PART I.
THE
OFFICE OF KEEPER OF THE ROYAL MENAGERIE,
IN THE REIGN OF EDWARD IV. {283a}
LETTER from Richard Brooke, Esq., F.S.A., to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H.,
F.R.S., Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of London, upon the
office of Keeper of the Royal Menagerie in the Tower of London, in the
reign of Edward IV.
“_Liverpool_, 17_th_ _November_, 1849.
“Dear Sir,—I have been recently much interested, in reading Mr.
Collier’s _Annals of the Stage_. My curiosity was excited, by the
passage in vol. i. pp. 35 and 36, in which he gives in a note, a copy
from the _Harl. MSS._, No. 433, of a warrant of 1st Richard III.,
{283b} to John Brown, appointing him keeper of the King’s bears and
apes; and Mr. Collier there slates, that if a keeper of those animals
were known before the reign of Richard the Third, he is not aware of
any earlier record of his existence, as a licensed court officer. On
reading the passage, I felt a strong impression, that the _Rotuli
Parliamentorum_ contained proofs of the existence, at an earlier date
than that reign, of an officer of a similar description, to the one
alluded to by Mr. Collier. Although I have not succeeded in
discovering, that any person is previously mentioned, as being the
keeper, by royal authority, of bears and apes in England, I have
discovered in the 5th vol. of the _Rotuli Parliamentorum_, proofs in
three different instances, in the reign of Edward IV.; one of which
is as early as 1461, of the fact of a keeper (Ralph Hastings, Esq.),
having been appointed, by letters patent of that King, to what would,
in more modern times, be called the Royal Menagerie, in the Tower of
London. Lions and lionesses are there mentioned, as being kept in
the Tower, in all the three instances; and leopards are mentioned in
the first of them. As Edward IV. only came to the throne on the 4th
of March, 1461, and as the references to the grant of the office are
worded in a commonplace manner, as if it were nothing extraordinary,
it is only fair to presume, that the keeping of foreign animals in
the Tower, and the appointment of an officer to have the custody of
them, not only existed in the reign of Edward IV., but may have
occurred at least as far back as the reign of Henry VI.
“It is probable that the passages in the _Rotuli Parliamentorum_, to
which I have alluded, are well known to many of our Society, still
there may be some who are not aware of them; and I am induced to
subjoin extracts, and request them to be read before the Society,
under the impression that all information of this nature is useful,
as tending to give us an insight into the customs and habits of an
age gone by.
“I remain, dear Sir,
“Yours faithfully,
“RICHARD BROOKE.
“To Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S.,
Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, &c. &c.”
Extract from the Act of Declaration of the Royal Title and of Resumption
of 1st Edward IV., A.D. 1461.—_Rot. Parl._ vol. v. fo. 475:—
“Provided also, that this seid acte of assumpcion or resumpcion,
extend not nor in any wise be prejudiciall unto Rauff Hastynges,
Squier for oure body, of or in any graunte made unto hym by oure lrēs
patentes, berying date the XXX day of Juyn the first yere of oure
reigne, of the office of kepyng lyons, leonesses and leopardes,
within our Toure of London that tyme beying, and of theym that within
the same Toure for the tyme shal be, with a place for the Keper of
such lyons, leonessez and leopardes there deputed, with another place
there, which for the same lyons, leonessez and leopardes within oure
seid Toure is ordeyned, with the wages of xii_d._ by day for hymself,
and for sustentation of every lyon, leonessez and leopardes abovesaid
vi_d._ by day, duryng the lyf of the said Rauf. But that oure seid
lrēs patentes stande good and effectuell after the contenue of the
same; the seid acte or any other acte in this Parlement made or to be
made notwithstonding.”
The Act of Resumption of 4th Edward IV., A.D. 1464 (_Rot. Parl._ vol. v.
fo. 533), contains a very similar proviso and reservation of the office,
in favour of the before-mentioned Ralph Hastings, except that it does not
mention the leopards, and that the allowance is stated to be 16_d._ a
day, instead of 1_s._, for fees for himself, besides what was also
allowed for the keep of the lions and lionesses.
The following is an extract from the act:—
“of any graunte made by us to hym by any of oure lrēs patents of the
office of kepying of lions and lionesses within our Toure of London;
or of any graunte made by us to the said Rauff by oure lrēs patentes,
of a place within the said Toure for kepying of the seid lions and
lionesses there deputed, or of anoder place which for the seid lions
and lionesses within the seid Toure is ordeyned, or of xvi_d._ by the
day, by us graunted to the said Rauff, for his fees and occupation of
the seid office, or of vi_d._ by the day by us graunted to hym, for
the sustentation of every lion and lionesse.”
Perhaps the latter passage may be considered as elucidated, in some
degree, by another passage, which occurs in the subsequent act of 7th and
8th Edward IV., as will be next noticed; and that 6_d._ a day was allowed
for the keep of each lion, &c.: no trifling sum at that time.
The Act of Resumption of 7th and 8th Edward IV. A.D. 1467 and 1468 (_Rot.
Parl._ vol. v. fo. 598), also contains a proviso and reservation to the
same effect as the last, respecting the grant of the office to Ralph
Hastings; but mentions 1_s._ a day only, for his fees, besides a further
allowance for the keep of the animals. It provides that the act should
not prejudice the grant to Ralph Hastings, of the office—
“of kepying of lyons and lyonesses within oure Toure of London, or of
any graunte made by us to the seid Rauf, by oure letters patentes, of
a place within the said Toure, for kepying of the seid lions and
lionesses there deputed, or of an other place whiche for the said
lions and lionesses within the seid Toure is ordeyned, or of xii_d._
by the day by us graunted to the seid Rauf, for his fees and
occupation of the said office, or of vi_d._ by the day by us graunted
to hym, for the sustentation of every lyon, and of every lyonesse
vi_d._”
PART II.
ON THE PROBABLE PERIOD OF THE EXTINCTION
OF WOLVES IN ENGLAND. {287a}
“Cruel as death, and hungry as the grave!
Burning for blood! bony and gaunt, and grim!
Assembling wolves in raging troops descend;
And pouring o’er the country, bear along,
Keen as the north wind sweeps the glossy snow.
All is their prize. They fasten on the steed,
Press him to earth, and pierce his mighty heart,
Nor can the bull his awful front defend,
Or shake the murd’ring savages away.”
THOMSON’S _Winter_.
SEVERAL descriptions of wild animals were, at one period, inhabitants of
Great Britain, which, with the increase of population and civilization,
have become extinct, amongst which may be mentioned, the wolf, bear,
{287b} and wild boar. {287c} We may, however, perhaps regret the
extinction of other animals, which were not of a destructive kind; for
example, the beaver {288a} is generally admitted by naturalists, to have
been, and the roe deer certainly was, formerly, a native of England. The
beaver is no longer to be found amongst us; and the roe deer is not now
to be met with in any part of this country to the south of Scotland: the
latter, however, remained wild in England and Wales, until the reign of
King Henry VIII. {288b} The fox would probably have also disappeared ere
now, if it had not been for his superior cunning, and his conducing to
the sports of the field; the otter is become rather scarce; and the seal
is now rarely found upon the coasts of England. The poor harmless
badger, although still occasionally met with in some unenclosed or wild
parts, has, notwithstanding his inoffensive and unobtrusive habits, been
exterminated in several of the English counties, and is become rare in
most of them.
The inquiries pursued in this paper will, however, be with reference to
the wolf only.
It is admitted by all writers upon the natural history of the British
Isles, that wolves once abounded in England, Wales, Scotland, and
Ireland; and it is an interesting circumstance, that we know with
tolerable exactness, something of the dates of their extinction in
Scotland and Ireland. The last wolf that is known to have been wild in
Scotland, was killed about the year 1680; {288c} and the last presentment
for killing wolves in Ireland, was made in the county of Cork, about the
year 1710. {288d}
It is remarkable, that when Buffon wrote in the last century, he or
Daubenton, who assisted him, did not believe that wolves had become
extinct in Great Britain. The following remarkable passage occurs in
Button’s _Natural History_:—“Les Anglais pretendent en avoir purgé leur
Isle, cependant on m’a assuré, qu ’il y en avait en Ecosse. Comme il y a
peu de bois, dans la partie meridionale, de la Grand Bretagne, on a eu
plus de facilité pour les detruire.”—Buffon’s _Natural History_, vol.
vii. p. 50, title “Du Loup”; in which work Buffon was assisted by
Daubenton, the naturalist. As Buffon was born in 1707, and Daubenton in
1716, it is quite possible that one or both of them, received the
information upon that point, from some person, who had lived in Scotland,
before the extinction of wolves in that country; and, consequently, it
might easily be believed by either of them, that wolves were to be found
there, at the time when that passage was written.
Holinshed wrote his _Chronicles_ in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and he
mentions, that wolves then abounded in Scotland:—
“First of all therefore in the fields and wild places of the country,
there is great plenty of hares, red deere, fallow deere, roes, wild
horsses, wolves and foxes.”
* * *
“The wolves are most fierce and noisome to the heards and flocks, in
all parts of Scotland, saving in one parcell of Angus, called
Glennorsdale, where these beasts doo no manner of hurt unto the
domesticall catell, but preie onlie upon the wild.”—Holinshed’s
_Chronicles_, _Description of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 14.
We also know from Camden, who likewise wrote in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, that at the time when he wrote, wolves were very common in
Scotland. {289} He also informs us in another place, that Scotland was
“grievously infested with fierce wolves, which not only make dreadful
havoc of cattle, but even fall upon men, with such inveteracy and
mischief, not only in this but in many other parts of Scotland, that by
act of Parliament, the sheriffs and inhabitants in every county, are
obliged to go out three times a year, to destroy the wolves and their
young ones.” {290a}
We also learn from Camden, that at that time, Ireland swarmed with
wolves. {290b}
Although it appears to be known with some degree of certainty, about what
period they ceased to exist in Scotland and Ireland, there is a great
difficulty in ascertaining, at what date they became extinct in England;
and in consequence of its greater population, its not having many
mountainous and wild districts, and, as suggested in Buffon’s work, its
not having extensive woods, it is certain, that wolves would be much
sooner exterminated in England, than in Scotland or Ireland.
At the time of the Anglo-Saxon sway, wolves abounded in great numbers in
England; and in the tenth century, in the reign of Athelstan, a place of
retreat was erected at Flixton, in Yorkshire, in order to protect
travellers from being devoured by wolves. {290c}
It has been said, that in the reign of Edgar, also in the tenth century,
an annual tribute was imposed upon the Welsh princes, of three hundred
wolves’ heads, in order to effect their destruction. If that be true, it
is only reasonable to suppose, that considerable numbers would be
destroyed, by the adoption of that expedient; but it is strange that some
authors, copying from one another, and without giving themselves the
trouble of searching into authorities, have stated, that the extinction
of wolves in England and Wales was caused by it. Nothing can be further
from the truth, as will be presently shown. Mr. Hume, in his _History of
England_, indeed, even goes far beyond other writers, in his unqualified
assertions on that subject, without any proof; and shows, as is too often
the case in his work, his ignorance of the authorities relative to it;
and he has not adduced, and in fact he seems to have been unable to
adduce, any authority for making the following assertion, viz.:—“Another
remarkable incident of this [Edgar’s] reign, was the extirpation of
wolves from England. This advantage was attained by the industrious
policy of Edgar. He took great pains in hunting and pursuing those
ravenous animals; and when he found that all that escaped him had taken
shelter in the mountains and forests of Wales, he changed the tribute of
money imposed on the Welsh princes by Athelstan his predecessor, into an
annual tribute of three hundred heads of wolves; which produced such
diligence in hunting them, that the animal has been no more seen in this
island.” {291a} It is surprising that Mr. Hume should have ventured to
make an assertion so easily refuted; and it is remarkable, that his
_History of England_ should find a prominent place in so many libraries,
when it is now admitted, that its author is very frequently incorrect as
a historian, and that the statements in it, when he omits, as he often
does, to quote authorities, cannot be relied on. That work has never
been regularly reviewed, which ought even yet to be done. Lord Brougham,
in his _Lives of Men of Letters and Science_, who flourished in the time
of George III., very properly exposes the faults and incorrectness of Mr.
Hume’s _History of England_, thus:—
“There is continual proof, that he took what he found set down in
former works, without weighing the relative value of conflicting
authorities, and generally resorted to the most accessible sources of
information. There have been instances without number, adduced of
his inaccuracy in citing even the authorities to which he confined
his researches.
