virisque, intercursantibus feminis in _modum furiarum_, quæ

veste ferali, crinibus dejectis, faces præferebant.”

[1302] Viz. that the Cassiterides are farther removed from the coasts of

Spain than the rest of the southern coasts of England.

[1303] Transalpine Gaul.

[1304] Gaul is properly divided into the four grand divisions of the

Narbonnaise, Aquitaine, Keltica, and Belgica. Strabo has principally

copied Cæsar, who appears only to have divided Gaul into Aquitaine,

Keltica, and Belgica. Cæsar however only speaks of the provinces he had

conquered, and makes no mention of the Narbonnaise, which had submitted

to the Romans before his time. Strabo seems to have thought that the

Narbonnaise formed part of Keltica.

[1305] Lyons.

[1306] The whole of this passage, says Gosselin, is full of mistakes,

and it would seem that Strabo quoted from an inexact copy of Cæsar. To

understand his meaning, we must remember that he supposed the Pyrenees

extended from north to south, instead of from east to west; and since he

adds that these mountains divide the Cevennes at right angles, he must

have supposed that this second chain extended from east to west, instead

of from north to south. He likewise fancied that the Garonne, the Loire,

and the Seine ran from north to south like the Rhine. Starting from such

premises, it was impossible he could avoid confusion; thus we find him

describing the Aquitani as north of the Cevennes, when in fact they

dwelt north of the Pyrenees, between those mountains and the Garonne,

and west of the southern portions of the Cevennes. Where he says that

the Kelts dwelt on the other side or east of the Garonne, and towards

the sea of Narbonne and Marseilles, it is clear that he prolonged

Keltica into the Narbonnaise, since this last province extended along

the Mediterranean from the frontiers of Spain to the Alps. Cæsar had

stated that the Gauls (the Kelts of Strabo) _ipsorum lingua Keltæ,

nostri Galli_, dwelt between the Garonne, the Seine, the Marne, and the

Rhine. Finally, Strabo appears to have assigned the greater part of Gaul

to the Belgæ in making them extend from the ocean, and the mouth of the

Rhine, to the Alps. This considerably embarrassed Xylander, but as we

have seen that Strabo transported a portion of the Kelts into the

Narbonnaise, it is easy to imagine that, in order to make these people

border on the Belgæ, he was forced to extend them as far as the Alps,

near the sources of the Rhine. Cæsar located the Belgæ between the

Seine, the ocean, and the Rhine.

[1307] Liger.

[1308] From the ocean to the Mediterranean, and vice versa.

[1309] Alluding to the superiority of the climate on the shores of the

Mediterranean.

[1310] We shall see in the course of this book, that under the name of

Alps Strabo includes the different mountain-chains separated from the

range of Alps properly so called. This accounts for his extending those

mountains on the west as far as Marseilles, and on the east beyond

Istria.

[1311] The Marseillese.

[1312] The Salyes inhabited Provence.

[1313] As Strabo has made no previous mention of this river, the words

“as we have said before” are evidently interpolated.

[1314] This temple was built on Cape Creus, which on that account

received the name of Aphrodisium. Many geographers confound this temple

with the _portus Veneris_, the modern Vendres, which is at a short

distance from Cape Creus.

[1315] Nîmes.

[1316] Beaucaire.

[1317] Aix.

[1318] Gosselin, who considers that the former numbers were correct,

enters at some length on an argument to prove that these 53 miles were

62, and differs also in computing the succeeding numbers.

[1319] The cantons of Vaison and Die.

[1320] Cottius possessed the present Briançonnais. That portion of the

Alps next this canton took from this sovereign the name of the Cottian

Alps. Cottius bore the title of king; and Augustus recognised his

independence; he lived till the time of Nero, when his possessions

became a Roman province.

[1321] Nîmes.

[1322] Durance and Cavaillon.

[1323] Embrun.

[1324] Briançon.

[1325] Sezanne, or perhaps Chamlat de Seguin.

[1326] Uxeau.

[1327] About 600 years before the Christian era.

[1328] Ἀφίδρυμά τι τῶν ἱερῶν. Gosselin gives a note on these words, and

translates them in his text as follows, “one of the statues consecrated

in her temple.”

[1329] τιμοῦχος, literally, one having honour and esteem.

[1330] We have seen no reason to depart from a literal rendering of the

Greek in this passage, its meaning, “whose ancestors have not been

citizens,” &c., being self-evident.

[1331] This name has evidently been corrupted, but it seems difficult to

determine what stood originally in the text; most probably it was

Rhodanusia.

[1332] Agde.

[1333] Taurenti.

[1334] Eoube.

[1335] Antibes.

[1336] Nice.

[1337] The people of Marseilles.

[1338] Aquæ Sextiæ, now Aix.

[1339] Solinus tells us that in his day the waters had lost their

virtue, and that their fame had declined. “Quarum calor, olim acrior,

exhalatus per tempora evaporavit; nec jam par est famæ priori.” _Solin._

cap. 8. The victory of Sextius, mentioned by Strabo, is said to have

been gained in the year of Rome 629.

[1340] The Cape de Creus, a promontory on which was the temple of the

Pyrenæan Venus.

[1341] The Gulf of Lyons.

[1342] The Cape de Cette.

[1343] Gosselin says, “The Island of Blascon is a rock opposite Agde, on

which remains a fortified castle, which preserves the name of Brescon.

This rock has been connected with the mainland, to form the port of

Agde.”

[1344] Ἄταξ.

[1345] At the present day Narbonne is not situated on the Aude, the

course of that river being changed. The lake of Narbonne, mentioned by

Strabo, is not the present lake of Narbonne, but the lake of Rubine.

[1346] Arles.

[1347] Ῥoυσκίνων.

[1348] ὁ Ἰλίβιρρις.

[1349] Viz. Ruscino, now superseded by Perpignan on the Tet; and

Ilibirris, now Elne on the Tech.

[1350] “This ancient city,” says Gosselin, “no longer exists, with the

exception of an old tower, scarcely a league from Perpignan, which still

bears the name of the Tower of Roussillon.”

[1351] This river does not rise in the Cevennes, but in the Pyrenees.

[1352] Ὄρβις.

[1353] This name is evidently corrupt; the Arauris of Mela and Ptolemy

(the modern Herault) is probably intended.

[1354] The Orbe.

[1355] Beziers.

[1356] Agde.

[1357] The French _bise_.

[1358] βράσται σεισμοί, earthquakes attended with a violent

fermentation.

[1359] The text has, “both of their opinions are credible,” (πιθανὸς

μὲν οὖν ὁ παρ’ ἀμφοῖν λόγος,) but this is discountenanced by the whole

sentence.

[1360] From the “Prometheus Loosed,” which is now lost.

[1361] The historian, son of Andromachus.

[1362] The mouths of the Rhone, like those of other impetuous rivers,

are subject to considerable changes, and vary from one age to another.

Ptolemy agrees with Polybius in stating that there are but two mouths to

the Rhone, and those which he indicates are at the present day almost

entirely filled up; the one being at Aigues-Mortes, the other canal now

called the Rhône-Mort.

[1363] Two Helvetian tribes who united themselves to the Cimbri to pass

into Italy, and were defeated near Aix by Marius.

[1364] Now l’étang de Berre or de Martigues.

[1365] The French editors propose to read here five mouths, thus

referring to the opinion of Timæus. This, Kramer observes, Strabo

probably intended to do. Still, as there were some who were of opinion

the Rhone has seven mouths, as appears from Apoll. Rhod. Argonaut. iv.

634, he did not venture to touch the text.

[1366] Taurenti.

[1367] Eoube.

[1368] Antibes.

[1369] Nice.

[1370] Fréjus.

[1371] Inhabitants of Provence.

[1372] Les Isles d’Hières, a row of islands off Marseilles.

[1373] Isle St. Honorat.

[1374] Isle Ste. Marguerite.

[1375] Fréjus.

[1376] Between the river d’Argents and Antibes.

[1377] Cavaillon.

[1378] From the mouth of the Durance to the mouth of the Isère,

following the course of the Rhone, the distance is 24 leagues, or 720

Olympic stadia.

[1379] The Vocontii occupied the territories of Vaison and Die. The

Tricorii appear to have inhabited a small district east of Die, on the

banks of the Drac. The Iconii were to the east of Gap; and the Medylli

in La Maurienne, along the Aar.

[1380] The Sorgue.

[1381] Vedene.

[1382] Avignon.

[1383] Orange.

[1384] Le mont Ventoux.

[1385] Casaubon remarks that Æmilianus is a name more than this Roman

general actually possessed.

[1386] Livy states that 120,000 Kelts were slain, and Pliny, 130,000.

[1387] Lyons.

[1388] Ἄραρ.

[1389] The Allobroges and Segusii were separated by the Rhone; the

former inhabiting the left bank of the river.

[1390] The Saone rises in the Vosges.

[1391] These people are elsewhere called by Strabo Lingones, the name by

which they are designated by other writers.

[1392] The Doubs rises in the Jura, not in the Alps. Ptolemy falls into

the same mistake as Strabo.

[1393] We have here followed the proposed correction of Ziegler.

[1394] Nîmes.

[1395] This name is written diversely, Tectosages, Tectosagæ, and

Tectosagi. It appears to be composed of the two Latin words, “tectus,”

covered, and “sagum,” a species of cassock.

[1396] Viz. between Lodève and Toulouse; we must remember that Strabo

supposed the chain of the Cevennes to run west and east.

[1397] Angora.

[1398] These three nations inhabited Galatia, of which Ancyra was the

capital.

[1399] 279 years before the Christian era.

[1400] Justin tells us that the Tectosages on returning to Toulouse from

the expedition, were attacked with a pestilential malady, from which

they could find no relief until they complied with the advice of their

augurs, and cast the ill-gotten wealth into a lake. Justin, lib. xxxii.

c. 3.

[1401] The Atlantic and Mediterranean.

[1402] Ἄραρ.

[1403] The Lexovii inhabited the southern banks of the Seine, Lizieux

was anciently their capital. The Caleti occupied the opposite side of

the Seine, and the sea-coast as far as Tréport.

[1404] The inhabitants of Auvergne.

[1405] The ancient Liger.

[1406] Ἄταξ.

[1407] The whole of Gaul bore the name of Keltica long before the Romans

had penetrated into that country. After their conquest of the southern

provinces, they distinguished them from the rest of Keltica by

conferring on them the name of Gallia Narbonensis. Aristotle gave the

name of Kelts to the inhabitants of the country near Narbonne. Polybius

tells us that the Pyrenees separated the Iberians from the Kelts; while

Diodorus Siculus fixed the position of the Kelts between the Alps and

the Pyrenees.

