----------------+-------------------------------|
| Great Britain. |
+-------+-------+-------+-------|
| 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. |
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
Wheat flour | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wheat | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Corn | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Beans | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Rice | .. | 3,109| 1,785| .. |
Tobacco | .. | .. | 50| .. |
Butter, lard | .. | .. | 66| .. |
Beer | 6,593| 5,309| 770| .. |
Wine | 46,431| 1,657| 4,665| .. |
Drugs and | | | | |
medicines | 52,395| 18,916| 7,910| .. |
Perfumes | 5,385| 462| 332| .. |
Oil paints | 9,353| 1,838| 2,760| .. |
Fence wire | 47,769| 245| 948| .. |
Sacks for coffee| 43,628| 27,476| 37,141| .. |
Furniture | 6,823| 1,601| 2,977| .. |
Shoes | 14,421| 6,836| 2,758| 2,250|
Hardware | 23,462| .. | 7,461| 967|
Cashmeres | 28,791| 18,760| 36,242| 58,417|
Implements | 3,246| 193| .. | 1,176|
Machinery | 49,762| 6,226| 961| 13,952|
Mercury | 31,945| .. | .. | 968|
Cloth | 37,626| 9,161| 6,606| 7,409|
Cotton goods | 72,416| .. | 5,823| 60,369|
Mixed cotton | | | | |
and woolen | 12,119| .. | 13,009| 72,335|
Prints |182,129| 92,498|110,224|141,659|
Fancy articles | 4,236| .. | .. | .. |
Sugar | 6,128| 103| .. | .. |
Cotton shirts | 1,094| 17,563| 18,143| .. |
Preserv. meats | 3,497| 1,673| 6,147| .. |
Coal | 78,543| 23,828| 13,136| .. |
Ready-made | | | | |
Clothing | .. | 1,656| .. | .. |
Cognac | 9,461| 219| .. | .. |
Cotton drills | 43,897| 15,803| 14,178| .. |
Preserv. Fruits | 8,976| .. | .. | .. |
Railroad | | | | |
material |155,346| .. | 8,502| .. |
Galvan. iron | 9,896| 33,740| 42,701| .. |
Ordinary soap | 13,418| 3,058| 3,192| .. |
Fine jewelry | 32,466| .. | .. | .. |
Cotton shirting | 75,417| 15,844| 37,158| .. |
Chinaware | 8,423| 2,436| 1,657| .. |
Machetes | 5,202| 6,069| 6,029| .. |
Manta-cruda | 14,617| 20,508| 15,098| .. |
Sewing machines | 3,201| 102| 851| .. |
Cotton | | | | |
handkerchiefs | 12,819| 24,721| 20,778| .. |
Sardines | 8,619| 1,263| .. | .. |
Candles | 35,709| 29,963| 23,891| .. |
Matches | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Cigars | .. | .. | .. | .. |
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
(Part 3 of 4)
----------------+-------------------------------+
| Germany. |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. |
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Wheat Flour | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wheat | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Corn | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Beans | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Rice | 7,128| 29,998| 14,622| .. |
Tobacco | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Butter, Lard | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Beer | 58,934| 46,189| 63,034| .. |
Wine | 25,418| 3,527| 7,730| .. |
Drugs and | | | | |
medicines | 45,631| 4,993| 16,421| .. |
Perfumes | 7,826| 143| 1,840| .. |
Oil paints | 15,821| 3,904| 4,188| .. |
Fence wire | 30,418| 16,494| 9,512| .. |
Sacks for coffee| 17,620| 9,414| 10,049| .. |
Furniture | 12,345| 4,792| 17,752| .. |
Shoes | 12,427| 11,793| 5,598| 5,106|
Hardware | 14,416| 2,764| 5,051| .. |
Cashmeres | 92,416| 28,027| 58,902| 49,632|
Implements | 17,721| 363| .. | 1,478|
Machinery | 2,389| 1,835| 1,252| 497|
Mercury | 38,893| 3,103| .. | 3,777|
Cloth | 9,681| 2,075| 2,236| 418|
Cotton goods | 12,401| 10,230| 5,374| 47,070|
Mixed cotton | | | | |
and woolen | 8,419| 4,368| .. | .. |
Prints |131,416| 1,983| 8,035| 9,912|
Fancy articles |108,412| .. | .. | .. |
Sugar | 7,128| .. | .. | .. |
Cotton shirts | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Preserv. meats | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Coal | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Ready-made | | | | |
Clothing | 20,457| 1,223| .. | .. |
Cognac | 13,419| 2,137| 2,676| .. |
Cotton drills | 29,617| 37,266| 46,322| .. |
Preserv. Fruits | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Railroad | | | | |
material | .. | .. | 4,185| .. |
Galvan. iron | .. | 4,837| 9,795| .. |
Ordinary soap | 7,382| 4,080| 4,896| .. |
Fine jewelry | 3,726| .. | .. | .. |
Cotton shirting | 16,893| 87| .. | .. |
Chinaware | 7,521| 10,677| 12,130| .. |
Machetes | 4,289| 5,620| 6,539| .. |
Manta-cruda | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Sewing machines | 5,028| .. | .. | .. |
Cotton | | | | |
handkerchiefs | .. | 6,313| 8,780| .. |
Sardines | 5,262| 5,675| 7,241| .. |
Candles | 8,645| 13,719| 7,348| .. |
Matches | 14,527| 12,335| 17,970| .. |
Cigars | 14,427| 4,965| 8,248| .. |
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
(Part 4 of 4)
----------------+-------------------------------
| France.