“Nor can we acquit him on another charge, not rarely brought against
him, and partaking of the two former: neglect or carelessness about
the truth, and infidelity in relating it.” {291b}
The Abbey of Fors, in Wensleydale, in Yorkshire, was founded in the year
1145, which is nearly two centuries after the reign of Edgar; and some
time afterwards, Alan Earl of Bretagne, gave to the monks of that abbey
the privilege of taking, by themselves or their servants, the remains of
the deer which had been killed and partly devoured by the wolves, in the
forest of Wensleydale. {292a}
In the 10th year of the reign of William I. (1075), Robert de Hurfravill,
lord of Tours and Vian, otherwise called Robert with the Beard, being a
kinsman to the King, obtained from him a grant of the lordship, valley,
and forest of Riddesdale, in the county of Northumberland, with all the
castles, manors, lands, woods, pastures, waters, pools, and royal
franchises, which were formerly possessed by Mildred, the son of Akman,
late lord of Riddesdale, and which came to that king upon his conquest of
England, to hold, by the service of defending that part of the country,
for ever, from enemies, and wolves. {292b}
In the 1st year of King John (1199), he granted to William Briwere, a
license, “to hunt the hare, fox, cat, and wolf, throughout all
Devonshire; and likewise the goat out of the regard [sight] of the
forest; and to have free warren throughout all his own lands, for hares,
pheasants, and partridges.” {292c}
In the 9th year of Edward I. (1281), wolves existed in such numbers in
several parts of England, that a royal commission was issued by him, to
Peter Corbet, for the destruction, by means of men, dogs, and engines, of
wolves, in all forests, parks, and other places, in Gloucestershire,
Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire; and all
bailiffs, &c., were commanded to be aiding and assisting Peter Corbet, in
the destruction of wolves in those counties.
The commission is alluded to by Bingley, the Naturalist; but it is
remarkable that he has altogether omitted to give the date or any
reference, where an account of it was to be found. Dr. Whitaker does not
notice it, although he more than once, in his _History of Craven_,
adverts to the existence of wolves in England after the reign of Edgar.
As the mandate is a curiosity, it is given here precisely as it appears
in the _Fædera_.—
A.D. 1281. _An_: 9 _Edwd._ I. Pat. 9 Edw. I. m 20 in _Turr_:
_Lond_:
“Rex omnibus Ballivis etc: Sciatis quod injunximus dilecto & fideli
nostro Petro Corbet, quod in omnibus forestis, & parcis, & aliis
locis, infra comitatus nostros Gloucestr’ Wygorn’ Hereford’ Salop’ et
Stafford’ in quibus lupi poterunt inveniri, lupos, cum hominibus,
canibus & ingeniis suis, capiat, & destruat, modis omnibus quibus
viderit expedire.
“Et ideo vobis mandamus quod eidem Petro in omnibus, quæ ad captionem
luporum in comitatibus prædictis, pertinet, intendentes sitis &
auxiliantes, quotiens opus fuerit, & prædictus Petrus vobis scire
faciet ex parte nostra.
“In cujus &c. duratur’ quamdin nobis placuerit. Teste Rege apud
Westm’ decimo quarto die Maii.” {293}
(TRANSLATION.)
The King, to all bailiffs, &c. Know ye, that we have enjoined our
dear and faithful Peter Corbet, that in all forests, parks, and other
places, within our counties of Gloucester, Worcester, Hereford,
Salop, and Stafford, in which wolves may be found, that he take and
destroy wolves, with his men, dogs, and engines, in all ways, in
which it shall seem expedient; and we command you therefore that you
be aiding and assisting the said Peter, in all things that relate to
the capture of wolves, in the aforesaid counties, as often as
occasion may require, and the said Peter may make known to you on our
part.
In witness, &c., so long as it shall be our pleasure. Witness the
King, at Westminster, the 14th day of May.
Enough has now been stated, for the purpose of showing that it was an
idle tale to assert that the extinction of these animals occurred in the
reign of Edgar. Evidence has been already adduced to show that they
existed here, in a wild state, a considerable period after the Conquest;
but it is the intention of the author of this paper to go much further,
and some proofs will be brought forward of their being in existence for
centuries after that event; and some conjectures will be hazarded,
respecting the probable period of their final extinction in England.
In the 25th year of Edward I. (1296), John de Engaine, Lord of
Blatherwic, died, seized of lands in Pightesse, or Pytesse, in
Northamptonshire, found to be held of the King, by service of hunting the
wolf, fox, and badger. {294a}
In the reign of Edward II. (1820), John le Wolfhunt, or Wolfhurt, son and
heir of John le Wolfhunt, or Wolfhurt, held lands at Wormhill, in
Derbyshire, by the service of chasing and taking all wolves that might
come into the King’s Forest of the Peak, in that county. {294b}
In the 11th year of Edward III. (1336), John Lord Roos, of Hamlake, had a
charter granted to him, by the King, of free warren in lands in
Nottinghamshire and Oxfordshire, and also to hunt the fox, wolf, hare,
and cat, throughout the King’s forest of Nottinghamshire. {294c}
In the 33rd year of Edward III. (1358), Vitalis Engaine died, seized of
part of the lordships of Laxton and Pichesse, in Northamptonshire, held
by petit serjeanty, to hunt the wolf whensoever the King should command.
{294d}
In the 41st year of Edward III. (1366), Thomas de Engaine, Lord of
Blatherwic, died, seized of lands, meadows, and rent, in Pightesse, in
Northamptonshire, held by the service of “finding, at his own proper
costs, certain dogs, for the destruction of wolves, foxes, martrons
[marten cats], cats [wild cats], and other vermine,” within the counties
of Northampton, Rutland, Oxford, Essex, and Buckingham. {295a}
Of course it is not pretended, that upon the deaths of any of the
before-mentioned personages, who died seized of lands, held by the tenure
of hunting or destroying wolves, such a tenure is conclusive evidence
that those animals existed at the times of the deaths of those personages
respectively, because it may have happened that the lands may have
descended from father to son, several times, after the dates of the
original royal grants or charters creating such tenures; still, even in
that case, enough has been shown to prove that they were not extinct
until centuries after the time of King Edgar. Besides which, it must not
be forgotten, that the charter before mentioned, of the 11th year of
Edward III. (1836), to John Lord Roos, of Hamlake, then gave him a
license to hunt the wolf in the King’s Forest of Nottinghamshire, &c.,
which would have been useless if there had not then been any such animal
to hunt. We therefore have some evidence that wolves existed in England
in the fourteenth century; but it is very probable that they had been
destroyed in the more populous and cultivated counties, although for more
than a century longer they might continue to be occasionally met with, in
the wild and thinly peopled parts of England, especially in the northern
counties.
In the fifteenth century they probably became scarce.
In the 14th year of Edward IV. (1474), that monarch invaded France, and
negotiations for a truce were commenced between Louis XI. and Edward, and
we learn, from Baker’s _Chronicles_, that King Louis then presented
Edward with the handsomest horse which Louis had in his stable, and an
ass, and also “a wolf and a wild boar, beasts at that time rare in
England.”{295b} Those are the exact words of Baker, and are very
interesting, and, with reference to the objects of this paper, very
valuable. It will be remarked, that he does not state or insinuate that
wolves had been exterminated, or had ceased to exist in England, but
merely that they had then become rare. We therefore have got so far
towards the latter part of the fifteenth century, and appear not yet to
have reached the period of their extinction. I have read somewhere, that
it is traditionally stated that they were to be found either in the
Forest of Dean or in the Forest of Dartmoor, as late as in the time of
Queen Elizabeth; but unfortunately I omitted to take a note of the
publication in which it was mentioned; and, although I have since devoted
some time in endeavouring to discover it, I have not yet succeeded.
Shakespeare wrote in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and his allusion to
England, and also to wolves, is worthy of notice, as showing his
impression of their having at one period abounded in England, viz.:—
“O, thou wilt be a wilderness again,
Peopled with wolves, thy old inhabitants.”
SHAKESPEARE’S _Henry IV._ 2nd part, act 4, sc. 4.
Some passages in a very learned and celebrated work—the _Institutes of
the Law of England_—by Sir Edward Coke (afterwards Lord Chief Justice of
England, from that circumstance often called Lord Coke), who was a lawyer
of great talents, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, will perhaps excite
surprise, and are very important with reference to the subject of this
inquiry.
He was born in 1551; was made Solicitor General by Queen Elizabeth in
1592, and Attorney General in 1594. He was appointed Chief Justice of
the Court of Common Pleas by James I. in 1606, and Lord Chief Justice of
the Court of King’s Bench in 1613. His celebrated works—the _Commentary
upon Sir Thomas Littleton’s Treatise_, and _the Institutes of the Laws of
England_—required vast time and labour; and it is almost incredible that
they could have been written after he became a judge; and consequently,
it may be admitted, as is generally believed, that they were written
whilst he was at the bar, and in the reign of Elizabeth.
It is well known that the precincts of the forests in England had courts
of their own, and were governed by different laws from the rest of
England; and of course, in treating upon the laws of this country, so
learned and so accurate a writer, as Coke is admitted to have been, could
not avoid noticing them. In the part of his _Institutes_ upon the Forest
Courts, he describes the jurisdiction and functions of those tribunals,
and the animals to be met with in the forests of England; and, in the
quaint and peculiar language incident to writers of the time of Queen
Elizabeth, he proceeds to mention the beasts of chase and of the forest.
The following are extracts from his work upon that subject:—
“There be many beasts of the forest by the laws of the forests of
England. The hart in summer, the hinde in winter, and all that
proceed as of them: the buck in summer, the doe in winter, and the
proceed of them; the hare, male and female, and their proceed; the
wild boar, male and female, and their proceed; and the wolf, male and
female, and their proceed; the fox, male and female, and their
proceed; the martin, male and female; capreolus the roe, as it
appeareth before, is no beast of the forest, but it is a beast of
chase.”
“The proceads of the hare, the first year a leveret, the second a
hare, the third a great hare. Of a wilde boar: a pig, a hogge, a
hog-stear, a boar, and after a sanglier.”
“No beast of the forest that is _solivagum et nocivum_, is venison,
as the fox, the wolf, the martin, because they be no meat, but _caro
eorum est nociva_.”
“So as the red deer, the fallow deer, the wilde boar, and the hare,
are venison. Whereupon these two conclusions in the law of the
forest do follow: first, whatsoever beast of the forest is for the
food of man is venison, and therewith agreeth Virgil, describing a
feast:—
“‘Implentur veteris bacchi pinguisq: ferinæ.’” {297}
It is to be presumed, that a writer, whose works are so accurate as
Coke’s are admitted to be, would not have stated that the wolf was an
animal of chase in England, at the time when he wrote, in the sixteenth
century, in the reign of Elizabeth, if it had then been extinct; and it
must be borne in mind, that he has used the present tense in writing of
it; which it is not likely that he would have done, if he had intended to
write respecting an animal which had formerly been a beast of chase, but
which had ceased to exist in England. We have, therefore, got to the
point, that the wolf may fairly be believed not to have become extinct in
England until at least some time in, or perhaps soon after, the reign of
Elizabeth. I am, however, far from contending that it then existed in
the southern or midland counties. On the contrary, it appears probable,
that when Coke wrote, it had become extinct in all parts of England,
except in some few of the most northern counties, of which two are
contiguous to Scotland. In the southern parts, it may perhaps be
presumed to have ceased to exist about, or soon after, the period of the
accession of the Tudors to the throne; and it will be borne in mind that
only seventy-three years elapsed between the accession of the first of
that family, Henry VII. in 1485, and that of Elizabeth, who was the last
of them, in 1558; and that no very extraordinary change took place in the
cultivation or population of England, during that period. As we have the
clear evidence of writers of such authenticity as Holinshed and Camden,
that in the time of Elizabeth, all parts of Scotland abounded with
wolves, and as there was nothing to prevent those animals from rambling
across the Border, either in search of prey, or for bringing forth their
young, or in consequence of any other natural instinct, it would be
impossible, at that time, with a scanty population, and with the
desolation incident to the unsettled state of the Borders, to keep the
northern counties of England always free from them, and to prevent their
breeding there. {298} Those parts of England were exposed to the
incursions of Borderers and freebooters from Scotland, whose lawless and
dangerous habits were almost as intolerable to their own countrymen as to
the English, and who principally subsisted by pillage, and rendered life
and property insecure, and, as a natural consequence, those parts were
very thinly inhabited. Many very large districts in the northern
counties consisted of wild wastes, forests, hills, woody valleys, and
swamps, with a very scanty and semi-barbarous population: disadvantages
which militated very much against the early extermination of savage
animals. A change for the better, however, took place in the population,
the civilization, and the appearance of the country, about the close of
the reign of Elizabeth. I, however, am not aware that any English
writer, since the time of Coke, has given us any reason to suppose that
wolves were to be found in England after the termination of her reign.