[1408] “Strabo,” says Gosselin, “always, argues on the hypothesis that

the Pyrenees run from south to north; that the Garonne and the Loire

flowed in the same direction; that the Cevennes stretched from west to

east; and that the coasts of Gaul, from the Pyrenees, rose gently

towards the north, bending considerably east.”

[1409] The Garonne becomes navigable at Cazères near to Rieux, in the

ancient Comté de Comminges. From this point to its mouth, following the

sinuosities of the river, there are about 68 leagues of 20 to a degree,

or 2030 Olympic stadia. The Loire is navigable as far as St. Rambert,

about three leagues from St. Etienne-en-Forez, that is to say, double

the distance assigned by Strabo. 2000 stadia measured from the mouth of

the Loire would extend merely as far as Orleans.

[1410] Probably the Arriége, the Tarn, and the Dordogne.

[1411] Ἰοσκῶν MSS.

[1412] The present Saintes was the capital of this nation.

[1413] Bordeaux.

[1414] Poictiers was the capital of the Pictones or Pictavi, and Nantes

of the Namnetæ.

[1415] Scipio Æmilianus.

[1416] Saintes.

[1417] The Gulfs of Gascony and Lyons.

[1418] The Tarbelli occupied the sea-coast from the Pyrenees to the Lake

of Arcachon.

[1419] The Canton of Comminges.

[1420] St. Bertrand.

[1421] Xylander thinks that these Onesii may be identical with the

Monesi of Pliny. Gosselin says that the hot springs are probably the

baths of Bagnières-sur-l’Adour.

[1422] The territory of the city of Auch.

[1423] The inhabitants of Vivarais.

[1424] The inhabitants of Vélai.

[1425] The inhabitants of Auvergne.

[1426] The Limousins.

[1427] The inhabitants of Périgord, Agénois, Querci, and Berri.

[1428] The inhabitants of Saintonge and Poitou.

[1429] The inhabitants of Rouergue and Gévaudan.

[1430] Gosselin supposes that this city is Clermont in Auvergne at some

distance from the Allier.

[1431] Orleans.

[1432] The people of the Chartrain.

[1433] Cæsar himself (lib. vii. c. 76) states the number at 248,000 men.

[1434] A city near Clermont.

[1435] Alise. The ruins of Alesia, says Gosselin, still exist near to

Flavigni in Burgundy, on Mount Auxois, between two small rivers, the Oze

and the Ozerain, which flow into the Brenne.

[1436] The Sorgue.

[1437] In Athenæus, (lib. iv. p. 152,) this name is written Luernius.

[1438] Lyons.

[1439] MSS. read ὑπὸ, “under,” we have not hesitated to translate it

ἐπὶ, like the Italian, French, and German versions; although Kramer

remarks “paulo audacius,” of Coray’s reading ἐπὶ in the Greek.

[1440] Ἄραρ.

[1441] Kramer says that ἄλλος is manifestly corrupt.—I have ventured to

translate it _another altar_.

[1442] Kramer concurs with Falconer and Gosselin in understanding this

passage to have been originally between the Rhone and the Loire.

[1443] Σηκοάνας.

[1444] The Sequani.

[1445] Châlons-sur-Saone.

[1446] Autun, according to Gosselin. Beurect, according to Ferrarius.

[1447] Cæsar, Tacitus, and other writers, also speak of this

relationship of the Ædui with the Romans.

[1448] _Lit._ “As for the Ædui on these accounts indeed.”

[1449] The sources of the Rhine take their rise in Mount St. Gothard and

Mount Bernardin, while the Adda rises in the glaciers of the Valteline.

Adula, however, may have been the name of the Rhætian Alps.

[1450] The Lake of Como.

[1451] The Lake of Constance.

[1452] The Rhæti occupied the Tirol; the Vindelici that portion of

Bavaria south of the Danube.

[1453] Ptolemy says it has three. It appears that the ancient mouths of

this river were not the same as the present.

[1454] Lyons.

[1455] The Swiss.

[1456] Gosselin identifies the Cimbri as the inhabitants of Jutland or

Denmark.

[1457] Casaubon remarks that the text must be corrupt, since Strabo’s

account of the Helvetii must have been taken from Cæsar, who (lib. i. c.

29) states the number of slain at 258,000, and the survivors at 110,000.

[1458] The Sequani occupied La Franche-Comté.

[1459] Metz was the capital of the Mediomatrici.

[1460] These people dwelt between the Rhine and the Vosges, nearly from

Colmar to Hagenau.

[1461] The Allobroges dwelt to the left of the Rhone, between that river

and the Isère.

[1462] The Arverni have given their name to Auvergne, and the Carnutes

to Chartrain.

[1463] Strabo here copies Cæsar exactly, who, speaking of his second

passage into Britain, (lib. v. c. 8,) says: “Ad solis occasum naves

solvit ... accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere

tempore.”

[1464] The capital of these people is Trèves.

[1465] Viz. to the western bank of the river.

[1466] The Nervii occupied Hainault, and the Comté de Namur.

[1467] The Sicambri occupied the countries of Berg, Mark, and Arensberg.

They afterwards formed part of the people included under the name of

Franci or Franks.

[1468] Bavai, to the south of Valenciennes, was the capital of the

Nervii; Duricortora, now Rheims, of the Remi; Arras of the Atrebates,

and Tongres of the Eburones.

[1469] Térouane was the principal city of the Morini, Beauvais of the

Bellovaci, Amiens of the Ambiani, Soissons of the Suessiones, and

Lilebonne of the Caleti.

[1470] Cæsar (lib. vi. c. 29) describes the forest of Ardennes as 500

miles in extent.

[1471] Ardennes.

[1472] West of the Rhine.

[1473] Ptolemy names it Lucotecia; Cæsar, Lutetia. Julian, who was

proclaimed emperor by his army in this city, names it Leucetia.

[1474] The inhabitants of Vannes and the surrounding country.

[1475] Neque enim his nostræ rostro nocere poterant; tanta erat in his

firmitudo. Cæsar, lib. iii. c. 13.

[1476] Vide Cæsar, lib. iii. c. 14.

[1477] The Boii, who passed into Italy, established themselves near to

Bologna.

[1478] The Senones, or inhabitants of Sens, are thought to have founded

Sienna in Italy.

[1479] The promontory of Calbium, the present Cape Saint-Mahé, is here

alluded to.

[1480] Gosselin observes, “These people called themselves by the name of

Kelts; the Greeks styled them Galatæ, and the Latins Galli or Gauls.”

[1481] The Cimbri inhabited Denmark and the adjacent regions.

[1482] The inhabitants of the Beauvoisis.

[1483] Vide Cæsar, lib. ii. c. 4.

[1484] This slashed garment is the smock frock of the English peasant

and the blouse of the continent.

[1485] Conf. Cæsar, lib. vi. c. 13. Plebs pene servorum habetur loco,

quæ per se nihil audet, et nulli adhibetur consilio.

[1486] By the others are probably meant the Bards and Vates.

[1487] These opinions are also to be found in the Pythagorean

philosophy.

[1488] These particulars are taken from Posidonius. See also Diodorus

Siculus, lib. v. c. 29.

[1489] A similar custom existed amongst the Spartans; the young people

were obliged to present themselves from time to time before the Ephori,

and if of the bulk thought proper for a Spartan, they were praised, if

on the contrary they appeared too fat, they were punished. Athen. l.

xii. p. 550. Ælian, V. H. l. xiv. c. 7. At Rome likewise it was the duty

of the censor to see that the equites did not become too fat; if they

did, they were punished with the loss of their horse. Aulus Gellius,

Noct. Att. l. vii. c. 22.

[1490] Transalpine Gaul.

[1491] The coasts occupied by the Morini extended from la Canche to the

Yser.

[1492] The Menapii occupied Brabant.

[1493] General opinion places the port Itius at Wissant, near Cape

Grisnez; Professor Airy, however, is of opinion that the portus Itius of

Cæsar is the estuary of the Somme. Proceedings of the Society of

Antiquaries of London, 1852, vol. ii. No. 30, p. 198.

[1494] Cæsar passed twice into Britain: the first time he started about

midnight, and arrived at the fourth hour of the day; the second time he

started at the commencement of the night, and did not arrive until the

following day at noon, the wind having failed about midnight.

[1495] The fleet consisted of 1000 vessels, according to Cotta. (Athen.

l. vi. c. 21.) The great loss spoken of by Strabo occurred before the

first return of Cæsar into Gaul. (Cæsar, l. iv. c. 28.) As to his second

return, it was occasioned, to use his own words, “propter repentinos

Galliæ motus.” L. v. c. 22.

[1496] Called by Cæsar, Hibernia; by Mela, Juverna; and by Diodorus

Siculus, Iris.

[1497] This custom resembles that related by Herodotus (lib. i. c. 216,

and iv. 26) of the Massagetæ and Issedoni. Amongst these latter, when

the father of a family died, all the relatives assembled at the house of

the deceased, and having slain certain animals, cut them and the body of

the deceased into small pieces, and having mixed the morsels together,

regaled themselves on the inhuman feast.

[1498] Strabo intends by φανερῶς what Herodotus expresses by μίξιν

ἐμφανέα, καθάπερ τοῖσι προβάτοισι (_concubitum, sicuti pecoribus, in

propatulo esse_).

[1499] Herodotus, (l. iv. c. 180,) mentioning a similar practice amongst

the inhabitants of Lake Tritonis in Libya, tells us that the men owned

the children as they resembled them respectively. Mela asserts the same

of the Garamantes. As to the commerce between relations, Strabo in his

16th Book, speaks of it as being usual amongst the Arabs. It was a

custom amongst the early Greeks. Homer makes the six sons of Æolus marry

their six sisters, and Juno addresses herself to Jupiter as “Et soror et

conjux.” Compare also Cæsar, lib. v.

[1500] An extremity to which the Gauls were driven during the war they

sustained against the Cimbri and Teutones, (Cæsar, lib. vii. c. 77,) and

the inhabitants of Numantia in Iberia, when besieged by Scipio.

(Valerius Maximus, lib. vii. c. 6.) The city of Potidæa in Greece

experienced a similar calamity. (Thucyd. lib. ii. c. 70.)

[1501] Pytheas placed Thule under the 66th degree of north latitude,

which is the latitude of the north of Iceland.

[1502] Transalpine Gaul.

[1503] Port Monaco.

[1504] Vadi.

[1505] Albinga.

[1506] Vintimille.

[1507] Kramer conjectures that instead of Ἀλπιόνια, we should read

Ἀλπεινὰ.

[1508] These people occupied the borders of the province of Murlaka,

near to Istria, on the Gulf of Venice. Mount Albius is still called

Alben.