+-------+-------+-------+-------
| 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896.
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------
Wheat Flour | .. | .. | .. | ..
Wheat | .. | .. | .. | ..
Corn | .. | .. | .. | ..
Beans | .. | .. | .. | ..
Rice | .. | .. | 28| ..
Tobacco | .. | .. | .. | ..
Butter, Lard | .. | .. | .. | ..
Beer | 8,101| .. | .. | ..
Wine | 73,648| 21,174| 24,792| ..
Drugs and | | | |
medicines | 35,841| 4,343| 2,687| ..
Perfumes | 10,942| 3,301| 7,450| ..
Oil paints | .. | .. | .. | ..
Fence wire | .. | .. | .. | ..
Sacks for coffee| .. | .. | .. | ..
Furniture | .. | .. | 3,117| ..
Shoes | 8,492| 1,403| 2,546| 2,290
Hardware | 5,892| .. | 53| ..
Cashmeres |139,818| 12,600| 8,286| 10,318
Implements | .. | .. | .. | 267
Machinery | 1,926| 20| .. | 360
Mercury | 47,328| 6,439| .. | 3,661
Cloth | 18,435| .. | 4,060| 486
Cotton goods | 7,281| 464| .. | 2,590
Mixed cotton | | | |
and woolen | 1,049| .. | .. | 202
Prints | 32,768| .. | 743| 945
Fancy articles | 75,417| .. | .. | ..
Sugar | .. | .. | .. | ..
Cotton shirts | .. | 151| 752| ..
Preserv. meats | 1,795| 3,147| 6,870| ..
Coal | .. | .. | .. | ..
Ready-made | | | |
Clothing | 14,431| .. | .. | ..
Cognac | 87,468| 14,973| 23,801| ..
Cotton drills | 5,712| .. | 176| ..
Preserv. Fruits | 7,626| .. | .. | ..
Railroad | | | |
material | .. | .. | .. | ..
Galvan. iron | .. | .. | .. | ..
Ordinary soap | .. | 154| .. | ..
Fine jewelry | 7,893| .. | 3,021| ..
Cotton shirting | .. | .. | 126| ..
Chinaware | .. | .. | 86| ..
Machetes | .. | .. | .. | ..
Manta-cruda | .. | .. | .. | ..
Sewing machines | .. | .. | .. | ..
Cotton | | | |
handkerchiefs | .. | .. | 18| ..
Sardines | 5,102| .. | 2,378| ..
Candles | .. | 243| 746| ..
Matches | .. | .. | .. | ..
Cigars | .. | .. | .. | ..
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------
Among other countries _Spain_, including Cuba, imported in 1893,
alcohol ($26,346), cigarettes ($11,418), cognac ($8976), liquors
($14,719), cotton cloth ($19,416), and wines ($126,417); in 1894,
alcohol ($15,500), cigarettes ($7753), wines ($30,436); in 1895,
alcohol ($81,000), cigarettes ($10,800), tobacco ($6288), wines
($46,957).
_Colombia_ imported in 1893, alcohol ($7783), cacao ($4229), cattle
($115,847); in 1894, cacao ($9710); in 1895, cacao ($11,720), tobacco
($6959).