We can scarcely suppose that Coke was incorrect in mentioning wolves as
beasts of chase in England at the time when he wrote; it seems, however,
only reasonable to believe, under all the circumstances, that they were
at that time extinct in all the southern parts; but that a few then
remained in their fastnesses and retreats in forests, hills, and wild
districts, in some of the northern counties of England, and especially in
the parts adjacent to Scotland, and furnished employment and sport to the
hunters, and that, with the increase of population and cultivation, the
clearing away of woods and forests, and the more general use of firearms,
they at last became extinct in the northern counties, about the
commencement of the seventeenth century, which was near the period of the
close of the reign of Elizabeth.
APPENDIX.
No. I.
Extract from the Act of Attainder of the 1st Edward IV., passed against
the Lancastrians who had taken part in the second Battle of St. Alban’s,
the Battle of Wakefield, and the Battle of Towton.—_Rot. Parl._ 1 Edward
IV. (A.D. 1461), vol. v. p. 476, 477, and 478.
“FOR asmoche as Henry, late Kyng Henry the sixt, ayenst the honoure
and trouth that owe to be stablisshed in every Christien Prynce,
dissimilyng with the right noble and famous Prynce Richard Duc of
York, to whome it lyked at the grete and speciall instaunce of the
same Henry, and of the Lordes Spuelx and Temporelx, and Commyns of
the Reame of Englond, solempnely to hym made, and for the tender and
naturall zele and affection that he bare unto the commyn wele, good
pollitique, and restful governaunce therof, to take his viage from
the Cite of London, toward the North parties of the seid Reame, to
represse, subdue and resist the unleefull and inordynat commotion and
riotte there bigonne, to the subversion of the seid Cõen wele,
politique and restfull governaunce: Natheles procured, stered and
excited, ayenst his promisse, and the forme of the Convention and
Concorde made bitwene hem of and uppon the right and title of the
seid Coroune, roiall power, dignite, estate, preemynence and
possession of the seid Reame, the murdre of the same Duc. And where
the seid Henry Usurpour, dissimilyng the destruction of other lordes
and persones of the same reame, by his writts, called to assist hym
to attend uppon his persone, to resiste and represse another
commocion of people, by his assent and wille gadered, and waged not
oonly in the North parties, but also oute of Scotlond, commyng from
the same parties with Margarete late called Quene of Englond, and hir
son Edward, late called Prynce of Wales, extendyng to the extreme
destruction of the seid Reame, namely of the South parties therof,
wherof experience sheweth the clerenes, respect had to the spoile by
theym of Godds chirch, of Chalesses, Crosses of sylver, Boxes for the
Sacrament, and other onourments longyng therunto, of defoulyng and
ravisshing religious wymmen, wedowes and maydens, of unmanly and
abhomynable entretyng of wymmen beyng in the naturall labour and
bataille of travailyng of child, by the moyne therof piteously
disperaged, Heven sorowyng the lost therby of the Soules that shuld
have been of the felauship of Cristendom and of the blisse of Heven,
not abhorryng of unmanly, unnaturall and beestly cruelte to drawe
wymmen beyng in childebedde from their bedds naked, and to spoile hem
of all her goods, a piteous desolacion. The same Henry, actour,
factour and provoker of the seid commocion, and assentyng of covyne
with the seid Margarete, Henry Duc of Somerset, and Henry late Erle
of Northumberlond, in a battaille to be shewed unto hym, and offered
of fraudulent dissimilacion, in a feld beside the toune of Seint
Albones, the XVII day of Feverer last past, not joynyng his persone
and blode to the defence, tuition and salvacion of the same Lordes
and persones commen to assist hym by his auctorite and commaundement,
lyke a victorious and a noble captayne, but lyke a disseyvable
coward, ayenst princely and knyghtly duetee, sodenly, privately and
shamefully refused theym, sufferyng and procuryng to disseivably
th’effucion of their blode, and horrible murdre and deth, not havyng
therof sorowe, pitee or compassion; adheryng to the seid Margaret,
and to the seid Duc of Somerset, and other Lordes and persones that
committed the seid orrible and cruell murdre of the seid Duc of York,
and of the Erles of Rutlond and Salesbury, and also of the seid
people, in the seid felde beside the seid toune of Seint Albones,
yevyng therfor to the seid Duc and other assistyng theym therin, a
speciall laude and thank; from thensforth appliyng to theym and to
their outrageous and unlawfull riotts and misgovernaunce; after that
sufferying wilfully thoo worthy and good Knyghtes, William Lord
Bonvile, and Sir Thomas Kiryell, for the prowesse of knyghthode
approved in their persones called to the order of the Garter, and
William Gower Squier, the Berer of oon of his Baners, whom to he made
feith and assurans under Kynges word, proeedyng from his mouth, to
kepe and defend theym there from all hurt, joupardie and perell, to
be murdred, and after that tyrannyously heded, with grete violence,
withoute processe of lawe or any pitee, contrary to his seid feith
and promysse, abhomynable in the heryng of all Christen Prynces. For
asmoch also as Henry Duc of Somerset, purposyng, ymaginyng and
compassyng, of extreme and insaciate malice and violence, to destroy
the right noble and famous Prynce of wurthy memorie, Richard late Duc
of York, fader to oure Liege and Soverayne Lord Kyng Edward the
fourth, and in his lyf verrey Kyng in right of the reame of Englond,
singuler protectour lover and defensour of the good governaunce,
pollicie, commyn wele, peas and tranquillite therof; and also Thomas
Courteney late Erle of Devonshire, Henry Erle of Northumberlond,
Thomas Lord Roos, John late Lord Nevill, John Whelpdale late of
Lychefeld, Clerk, Philip Lowes late of Thouresby in the counte of
Lincoln Clerk, Bawdewyn Fulforth Knyght, Alexander Hody Knyght,
Nicholas Latymer Knyght, James Loterell Knyght, Edmund Mountford
Knyght, Thomas Fyndern Knyght, Henry Lewes Knyght, John Heron of the
Forde Knyght, Richard Tunstall Knyght, Henry Belyngeham Knyght,
Robert Whityngham Knyght, William Grymmesby late of London late
Squier, Thomas Tunstall late of Thurland in the shire of Lancastr’
Squier, Symond Hammes Knyght, Thomas Dalton late of Lilbourne in the
counte of Northumberlond Gentilman, James Dalton late of the same
Gentilman, George Dalton late of the same Gentilman, John Clapam late
of Skipton in Craven in Yorkshire Yoman, Andrew Trollop late of
Guysnes Squier, Antony Notehill Knyght, John Botiller late of Howke
in the counte of Dorset Squier, Gawen Lampleugh late of Warkeworth in
the shire of Northumberlond Gentilman, Edmund Fyssh late of York
Taylleour, Thomas Frysell late of the same Smyth, John Smothyng late
of the same Yoman, John Caterall late of Brayton in the counte of
York Gentilman, Thomas Barton late of Helmesley in the counte of York
Gentilman, William Fyppes late of Sonthduffeld in the counte of York
Yoman, Henry Clyff th’ elder late of Lokyngton in the counte of York
Yoman, Robert Tomlynson late of Helagh in the counte of York Yoman,
and Thomas Barton late of York Mason; at Wakefeld in the shire of
York, on Tywesday the xxx day of Decembr’ last past, with grete
despite and cruell violence, horrible and unmanly tyrannye, murdred
the seid right noble Prynce Duc of York. And where also Henry Duc of
Excestr’, Henry Duc of Somerset, Thomas Courteney late Erle of
Devonshire, Henry late Erle of Northumberlond, William Vicecount
Beaumont, Thomas Lord Roos, John late Lord Clyfford, Leo late Lord
Welles, John late Lord Nevill, Thomas Gray Knyght Lord Rugemond Gray,
Randolf late Lord Dacre, Humfrey Dacre Knyght, John Morton late
Person of Blokesworth in the shire of Dorset Clerk, Rauff Makerell
late Person of Ryseby in the shire of Suff’ Clerk, Thomas Mannyng
late of New Wyndesore in Berkshire Clerk, John Whelpdale late of
Lychefeld in the counte of Stafford Clerk, John Nayler late of London
Squier, John Preston late Wakefield in the shire of York Preest,
Philip Wentworth Knyght, John Fortescu Knyght, William Tailboys
Knyght, Edmund Mountford Knyght, Thomas Tresham Knyght, William Vaux
Knyght, Edmund Hampden Knyght, Thomas Fyndern Knyght, John Courteney
Knyght, Henry Lewes Knyght, Nicholas Latymer, Knyght, Waltier Nuthill
late of Ryston in Holdernes in the shire of York Squier, John Heron
of the Forde Knyght, Richard Tunstall Knyght, Henry Belyngeham
Knyght, Robert Whityngham Knyght, John Ormond otherwise called John
Botillier Knyght, William Mille Knyght, Symonde Hammes Knyght,
William Holand Knyght called the Bastard of Excestr’, William Josep’
late of London Squier, Everard Dykby late of Stokedry in the shire of
Ruthlond Squier, John Myrfyn late of Suthwerk in the shire of Surr’
Squier, Thomas Philip late of Dertyngton in Devonshire Squier, Thomas
Brampton late of Guysnes Squier, Giles Seyntlowe late of London
Squier, Thomas Claymond, the seid Thomas Tunstall Squier, Thomas
Crawford late of Caleys Squier, John Aldeley late of Guysnes Squyer,
John Lenche of Wyche in the shire of Worcestre Squier, Thomas Ormond
otherwise called Thomas Botillier Knyght, Robert Bellyngeham late of
Burnalshede in the shire of Westmerlond Squier, Thomas Everyngham
late of Newhall in the shire of Leycestr’ Knyght, John Penycok late
of Waybrigge in the counte of Surr’ Squier, William Grymmesby late of
Grymmesby in the shire of Lincoln’ Squier, Henry Ross late of
Rokyngham in the shire of Northampton Knyght, Thomas Danyell late of
Rysyng in the shire of Norff’ Squier, John Doubiggyng late of the
same Gentilman, Richard Kirkeby late of Kirkeby Ireleth in the shire
of Lancastr’ Gentilman, William Ackeworth late of Luton in the shire
of Bed’ Squier, William Weynsford late of London Squier, Richard
Stucley late of Lambehith in the counte of Surr’ Squier, Thomas
Stanley late of Carlile Gentilman, Thomas Litley late of London
Grocer, John Maydenwell late of Kirton in Lyndesey in the counte of
Lincoln, Gentilman, Edward Ellesmere late of London Squier, John
Dauson late of Westmynster in the shire of Midd’ Yoman, Henry Spencer
late of the same Yoman, John Smothyng late of York Yoman, John
Beaumont late of Goodby in the shire of Leyc’ Gentilman, Henry
Beaumont late of the same Gentilman, Roger Wharton otherwise called
Roger of the Halle, late of Burgh in the shire of Westmerlond Grome,
John Joskyn late of Branghing in the shire of Hertf’ Squier, Richard
Litestr’ the yonger late of Wakefeld Yoman, Thomas Carr late of
Westmynster Yoman, Robert Bollyng late of Bollyng in the shire of
York Gentilman, Robert Hatecale late of Barleburgh in the same shire
Yoman, Richard Everyngham late of Pontfreyt in the same shire Squier,
Richard Fulnaby of Fulnaby in the shire of Lincoln Gentilman,
Laurence Hille late of Moch Wycombe in the counte of Buk’ Yoman,
Rauff Chernok late of Thorley in the counte of Lancastr’ Gentilman,
Richard Gaitford of Estretford in Cley in the shire of Notyngh’
Gentilman, John Chapman late of Wymbourne Mynster in Dorset shire
Yoman, and Richard Cokerell late of York Marchaunt; on Sonday called
comynly Palme Sonday, the xxix day of Marche, the first yere of his
reigne, in a feld bitwene the townes of Shirbourne in Elmett, and
Tadcastr’ in the seid Shire of York, called Saxtonfeld and
Tawtonfeeld, in the shire of York, accompanyed with the Frensshmen
and Scotts, the Kynges Ennemyes, falsely and traiterously ayenst
their feith and liegeaunce, there rered werre ayenst the same Kyng
Edward, their rightwise, true, and naturall liege Lord, purposyng
there and then to have distroyed hym, and deposed hym of his roiall
estate, coroune and dignite; and then and there, to that entent,
falsely and traiterously moved bataille ayenst his seid astate,
shedyng therin the blode of a grete nombre of his subgetts: In the
which bataille, it pleased Almyghty God to yeve unto hym, of the
mysterie of his myght and grace, the victorie of his ennemyes and
rebelles, and to subdue and avoyde th’ effect of their fals and
traiterous purpose. And where also the seid Henry, late called Kyng
Henry the Sixt, Margarete his wyf, late called Quene of Englond, and
Edward her Son, late called Prynce of Wales, and also Henry Duc of
Excestre, Henry Duc of Somerset, Thomas Lord Roos, Thomas Grey Knyght
Lord Rugemond Gray, in the fest of Seint Marc Evangelist last past,
purposyng and ymaginyng the destruction of oure seid Soverayne Lord
Kyng Edward, to depose hym of his roiall astate and dignite, procured
of James Kyng of Scotts, and of his subgetts, then ennemyes of oure
seid Soverayne Lord, their eyde, assistence and armed power, to entre
uppon the same oure Soverayne Lord into his seid reame, to put hym
from the reigne therof, and to distroy hym; and to that entent,
convened with the same James Kyng of Scotts, and ayeinst their feith
and liegeaunce, delyvered to hym to his possession and obeisaunce, in
the seid Fest, the toune and castell of Berwyk, of oure seid liege
Lordes, then beyng their rightwisse, true, and naturall liege Lord,
to that ende and effect, that the seid Kyng of Scotts soo than
possessed of the seid toune and castell, the key of the Estmarches of
Englond, shuld therby have entre, to execute the unjust, untrue, and
malicious purpose and entent of the same Henry, Margaret and Edward.