[1509] Casaubon observes that the Roman writers separated the name

Albium Ingaunum, in the same manner as Albium Intemelium.

[1510] These two tribes inhabited the country round Fréjus and Antibes

as far as the Var.

[1511] Or amber.

[1512] Μόνοικος, an epithet of Hercules signifying “sole inhabitant.”

According to Servius, either because after he had driven out the

Ligurians he remained the sole inhabitant of the country; or because it

was not usual to associate any other divinities in the temples

consecrated to him.

[1513] Λίγυες, or Ligurians.

[1514] Λιγυστικὴ, or Liguria.

[1515] Κελτολίγυες, or Kelto-Ligurians.

[1516] Kramer is of opinion that we should adopt the suggestion of

Mannert, to read here Avignon.

[1517] We have adopted the reading of the older editions, which is also

that of the French translation. Kramer however reads φόβον, and adds

φόρον in a note.

[1518] The Albiœci are named Albici in Cæsar; the capital city is called

by Pliny Alebece Reiorum; it is now Riez in Provence.

[1519] Nîmes.

[1520] There are two rivers of this name which descend from the Alps and

discharge themselves into the Po. The Durias which rises near the

Durance is the _Durias minor_ of the ancients, and the Doria Riparia of

the moderns; this river falls into the Po at Turin.

[1521] Gosselin observes:—The Salassi occupied the country about Aouste,

or Aoste. The name of this city is a corruption of Augusta Prætoria

Salassorum, which it received in the time of Augustus. The Durias which

passes by Aouste is the _Durias major_, the modern Doria Baltea. Its

sources are between the Great Saint Bernard and Mont Blanc.

[1522] The Ister of the classics.

[1523] _Augusta Taurinorum_, hodie Turin, was the capital of these

people.

[1524] Various conjectures have been hazarded concerning this name, of

which there appears to be no other mention.

[1525] The Kentrones occupied la Tarentaise; the Catoriges, the

territories of Chorges and Embrun; the Veragri, a part of the Valais

south of the Rhone; and the Nantuatæ, Le Chablais.

[1526] The Lake of Geneva.

[1527] Saint Gothard.

[1528] The Adda does not flow from the same mountain as the Rhine.

[1529] The Lake of Como.

[1530] The Rhæti are the Grisons; the Vennones, the people of the Val

Telline.

[1531] The Lepontii inhabited the Haut Valais, and the valley of

Leventina; the Tridentini occupied Trente; the Stoni, Sténéco.

[1532] The valley of Aouste.

[1533] These two routes still exist. The former passes by the Great

Saint Bernard, or the Pennine Alps; the latter traverses the Little

Saint Bernard, and descends into La Tarentaise, formerly occupied by the

Centrones.

[1534] Anciently Durias.

[1535] Modena.

[1536] It does not appear that Julius Cæsar is here intended, for he

mentions nothing of it in his Commentaries. It seems more probable that

Strabo used the expression of Cæsar in its wider sense of Emperor, and

alludes to Augustus, of whom he speaks immediately after.

[1537] Ivrea.

[1538] Aouste.

[1539] The limits of these barbarous nations were continually varying

according to their success in war, in general, however, the Rhæti

possessed the country of the Grisons, the Tyrol, and the district about

Trent. The Lepontii possessed the Val Leventina. The Camuni the Val

Camonica. The Vindelici occupied a portion of Bavaria and Suabia; on

their west were the Helvetii or Swiss, and on the north the Boii, from

whom they were separated by the Danube; these last people have left

their name to Bohemia. The Norici possessed Styria, Carinthia, a part of

Austria and Bavaria to the south of the Danube. The Breuni have given

their name to the Val Braunia north of the Lago Maggiore; and the

Genauni appear to have inhabited the Val Agno, between Lake Maggiore and

the Lake of Como, although Strabo seems to place these people on the

northern side of the Alps, towards the confines of Illyria.

[1540] The people of Franche Comté.

[1541] The Germans of Wirtemberg and Suabia.

[1542] The Licattii appear to have inhabited the country about the Lech,

and the Clautinatii that about the Inn; the Vennones the Val Telline.

[1543] This disgusting brutality however is no more barbarous than the

intention put by Homer into the mouth of Agamemnon, “the king of men,”

which Scholiasts have in vain endeavoured to soften or excuse—

τῶν μήτις ὑπεκφύγοι αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον,

χεῖράς θ’ ἡμετέρας· μηδ’ ὅντινα γαστέρι μήτηρ

κοῦρον ἐόντα φέροι, μηδ’ ὃς φύγοι· ἀλλ’ ἅμα πάντες

Ἰλίου ἐξαπολοίατ’, ἀκήδεστοι καὶ ἄφαντοι.

Iliad vi. 57-60.

[1544] This expedition of Tiberius took place in the eleventh year of

the Christian era; Strabo therefore must have written his fourth book in

the 44th year.

[1545] The Carnic, or Julian Alps, is intended.

[1546] Ἄταξ.

[1547] There is, remarks Gosselin, a palpable mistake in this passage.

We neither know of a river named the Isar nor yet the Atax discharging

themselves into the Adriatic. Atesinus or Athesis are the ancient names

of the Adige, but this river flows into the Adriatic, and not, as Strabo

seems to say, into the Danube. The error of the text appears to result

from a transposition of the two names made by the copyists, and to

render it intelligible we should read thus:—“There is a lake from which

proceeds the Atesinus, (or the Adige,) and which, after having received

the Atax, (perhaps the Eisack, or Aicha, which flows by Bolzano,)

discharges itself into the Adriatic. The Isar proceeds from the same

lake, and [passing by Munich] discharges itself into the Danube.”

[1548] Apparently the lake of Constance.

[1549] The Black Forest.

[1550] These two chains are in Murlaka, they are now named Telez and

Fliez.

[1551] The Traun or Würm.

[1552] The Glan in Bavaria.

[1553] The Julian Alps, and Birnbaumerwald.

[1554] Probably Mödling.

[1555] Auersperg, or the Flecken Mungava.

[1556] Möttnig or Mansburg.

[1557] Windisch Grätz, or Brindjel.

[1558] Now Sisseck.

[1559] The text reads Rhine, but we have, in common with Gosselin,

followed the correction of Cluvier, Xylander, and Tyrwhitt.

[1560] The Dacians occupied a part of Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia,

and a portion of Moldavia.

[1561] Coray suggests Nauportus, _now_ Ober-Laibach in Krain. This

suggestion is extremely probable, however Pamportus occurs twice in the

text.

[1562] The river Laibach.

[1563] The Pannonians occupied a portion of Austria and Hungary. The

Taurisci, who formed part of the former people, inhabited Styria.

[1564] Segesta.

[1565] The ancient Colapis.

[1566] This is a description of the elk (cervus alces of Linn.). This

animal no longer exists either in France or in the Alps.

[1567] Lyons.

[1568] La Saintonge.

[1569] Gascony.

[1570] Beauvoisis.

[1571] Picardie.

[1572] From Lyons this route passed by Vienne, Valence, Orange, and

Avignon; here it separated, leading on one side to Tarascon, Nîmes,

Beziers, and Narbonne, and on the other to Ailes, Aix, Marseilles,

Fréjus, Antibes, &c.

[1573] This other route, says Gosselin, starting from Aouste, traversed

the Great Saint Bernard, Valais, the Rhone, a portion of the Vaud, Mount

Jura, and so to Besançon and Langres, where it separated, the road to

the right passing by Toul, Metz, and Trèves, approached the Rhine at

Mayence; while that to the left passed by Troies, Châlons, Rheims, and

Bavai, where it again separated and conducted by various points to the

sea-coast.

[1574] The Italians also went into Spain, and there engaged in working

the mines. Vide Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 36, 38.

[1575] A mountain of Laconia.

[1576] In Arcadia, some suppose it to be the modern Tetragi, others

Diaphorti, and others Mintha.

[1577] In Phocis, Iapara, or Liokura.

[1578] Olympus is a mountain range of Thessaly, bordering on Macedonia,

its summit is thirty miles north of Larissa, in lat. 40° 4’ 32” N.,

long. 22° 25’ E. Its estimated height is 9745 feet.

[1579] Petras _or_ Zagora.

[1580] Now Kissovo; it is situated to the east of the river Peneus,

immediately north of Mount Pelion, and bounds the celebrated vale of

Tempe on one side.

[1581] Gosselin observes, both Polybius and Strabo extended the Alps

from the neighbourhood of Marseilles to beyond the Adriatic Gulf, a

distance twice 2200 stadia. It appeals probable from the words of

Polybius himself, (lib. ii c. 14,) that he merely intended to state the

length of the plains situated at the foot of the mountains, which bound

Italy on the north, and in fact the distance in a right line from the

foot of the Alps about Rivoli or Pignerol to Rovigo, and the marshes

formed at the mouths of the Adige and Po, is 63 leagues, or 2200 stadia

of 700 to a degree.

[1582] This route passes from Tortona, by Vadi, Albinga, Vintimille, and

Monaco, where it crosses the maritime Alps, and thence to Nice, Antibes,

&c. _Gosselin._

[1583] This route passes by Briançon, Mont Genèvre, the Col de

Sestrière, and the Val Progelas.

[1584] The passage by the Val Aouste.

[1585] This route, starting from Milan, passed east of the lake of Como

by Coire, and then by Bregentz to the Lake of Constance.

[1586] The Lago di Garda.

[1587] Lago Maggiore.

[1588] Ticinus. We have followed the example of the French translators

in making the Ticino to flow from the Lago Maggiore, and the Adda from

the Lake of Como; by some inexplicable process the text of Strabo has

been corrupted and these rivers transposed. Kramer notices the

inconsistency of the text.

[1589] The Lake of Como.

[1590] The Gulf of Salerno.

[1591] Venetians.

[1592] Rimini.

[1593] Capo di Leuca.

[1594] Venetians.

[1595] The peninsula occupied by the people named Brettii, or Bruttii.

[1596] The peninsula now designated Terra di Lecce, and called by the

ancients sometimes Iapygia, at others Messapia, Calabria, and Salentina.

The isthmus of this peninsula was supposed to be formed by a line drawn

from Brindisi to Taranto.

[1597] The Gulf of Venice.

[1598] The Sea of Tuscany.

[1599] The Gulf of Salerno.

[1600] Capo di Leuca.

[1601] The Mediterranean.

[1602] Capo dell’ Armi.

[1603] Of Vannes.

[1604] From the Heneti, whence is the race of wild mules. Iliad ii. 857.

[1605] Transpadana.

[1606] The Mediterranean.