_Italy_ imported in 1893, marble ($4623), wines ($14,791); in 1894,
wine ($3491); in 1895, butter ($2209), hats ($1240), cotton cloth
($1568), and wines ($6933).
_Central America_ imported in 1893, tobacco ($112,418), sugar
($9895), cacao ($2846), maize ($6891), butter ($2893), cigars ($7626).
_The exportation during the first six months of 1897 was as follows_:
--------------+------------+-----------------------+---------------------
| | Port of Limon. | Port of Puntarenas.
|Total value.|-----------------------+---------------------
| | Kilos. | Value. | Kilos. | Value.
--------------+------------+----------+------------+---------+-----------
| Gold. | | | |
Coffee, in | | | | |
pargement | $538,462 20| 1,794,874| $538,462 20| .. | ..
Coffee, in oro|4,127,698 05|10,139,879|3,548,957 65|1,653,544|$578,740 40
Bananas | 225,267 50|27,400,966| 225,267 50| .. | ..
| Silver. | | | |
Cedar wood | 525,042 09| .. | .. | 656,451| 525,042 09
Mora wood | 67,831 16| .. | .. |3,322,435| 67,831 16
Hides | 41,443 59| 125,397| 37,665 80| 7,945| 3,777 79
Rubber | 13,961 95| 7,587| 11,095 75| 2,194| 2,866 20
Gold, in bars | 7,200 00| 12| 7,200 00| .. | ..
Gold, coined | 6,117 17| 6| 6,117 17| .. | ..
Skins | 5,977 59| 49| 60 00| 6,557| 5,917 59
Cacao | 2,898 15| 1,294| 1,548 40| 659| 1,349 75
Guaygacum wood| 2,809 96| .. | .. | 138,000| 2,809 96
Potatoes | 1,590 14| 597| 112 00| 11,535| 1,478 14
Plants, alive | 1,487 00| 1,846| 1,487 00| .. | ..
Blue thread | 1,679 00| .. | .. | 134| 1,679 00
Hule or rubber| 1,767 00| 1,350| 1,767 00| .. | ..
Soap | 700 00| .. | .. | 1,890| 700 00
Cocobola wood | 640 67| .. | .. | 31,465| 640 67
Dulce (mas | | | | |
cabado) | 606 04| 175| 52 00| 3,565| 554 04
Zarzaparrilla | 377 15| 468| 360 90| 29| 16 25
Cedron | 143 75| .. | .. | 264| 143 75
Sugar | 223 02| .. | .. | 732| 223 02
Pita-hats | 68 00| .. | .. | 70| 68 00
Caoba | | | | |
(mahogany) | 374 32| .. | .. | 111| 374 32
Pearl shell | 350 00| .. | .. | 2,241| 478 00
Turtles, alive| 200 00| 2,000| 200 00| .. | ..
Turtle shell | | | | |
(carey) | 150 00| 16| 150 00| .. | ..
--------------+------------+----------+------------+---------+-----------
Total $5,201,966 58|39,491,033| $4,348,123|5,231,835|$853,843 27
--------------+------------+----------+------------+---------+-----------
In regard to coffee there were exported from October 1, 1896, to
June 30, 1897, 231,904 sacks (13,843,088 kilos), of which 84.67
per cent., or 196,343 sacks, in oro, and 15.33 per cent., or 35,561
sacks, in pargement. From this amount 87.93 per cent., or 203,913
sacks (12,184,027 kilos), went through Port Limon and 12.07 per
cent., or 27,991 sacks (1,659,061 kilos), through Puntarenas.
From Limon 61.329 per cent. was transported by the Atlas Line, 32.300
per cent. by the British Royal Mail, 2.271 per cent. by the French
Steamship line, 3.299 per cent. by the German Line, O.801 per cent.
by other lines.
It will be interesting to know the places to which this large amount
of coffee is shipped. These particulars are found in the following
list:
Sacks. Kilogr.
London 133,676 7,903,450
San Francisco 19,946 1,183,980
New York 33,887 2,072,289
Hamburg 24,833 1,502,311
Bordeaux 5,827 346,822
Paris 206 12,524
Bremen 12,373 }
Montreal 37 }
Antwerp 310 }
Lockport 1 }
Chicago 1 }
Malaga 1 } 821,712
Geneva 439 }
Trieste 254 }
Valparaiso 50 }
Panama 62 }
Barcelona 1 }
-------- -----------
Total 231,904 13,843,008
In connection with the coffee trade there are here given interesting
statistics concerning the average annual consumption of coffee _per
capita_ of the population of different countries:
Pounds.