And for asmoch also as the seid Margarete, and also Henry Duc of
Excestr’, Henry Duc of Somerset, Jasper Erle of Pembroke, James late
Erle of Wilteshire, Robert Lord Hungerford, Thomas Mannyng Clerk,
John Lax, late Parsoune of Walton in the shire of Somerset Clerk,
Henry Lewes Knyght, Robert Whityngham Knyght, John Ormond otherwise
called John Botillier Knyght, Frere Robert Gasley, of the ordre of
the Freres Prechours, and Thomas Cornewayle Squier, have ayenst their
feith and liegeaunce, dyvers tymes sith the fourth day of Marche last
past, stured, laboured and provoked the ennemyes of oure seid
soverayne Lord Kyng Edward the Fourth, of outeward landes, to entre
into his seid reame with grete bataille, to rere werre ayenst his
astate within this seid reame, to conquere the same from his
possession and obeysaunce, to depose hym of roiall astate, corounes
and dignite, and to destroy his moost noble persone and subgetts.
And where also the same Margarete, and Edward her son, and also the
seid Henry Duc of Excestr’, Thomas Grey Lord Rugemonde Grey, Humfrey
Dacre Knyght, Edmund Hampden Knyght, Robert Whityngham Knyght, Henry
Bellyngeham Knyght, and Richard Tunstall Knyght, adheryng to the
Scotts, ennemyes of oure seid soverayne Lord Kyng Edward the Fourth,
convened with the same Scotts, procuryng, desiring and wagyng theym
to enter into his seid reame, to make there werre ayenst his Roiall
Majeste, bringyng the same Scotts and ennemyes to his cite of
Carlile, besegyng and envirounyng it, brennyng the subarbes therof,
distroiyng the howses, habitacions and landes of his subgetts nygh
therunto, in manere of conquest; purposyng, ayenst their feith and
liegeaunce, to have delyvered the seid cite, the key of the
Westmarches of Englond, into the possession and obeysaunce of the
seid Kyng of Scotts, and to have spoiled the coroune of Englond
therof, as they didde of the seid toune of Berwyk. And over that,
where the seid Henry, late called Kyng of Englond the Sixt, and also
Thomas Lord Roos, Thomas Gray Lord Rugemond Grey, Humfrey Dacre
Knyght, John Fortescu Knyght, William Tailboys Knyght, Edmund
Mountford Knyght, Thomas Nevill late of Brauncepath in the
Bisshopryke of Durham Clerk, Humfrey Nevill late of the same Squier,
and Thomas Elwyke late of Caleys Squier, the XXVI day of Juyne last
past, at Ryton and Brauncepath in the Bisshopryke of Durham, with
standardes and gyturons unrolled, rered werre ayenst oure seid Lord
Kyng Edward, purposying to have deposed hym of his roiall astate,
coroune and dignite, ayenst their feith and liegeaunce. And for
asmoch also as Henry Duc of Excestre, Jasper Erle of Pembroke, and
Thomas Fitz Herry late of Herford Squier, at a place called Tutehill,
besid’ the toune of Carnarvan in Wales, on Friday next after the fest
of Translacion of Seint Edward last past, rered werre ayenst the same
oure soverayne Lord, purposyng then and there to have proceeded to
his destruction, of fals and cruell violence, ayenst their feith and
liegeaunce.”
The act then declares Henry, late called King Henry the Sixth, convicted
of high treason, and to forfeit all castles, manors, lordships, lands,
&c. &c., parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster; and the said Margaret, late
called Queen of England, convicted of high treason; and the said
Margaret, and also the said Edward her son, disabled from having or
enjoying any name of dignity, pre-eminence, &c. &c.; and declares the
said Margaret, and Edward her son, to forfeit all castles, manors,
lordships, lands, goods, &c. &c.; and also declares the noblemen
comprised in it disabled from having or enjoying any name of dignity,
pre-eminence, &c. &c.; and the noblemen, knights, and other persons
comprised in the act, convicted of high treason, and to forfeit all their
manors, lordships, lands, possessions, &c. to the King; except such as
were within the liberty of the Bishop of Durham, which were declared
forfeited to the Bishop, who claimed them in right of the Cathedral
Church of St. Cuthbert of Durham; within which liberty the Bishops of
Durham were alleged to have had immemorially the right to all forfeitures
of that description.
No. II.
Extract from the Act of Attainder of 14th Edward IV. passed against some
of the Lancastrians who had taken part in the Battles of Barnet,
Tewkesbury, &c.—_Rot. Parl._ 14th Edward IV. (A.D. 1475), vol. vi. fos.
144, 145, 146.
“AND also where John Veer late Erl of Oxford, late of Wyvenho in the
counte of Essex Knyght, George Veer, late of the same toune Knyght,
Thomas Veer late of the same toune Knyght, Robert Harlyston, late of
Shymplyng in the counte of Suffolk Squyer, William Godmanston, late
of Bromle in the counte of Essex, Squyer, John Durraunt, late of
Colleweston in the counte of Northampton Yoman, and Robert Gybbon,
late of Wyngfeld in the counte of Suffolk Squyer, in the solempne and
high fest of Ester Day, the which was the XIIIIth day of Aprill, the
XIth yere of the reigne of our said sovereigne liege Lord, at Barnet
in the counte of Hertford, and there and thenne togider assembled
theym, with grete multitude of his innaturall subgiettes, rebelles
and traytours, felonsle falsle and traiterousle, levied werre agayns
Kyng Edward the IIIIth, their naturall liege Lord, his roiall persone
then and there beyng, and his baner displayed, entendyng traiterousle
then and there the fynall distruction of his said moost roiall
persone, purposyng to have distroyd’ hym, and deposed hym of his
roiall astate, corone and dignitee, and there and then falsle and
traiterousle made and reared werre agayns his astate, sheddyng there
the blode of grete nombre of his subgiettes; in the which bataill, it
pleased Almyghty God to gyf hym victorie of hys ennemyes and
rebelles, and to subdue the effecte of their fals and traiterous
purpose. And also where Thomas Tresham late of Sywell in the counte
of Northampton Knyght, John Delves, late of Uttokeshater, in the
counte of Stafford Squyer, and Robert Baynton, late of Farleston in
the counte of Wilteshire Knyght, with grete nombre of rebelles and
traytours, assembled theym the IIIth day of the moneth of May, the
said XIth yere of the reigne of oure said sovereigne Lord, at
Tewkesbury in the counte of Gloucestr’, and there and then felonsle
falsle and traiterousle levied werre agayns Kyng Edward the IIIIth,
their naturall liege Lord, his roiall persone then and there beyng,
and his baner displaied, entendyng traiterousle then and there the
fynall destruction of his said moost roiall persone.”
The act then declares the persons comprised in it convicted of high
treason, and all their castles, manors, lordships, lands, &c., forfeited
to the King, and also declares that they were disabled from having or
enjoying any name of dignity, pre-eminence, &c. &c.
No. III.
Extract from the Act of Attainder of 1st Henry VII., passed against the
Yorkists who had taken part in the Battle of Bosworth.—_Rot. Parl._ 1st
Henry VII. (A.D. 1485), vol. vi. fos. 275 and 276.
“FORASMOCHE as every king, prince, and liege lord, the more hie that
he be in estate and prehemenence, the more singularly he is bound to
the advancement and preferring of that indefferent vertue justice;
and promoteinge and rewardinge vertue, and bi oppressinge and
punishinge vice: Wherefore oure soveraigne lord, calleinge unto hys
blessed remembraunce thys high and grete charge adjoyned to hys
royall majestie and estate, not oblivious nor puttinge out of hys
godly mind the unnaturall, mischeivous, and grete perjuries,
treasons, homicides and murdres, in shedding of infants blood, with
manie other wronges, odious offences, and abominac̃ons ayenst God and
man, and in es̃pall oure said soveraigne lord, committed and doone by
Richard late Duke of Glouc’, callinge and nameinge hymself, by
usurpac̃on, King Richard the IIId; the which, with John late Duke of
Norff’, Thomas Erle of Surrie, Francis Lovell Kñt Visc’ Lovell,
Walter Devereux Kñt, late Lord Ferrers, John Lord Zouche, Robert
Harrington, Richard Charleton, Richard Ratcliffe, William Berkley of
Welley, Robert Brakenbury, Thomas Pillkinton, Robert Midletoune,
James Harrington, Kñts, Walter Hopton, William Catesby, Roger Wake,
William Sapcott, Humfrey Stafford, William Clerke of Wenlocke,
Jeffrey St̃ Jermin, Richard Watkins, Herrauld of Armes, Richard
Revell of Derbishyre, Thomas Poulter of the countee of Kent the
younger, John Walsh otherwyse called Hastinges, John Kendale, late
secretarie to the said Richard late Duke, John Buck, Andrew Ratt, and
William Bramton of Burford, the XXIst daie of August, the first yere
of the reigne of oure soveraigne lord, assembled to theyme atte
Leicestre in the countee of Leicestre a grete hoste, traiterously
intendinge, imagininge and conspireinge the destrucc̃on of the kinges
royall ps̃oune, oure soveraigne leige lord. And they, with the same
hoste, with banners spred, mightyly armed and defenced with all
manner armes, as gunnes, bowes, arrowes, speres, gleves, axes, and
all other manner articles apt or needfull to gef and cause mightie
battaille agen oure said soveraigne lord, kept togedre from the said
XXIId daie of the said month thanne next followinge, and theyme
conduced to a feld within the said shyre of Leicestre, there bi grete
and continued deliberacõne, traiterously levied warre ayenst oure
said soveraine lord, and his true subjects there being in his service
and assistance under a banner of oure said soveraine lord, to the
subversion of this realme, and com̃on weale of the same.”
The act then proceeds to declare Richard Duke of Gloucester otherwise
called King Richard III., and all the noblemen, knights, and other
persons comprised in the act, convicted of high treason, and disabled and
forejudged of all honours, dignity, pre-eminences, &c. &c., and all their
castles, manors, lordships, lands, goods, &c., forfeited to the King.
No. IV.
Proclamation by Henry VII., for enforcing order and discipline in his
Army; and Extract from a Journal of the March and Proceedings of Henry
VII. previously to the Battle of Stoke; from a manuscript in the
Cottonian Library.—Lelandi _Collectanea_, vol. iv. p. 210.