[1607] The whole of the coast from Ravenna to Aquileia at the bottom of

the Gulf of Venice is still covered with marshes and lagoons, as it was

in the time of Strabo. The largest of these lagoons are at the mouths of

the Po, the others at the mouths of the torrents which descend from the

Alps.

[1608] Milan.

[1609] Apparently a mistake for Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; we

are unacquainted with any Caius Scipio.

[1610] The Lake of Como.

[1611] The source of the Adda is at the foot of Mount Braulio; the three

sources of the Rhine issue from Mounts St. Bernardin, St. Barnabé, and

Crispalt, at a considerable distance from the source of the Adda.

[1612] Padua.

[1613] This appears to have been the last census of the three taken

under the reign of Augustus. The first occurred in the year of Rome 726,

twenty-eight years before the Christian era; the number of citizens then

amounted to 4,064,000, or, according to Eusebius, 4,011,017. The second

was in the year of Rome 746, eight years before the Christian era; the

number of citizens was then found to be 4,163,000. The third census was

in the year of Rome 767, in the fourteenth year of the Christian era;

the number of citizens at this time was 4,037,000, according to the

monument of Ancyra, but according to Eusebius, 9,070,000.

[1614] Chioggia.

[1615] The Bacchiglione.

[1616] ξυλοπαγὴς ὅλη. We have followed the rendering of the French

translators; however, Guarini, Buonaccivoli, Xylander, Siebenkees, and

Bréquigny, all understand Strabo to mean that the city was built

entirely of wood.

[1617] Altino.

[1618] Butrio.

[1619] Spinazino.

[1620] Oderzo.

[1621] Adria.

[1622] Vicenza.

[1623] About the year 186 before the Christian era.

[1624] Friesach in Steiermark.

[1625] 113 years before the Christian era.

[1626] S. Giovanni del Carso.

[1627] The present Timavo.

[1628] The Adriatic.

[1629] The three islands of Tremiti, namely Domenico, Nicola, and

Caprara, opposite Monte Gargano.

[1630] Arpino.

[1631] Phaethusa, Lampetie, and Lampethusa. See Virg. Ecl. vi. 62; Æn.

x. 190; Ovid Met. ii.

[1632] Either this passage has undergone alteration, or else Strabo is

the only writer who informs us that certain mythological traditions

distinguished the Eridanus from the Po, placing the former of these

rivers in the vicinity of the latter. The père Bardetti thinks the

Greeks originally confounded the Eretenus, a tributary of the Po, with

the name Eridanus.

[1633] Probably Guinea-hens.

[1634] Strabo seems here to doubt that the Electrides islands ever

existed, but the French translators, in a very judicious note, have

explained that the geographical features of the country about the mouths

of the Po had undergone very considerable changes on account of the

immense alluvial deposit brought down from the mountains by that river,

and suggest that these islands had been united to the mainland long

before Strabo’s time, for which reason he would not be able to verify

the ancient traditions. Even at the present day the Cavalier Negrelli is

employing his celebrated engineering science in making the communication

between the Po and the Adriatic navigable, and so rendering the

countries bordering on the Ticino, Adda, Mincio, Trebbia, Panono, and

the adjacent lakes accessible to steam-boats from the Adriatic.

[1635] The Timavum, or temple consecrated to Diomede.

[1636] The Isola di Brioni, Conversara, and S. Nicolo. Pliny calls them

Insulæ Pullariæ.

[1637] This name is probably corrupt; Coray proposes to read Insubri.

[1638] Vadi.

[1639] The Umbrians, or Umbri, of Roman History.

[1640] Piacenza.

[1641] Rimini.

[1642] Modena.

[1643] Bologna.

[1644] Probably corrupt.

[1645] Reggio in Modena.

[1646] Between Parma and Modena, the Val di Montirone and Orte Magrada.

[1647] Quaderna.

[1648] Imola.

[1649] Faenza.

[1650] Ancient Sapis.

[1651] Probably Pisatello.

[1652] The Marecchia.

[1653] Pavia.

[1654] The Ticino.

[1655] Castezzio.

[1656] Tortona.

[1657] Acqui, on the left bank of the Bormia.

[1658] Ucello.

[1659] Δουρίας.

[1660] The ancient Druentia.

[1661] Transalpine Gaul.

[1662] From here to the word Derthon the text appears to be corrupt.

[1663] Tuscany.

[1664] Cluvier proposes to read “from Placentia to Parma;” he has been

followed throughout the passage by the French translators.

[1665] M. Æmilius Scaurus.

[1666] Strabo here falls into a mistake in attributing to C. Flaminius

Nepos, who was consul in the year of Rome 567, 187 years before the

Christian era, the construction of the Via Flaminia which led from the

Portus Flumentana to the city of Ariminum. According to most Latin

authors, this grand route was formed by C. Flaminius Nepos, censor in

the year of Rome 534, and 220 years before the Christian era (the same

who three years afterwards was slain at the battle of Thrasymenus).

Livy, whose authority is certainly of great weight, speaking of the

grand road made by C. Flaminius Nepos, consul in the year of Rome 567,

states expressly that it led from Bologna to Arezzo. Hist. lib. xxxix. §

[1667] Bologna.

[1668] Maffei proposes to substitute Placentia for Aquileia.

[1669] Cisalpine Gaul.

[1670] The ancient Æsis, now Esino, named also Fiumesino.

[1671] Probably the Pisatello.

[1672] Modena.

[1673] The Scultanna of antiquity.

[1674] Padua.

[1675] A kind of cassock with long hair.

[1676] Probably Victimolo.

[1677] Piacenza.

[1678] Gallia Cispadana.

[1679] Ὀμβρικὴ, now Ombria.

[1680] Or nearest to the Adriatic.

[1681] Rimini.

[1682] Larcher calculates that it was about the year of Rome 91, or 663

years before the Christian era, that Demaratus, flying from the tyranny

of Cypselus at Corinth, established himself in Tyrrhenia.

[1683] Strabo here mentions only one son of Demaratus, to whom he gives

the name of Lucumo; in this latter statement he is supported by

Dionysius Halicarnassius. Livy also mentions a young citizen of Clusium

named Lucumo. But there is reason to believe that these three writers

were deceived by the writers whom they followed. It seems to be

incontestable that Lucumo was the designation of the chief of each of

the twelve cities of Etruria.

[1684] Dionysius Halicarnassius relates that after a brisk war the cities

of Etruria submitted to Tarquinius Priscus, and that the Romans

permitted him to accept this foreign royalty, and still hold the throne

of Rome. No historian that we are aware of, with the exception of

Strabo, mentions the benefits received by Etruria from that prince.

[1685] Chiusi.

[1686] B. C. 508.

[1687] The people of Cerveteri.

[1688] This is also related by Livy and Valerius Maximus.

[1689] A Grecian form of salutation, equivalent to our “good-morning.”

[1690] Cæri, according to Holstenius, the Bagni di Sasso, Cluvier

considered it Bagni di Stigliano.

[1691] Odyssey xix. 175. And there is a different language of different

men mixed together; there are in it Achaians, and magnanimous

Eteocretans, and Cydonians, and crest-shaking Dorians, and divine

Pelasgians.

[1692] The Salambria, Costum.

[1693] Iliad xvi. 223.

[1694] Metelino.

[1695] Iliad ii. 840, Hippothous led the tribes of the spear-skilled

Pelasgians, of those who inhabited fertile Larissa.

[1696] We have followed the example of the French translators in reading

ᾤκησεν with all MSS. Groskurd and Kramer adopt the views of Xylander and

Siebenkees in substituting ᾤκισεν.

[1697] Οἱ τὴν Ἀτθίδα συγγράψαντες. Ἀτθὶς was a title given to their

works by many authors who wrote on Athenian Antiquities, as Philochorus,

Androtion, Amelesagoras, Hellanicus, &c.

[1698] Or Storks.

[1699] Volterra.

[1700] Ruins near Ansedonia.

[1701] Coray here reads οὖν for οὐκ. Kramer considers the passage

corrupt.

[1702] The French translation here gives 1460, and a note by Gosselin.

[1703] Σελήνη, the moon.

[1704] The bay of Spezia.

[1705] The mountains of Carrara.

[1706] The Mediterranean.

[1707] Other writers mention a river Macra, but none of them, as it

appears, a district in Italy bearing that name. Kramer supposes that

Strabo wrote ποτάμιον, and not χωρίον, the reading of all MSS.

[1708] Near the mouth of the river Basiento.

[1709] The ancient Arnus.

[1710] Corresponding to the present Serchio, which discharges itself

into the sea, and not into the Arno. The time when this change of

direction took place is not recorded, but traces of the ancient name and

course of the river remain in the Osari, which, after flowing a short

distance through a marshy district, falls into the sea between the

Serchio and Arno.

[1711] Arezzo.

[1712] Volterra.

[1713] Eighty-one years B. C.

[1714] This was a regular business. A man was posted on a high place,

from which he could see the shoals coming, and make a sign to the

fishermen.

[1715] Corsica.

[1716] The island of Elba.

[1717] The French translation has 200 in text, while it states in a note

that all manuscripts give 300, and continues to discuss the real

distance at some length. Kramer says, in a note, that MS. Vatic. No.

482, has 200.

[1718] Πλαταμῶνας is here adopted in preference to any attempt at

translation. It is probable they were quarries of the cream-coloured

limestone of the island.

[1719] Porto Ferrajo.

[1720] Gosselin supposes that the crystals of iron, abundant in the

island of Elba, are here alluded to.

[1721] The testimony of Diodorus is just to the contrary. The Corsican

slaves appear better fitted than any others for performing useful

services; their physical constitution being peculiarly adapted thereto.

Diodor. Sic. l. v. § 13.

[1722] None of these names are found in Ptolemy’s description of

Corsica. Diodorus Siculus has names somewhat similar.

[1723] It is uncertain to whom Strabo here alludes. The French

translators are of opinion that he alludes to the chart of Agrippa.

[1724] The French translators read with their manuscript 1394, περὶ

τρισχιλίους, κ. τ. λ., about 3200.

[1725] Cagliari.

[1726] Cluvier is of opinion that the modern Palma di Solo corresponds

to Sulchi.

[1727] Some manuscripts read Diagebres.

[1728] The nephew of Hercules, being the son of Iphiclus, his brother.

[1729] That is, Corsica and Sardinia run in a line north and south, and

Elba lies to one side; the παράλληλοι σχεδὸν αἱ τρεῖς is an example

showing how happily a circumstance may be expressed in Greek, while no

amount of labour will adapt an English equivalent.

[1730] The real distance, according to Gosselin, is 115 miles.

[1731] Porto Ercole.

[1732] The Stagno d’ Orbitello.

[1733] Situated in the marshy plain commanded by the heights of Corneto,

between the Mignone and the Marta.