Holland 21.00
Denmark 13.89
Belgium 13.48
Norway 9.80
Switzerland 7.03
United States 7.61
Sweden 6.11
Germany 3.94
France 2.73
Austria 2.13
Greece 1.24
Italy 1.00
Great Britain 1.00
European
Russia 0.19
_Industries._—The scarcity of working people and the absence of
capital were formerly the greatest barriers to the progress of
industry, while at the same time the abundance and relative cheapness
of imported articles rendered useless all attempts at home production.
In regard to industrial and manufacturing establishments and
workshops, there were in 1892:
842 in the Province of San José.
700 ” ” Alajuela.
193 ” ” Cartago.
272 ” ” Heredia.
187 ” ” Guanacaste.
89 ” Comarca de Puntarenas.
20 ” ” Limon.
----
2303
_Distribution of industrial and manufacturing establishments in Costa
Rica._
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
| | | | | G | P | |
| | | | | u | u | |
| S | A | | | a | n | |
| a | l | C | H | n | t | |
| n | a | a | e | a | a | |
| | j | r | r | c | r | L | T
| J | u | t | e | a | e | i | o
| o | e | a | d | s | n | m | t
| s | l | g | i | t | a | o | a
| é | a | o | a | e | s | n | l
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . | .
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
Iron foundries | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 4
Blacksmith-shops | 25 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 68
Gunsmith-shops | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 7
Flour-mills | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Soap factories | 5 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 7
Breweries | 3 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4
Ice Factories | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3
Distilleries | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Brick and tile factories | 22 | 29 | 34 | 4 | 18 | 2 | .. | 109
Fine brick-yards | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2
Lime-kilns | 7 | 12 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | 34
Cartridge factories | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Sugar factories | 1 | 6 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9
Sawmills | 16 | 35 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 74
Coffee-mills | 80 | 75 | 16 | 85 | .. | .. | .. | 256
Iron sugar-mills | 205 | 154 | 32 | 46 | 10 | 2 | .. | 449
Wooden sugar-mills | 248 | 258 | 21 | 13 | 82 | 17 | .. | 639
Marble yards | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Stone-cutting yards | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3
Carpenter-shops | 31 | 28 | 8 | 37 | 19 | 15 | 3 | 141
Cabinet-shops | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | 13
Tailor-shops | 25 | 13 | 10 | 17 | 14 | 7 | 3 | 89
Tanneries | 9 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 16 | .. | 1 | 39
Shoemaker-shops | 38 | 17 | 9 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 103
Barber-shops | 17 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 53
Saddleries | 11 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | 29
Bakeries | 22 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 45
Confectioners | 5 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 7
Drug stores | 15 | 16 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 58
Dyeing establishments | 5 | 5 | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | 14
Photograph galleries | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3
Printing establishments | 9 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10
Lithographers | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Book binderies | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4
Watchmakers | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 15
Silversmiths | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | .. | 22
Candle factories | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
Total | 842 | 700 | 193 | 272 | 207 | 89 | 20 |2323
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
There are in San José the San José Foundry and the National Workshop,
which contributed greatly to the progress of mechanical arts, iron
manufactures, cabinet work, machinery, implements, farming utensils,
tools, etc.
There also exist a silk and cotton factory, manufacturing fine
articles like shawls, scarfs, wraps, in the favorite colors of the
people; also an ice factory, a shoe factory and a flour-mill.
Among the miscellaneous companies we have to mention the Agency
Company for unloading and loading vessels, capital 200,000 pesos; San
José Market Company, capital 215,000 pesos; Cartago Market Company,
capital 100,000 pesos; Heredia Market Company, capital 100,000 pesos;
Monte de Aguacate Mining Company, capital 500,000 pesos; La Trinidad
Mining Company, capital 250,000 pesos; Costa Rica House Construction
Company, capital 250,000 pesos; Costa Rica Pacific Gold Mining
Company, Limited; Electric Light Company.
XII.
FINANCE AND BANKING.