“THE King our souveraigne lorde straytly charge and comaunde, that no
maner of man, of whatsoever state, degre, or condition he bee, robe
ne spoyle any chyrche, ne take oute of the same any ornament theron
belonging, nor touche ne sett hande on the pixe wherein the blessed
sacrament is conteynede, nor yet robbe ne spoyle any maner man or
woman, upon peyne of deth. Also that no maner of persones ne
persones whatsoever they bee make no quarell to any man, nor sease
nor vex ne troble any man by body or goodes for any offense, or by
color of any offence hertofor doon or comyttede agenst the roial
Majestie of the King our saide souveraigne lorde, withoute his
auctoritie and especial comaundement geven unto hym or theym, that so
doon in that behalfe upon peyne of deth. Also that no maner of
persones ne persones whatsoever they bee, ravishe no religios woman,
nor mannes wiff, doughter, maydene, ne no mannes ne womans servaunt,
or take, ne presume to take, any maner of vytayll, horsemet, nor
mannes mete, withoute paying therfor the reasonable pryce therof,
assisede by the clerke of the market or other the king’s officers
therfor ordeynede, upon peyne of deth. Also that no maner of
persones ne persones, whatsoever thay bee, take uppon theym to logge
theymsilfs, nor take no maner of logging, ne harbygage, but suche as
shal be assignede unto hym or theym by the King’s herbygeours, nor
disloge no man, nor chaunge no logging after that he be assignede,
without advyse and assent of the said harbygeours, uppon peine of
imprisonment and to be punyshede at the wille of our saide
souveraigne lorde. Also that no maner of man, whatsoever he bee,
make no quarell with any other man, whatsoever be bee, for no maner
of cause, old ne newe; ne make no maner of fray, within the hooste ne
withoute, upon peyne of imprisonment and to bee punishede according
to ther trespas and defautes. And if ther happen any suche quarell
of affray to be made by any evyll disposede personnes, that then no
maner of man, for any acquentaunce or filiship that they bee of, take
noo parte with no suche mysdooers in any suche affrayes or quarells,
upon peyne of imprisonment and to be punyshed at the King’s wille.
But that every man endevor hymsilf to take al suche mysdooers and
brynge theym to the marshalls ward, to be punyshed according to ther
desertes. Also that no maner of personne, whatsoever he bee, hurte,
troble, bete, ne lette no maner of personne, man, woman, or childe
bryngyng any vitayle unto the Kings hooste, upon payne of
imprisonment and his bodye to bee at the Kings wille. And over this,
that every man, being of the reteyne of our saide souveraigne lorde,
at the furste sounde or blaste of the trumpet to saddil hys hors; at
the 2d doo brydell; and at the 3d be redy on horsebake to wayte upon
his highnesse, upon peyne of imprisonment. Also, that no maner of
personne, whatsoever he bee, make no skryes, showtings, or blowing of
hornesse in the Kings hooste after the wache bee sett, upon peyne of
imprisonment and his bodye to be at the Kings wille. Also, that no
vagabonde, nor other, folowe the Kings hooste, but suche as be
reteynede, or have maisters within the same, upon peyne of
imprisonment and to bee punyshede in example for other; and that no
coman wooman folow the Kings hooste, upon payne of imprisonment and
openly to be punyshede in example of al other. Also, whansoever it
shall please the King our souveraigne lorde to comaunde any of hys
officers of armes to charge any thing in his name, by hys high
comaundement, or by the comaundement of his counstable or marshall,
that it be observed and kept, upon payne of imprisonment and his body
to be punyshed at the Kings pleasure.
“From thens” [Kenilworth] “the King procedede to Coventrye, wher the
Bishop of Wynchester toke his leve and went to the Quene and the
Prince, and the substance of his companye waytede upon the King,
under the standerde of his neveu th Erle of Devonshir. From
Coventrie the King remeved unto Leycester, wherby the comaundement of
the mooste Reverende Fader in God, th Archbishop of Canterbury, then
Chanceller of England, the Kings proclamations were put in execusion.
And in especyal voydyng comen women and vagabonds, for ther wer
imprisonede great nomber of both. Wherfor ther was more reste in the
King’s hooste, and the better rule. And on the morow, which was on
the Monday, the King lefte ther the forsaide Reverende Fader in God
and roode to Loughborough; and the saide Lorde Chancellors folks were
commyttede by his neveu, Robert Morton, unto the stander of th Erle
of Oxinforde, in the fowarde. And at Loughborough, the stokks and
prisonnes wer reasonabley fylled with harlatts and vagabonds. And
after that were but fewe in the hooste unto the tyme the felde was
doon. On Tewsday the King remevede and lay al nyght in the felde,
under a wode called Bonley Rice. And on the Wednesday the King’s
marshalls and herbigers of his hoste did not so welle ther diligence
that way, for when the King remevede ther was no propre grounde
appoyntede wher the Kings hooste shulde logge that nyght hen
following, but it was a royal and a marvelouse faire and a wele
tempered day. And the King, with his hooste, wandrede her and ther a
great espace of tyme, and so came to a fayre longe hille, wher the
King sett his folks in array of batell, that is to say, a bow and a
bill at his bak, and al the fowarde were wele and warely loggede
under the hille to Notyngham warde. And when the King hade sene his
people in this fayr array, he roode to a village 3 myles a this side
Notingham, on the highway syde, wher in a gentilmannes place his
grace logede. And in that village, and in a bene felde to Notingham
warde, lougede al his batell; whiche evening wer taken certeyn
espies, whiche noysede in the contrey that the King had ben fledde.
And sume were hangede on the ashe at Notyngham Brygge ende. And on
the morowe, whiche was Corpus Christi day, after the King had harde
the dyvyne servyce in the pariche chirche, and the trumpetts hadde
blowne to horse, the King, not letting his hoste to understand his
entente, rode bakewarde to see, and also welcome the Lord Strannge,
whichc brought with hym a great hoste, inow to have beten al the
Kings enemies, only of my Lorde his faders th’ Erle of Derbye folks
and his. And al wer fayre embaytailled, whiche unknowne turnyng to
the hooste, causede many folks for to marvaille. Also the Kings
standerde and muche cariage folowde after the King, unto the tyme the
King was advertysede by Garter King of Armes, whom the King comaunded
to turne them al ageyn, whiche so dide theym al in bataile on the hef
heder side of the great hille a this side Notingham, unto the tyme
the King came. That nyght the Kings hooste lay under the ende of all
that hille towarde Notingham to Lenton warde, and his fowarde befor
hym to Notyngham Bruge warde. And th Erle of Derbyes host on the
Kings lifte hand to the meadowes besides Lenton. And that evenyng
ther was a great skrye, at wiche skrye ther flede many men; but it
was great joy to see how sone the King was redye and his true men in
array. And from thens, on the Friday, the King, understanding that
his enemyes and rebelles drew towards Newarke warde, passing by
Southwelle and the furside of Trente, the King with his hoste
remevede thedarwards, and logged that nyght beside a village callede
Ratcliff, 9 miles oute of Newarke. That evening ther was a great
skrye, whiche causede many cowards to flee; but th Erle of Oxinforde,
and al the nobles in the fowarde with hym, wer sone in a good array
and in a fayr bataile, and so was the King and al the very men that
ther wer. And in this estrye I harde of no man of worship that
fledde but raskells.
“On the morne, which was Satirday, the King erly arros and harde 2
masses, wherof the Lorde John Fox, Bishop of Excester, sange the ton;
and the King had 5 good and true men of the village of Ratecliff,
whiche shewde his grace the beste way for to conduyt his hoost to
Newark, whiche knew welle the countrey, and shewde wher wer marres,
and wher was the river of Trent, and wher wer vilages or grovys for
bushements, or strayt weyes, that the King might conduyt his hoost
the better. Of whiche guides the King gave 2 to th’ Erle of
Oxinforde to conduyt the fowarde, and the remanent reteyned at his
pleasure. And so in good order and array, before 9 of the clok,
beside a village called Stook, a large myle oute of Newarke, his
fowarde recountrede his enemyes and rebells, wher by the helpe of
Almighty God, he hadde the victorye. And ther was taken the lad that
his rebells callede King Edwarde, whos name was indede Lambert, by a
vaylent and a gentil esquier of the Kings howse, called Robert
Bellingham. And ther was slayne th’ Erle of Lincoln John, and dyvers
other gentilmen, and the Vicount Lorde Lovell put to flight. And
ther was slayne of Englishe, Duche, and Irishemen M IIII. And that
day the king made 13 baneretts and LII knyghts, whose names ensueth.
“Theis bee the names of the baneretts:
Sir Gilbert Talbot, Theis III wer made byfor the
batell.
Sir John Cheyny,
Sir William Stow,
“And after the batel were made the same day:
Sir John of Aronndell, Sir Richard Crofte,
Sir Thomas Cokesay, Sir Humfrey Stanley,
Sir John Forstin, Sir Richarde de la Ver,
Sir Edward Benyngfelde, Sir John Mortymer,
Sir James Blount, Sir William Trouthbek.
“The names of the knyghts made at the same bataill:
Sir James Audley, Sir James Harrington,
Sir Edward Norres, Syr John Devenyshe,
Sir Robert Clifforde, Sir John Sabarotts,
Sir George Opton, Sir Thomas Lovell,
Sir Robert Abroughton, Sir Humfrey Savage,
Sir John Paston, Sir Antony Browne,
Sir Henry Willoughby, Sir Thomas Grey,
Sir Richard Pole, Sir Nicholas Vaux,
Sir Richard Fitzlewes, Sir William Tyrwytt,
Sir Edwarde Abrough, Sir Amyas Pallet,
Sir George Lovell, Sir Rauff Langforth,
Sir John Longvile, Sir Henry Bould,
Sir Thomas Terell, Sir William Redmyll,
Sir Roger Bellyngam, Sir Thomas Blount,
Sir William Carew, Sir Robert Cheyny,
Sir William Trouthbeck, Sir John Wyndan,
Sir Thomas Pooll, Sir John A. Musgrove,
Sir William Vampage, Sir George Nevell,
Sir James Parker, Sir Raf Shirley,
Syr Edwarde Darell, Sir William Litilton,
Sir Edwarde Pykerynge, Sir William Norres, {315a}
Sir Thomas of Wolton, Syr Thomas Hanseide,
Syr William Sandes, Sir Christofer Wroughton,
Syr Robert Brandon, Syr Thomas Lyn,
Syr Mores Barkley, Sir Moses Aborough,
Sir John Dygby, Syr Thomas Manyngton.
No. V.
Extract from the Act of Attainder against John, Earl of Lincoln, and his
Adherents.—_Rotul. Parl._ 3rd Henry VII. (A.D. 1487), vol. vi. fo. 397.
“FORASMOCH as the XIXth day of the moneth of Marche last past John,
late Erle of Lincolne, nothyng consideryng the greate and sovereygn
kyndnes that oure sovereygne leige lorde that nowe ys, at dyvers
sundry tymes contynuelly shewed to the said late erle, but the
contrarye to kynd and naturall remembraunce his faith trouth and
allegeaunce conspired and ymagyned the most dolorouse and lamentable
murder, deth, and destruction of the roiall psone of oure said
sovereygne and leige lorde, and also distruction of all this realme,
and to pform his said malicious purpose traiterously departed to the
parties beyond the see, and ther accompanyed hymselfe with many other
false traitours and enemyes to our said sovereygne leige lorde, by
longe tyme contynuyng his malyce, prepared a grete navye for the
coostes of Brabon, and arryved in the portes of Irland, where he,
with Sr̃ Henry Bodrugan {315b} and John Beaumound, Squier, ymagyned
and conspired the destruction and deposition of oure said sovereygne
liege lorde; and for the execution of the same ther, the XXIIIIth day
of May last passed at the cite of Develyn, contrarie to his homage
and faith, trouth, and allegiaunce, trayterously renownced, revoked,
and disclaymed his owne said most naturall sovereygene leige lord the
kyng, and caused oone Lambert Symnell, a child of X yere of age,
sonne to Thomas Symnell, late of Oxforde, joynonre, to be proclamed,
erecte, and reputed as kyng of this realme, and to hym did feith and
homage, to the grete dishonour and despite of all this realme, and
frome thens contynuyng in his malicious and trayterous purpose arived
with a greate navie in Furnes, in Lancashire, the IIIIth day of June
last past, accompanyed with a greate multytude of straungers with
force and armes, that ys to saye, swerdys, speris, marespikes, bowes,
gonnes, harneys, brigandynes, hawberkes, and many other wepyns and
harneys defensible, and frome thens the same day he, with Sr̃ Thomas
Broughton, knyght, Thomas Haryngton, Robert Percy, of Knaresburgh, in
the countie of Yorke, Richard Harleston, John a Broughton, brother
unto the said Sr̃ Thomas Broughton, knyght, Thomas Batell, James
Haryngton, Edward Frank, Richard Middelton, squiers; Robert Hilton,
Clement Skelton, Alexander Apilby, Richard Banke, Edmund Juse, Thomas
Blandrehasset, gentilmen; John Mallary, of Lichbarowe, in the countie
of Northton, Robert Mallary, of Fallesley, in the same countie, Gyles
Mallary, of Grevysnorton, in the same countie, William Mallary, of
Stowe, in the same countie, Robert Mannyng, late of Dunstaple,
Willyam Kay, of Halyfax, gentilman, Roger Hartlyngton, Richard
Hoiggessone, John Avyntry, Rowland Robynson, yomen; with many other
ill-disposed psones and traytours, defensible and in like warrely
maner arrayed to the nomber of VIIIM persones ymagynyng, compassyng,
and conspiryng the deth and deposition, and utter destruction of oure
said soveraygne leige lorde the kyng, and the subversion of all this
realme, for the execucion and pfourmyng of the said myschevous and
traiterous purpose contynuelly in hostyle maner passed fro thens from
place to place to they come to Stoke, in the countie of Notyngham;
where the XVI day of June last past, with baners displayed, levied
warre ayenst the psone of his sovereygne and naturall leige lorde,
and gave to hym myghty and stronge batell, trayterously and contrarie
to all trouth, knyghthode, honour, allegeaunce, feith, and affyaunce,
intendyng utterly to have slayne, murdred, and cruelly destroyed oure
foresaid leige lorde and most Cristen prynce, to the uttermost and
grettest adventure of the noble and roiall persone of oure seid leige
lorde, destruction, dishonour, and subversion of all this realme.