[1734] This town stood on the site of the present S. Severa, at the

mouth of the Rio-Castrica.

[1735] The ancient Alsium occupied the site of the place now called

Statua; below it are the vestiges of the Portus Alsiensis, at the

embouchure of the Rio-Cupino, a little to the east of Palo.

[1736] Torre Macarese.

[1737] The Roman Lucina, in later times identical with Diana.

[1738] About the year 384 before the Christian era.

[1739] Corsica.

[1740] Arezzo.

[1741] Perugia.

[1742] Bolsena.

[1743] Sutri.

[1744] Bieda.

[1745] The French translation understands this to be the modern Ferenti,

near Viterbo.

[1746] Sta. Maria di Falari.

[1747] Probably another name for Falerium.

[1748] Nepi.

[1749] Castro, or Farnese, near Lake Mezzano.

[1750] This ancient city was probably situated near the Isola Farnesia,

about the place where Storta now stands.

[1751] Fidenæ was situated on the left bank of the Tiber, near its

confluence with the Anio, now the Teverone, 40 stadia from Rome. The

ruins are near the villages Giubileo and Serpentina.

[1752] _Hodie_ Otricoli: the ancient town was situated nearer the Tiber

than the modern.

[1753] Monte di S. Silvestro.

[1754] Arezzo.

[1755] Chiusi.

[1756] Perugia.

[1757] Tyrrhenia.

[1758] An aquatic plant, perhaps the Typha of Linnæus, used in making

lamp-wicks, and for other purposes to which tow was applied.

[1759] The downy substance growing on the flowering reed.

[1760] The Lago di Vico _or_ di Ronciglione.

[1761] Lago di Bolsena.

[1762] Now only marshes.

[1763] Lago di Bracciano.

[1764] All MSS. are corrupt at this word. It is now called Lago di

Perugia.

[1765] Rimini.

[1766] Sinigaglia.

[1767] Apparently an interpolation; vide Kramer’s edition, vol. i. p.

358, _n._

[1768] The Æsis.

[1769] Sentina.

[1770] Fano.

[1771] Umbria.

[1772] Otricoli.

[1773] No such city as this is mentioned in any other writer; the word

as it now stands is evidently corrupt.

[1774] Narni.

[1775] The ancient Nar.

[1776] Bevagna.

[1777] Mevania stood at the junction of the Tinia (now Timia) and the

Topino.

[1778] Forfiamma, or Ponte-Centesimo, or the village of Vescia.

[1779] Nocera Camellaria.

[1780] Fossembruno.

[1781] Terni.

[1782] Spoleto.

[1783] Between Spoleto and Camerino.

[1784] The left side of the Via Flaminia.

[1785] Amelia.

[1786] Todi.

[1787] Hispello.

[1788] Eugubbio, or Gubbio, where the celebrated inscriptions were found

in 1440.

[1789] Ζειὰ.

[1790] Sabina and Latium.

[1791] Probably Lamentana Vecchia.

[1792] Groskurd considers this to be Amatrice.

[1793] Rieti.

[1794] Interdoco, between Rieti and Aquila.

[1795] Civita Tommassa, or rather Forcella.

[1796] Monte Leone della Sabina.

[1797] Chaupy considers this to be Rimane.

[1798] Rieti.

[1799] He flourished about 216 years before the Christian era.

[1800] Gosselin calls our attention to the difference between Strabo’s

relation of these occurrences, and the events as commonly recounted by

the Greek and Latin authors.

[1801] Near the spot now called Paterno.

[1802] Cluvier placed the ancient Alba on the east shore of Lake Albano,

about Palazzuolo. Holstenius thinks that it was on the southern shore,

in the locality of Villa-Domitiana. The Abbé de Chaupy places it farther

to the east of Monte Albano.

[1803] Monte Albano.

[1804] The sites of these places are much disputed.

[1805] Kramer considers this 40 an interpolation.

[1806] Usually Ambarvalia, sacrifices performed by the Fratres Arvales,

who formed “a college or company of twelve in number, and were so called

according to Varro, from offering public sacrifices for the fertility of

the fields. That they were of extreme antiquity is proved by the legend

which refers their institution to Romulus; of whom it is said, that when

his nurse, Acca Laurentia, lost one of her twelve sons, he allowed

himself to be adopted by her in his place, and called himself and the

remaining eleven—Fratres Arvales. (Gell. vi. 7.) We also find a college

called the Sodales Titii, and as the latter were confessedly of Sabine

origin, and instituted for the purpose of keeping up the Sabine

religious rites, (Tac. Ann. i. 53,) there is some reason for the

supposition of Niebuhr, that these colleges corresponded one to the

other—the Fratres Arvales being connected with the Latin, and the

Sodales Titii with the Sabine element of the Roman state; just as there

were two colleges of the Luperci, the Fabii and the Quinctilii, the

former of whom seem to have belonged to the Sabines.

The office of the Fratres Arvales was for life, and was not taken away

even from an exile or captive. They wore, as a badge of office, a

chaplet of ears of corn fastened on their heads with a white band. The

number given on inscriptions varies, but it is never more than nine;

though, according to the legend and general belief, it amounted to

twelve. One of their annual duties was to celebrate a three days’

festival in honour of Dea Dia, supposed to be Ceres.... Of this the

master of the college, appointed annually, gave public notice from the

temple of Concord on the Capitol. On the first and last of these days,

the college met at the house of their president, to make offerings to

the Dea Dia; on the second day they assembled in the grove of the same

goddess, about five miles south of Rome, and there offered sacrifices

for the fertility of the earth. An account of the different ceremonies

of this festival is preserved in an inscription, which was written in

the first year of the emperor Heliogabalus, (A. D. 218,) who was elected

a member of the college under the name of M. Aurelius Antoninus Pius

Felix. The same inscription contains a hymn, which appears to have been

sung at the festival from the most ancient times.

Besides this festival of the Dea Dia, the Fratres Arvales were required

on various occasions under the emperors to make vows and offer up

thanksgivings, an enumeration of which is given in Porcellini. Strabo

indeed informs us that, in the reign of Tiberius, these priests

performed sacrifices called the _Ambarvalia_ at various places on the

borders of the Ager Romanus, or original territory of Rome; and amongst

others, at Festi. There is no boldness in supposing that this was a

custom handed down from time immemorial; and, moreover, that it was a

duty of this priesthood to invoke a blessing upon the whole territory of

Rome. It is proved by inscriptions that this college existed till the

reign of the emperor Gordian, or A. D. 325, and it is probable that it

was not abolished till A. D. 400, together with the other colleges of

the pagan priesthoods.

The private Ambarvalia were certainly of a different nature to those

mentioned by Strabo, and were so called from the victim _hostia

Ambarvalis_ that was slain on the occasion, being led three times round

the corn-fields, before the sickle was put to the corn. This victim was

accompanied by a crowd of merry-makers, (_chorus et socii_,) the reapers

and farm-servants, dancing and singing, as they marched along, the

praises of Ceres, and praying for her favour and presence while they

offered her the libations of milk, honey, and wine. (Virg. _Georg._ i.

338.) This ceremony was also called a _lustratio_, (Virg. _Ecl._ v. 83,)

or purification; and for a beautiful description of the holiday, and the

prayers and vows made on the occasion, the reader is referred to

Tibullus (ii. 1). It is perhaps worth while to remark that Polybius (iv.

21, § 9) uses language almost applicable to the Roman Ambarvalia in

speaking of the Mantineians, who, he says, (specifying the occasion,)

made a purification, and carried victims round the city and all the

country.

There is, however, a still greater resemblance to the rites we have been

describing, in the ceremonies of the Rogation or gang-week of the Latin

church. These consisted of processions through the fields, accompanied

with prayers (_rogationes_) for a blessing on the fruits of the earth,

and were continued during three days in Whitsun-week. The custom was

abolished at the Reformation in consequence of its abuses, and the

perambulation of the parish boundaries substituted in its place. (_Vide_

Hooker, Eccl. Pol. v. 61, 2; Wheatley, Com. Pray. v. 20. Bohn’s Standard

Library edition.)

[1807] The Camenæ, says Dr. Smith, were prophetic nymphs, and belonged

to the religion of ancient Italy, although later traditions represent

them as having been introduced into Italy from Arcadia. Two of the

Camenæ were Antevorta and Postvorta; the third was Carmenta or

Carmentis, a prophetic and healing divinity, who had a temple at the

foot of the Capitoline hill, and altars near the Porta Carmentalis. The

traditions which assigned a Greek origin to her worship at Rome, state

that her original name was Nicostrata, and that she was called Carmentis

fron her prophetic powers. (Serv. _ad Æn._ viii. 51, 336; Dionys. i. 15,

32.) According to these traditions, she was the mother of Evander, the

Arcadian, by Hermes, and after having endeavoured to persuade her son to

kill Hermes, she fled with him to Italy, where she gave oracles to the

people and to Hercules. She was put to death by her son at the age of

110 years, and then obtained divine honours. Dionys. i. 31, &c.

[1808] This name is written in Strabo sometimes Αἴκοι, sometimes

Αἴκουοι; the Latin writers also named them differently, Æqui, Æcani,

Æquicoli, &c.

[1809] Privernates of Pliny; the chief city is now called Piperno.

[1810] 604 years B. C.

[1811] Suessa surnamed Pometia, to distinguish it from Suessa Aurunca,

is here alluded to. Its exact position does not appear to be known.

[1812] La Riccia.

[1813] Capo d’ Anzo.

[1814] Monte Dragone.

[1815] Monte Circello.

[1816] According to Cluvier, Strabo was mistaken in making Latium extend

to the country of the Peligni, as these latter were always separated

from Latium by the Marsi.

[1817] Sezza.

[1818] The vine to which the term arbustive or hautain is applied, which

the French translators explain as a vine trained from the foot of a

tree.

[1819] Castor and Pollux.

[1820] Near Paterno.

[1821] Storas, the Astura of Pliny.

[1822] Libs.

[1823] _Hodie_, the Porto di Paula, connected with the Lake of S. Maria.

[1824] This does not appear to be in accordance with the statement of

Dionysius Halicarnassius and Pliny, that the Ausonians anciently

possessed the whole coast, from the Strait of Messina to the entrance of

the Adriatic.

[1825] Or mountainous.

[1826] We should doubtless here read the Ufens, the modern Ufente.

[1827] Βρεντέσιον, now Brindes.

[1828] Mola di Gaëta.

[1829] The ruins of this town are extant on either bank of the

Garigliano, the ancient Liris.

[1830] Rocca di Monte Dragone.

[1831] Compare Horace, Satir. l. i. sat. 5.

[1832] Tarracina and Formiæ.

[1833] Gaëta.

[1834] At Sperlunga.

[1835] The Garigliano.

[1836] Vestini, MSS.

[1837] Ponza.

[1838] Sezza. The French translators think this should be Vescia.

[1839] Albano.

[1840] Called also the Quirinal, and often Salara, according to Ovid.

[1841] Anio.

[1842] The Nar.

[1843] The Teneas of Strabo.

[1844] ὁ Κλάνις, there were other rivers called Clanis as well as this.

[1845] Chiusi.

[1846] Suetonius likewise mentions this fact. Dion Cassius informs us

that Augustus, in the year of Rome 732, and twenty-two years before our

era, commanded that the curule ædiles should promptly endeavour to

arrest the progress of conflagrations, and for this purpose placed at

their disposal 600 guards. Fifteen years afterwards he established a

company of seven freedmen, presided over by one of the equestrian order,

to see what means could be taken in order to prevent these numerous

fires. Augustus, however, was not the first to take precautions of this

nature, as we may learn from Livy, l. ix. § 46; l. xxxix. § 14; Tacit.

Annal. l. xv. § 43, and various other authorities.

[1847] Subsequent emperors reduced this standard still lower. See what

Tacitus says of Nero in regard to this point, Annal. l. xv. § 43. Trajan

forbade that any house should be constructed above 60 feet in height.

Sextus Aurelius Victor, Epit. § 27.

[1848] There were five modes of playing at ball; 1. Throwing it up and

catching it; 2. Foot-ball; 3. A throwing of the ball from one to another

in a large party of players; 4. A dashing of the ball to the ground with

force enough to rebound, when it was struck down again with the palm of

the hand, and a reckoning was kept of the number of times the feat was

repeated; and 5. A ball thrown among the players, who all endeavoured to

obtain possession of it; this was a game of which we have no accurate

account, it was called ἁρπαστὸν, and Galen speaks of it, περὶ μικρᾶς

σφαίρας, c. 2, p. 902.

[1849] Coray proposes to read δίσκῳ, at quoits.

[1850] The tomb of Augustus.

[1851] θῆκαι, urns, Greek.

[1852] The Campus Martius.

[1853] The modern Capua.

[1854] S. Maria di Capoa.

[1855] Tuscolo.

[1856] L’Osteria dell’ Aglio.

[1857] Ferentino, near to Vitorchiano.

[1858] Frusinone.

[1859] Falvaterra.

[1860] Trerus.

[1861] Aquino.

[1862] Melpis.

[1863] Teano.

[1864] Calvi.

[1865] Nova Capua.

[1866] Sezza.

[1867] Segni.

[1868] πρὸ δὲ ταύτης. It seems doubtful whether ταύτης refers to Signia,

or the Via Appia.

[1869] This city was sacked by the last Tarquin.

[1870] Core.

[1871] Probably Torre Petrara.

[1872] Kramer supposes this name to be an interpolation; the idea of

Cluvier, adopted by Siebenkees and Coray, is that we should here read

Σουέσσα τῶν Πωμεντίνων, Suessa Pometia.

[1873] Velletri.

[1874] Alatri.

[1875] Ceperano.

[1876] 125, B. C.

[1877] Now called l’Osteria del Pantano, situated very near the Castel

dell’ Osa, and close by the lake Pantan de’ Griffi.

[1878] Palestrina.

[1879] Anagni.

[1880] Cerretano.

[1881] Liris.

[1882] Venafro.

[1883] Vulturnus.

[1884] Capua.

[1885] Castel di Volturno.

[1886] Isernia.

[1887] Allife.

[1888] 90 years B. C.

[1889] Tivoli.

[1890] The modern Pentima is supposed to occupy the site where the

citadel of Corfinium stood, and the church of S. Pelino, about three

miles from Popoli, stands on that of the ancient city of Corfinium.

[1891] We read with all MSS. and editions, Valeria, but Kramer,

following the conjectures of Cluvier and others, has adopted Varia in

his text.

[1892] Carsoli.

[1893] Albi.

[1894] Groskurd considers this to be Cucullo, alias Scutolo.

[1895] Il Tuscolo, above the modern town of Frascati.

[1896] The classic Anio.

[1897] The waters from the sulphur-lake; named the Solfatara di Tivoli.

[1898] Now the Lago di S. Giovanni, _or_ Bagni di Grotta Marozza.

[1899] Prob. Cretona, not Monte Rotondo.

[1900] The younger Marius being entirely defeated by Sulla in the

decisive battle fought near Sacriportus, B. C. 82, Marius threw himself

into Præneste, where he had deposited the treasures of the Capitoline

temple. (Pliny H. N. l. xxxiii. s. 5.) Sulla left Lucretius Opella to

prosecute the siege while he hastened on to Rome. Various efforts were

made to relieve Præneste, but they all failed; and after Sulla’s great

victory at the Colline gate of Rome, in which Pontius Telesinus was

defeated and slain, Marius despaired of holding out any longer, and in

company with the brother of Telesinus attempted to escape by a

subterraneous passage, which led from the town into the open country;

but finding that their flight was discovered, they put an end to one

another’s lives. According to other accounts, Marius killed himself, or

was killed by his slave at his own request. Marius perished in the year

of his consulship. Smith, Dict. Biogr. and Myth.

[1901] The Abbé Chaupy is inclined to think that this was a name given

to the part nearest the source of the river which Strabo, § 9, calls the

Trerus, but Kramer thinks it was originally written ὁ Τρῆρος, and

corrupted by the copyists.

[1902] Monte Cavo.

[1903] We have translated literally ἔχει δ’ ὅμως ἐρυμνὴν ἄκραν, but it

is possible that Strabo may have meant that the citadel was built on a

height above the town; if so the citadel would occupy the site of la

Riccia.

[1904] Civita Lavinia, or, Città della Vigna.

[1905] Or Grove of Diana.

[1906] Nemus Ariciæ.

[1907] The text here appears to be mutilated.

[1908] Monte Cavo.

[1909] The Lago d’ Albano.

[1910] Alba Fucensis is here intended: _hod._ Albi.

[1911] The Judicello.

[1912] Catania, in Sicily.

[1913] See Pliny in reference to the Aqua Marcia, Hist. Nat. l. xxxi. §

24, also l. ii. § 106.

[1914] It served successively as a place of confinement for the kings

Syphax, Perseus, and Bituitus.

[1915] Cisalpine Gaul.

[1916] Rimini.

[1917] The Fiumesino.

[1918] Giulia Nova.

[1919] Osimo.

[1920] S. Severino.

[1921] Probably for Pollentia, on the Chiento, opposite Urbisaglia.

[1922] Ruins, on the river Potenza, near to Porto di Recanati.

[1923] Fermo.

[1924] Porto di Fermo.

[1925] Near to the river Monecchia, not far from Marano.

[1926] Truentum.

[1927] The position of this city is still disputed, it has been

identified with Porto d’ Ascoli, Torre di Seguro, and other places.

[1928] Giulia Nova.

[1929] Matrinus.

[1930] Atri.

[1931] Ascoli.

[1932] The text is here defective.

[1933] The Vestini appear to have occupied the region where at present

Aquila, Ofena, Civita Aquana, Civita di Penna, Civita di St. Angelo, and

Pescara are situated.

[1934] They inhabited the canton in which are built Tagliacozzo,

Scurcola, Albi, Celano, Pescina, and the environs of Lake Celano.

[1935] Inhabited the territories of Sulmona, Pentima, and Popolo.

[1936] Occupied the district of Tieti or Chieti.

[1937] Inhabited the right bank of the Sangro, the territory of Guasto,

the banks of the Trigno and Biferno, the district of Larino, the left

bank of the Fortore, and extended north-west towards Pescara.

[1938] 91 B. C.

[1939] Pentima near Popoli.

[1940] The first consuls were Q. Pompædius Silo, and C. Aponius Mutilus;

the prætors were Herius Asinius for the Marucini, C. Veltius Cato for

the Marsi, M. Lamponius and T. Cleptius for the Leucani, Marius Egnatius

Trebatius and Pontius Telesinus for the Samnites, C. Judacilius for the

Apuli or Picentini, and A. Cluentius for the Peligni. Many other

officers besides these distinguished themselves in the several campaigns

of the Marsian war.

[1941] A note in the French translation would make the duration of the

Marsian war twelve years.

[1942] Diodorus Siculus agrees with Strabo, in asserting that this war

was called Marsian, because it had been commenced by the Marsi, Ὠνομάσθαι

δέ φησι Μαρσικὸν [i. e. πόλεμον] ἐκ τῶν ἀρξάντων τῆς ἀποστάσεως,

however, Velleius Paterculus asserts that the people of Asculum

commenced the war, which was continued by the Marsi; and Livy (Epit.

lib. lxxii.) makes the Picentini the first to raise the standard of

revolt.

[1943] Quintus Pompædius Silo.

[1944] _Now_ Sulmona, about seven miles south-east of Corfinium. It was

the birth-place of Ovid.

Sulmo mihi patria est gelidis uberrimus undis.

_Ovid. Trist._ iv. El. 9.

[1945]

Marruvium, veteris celebratum nomine Marri,

Urbibus est illis caput.

_Sil. Ital._ viii. 507.

We must place this city, with Holstenius, at San Benedetto, on the

eastern shore of the lake, where inscriptions have been found which

leave no doubt on the subject. The coins of Marruvium have MARUB on the

reverse and a head of Pluto.

[1946] Now Chieti, on the right bank of the Pescara. The family of

Asinius Pollio came originally from this place.

[1947] Pescara.

[1948] Ortona-a-Mare.

[1949] Romanelli, (tom. iii. p. 40,) founding his opinion on ancient

ecclesiastical records and the reports of local antiquaries, informs us

that the ruins of Buca exist at the present Penna.

[1950] According to Holstenius and Romanelli, Civitate; according to

others, Ponte Rotto.

[1951] Kramer is of opinion that this passage, from “Ortonium” to

“life,” is an interpolation posterior to the age of Strabo.

[1952] Romanelli affirms that the mountain from which the river Alaro

flows is called Sagra, and Cramer considers that river to be the ancient

Sagrus.

[1953] The Daunii formed only a portion of the Apuli.

[1954] We have followed Kramer’s reading, τετρακοσίων ἐνενήκοντα.

[1955] The ruins of Monte Dragone.

[1956] Punta di Miseno.

[1957] The bay of Naples.

[1958] Punta della Campanella.

[1959] This passage is not found in the works of Polybius, as handed

down to us.

[1960] Sorrento.

[1961] Torre di Patria.

[1962] Liternus.

[1963] Vulturnum.

[1964] Venafro.