For the which malicious compassed greate and heynous offence, not
alloonly commytted ayen oure said sovereygne lorde, but also ayenst
the unyversall and comen wele of this realme, ys requisite sore and
grevous punycion; and also for an example hereafter that non other be
bold in like wise to offend: Therfore be it enacted by oure
sovereygne lorde the Kyng by the advyse of all the lordes sp̃uall and
temporall, and the com̃ons in this present parliament assembled, and
by the auctorite of the same, that the said John, late Erle of
Lincoln, Sr̃ Henry Bodrugan, Thomas Broughton, knyghtes; John
Beaumond, Thomas Haryngton, Robert Percy,” &c. &c., “be reputed,
jugged, and taken as traytours, and convicte and attaynte of high
treason,” &c. &c. And the act proceeds to declare all their castles,
lordships, manors, lands, goods, &c. &c. forfeited to the King.
No. VI.
Extract from the Act of Attainder of 11th Henry VII., against Francis
Lovel, late Lord Lovel.—_Rot. Parl._ 11th Henry VII. (A.D. 1495), vol.
vi. fo. 502.
“FORASMOCH as John, late Erle of Lincoln, Fraunces Lovell, late Lord
Lovell, and divers other with theym, trayterously ymagynyng and
compassyng the deth and destruccion of our sovereign lord the king,
assembled themself with other evil disposed peopull, to the nombre of
VM p̃sones, at Stoke, in the countie of Notyngham, the XXth day of
June, the IId yere of the reigne of our said sovereign lord the kinge
that nowe is, and then and there, for the pformaunce of their cursed
myschevous and wreched purpose, in pleyne feild, at the same Stoke,
in the said countie, with their baners displayed, contrary to theyr
alligeaunce ayenst the king our and their naturall sovereign lord,
levied and rered warre and made bataille ayenst him, for whiche
traiterous and unnatural dede the said John, Erle of Lincolne, with
dyvers other then and there traiterously offendyng, were late by
auctorite of parliament, in a parliament holden at Westm’, the IIIde
yere of the reigne of the king our sovereigne lord that now is,
deemed convict and atteynt of high treason; in the whiche acte of
atteyndre the said Fraunces Lovell was ignorauntly left oute and
omitted, to the moost perillous ensample of other being of suche
traiterous myndes. Wherfore be it ordeyned, enacted, and
established, by the lordes sp̃uall and temporall, and the comons in
this p̃sent parliament assembled, and by auctorite of the same, that
the said Fraunces stande and be deemed adjuged, convicte, and
atteynte of high treason, for his rehersed trayterous dede, and
forfeite to the kinge,” all the honours, castles, manors, lordships,
possessions, hereditaments, &c. &c., which he possessed on the 20th
June, in 2nd Henry VII.
This is a most extraordinary statute. It commences with calling Lord
Lovel, the “late Lord Lovell,” without there appearing to be any certain
proof of his death; and it is contradictory of the act attainting the
Earl of Lincoln and others (see Appendix No. V.), which alleges, that
their forces amounted to 8000 men, and that the battle took place on the
16th of June; whilst in this the insurgent troops are only stated to be
5000, and the 20th of June is mentioned as the day of the battle. It is
also scarcely credible, that the attainder of Lord Lovel could have been,
as alleged, inadvertently omitted in the former statute; nor is it easy
to assign any plausible reason, why an avaricious sovereign like Henry
VII. should allow eight years to elapse after the insurrection, without
passing this act of attainder, when the unhappy nobleman’s large
possessions offered so tempting a bait. Indeed, if Henry’s object, in
passing it, were to be enabled legally to seize upon them, such a statute
appears unnecessary, because Lord Lovel was attainted by the act of 1st
Henry VII., for fighting at Bosworth (see Appendix No. III.); and there
is no reason to suppose that this attainder was ever reversed, or that he
ever submitted himself to allegiance to Henry.
There is a tradition, that Lord Lovel escaped from the field of battle of
Stoke, and took refuge in the north of England, and there, like Lord
Clifford, lived several years in obscurity, concealed from his enemies;
but it does not appear to be authenticated or supported by any historical
authority.
No. VII.
Copy of a Letter given in Banks’s _Dormant and Extinct Baronage_, vol.
ii. p. 321, from William Cowper, Esq., Clerk of the Parliament.
“_Hertingfordbury Park_, 9_th_ _August_, 1737.
“Sir,—I met to’ther day with a memorandum I had made some years ago,
perhaps not unworthy your notice. You may remember that Lord Bacon,
in his _History of Henry VII._, giving an account of the battle of
Stoke, sais of the Lord Lovel, who was among the rebels, that he
fled, and swame over the Trent on horseback, but could not recover
the further side by reason of the steepenesse of the banke, and so
was drowned in the river. But another report leaves him not there,
but that he lived long after in a cave or vault.
“Apropos to this; on the 6th of May, 1728, the present Duke of
Rutland related in my hearing, that about twenty years then before,
viz., in 1708, upon occasion of new laying a chimney, at Minster
Luvel, there was discovered a large vault or room under ground, in
which was the entire skeleton of a man, as having been sitting at a
table, which was before him, with a book, paper, pen, &c. &c.; in
another part of the room lay a cap, all much mouldered and decayed.
Which the family and others judged to be this Lord Luvel, whose exit
has hitherto been so uncertain.”
See also, Additions to Camden’s _Magna Britannia_ (by Gough), edition of
1789, vol. ii. fo. 289, where the same circumstance is narrated, with the
addition, that the clothing of the body seemed to have been rich; that it
was seated in a chair, with a table and a mass-book before it; and also
that, upon the admission of the air, the body soon fell to dust.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. {321}
Page 1, note 2, After the words, “and May, 1856,” add “and also in
September, 1856, which was after part of this work had been sent to the
press.”
„ 2. In the last line of note *, after the words, “according to,” insert
the name, “Fabyan.”
„ 3. Before “Market Drayton,” insert “Hodnet, and.”
„ 5. After the words, “offered battle to his enemies,” add “2,” and at
the foot of the page, insert as note “2”: “A portion of the suburbs of
Shrewsbury was intentionally burnt; that measure being considered
requisite for the safety of the town, in consequence of the approach of
Hotspur’s army.—_Rot. Parl._ 9 Henry IV., vol. iii. fo. 619.”
„ 5. For note “2,” substitute “3.”
„ 10. Instead of “fragments of human bones, armour, spurs,” read “human
bones, fragments of armour, spurs.”
„ 10. For “the Rev. J. O. Hopkins,” read “the late Rev. J. O. Hopkins.”
„ 11, note 4. For “very many of the bones of men,” read “the bones of
many men.”
„ 22, note 2. Instead of “18th of February, 1477,” read “18th of
February, 1477–8.”
„ 28, note 2. For “the 16th of February, 1495,” read “the 16th of
February, 1494–5.”
„ 35. Insert the figures “35” at the head of the page.
„ 39, note 3. For “28th of April, 1442,” read “29th of April, 1441.”
„ 44, note 2. Before the name “Hall,” insert “Fabyan.”
„ 49. For “1459,” read “1460.”
„ 50. In the second line of the continuation of the note, before the
name “Hall,” insert “Fabyan.”
Page 53, note 4. Add, “Dugdale and Stow state that the Duke of York left
London on the 2nd of December, and arrived at Sandal on Christmas eve.
If he consumed twenty-two days in his march from London to Sandal, the
delay seems very extraordinary.”
„ 54, note 3. Instead of “Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset (the son of
Edmund Beaufort, grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster), after the
death,” read “Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, was the son of Edmund
Beaufort (grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster), who, after the
death.”
„ 54. In the seventh line of the same note, instead of “his eldest son,
Henry,” read “The eldest son, Henry.”
„ 55, note 1. After the words, “fighting on behalf of Henry VI., and
there buried,” add, “Leland, in his _Itinerary_, vol. vi. fo. 93 [p. 82],
also states that Thomas Earl of Devonshire was slain at Tewkesbury, and
buried there.”
„ 58. Instead of “His army, surrendered and overwhelmed with numbers,”
read “His array nearly surrounded and overwhelmed by numbers.”
„ 64, note 2. Instead of “_Quære_, has not the lane been,” read “The
lane is;” and instead of “which formerly stood,” read “which stands, or
very recently stood.”
„ 68. In the continuation of the note, after the words, “vol. v. fo.
464,” add, “and Fabyan, fo. 218.”
„ 72. In the continuation of the note, for “21st of December, 1493,”
read “21st of December, 1495.”
„ 73. For “his forces courageously attacked the army,” read “his army
courageously attacked the forces.”
„ 73. At the end of note 4, add, “Fabyan, fo. 627, calls him a knyght of
Wales.”
„ 92, note 1. Instead of “the Rev. George Townsend,” read “the Rev.
George Fyler Townsend;” and instead of “p. 12,” insert “pages 12 to 16.”
„ 99, note 1. After the words, “each horseman,” add, “in marching
order.”
„ 103, note 4. After the words, “battles of Wakefield,” insert “[See
Chap. IV. p. 60.]”
Page 104, note 1. After the words, “Dugdale’s _Baronage_,” add “vol.
i.;” and after the passage, “Leland’s _Coll._ vol. ii. p. 715,” omit
“[500],” and insert “[498], in which is the following statement, ‘Syr
John Nevel the Erle of Westmerlandes brother and Andrew Trollop were
killid at this tyme.’”
„ 111. After the words, “were restored,” add, “4,” and as a note at the
foot of the page, insert, “4 Leland mentions the titles and rank
conferred by Edw. IV. upon his friends and adherents, as follows:—
Thomas Blunte made Lord Montejoy
William Hastinges made Lorde Hastinges.
“‘Edward at his coronation creatid his brother George Duke of
Clarence; and Richard the younger, Duke of Gloucester; the Lord
Montacute, the Erle of Warwike’s brother, the Erle of Northumbreland;
William Stafford Esquier, Lord Staford of Southwike; Syr [William]
Herbart, Lord Herbart; and after Erle of Pembroke; and the saide Lord
Staford Erle of Devonshire; the Lord Gray of Ruthine, Erle of Kent;
the Lord Bourchier Erle of Essex; the Lord John of Bokingham, {323}
Erle of Wyltshire; Syr Thomas Blunt Knight, the Lord Montjoye; Syr
John Haward, Lord Haward; William Hastinges, Lord Hastinges and
Greate Chambrelayn; and the Lorde Ryvers; Denham Esquyer, Lord
Deneham; and worthy as is afore shewid.’—Lel. _Collect._, vol. ii. p.
715, 716 [449].”
“It is of course admitted, that Edward at his coronation ennobled his
brothers the Duke of Clarence and Duke of Gloucester; but Leland
appears to have expressed himself either not clearly, or not with his
usual accuracy, with respect to the dates of the conferring of the
titles upon several of the other personages, before mentioned, as may
be easily ascertained by a reference to the works of Ralph Brooke, or
Dugdale; from which it plainly appears, that although Edward did not
forget eventually to reward many of his supporters and adherents with
rank and titles, yet in some instances several years elapsed, after
his coronation, before they were ennobled, or, as the case might be,
were advanced in the peerage.”
Page 117, note 2. Instead of “ocnnected,” read “connected.”
„ 123. Instead of “called by Stow,” read “called by Leland and Stow.”
„ 123, note 2. Add before the name “Stow,” the words, “Lel. _Itinerary_,
vol. vi. fo. 17 [p. 16].”
„ 127, note 4. Instead of “des Mœurs,” read “sur les Mœurs.”