[1965] Κύμη. The Greeks gave a singular form to this name of the ancient

seat of the Sibyl. Her chamber, which was hewn out of the solid rock,

was destroyed when the fortress of Cumæ was besieged by Narses, who

undermined it.

[1966] Eusebius states that it was founded 1050 B. C., a few years

before the great migration of the Ionians into Asia Minor.

[1967] We may observe that Strabo seems not to have restricted the

Φλέγραιον πέδιον to that which modern geographers term the Phlegræan

plains, which are contained between Cumæ and the hills bordering the

Lake Agnano, a little beyond Pozzuolo, but, like Pliny, to have extended

it to the whole region, at present termed Terra di Lavoro.

[1968] A note in the French translation observes, that Diodorus Siculus

(lib. xii. § 76) places this event in the fourth year of the 89th

Olympiad, 421 B. C. Livy (lib. iv. § 44) seems to place it a year later.

[1969] It is now called Pineta di Castel Volturno.

[1970] Forty years B. C.

[1971] Punta di Miseno.

[1972] Lago di Fusaro.

[1973] Lago Lucrino. This lake has almost disappeared, owing to a

subterraneous eruption, which in 1538 displaced the water and raised the

hill called Monte Nuovo.

[1974] Lago d’ Averno.

[1975] νέκυια, the title of the 11th book of the Odyssey.

[1976] νεκυομαντεῖον, another title of the same (11th) book.

[1977] Strabo is not the only one who mentions this: Virgil says,

“Spelunca alta fuit, vastoque immanis hiatu,

Scrupea, tuta lacu nigro, nemorumque tenebris;

Quam super haud ullæ poterant impune volantes

Tendere iter pennis; talis sese halitus atris

Faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat;

Unde locum Graii dixerunt nomine Avernum.”

Æneid. vi. 237.

[1978] The Greeks applied the term Plutonian to places where

disagreeable and pestilential exhalations arose.

[1979]

“Nor ever does the light-giving Sun shine upon them.”

_Odys._ xi. 15.

[1980] The text here appears to have been corrupted.

[1981] We agree with Kramer in considering as an interpolation the

words, τε καὶ ἐπὶ Νέαν πόλιν ἐκ Δικαιαρχίας ἐπὶ ταῖς Βαΐαις, _and

likewise another at Neapolis from Dicæarchia to Baiæ_. It is generally

supposed that the Grotta di Pausilipo, or Crypta Neapolitana, is of much

greater antiquity than the Augustan age, when Cocceius flourished. There

is good reason to refer that great undertaking to the Cumæi, of whose

skill in works of this nature we have so remarkable an instance in the

temple of their sibyl.

[1982] Dion Cassius tells us, on the contrary, that owing to the

exertions of Agrippa, the gulfs both of Avernus and Lucrinus became

excellent ports, λιμένας ναυλοχωτάτους ἀπέδειξεν.

[1983] Pozzuoli.

[1984] La Solfa-terra.

[1985] Naples.

[1986] Innumerable accounts exist relative to the foundation of this

city. The most prevalent fiction was that the siren Parthenope was cast

upon its shores, and from her it derived the name, by which it was

usually designated by the ancient poets.

Sirenum dedit una suum memorabile nomen

Parthenope muris Acheloïas: æquore cujus

Regnavere diu cantus, quum dulce per undas

Exitium miseris caneret non prospera nautis.

_Sil. Ital._ xii. 33.

Scymnus of Chios mentions both the Phocæi and Cumæi as its founders.

Stephanus of Byzantium attributes its foundation to the Rhodians; their

proximity is favourable to the claims of the Cumæi, and hence the

connexion of Naples with Eubœa, alluded to by Statius, who was born

there.

At te nascentem gremio mea prima recepit

Parthenope, dulcisque solo tu gloria nostro

Reptasti; nitidum consurgat ad æthera tellus

Eubois, et pulchra tumeat Sebethos alumna.

_Silv._ i. 2.

A Greek inscription mentions a hero named Eumelus as having had divine

honours paid to him, possibly as founder of the city. [See Capaccio,

Hist. Nap. p. 105. Martorelli de’ Fenici primi abitatori di Napoli.]

This may illustrate the following lines,—

Di patrii, quos auguriis super æquora magnis

Littus ad Ausonium devexit Abantia classis,

Tu ductor populi longe emigrantis Apollo,

Cujus adhuc volucrem leva cervice sedentem

Respiciens blande felix Eumelis adorat.

_Silv._ iv. 8, 45.

[1987] Probably those mentioned in a fragment of Timæus, quoted by

Tzetzes, (ad Lycophr. v. 732-737,) as having migrated to Italy under the

command of Diotimus, who also instituted the λαμπαδηφορία, which was

still observed at Naples in the time of Statius:

Tuque Actæa Ceres, cursu cui semper anhelo

Votivam taciti quassamus lampada mystæ.

_Silv._ iv. 8, 50.

[1988] Neapolis, or Naples, signifying the new city.

[1989] Places of exercise for youth.

[1990] Societies.

[1991] Grotta di Pausilipo.

[1992] Pausilypus mons was the name of the ridge of hills which

separates the bay of Naples from that of Pozzuoli. This was probably

given to it on account of its delightful situation and aspect, which

rendered it the favourite residence of several noble and wealthy Romans.

[1993] Puteoli.

[1994] Seneca, in describing the Crypta Neapolitana, as it was then

called, gives an exaggerated account of the sombre horrors of the place.

Perhaps in his time the apertures had become obstructed, which was

evidently not the case at the time when Strabo, or the authority whom he

follows, visited the place.

[1995] Hercolano, or Herculaneum, by Cicero (to Atticus, vii. 3) called

Herculanum. It is probable that the subversion of this town was not

sudden, but progressive, since Seneca mentions a partial demolition

which it sustained from an earthquake. (_Nat. Quæst._ vi. 1.) So many

books have been written on the antiquities and works of art discovered

in Herculaneum, that the subject need not be enlarged upon here.

[1996] Several inscriptions in Oscan, and Etruscan, characters have been

discovered in the ruins of Herculaneum. Lanzi, (tom. iii.,)—Romanelli

Viaggio a Pompei ed Ercolano.

[1997] Pompeii.

[1998] The ancient Sarnus.

[1999] These Pelasgi were established among the Tyrrhenians.

[2000] It is believed that the Samnites possessed both places, 310, B.

[2001] The Romans must have been masters of these cities 272, B. C.

(Livy, Epit. xiv.)

[2002] Nola resisted, under the able direction of Marcellus, all the

efforts of Hannibal after the battle of Cannæ. A remarkable inscription

in Oscan characters relative to this town is explained by Lanzi, (tom.

iii. 612,) its name is there written NUFLA. See Cramer’s Ancient Italy,

vol. ii. p. 211.

[2003] Nocera de’ Pagani.

[2004] Sorrento.

[2005] Punta della Campanella.

[2006] The Sirenusæ were three small rocks detached from the land, and

celebrated as the islands of the Sirens; they are now called Galli. See

Holsten. Adnot. p. 248; Romanelli, tom. iii. p. 619. Virgil, Æn. v. 864,

describes them as,

Jamque adeo scopulos advecta subibat;

Difficiles quondam, multorumque ossibus albos.

It had been decreed that the Sirens should live only till some one

hearing their song should pass on unmoved, and Orpheus, who accompanied

the Argonauts, having surpassed the Sirens, and led on the ship, they

cast themselves into the sea, and were metamorphosed into these rocks.

[2007] The bay of Naples.

[2008] Punta di Miseno.

[2009] Procida.

[2010] Ischia.

[2011] It appears that Hiero the First is here alluded to; he ascended

the throne 478 years before the Christian era.

[2012] The volcanos of Sicily, Lipari, Pithecussæ, _or_ Ischia, and

Mount Vesuvius. See Humboldt (Cosmos i. 238, _note_).

[2013] We, in common with the French translators and Siebenkees, have

adopted the νήσους found in the MS. of Peter Bembo, and some others

cited by Casaubon.

[2014] Pindar Pyth. Od. i. 32; Conf. Pindar. Olymp. Od. iv. 2.

[2015] This writer flourished about 264 years before the Christian era.

[2016] _Epopeus mons_, now sometimes called Epomeo, but more commonly

Monte San Nicolo.

[2017] The waters at the source Olmitello, in the southern part of the

island, are the most efficacious for this disease.

[2018] Capri.

[2019] Teano.

[2020] Galazze. We have not hesitated to read Callateria, with all MSS.

Kramer has printed Καλατία in text. Numismatic writers ascribe to this,

and not the Samnite Calatia, the coins with the head of Jupiter on the

obverse, and the legend, KALAT, and KALATI, in retrograde Oscan

characters on the reverse. Mionnet. Med. Ant. Suppl. vol. i. p. 232;

Sestini, Monet. Vet. p. 13.

[2021] S. Maria di Goti, near to Forchia Caudina.

[2022] Benevento.

[2023] Nova Capua.

[2024] Volturno.

[2025] The text has μεδίμνου; but we adopted μυὸς, the word proposed by

most of the Greek editors; Valerius Maximus, Pliny, and Frontinus all

agreeing in the statement, that it was a rat which fetched this enormous

price.

[2026] Calvi.

[2027] Castel di Sessola, near Maddaloni.

[2028] Holstenius says that the ruins of Atella are still to be seen

near S. Arpino, _or_ S. Elpidio, about two miles beyond Aversa.

[2029] Now Nola. It was one of the most ancient and important cities of

Campania; though situated in an open plain, it resisted all the efforts

of Hannibal after the battle of Cannæ. Here Augustus expired, in the

same room in which his father Octavius had breathed his last.

[2030] Nocera.

[2031] Acerra near the source of the Agno, the ancient Clanius.

[2032] Avella Vecchia.

[2033] Such was Nola, which our author in his sixth book evidently

places in the territory of the Samnites.

[2034] Bojano.

[2035] Isernia.

[2036] The ruins of Telesia are to be seen about a mile from the modern

Telese. Allifæ was between Telesia and Venafrum.

[2037] Benevento.

[2038] Venosa. The coins of Venusia have on the reverse the inscription

VE., and an eagle resting on a thunderbolt. On the obverse, a head of

Jupiter, and sometimes of Bacchus. Sestini, Monet. Vet. p. 15. The

Antiquitates Venusinæ and the Iter Venusinum were published at Naples in

the last century.

[2039] Casaubon conjectures that in place of the τῷ ἔτει τούτῳ, we

should read τῷ ἔαρι τούτῳ, or, the productions of the _spring_: and it

certainly would seem that Strabo is here describing what the Latins

called a _ver sacrum_. An ancient historian, speaking of the occurrence

mentioned by Strabo, says, “Quondam Sabini feruntur vovisse, si res

communis melioribus locis constitisset, se _ver sacrum_ facturos.”

Sisenn. Hist. lib. iv. ap. Non. Marcell. De doctor. indag. ed. 1683,

fol. 2531. Festus, Sext. P. Fest. De verb. sign. F. ed. 1699, p. 478,

seems to have mentioned the same thing.

[2040] The animals and fruits are intended.

[2041] Devoted to Mars.

[2042] Or little Sabines.

[2043] From Pitane, a place in Laconia.

[2044] B. C. 216.

[2045] 211 B. C.

[2046] B. C. 59.

[2047] We concur with Kramer in considering that the words μέχρι

Φρεντανῶν, which occur immediately after Σαυνῖτιν, have been

interpolated.

[2048] The Gulf of Salerno.

[2049] Pesti.

[2050] This city must have been founded nearly 540 years B. C., for

Herodotus says that the Phocæans were chiefly induced to settle on the

shores of Œnotria by the advice of a citizen of Posidonia, and they

founded Velia in the reign of Cyrus. B. i. 164.

[2051] 442 B. C.

[2052] B. C. 274.

[2053] Apparently the Fiume Salso.

[2054] Pesti.

[2055] Vietri.

[2056] Pompeii.

[2057] Nocera.

[2058] The ancient Silaris.

[2059] We are inclined to read Leucania with Du Theil. The Paris

manuscript, No. 1393, reads κανίαν.

[2060] Pliny, in his Natural History, (lib. ii. § 106,) has confirmed

Strabo’s account. It appears from Cluvier that the people who inhabit

the banks of the Silaro are not acquainted with any circumstances which

might corroborate the statement. (Cluvier, Ital. Ant. lib. iv. c. 14.)

[2061] About B. C. 201.

[2062] The ancient Silaris.

[2063] Pesti.

[2064] It is now called Licosa, and sometimes Isola piana; several

vestiges of buildings were discovered on the island in 1696. Antonin.

della Lucan. p. ii. disc. 8.

[2065] Capo della Licosa.

[2066] Punta della Campanella.

[2067] Golfo di Salerno.

[2068] Strabo here cites the historian Antiochus, but it is surprising

that he does not rather cite the writer from whom Antiochus seems to

have borrowed this account, we mean Herodotus, who relates it (lib. i. §

164). But Strabo, probably, looking upon Herodotus as a collector of

fables, chose rather to yield to the authority of Antiochus, who had

written very accurate memoirs upon Italy, and who was, likewise, himself

a very ancient author, (Dion. Halicarn. Antiq. Rom. lib. i. § 12,) and

flourished about 420 years before the Christian era.

[2069] Or Velia, founded 532 B. C., mentioned by Horace, Epist. I. xv.

1, “Quæ sit hyems Veliæ, quod cœlum, Vala, Salerni.”

[2070] The modern Alento.

[2071] Now unknown.

[2072] Pliny affirms that these two islands were called, the one Pontia,

the other Ischia; “Contra Veliam Pontia et Ischia, utræque uno nomine

Œnotrides, argumentum possessæ ab Œnotriis Italiæ.” Hist. Nat. lib. iii.

§ 13. If this reading be not faulty, Pliny will have placed in the

latitude, of which our author is now giving a description, a small

island bearing the same name, _Pontia_, as the island lying off Cape

Misenum.

[2073] The Buxentum of the Latins.

[2074] 471 years before the Christian era.

[2075] Gulf of Policastro.

[2076] Now the river Laino.

[2077] Called Laino in the time of Cluverius. Lib. iv. cap. 14.

[2078] Upon this coast.

[2079] Founded about the year 510 B. C.

[2080] About the year 390 before the Christian era.

[2081] i. e. the Gulf of Tarentum.

[2082] Strabo seems here to distinguish the Chones from the Œnotri, and

the Œnotri from the Greeks. According to Cluvier (Ital. Antiq. cap. 16,

p. 1323) here was a double error: “not only (says he) Aristotle, but

Antiochus, according to Strabo’s own testimony, positively affirmed that

the Chones and Œnotri were one and the same nation, and Dionysius of

Halicarnassius (Antiq. Roman. lib. i. § 11) makes no doubt that the

Œnotri were of Greek origin.” But Mazochi justifies the distinction

between the Chones and the Œnotri, and shows cause to doubt that the

Œnotri were of Greek origin.

[2083] ἐκβεβαρβαρῶσθαι. We think with Mazochi (Prodrom. ad Heracl.

pseph. diatrib. 2, cap. 7, sect. 2) that, by the above word, Strabo

probably expressed that, at the time when he wrote, Tarentum, Rheggio,

and Naples were the only cities founded by the Greeks in Italy, which,

although become Roman, retained the language, laws, and usages of their

mother country.

[2084] It has been well observed by Cramer in his Ancient Italy, that

Strabo confused this Petilia of the Leucani with another better known of

the Bruttii, the foundation of which was attributed to Philoctetes. It

is observed by Antonini that Strabo contradicts himself, by ascribing to

Philoctetes the origin of a town in Leucania, for he states a few lines

further on that that hero occupied a part of the coast near Crotona,

which was in the territory of the Bruttii. Strabo’s account, however, of

the existence of a Leucanian Petilia is confirmed by many inscriptions

of early date. The ruins of the town remain on the Monte della Stella.

Antonin. della Lucan. p. i. disc. 8. Romanelli, tom. i. p. 350.

[2085] According to some judicious antiquaries, the site of Chone is

located at Casabuona, near Strongoli.

[2086] Trapani del Monte.

[2087] The ruins of this city, which was anciently called also Egesta,

Acesta, and Segesta, may be seen at Barbara, in the valley of Mazzara.

[2088] Kramer, following the suggestion of Xylander, has printed

Γρουμεντὸν. I am inclined, however, to think that Πουμεντὸν, the reading

of Manuscripts, is correct. According to Barrio, it occupied the

situation of Gerenza, on the right bank of the Nieto.

[2089] Verzine on the Nieto. (Barr. lib. iv. cap. 18. Maraf. lib. iii.

c. 18.)

[2090] Calasarna is supposed by the Calabrian topographers to accord

with the site of Campania.

[2091] Venosa, situated about 15 miles south of the Aufidus. It was a

colony of importance before the war against Pyrrhus. After the disaster

at Cannæ, it afforded a retreat to Varro and the few who escaped that

signal overthrow. Horace was born there in the year of the city 688.

About six miles from Venosa, on the site named Palazzo, was the Fons

Bandusiæ. (Chaupy, Des c. de la maison de Camp. d’Horace, tom. iii. p.

538.)

[2092] Cluvier thought that we should read Θουριανὴ instead of Ταυριανὴ.

[2093] Laos, now Lao.

[2094] Torre di Mare.

[2095] Golfo di S. Eufemia.

[2096] Golfo di Squillace. Scylletium was once a Greek city of note,

communicating its name to the gulf. Servius observes that the Athenians

who founded the colony were returning from Africa. There was a Greek

inscription found in 1791 relative to the Λαμπαδηδρομία, which seems to

confirm the tradition of the Athenian origin of Scylletium. It was the

birth-place of Cassiodorus.

[2097] Σίλαρις. The Silaro, which, divides Lucania from Campania, takes

its rise in the Apennines, in a district which formerly belonged to the

Hirpini; and after receiving the Tanager, now Negro, and the Calor, now

Calore, falls into the Gulf of Salerno. Silius Italicus (viii. 582)

states that this river possessed the property of incrusting twigs with a

calcareous deposit:

“Nunc Silarus quos nutrit aquis, quo gurgite tradunt

Duritiem lapidum mersis inolescere ramis.”

At its mouth was a haven named Portus Albernus.

[2098] Torre di Mare.

[2099] Cirella.

[2100] This measure, upon our charts, is 330 Olympic stadia. Gosselin.

[2101] Golfo di Squillace.

[2102] The Golfo di S. Eufemia.

[2103] ἐξεταραξεν ἅπαντας πρὸς ἅπαντας. Lit. “He stirred up every body

against every body.” It is conceived that the hostilities of the Bruttii

were fomented by Dion in order to prevent the tyrant Dionysius from

deriving any aid from his Leucanian allies. The advancement of the

Bruttii to independence is computed by Diodorus Siculus to have taken

place about 397 years after the foundation of Rome, that is, 356 before

the Christian era.

[2104] The situation of Temesa has not yet been fully determined.

Cluverius fixes it about ten miles south of Amantea, near Torre Loppa.

Romanelli observes, however, that Cluverius has not allowed for the

difference between the ancient and modern computation of distance. To

rectify this oversight, he makes choice of Torre del piano del Casale,

nearly two miles north of Torre Loppa, as the locality of this ancient

site. The silver coins of Temesa are scarce. They have the Greek

epigraph, ΤΕΜ.

[2105] After the second Punic war it was colonized by the Romans, who

called it Tempsa, B. C. 195.

[2106] We concur with Kramer in approving the proposition of Groskurd to

understand the words ἐκεῖνον μὲν οὖν διὰ πολλοῦ as having been

originally written in the text immediately before ἐπικεῖσθαι αὐτοῖς.

[2107] They had been compelled to sacrifice a virgin annually in order

to appease his disturbed spirit.

[2108] Borgo di Tamasso.

[2109] These words in parenthesis seem to have been interpolated by the

transcribers of our author. Both Temesa and Tamassus were rich in metal,

but the spelling of the name in Homer is more in accordance with Temesa

than Tamassus, and other poets have alluded to it, as Ovid. Met. xv.

706,

“Evincitque fretum, Siculique angusta Pelori,

Hippotadæque domos regis, Temesesque metalla.”

And Fast. v. 441,

“... Temesæaque concrepat æra.”

And Statius, Silv. i. 42,

“Et cui se toties Temese dedit hausta metallis.”

[2110] Odyssey i. 184.

[2111] Nocera.

[2112] Hannibal took refuge in Calabria about 209 years before the

Christian era.

[2113] Cosenza, near the source of the Crathis, now Crati, represents

Cosentia. It was taken by Hannibal after the surrender of Petilia, but

towards the end of the war the Romans regained it.

[2114]

Αἰακίδη, προφύλαξο μολεῖν Ἀχερούσιον ὕδωρ

Πανδοσίην θ’, ὅθι τοι θάνατος πεπρωμένος ἐστί.

Son of Æacus, beware of approaching the Acherusian water and Pandosia,

where death is destined for thee.

[2115] About B. C. 330.

The Geography of Strabo, Volume 1 (of 3) Literally Translated, with Notes · 第 9 / 10 章

[1256] These Igletes are the same which Stephen of Byzantium names