„ 140. For “right hand to be,” read “right hard to be.”
„ 142, note 1. For “The mills were,” read “The Mills are.”
„ 143, note 1. After the words, “in the abbey church there,” add,
“Leland, in his _Itinerary_, vol. vi. fo. 92 [p. 81], states that she
died at the Castle of Warwick, on the 22nd of December, 1476, and was
buried at Tewkesbury, of which she was the patroness.”
„ 145, note 1. For “Sanderson’s,” read “Sandford’s.”
„ 149, note 3. For “Holme Castle,” read “Holme Ground.”
„ 162. Introduce as note 1, to the words, “third husband of his mother,”
1 as follows:—
“Margaret Beaufort, sole daughter and heiress of John Beaufort, first
Duke of Somerset, became Countess of Richmond by her marriage with
her first husband, Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond; her second husband
was Sir Henry Stafford (a son of Humphrey Stafford, first Duke of
Buckingham, slain at the battle of Northampton, and a brother of
Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford, slain at the first battle of St.
Alban’s, and also a brother of John Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire); and
her third husband was Thomas Lord Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby.
The Countess of Richmond had only one child, viz., Henry Earl of
Richmond, afterwards King Henry VII., by her marriage with Edmund
Earl of Richmond (see Pedigree No. 4, chap. ix. p. 201); and she had
not any children either by her second or third husband, as if, to use
the words of Sandford, in his _Genealogical History_, p. 319, ‘she
had been designed to be the mother of a king onely.’ She lived to
see her son Henry VII. and her grandson Henry VIII. successively
kings, and died in the first year of the reign of the latter, on the
3rd July, 1509, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.”
Page 162. For note “1” read “2,” and in the note, for “Ann Beam” read
“Anne Beam.”
„ 170. After the words, “town’s people,” add, “and there is reason to
believe that they were got rid of, by being thrown into the river at the
end of Bow Bridge, at Leicester;” “borne out of the city, and
contemptuously bestowed under the end of Bow Bridge, which giveth passage
over a branch of Stoure, upon the west side of the towne.”—See Speed’s
_Annals_, fo. 936; see also Thorsby’s _Views in Leicestershire_, p. 338:
and instead of the words, “were deposited,” insert “had been deposited.”
„ 170, note 1. After “Hutton, 143,” add “Sandford’s _Genealogical
History_, p. 410. A tablet has been recently (in 1856) put up on one of
the new buildings near Bow Bridge, with an inscription treating the
locality as if it were the supposed place of the final interment of
Richard III.; but although it may perhaps be a disappointment to those
who have caused the tablet to be placed there, to learn that the
correctness of their theory is not admitted by others, still it is only
proper to mention, that there does not appear to be any authority for
such a supposition: indeed, after his remains had been pulled out of the
grave and got rid of at the river, it is not likely that anybody would
know or care what became of them.”
„ 173. Instead of “which he afterwards gave,” read “which was afterwards
given.”
„ 180. In note 1, instead of “chap. iv.” read chap. “v.”
„ 189. For “the cliff occupied by his left wing, was, as before
observed, almost inassailable,” read, “the cliff occupied, as before
observed, by his left wing, was almost inassailable.”
„ 193, note 1. Instead of “[500],” read “[498].”
„ 203. After the words, “in the fifteenth century,” insert “and had no
relation to the wars of York and Lancaster.”
„ 210, note 2, add “_MS. Chronicle_, by Warkworth, p. 16.”
„ 274. Instead of “the Brooke Farm estate,” read “the Brooke Farm.”
Page 289. For “ou m’a assuire,” read “on m’a assuré.”
„ 294. After the words, “in that county,” add the figure “2.”
„ 296. For “the Institutes of England,” read “the Institutes of the Laws
of England.”
„ 298, note 1. Instead of the words, “there were not any wolves in
England,” insert “wolves did not appear in England.” He uses the
following expression respecting them: “though none of those animals
appear at present in England, nor on the borders toward Scotland, though
very common in that kingdom.”
INDEX.
A.
ACTON, Robert, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 148.
Act of attainder of 1st Edward IV., against persons who had been engaged
at the second battle of St. Alban’s, the battle of Wakefield, and the
battle of Towton, 107, 301.
Act of attainder of 38th Henry VI., against persons who had been engaged
at the battle of Blore Heath, and other alleged offences, 28.
Act of attainder of 14th Edward IV., against persons who had been engaged
at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, 308.
Act of attainder of 1st Henry VII., against persons who had been engaged
at the battle of Bosworth, 309.
Act of attainder of 3rd Henry VII., against John Earl of Lincoln, and
others, who had been engaged at the battle of Stoke, 315.
Act of attainder of 11th Henry VII., against Francis Lord Lovel, for
having been engaged at the battle of Stoke, 317.
Adbright, Hussee, 18, 19.
Alban’s, St., first battle of, 2 (note), 23 (note), 43 (note), 54 (note).
Alban’s, St., second battle of, 82.
Alderley, Cheshire, 245.
Amyon (or Ambien) Hill and Wood, near Market Bosworth, 160, 162.
Anjou, Margaret of.—_See_ “Queen Margaret.”
Anjou, René Duke of, 42 (note), 147.
Anne, Queen, wife of Richard III.—_See_ “Queen Anne.”
Arquebuse, harquebus, hacquebut, hackbut, or hagbut, 214 to 244.
Artillery, occasional use of, by the English, in sieges of the fourteenth
century, 213 to 216.
Artillery, general use of, by the English, in war, in the fifteenth
century, 217 to 244.
Arundel, Sir John, 133.
Audley, James Touchet, Lord, 25; slain at Blore Heath, 26.
Audley, Sir Humphrey, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 146.
B.
Banbury, battle of, 193, 199.
Barnet, battle of, 205.
Barrow, Henry, slain at Tewkesbury, 148.
Basilisk, 220.
Battlefield, and Battlefield Church, 7 to 19.
Battlewell House and Battlewell Gate, near Evesham, 203.
Bear, formerly wild in England, 287.
Beauchamp, of Powick, William Lord, 185.
Beauchamp, Sir Richard, governor of the city and castle of Gloucester,
135.
Beaufort, Lord John, slain at Tewkesbury, 133, 142.
Beaumont, John Viscount, slain at Northampton, 46.
Beaumont, William Viscount, 103.
Beaver, formerly wild in England, 288.
Bedford, Jasper Tudor, Duke of, previously Earl of Pembroke, 69, 133,
166, 180, 186; extraordinary and abrupt changes of fortune of, 69 (note).
Berners, John Bourchier, Lord, 118.
Blore Heath, battle of, 21.
Blount, Sir Walter, slain at Shrewsbury, 7, 8, 111 (note).
Boar, wild, formerly in England, 287, 295, 297.
Bombard, 219 to 244.
Bonvile, William Lord, put to death after the second battle of St.
Alban’s, 82, 83.
Booth, Sir Robert, said to have been slain at Blore Heath, 264, 265.
Bosworth, battle of, 157.
Bourchier, Thomas, Cardinal, and Archbishop of Canterbury, 40, 83.
Bourchier, Henry Viscount (originally Earl of Ewe, and afterwards Earl of
Essex), 41, 44.
Bourchier, Humphrey Lord Cromwell, slain at Barnet, 194.
Bourchier, Sir Edward, slain at Wakefield, 29 (note), 58.
Bourchier, Sir John (afterwards Lord Berners), 29 (note), 118.
Bourchier, Sir Thomas, 161 (note).
Bourchier, Sir Humphrey, slain at Barnet, 118, 209.
Bourchier, William, Earl of Ewe, 40 (note 1), 118 (note 4), 209 (note 3).
Bourgeoise, 220.
Bouverie, Edward, Esq., battle of Northampton fought upon the estate of,
50 (note).
Brackenbury, Sir Robert, slain at Bosworth, 166.
Brandon, Sir William, slain at Bosworth, 167, 168.
Brandon, Thomas, 167 (note), 186.
Brecher, two gentlemen of that name put to death by Henry VII., after the
battle of Bosworth, 171.
Brereton, Cheshire family of, 269.
Brereton, Sir William, Bart., the distinguished Parliamentary commander,
270.
Bromley, Sir Robert, Bart., battle of Stoke fought upon the estate of,
185, 190.
Broughton, Sir Thomas, slain at Stoke, 178, 187.
Bows and arrows used in war in this country as late as in the Civil War
of Charles I. and the Parliament, 214.
Bows and arrows, option given by an act of Parliament of Philip and Mary,
to provide a bow and arrows, or a haquebut, 215.
Buckingham, Lord Henry Stafford, of, 106.
Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, first Duke of, 43; slain at Northampton,
46.
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, second Duke of, beheaded in first year of
Richard III., 48 (note), 49, 50 (note).
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, third Duke of, beheaded in 13th year of
Henry VIII., 50.
Bull, Black, a standard of Edward IV. at the battle of Towton, 117.
Burgundy, Charles Duke of, slain at the battle of Nancy, 23 (note), 177,
194, 199.
Burgundy, Margaret Duchess of, 23 (note), 177, 199.
Burton, Sir John, slain at Towton, 106.
Byron, Sir John, 167.
C.
Calverley, Sir John, 8.
Cannons, occasional use of, by the English, in sieges, in the fourteenth
century, 213 to 216.
Cannons, and other firearms, general use of, by the English, in war, in
the fifteenth century, 213 to 244.
Canterbury, Thomas Bourchier, Cardinal, and Archbishop of, 40, 83.
Canterbury, John Morton, Cardinal, and Archbishop of, 107.
Cary (_quære_ Car), Sir William, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury,
146, 148.
Catesby, William, put to death by Henry VII., after the battle of
Bosworth, 171.
Cecily Duchess of York, extraordinary afflictions and calamities in her
family, 192 to 197.
Chapel commenced at Towton Field, by Richard III., 100.
Chapel Garth, or Chapel Hill, at Towton Field, 101.
Cheadle Church, Cheshire, 267 to 281.
Cheney, Sir John, 168, 186.
Clarence, George Duke of, 110, 139, 143; put to death in the Tower, 194,
199.
Clarence, Lionel Duke of, 22, 68, 198.
Clarence, Thomas Duke of, slain at Beaugé, in France, 171.
Clifford, John Lord, slain at Dintingdale, 56, 86, 115.
Clifford, Thomas Lord, slain at the first battle of St. Alban’s, 56
(note), 86 (note).
Clifton, Sir Gervase, 106 (note).
Clifton, Sir Gervase, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 106, 146.
Clifton, Sir Gervase, slain at Bosworth, 166.
Clifton, Sir John, 8.
Clinton, John Lord, 41, 111.
Cobham, Sir Edward Brooke, of, called Lord Cobham, 40, 42.
Cock River, near Towton, 88, 113.
Cockaine, Sir John, 8.
College and Hospital at Battlefield, 17.
Corbet, Peter, commission to destroy wolves, 293.
Courtenay, Sir Hugh, 133; executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 148.
Courtenay, Henry, beheaded at Salisbury, 55 (note).
Courtenay, Walter, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 148.
Coventry, Parliament of, in 38th of Henry VI., 28, 41 (note), 111.
Coventry, proceedings of the Parliament of, annulled in 39th of Henry
VI., 41 (note), 111.
Crackenthorpe, Sir Thomas, 106.
Crackenthorpe, Sir John, 106.
Crofts, Sir Richard, captured Edward Prince of Wales, 143.
Cromwell, Humphrey Bourchier, Lord, slain at Barnet, 194, 209.
Culverin, and hand culverin, 214 to 244.
D.
Dacre, Ralph Lord, slain at Towton, 96, 105; tomb of, at Saxton, 123,
125.
Delapré Abbey, near Northampton, 43, 50, 51.
Delves, Sir John, slain at Tewkesbury, 142, 147 (note).
Delves, John, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 146, 147.
Denham, or Dinham, John Lord, 100, 103, 110.
Derby, Thomas Earl of, previously Thomas Lord Stanley, 28, 167.
Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, Earl of, 55, 103; executed at York, after
the battle of Towton, 106.
Devonshire, Thomas or John Courtenay, Earl of, slain at Tewkesbury, 55
(note), 133, 142, 322.
Dintingdale, engagement at, 86, 89, 90, 115.
Done, Sir John, slain at Blore Heath, 27.
Done, Richard, slain at Blore Heath, 27.
Dorset, Thomas Grey, Marquis of, 139.
Douglas, Archibald Earl, 3, 8.
Drayton, 23.
Dudley, John de Sutton, Lord, 27.
Dunbar, Earl of, 4.
Dutton, John, 27.
Dutton, Sir Thomas, 26.
E.
Edward Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., 47, 85, 132; murdered after the
battle of Tewkesbury, 144.
Edward Prince of Wales, son of Richard III., 195, 199.
Edward IV., 67, 68, 83, 84, 119, 142, 199.
Edward V., believed to have been murdered in the Tower, 195, 199.
Egerton, Sir John, 27.
Egremont, Thomas Percy, Lord, slain at Northampton, 46.
Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV.—_See_ “Queen Elizabeth.”
Elizabeth, Queen of Henry VII.—_See_ “Queen Elizabeth.”
Elston Fields, 181.
Engines used by the English in war, 218, 221.
Essex, Henry Bourchier, Earl of, 193, 194.
Evesham, battle of, 203.
Ewe, Henry Earl of, afterwards Viscount Bourchier, and subsequently Earl
of Essex.—_See_ “Essex, Henry Bourchier, Earl of.”
Ewe, William Bourchier, Earl of, 118 (note), 209 (note).
Exeter, George Neville, Bishop of, 41, 83.
Exeter, Henry Holland, Duke of, 54, 195, 207, 208.
F.
Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, afterwards Earl of Kent, 41, 44, 48,
84, 100, 110.
Falstaff, Sir John, an imaginary character, 229 (note).
Fastolf, Sir John, a distinguished commander in the wars with the French,
228.
Ferrers of Chartley, Walter Devereux, Lord, slain at Bosworth, 166.
Ferrybridge, engagement at, 86, 114.
Fielding, Sir William, slain at Tewkesbury, 142.
Firearms, general use of, by the English, in the fifteenth century, 213
to 244.
Firearms used by cavalry in the French army in 1495, 218 (note).
Fitzgerald, or Geraldine, or Kildare, Lord, slain at Stoke, 187.
Fitzhenry, Sir Thomas, slain at Tewkesbury, 142.
Fitzhugh, Henry Lord, 105.
Fitzwalter, Lord, slain at Ferrybridge, 86, 114.
Fiskerton, near Stoke, 179, 188.
Flore, John, standard-bearer of the Duke of Somerset, executed after the
battle of Tewkesbury, 148.
Fortescue, Sir John, Chief Justice, 107.
Foster, Chief Justice, 148.
Fowler, 219, 220.
G.
Gastons, near Tewkesbury, 149, 154.
Gausel, Sir Nicholas, 8.
Gausel, Sir Robert, 8.
Gerardine, or Fitzgerald, or Kildare, Lord, slain at Stoke, 187.
Glendowr, Owen, 3, 5, 7.
Gloucester, Richard Duke of, afterwards King Richard III., 110, 139, 141,
158, 324, 325; slain at Bosworth, 169.
Gower, John, sword-bearer of Prince Edward, slain at Tewkesbury, 148.
Grey, Lord Richard, beheaded at Pontefract, 41 (note), 105 (note).
Grey of Ruthin, Edmund Lord, afterwards Earl of Kent, 45.
Grey of Rugemont, Thomas Lord, 105.
Grey, Richard Lord Powis, 29 (note).
Grey Friars, Monastery at Northampton, 47.
Grimsby, Sir William, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 146.
Gunpowder, early use of in war, 215 (note).
Guns, occasional use of by the English in sieges, in the 14th century,
213 to 216.
Guns, general use of by the English, in war, in the 15th century, 213 to
244.
Gupshill, near Tewkesbury, 149, 150, 152.
H.
Hall, Sir David, slain at Wakefield, 58.
Hallidown Hill, battle of, 3.
Hamden, Sir Edmund, slain at Tewkesbury, 142.
Hammes, Sir Edmund, 106.
Hand culverin, or hand cannon, or hand gun, 214 to 244.
Handeley, Humphrey, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 147.
Handford Hall, Cheshire, 267.
Hanson, Captain, put to death after the battle of Wakefield, 65 (note).
Hardingstone, near Northampton, 44, 50.
Harrill, Sir William, 106.
Harrington, William Bonvile, Lord, slain at Wakefield, 58, 83 (note), 194
(note), 200.
Harrington, Sir Thomas, 27, 29 (note), 33.
Harrow, John, put to death after the battle of Wakefield, 65 (note).
Hartry, Sir Nicholas, slain at Tewkesbury, 142.
Harquebus, arquebuse, hacquebut, hackbut, or hagbut, 214, 215.
Hastings, Edward Lord, 186.
Hastings, William Lord, 110, 139; put to death in the Tower of London,
110.
Hastings, Sir Hugh, slain at Wakefield, 58.
Havarde, Sir Edmund, 147.
Hawkstone, Roman station near, 37 (note).
Hawthorn Hall, near Wilmslow, 257, 258.
Hemp Mill Brook, at Blore Heath, 26, 34.
Henry IV., 4, 7, 8.
Henry V., 171.
Henry VI., 21, 82, 198.
Henry Prince of Wales, son of Henry IV., 7.
Hereford, imprisonment of the Bishop of, 43 (note).
Heron, Sir John, of the Ford, 60, 103; slain at Towton, 106.
Hotspur (Henry Percy), 1, 2, 7; slain at the battle of Shrewsbury, 7.
Hungerford, Robert Lord, also called Lord Molyns, 105 (note), 118.
Hungerford, Sir Walter, 161 (note).
I.
Inscription at Barnet, 211.
— Blore Heath, 35.
— Bosworth, 174.
— Evesham, 204.
— Mortimer’s Cross, 80.
— Tewkesbury, 144.
— Wybonbury, 147.
Isabel, wife of George Duke of Clarence, 139, 143, 199, 200.
Isabel, wife of Henry Earl of Ewe, afterwards Earl of Essex, 193, 198.
Ive, Roger, principal or master of the College at Battlefield, 17.
J.
Jaquette of Luxembourg, daughter of Peter of Luxembourg, Earl of St.
Paul, 41 (note), 105 (note).
Joan, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, second wife of Ralph
Neville, first Earl of Westmoreland, 24, 199.
Joan Neville, daughter of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, and wife of
William Earl of Arundel, 24 (note), 200.
Joan, wife of Edward the Black Prince, 198.
K.
Kent, Edmund Grey, Earl of, previously Lord Grey of Ruthin, 45.
Kent, William Neville, Earl of, previously Lord Falconberg, 41, 44, 84,
100, 110.
Kettleman’s Bridge, near Towton, 89 (note).
Kildare, or Gerardine, or Fitzgerald, Lord, slain at Stoke, 187.
King Edward IV., descent of, 67, 68, 199.
King Edward V., descent of, 199.
King Henry VI., descent of, 22, 82, 198.
King Henry VII., descent of, 158, 201.
King Richard III., descent of, 139, 158, 199.
Kiriel, Sir Thomas, put to death after the second battle of St. Alban’s,
83.
L.
Lancaster, House of, heraldic devices and badges of, 22.
Lancaster, House of, 22.
Latimer, Richard Neville, Lord, 186.
Legh, Sir John, 26.
Leicester, Simon de Montford, Earl of, slain at Evesham, 203, 204.
Lermouth, Sir William, slain at Tewkesbury, 142.
Lewkener, Sir John, slain at Tewkesbury, 142.
Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of, 177, 178, 191, 199; slain at Stoke,
187.
Lions, lionesses, and leopards, kept in the Tower of London in the reign
of Edward IV., 283.
Little Warford, Cheshire, 247.
Longstrother, John, Prior of St. John of Jerusalem, 132; executed after
the battle of Tewkesbury, 146.
Lovel, Francis Viscount, 166, 178; slain at or not heard of after the
battle of Stoke, 187, 317, 318.
Lucy, Sir William, slain at Northampton, 46.
M.
Mackerel, Doctor, 107, 148.
March, Earl of, afterwards King Edward IV., 67, 83, 84, 119, 199.
March, Edmund Earl of, 3 (note), 198.
Marchers, the Lords, 78.
Marches of Wales, Court of, 78, 79.
Margaret, Queen of Henry VI.—_See_ “Queen Margaret.”
Margaret Duchess of Burgundy, widow of Charles Duke of Burgundy, 23, 177,
199.
Margaret’s Camp, near Tewkesbury, 149.
Massey, Sir John, 8.
Menagerie, Royal, in the Tower of London, 283.
Milwater, John, slain at Barnet, 208.
Molyneux, Sir Richard, slain at Blore Heath, 26.
Molyns, or Molins, Lord, also called Robert Lord Hungerford, 106 (note).
Molyn, Sir Roger, 106.
Montague, John Neville, Marquis of, previously Lord Montague, then for a
short time Earl of Northumberland, 27, 110, 118 (note); slain at Barnet,
208.
Montjoy, Walter Blount, Lord, 111.
Mortar, 219.
Mortimer, Sir Hugh, slain at Shrewsbury, 8.
Mortimer, Sir Hugh, slain at Wakefield, 58.
Mortimer, Sir John, slain at Wakefield, 58.
Mortimer’s Cross, battle of, 67.
Morton, John, Cardinal, and Archbishop of Canterbury, 107.
N.
Narbohew, Sir Henry, 106.
Nen, or Nene, river, near Northampton, 43, 46, 50.
Neville, George Bishop of Exeter, afterwards Archbishop of York, 41, 83.
Neville, John Lord, slain at Towton, 104, 193.
Neville, William Lord Falconberg, afterwards Earl of Kent, 41, 44, 84,
100, 110.
Neville, Sir Henry, put to death after the battle of Banbury, 193, 199.
Neville, Sir John, afterwards Lord Montague, afterwards Earl of
Northumberland, afterwards Marquis Montague, 27, 110, 118 (note); slain
at Barnet, 208.
Neville, Sir Thomas, slain at Wakefield, 27, 58, 200.
Newborough, Sir William, executed after the battle of Tewkesbury, 146.
Nor Acres, at Towton, 96, 97.
Norfolk, John Howard, Duke of, 164, 165; slain at Bosworth, 165.
Norfolk, John Mowbray, Duke of, 82 (note), 84, 102.
Northampton, battle of, 39.
Northumberland, Henry Percy, first Earl of, 1, 3; beheaded at York, 2
(note).
Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of, slain at the first battle of
St. Alban’s, 2 (note).
Northumberland, Henry Percy, third Earl of, 99; slain at Towton, 103.
Northumberland, Henry Percy, fourth Earl of, 164, 165.
Northumberland, John Neville Earl of (for a short period), afterwards
Marquis Montague, 27, 110, 118 (note); slain at Barnet, 208.
O.
Offenham Ferry, near Evesham, 203.
Ordnance, Clerk of the, 223, 225.
Ordnance, Master of the, in the reign of Henry V., Edward IV., and
Richard III., 219, 223, 241.
Ordnance, occasional use of, by the English, in sieges, in the fourteenth
century, 218 to 216.
Ordnance commonly used by the English in war in the 15th century, 217 to
244.
Ormonde, Sir John, 106.
Owen Glendowr, 3, 5, 7.
Oxford, John de Vere, Earl of, 165, 166 (note), 180, 186, 194.
P.
Pedigrees, 198, 199, 200, 201, 282.
Parhelion, or mock sun, seen at the battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 72.
Parr, Sir Thomas, 29 (note).
Parr, Thomas, slain at the battle of Barnet, 208.
Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, Earl of, afterwards Duke of Bedford, 69, 133,
166, 180, 186; extraordinary and abrupt changes of fortune of, 69 (note).
Percy, Henry, called Hotspur, 1, 2, 7, 198.
Percy, Sir Richard, slain at Towton, 106.
Pickering, Sir James, 29 (note).
Pigot, Sir Ralph, 106.
Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, 177, 178, 191, 199; slain at Stoke,
187.
Pole, John de la, Duke of Suffolk, married a sister of Edward IV., 177
(note), 191, 199.
Powis, Richard Grey, Lord, 29 (note).
Q.
Queen Anne, wife of Richard III., 139 (note), 158, 196, 199, 200.
Queen Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV., 41 (note), 105 (note), 199.
Queen Elizabeth, wife of Henry VII., 158, 199, 201.
Queen Margaret, wife of Henry VI., 25, 42, 53, 82, 132, 146, 198, 201.
Queen Eleanor’s Cross, 48, 51.
R.
Ratcliffe, Sir Richard, slain at Bosworth, 166.
René, Duke of Anjou, 42 (note), 147.
Richard III., 139, 158, 199; slain at Bosworth, 169, 196.
Richmond, Henry Tudor, Earl of, afterwards Henry VII., 71 (note), 158.
Richmond, Margaret Countess of, 324.
Rivers, Anthony Wodevile, Earl, previously Lord Scales, 40 (note), 105;
beheaded at Pontefract, 41 (note), 105 (note).