The revenue of the Government of Costa Rica is derived from
custom-house duties, revenue stamps and stamped paper, liquor
monopoly, tobacco revenue, coffee tax, sale of public lands, tax for
registering property, tax on slaughtering live stock, etc.
The national revenue for 1896 was as follows:
Pesos.
Revenues proper 6,685,178 87
Public service (post, etc.) 233,529 89
Various sources 89,079 14
Funds in administration (postal-money
orders, etc.) 395,104 88
Public credit 32,718 00
------------
Total 7,435,610 78
To this sum
Pesos.
The main custom-house in San José contributed 1,930,746 58
The custom-house in Puntarenas ” 474,148 27
” ” ” Limon ” 404,444 25
” national liquor business ” 2,242,174 96
Tobacco revenue 778,211 75
Coffee tax £61,415 00
Lumber tax 15,044 26
Stamped paper 70,164 30
Revenue stamps 39,469 38
Expenditures during the fiscal year ending in 1896 amounted to
6,697,326.51 pesos, distributed in the following manner:
Ordinary Disbursements for Administration.
Pesos.
Department of Gobernacion 666,429 55
” Police 163,051 84
” Fomento 628,350 98
” Foreign Office 101,170 74
” Justice 274,568 83
” Public Instruction 630,627 41
” Cultus 24,101 00
” War 432,943 09
” Military police 235,152 56
” Navy 47,559 51
” Finance 297,414 62
Various services 1,229,823 86
------------
4,731,193 99
Various Services.
Pesos.
Department of Beneficence 101,213 44
Various other services 115,904 61
----------
217,118 05
Monopoly Services.
Pesos.
Buying tobacco, sugar, etc., freights 277,126 34
Contract of Odilon Jimenez 18,372 52
Contract of Robato & Beguiristain 1,840 53
----------
297,339 39
Funds in Administration.
Pesos.
Billets of Instruction 19,883 97
Postal orders 347,530 81
----------
367,414 78
Interior Debt.
Pesos.
Bills payable 475,495 55
Interest and discounts 15,991 15
Private deposits 39,558 00
Amortization of national notes 340,888 52
Hospital of Alajuela 14,215 53
Bank of Costa Rica, contract of
June 20, 1894 135,068 82
Deposits in favor of pupils of Barroeta 6,558 06
------------
1,027,775 63
Consolidates.
Pesos.
Hospital of San Juan de Dios 13,640 00
Ecclesiastical funds 6,337 50
Legate of Barroeta 15,300 00
Hospital of Cartago 9,638 00
---------
44,915 50
Various Accounts.
Pesos.
Flint & Co. 4,684 67
Municipality of Cartago,
notes and interest 6,884 50
---------
11,569 17
============
Total 6,697,326 51
The _foreign debt_ contracted in 1871 and 1872, in England, against
the will of the nation, has been disastrous to it. It amounts to
£2,000,000 in five per cent. debentures. Lately an arrangement was
made under which the amortization of this debt will begin in 1917,
instead of 1898, and with £10,000 per year, instead of £20,000. The
government is also authorized to buy in its own bonds for their
immediate liquidation.
The _floating debt_ chiefly consists of private deposits, of the
school-loan, amortization of which is made annually, of paper money
which is received in very limited amounts, and of bills payable,
mostly given for sugar and syrups to the “National Liquor Distillery”
and drawn on thirty days’ sight. The rest of the floating debt
scarcely amounts to 50,000 pesos.
In figures the _interior debt_ of Costa Rica may be represented as
follows: 79,155.75 pesos in notes of war emission; 1,037,628.43 pesos
for various accounts, private deposits, cash orders, municipal fund,
ecclesiastical fund, etc., making a total of 1,116,784.18 pesos.
Another important factor in the commercial and economic life of Costa
Rica is the money in circulation. Including every kind of emission,
notes of the Costa Rica bank, national paper money, war-emission
paper money, silver and gold coin, the money in circulation amounted
in
Pesos.
1882-83 4,395,089
1883-84 4,129,518
1884-85 3,707,434
1885-86 3,619,261
1886-87 3,899,975
1887-88 4,210,733
1888-89 4,762,885
1889-90 5,603,512
1890-91 5,941,947
1891-92 5,806,752
1892-93 5,630,416
1893-94 5,507,343
1894-95 5,666,207
1895-96 5,721,837
There were in circulation, in 1895-96, currency valued in pesos as
follows: 3,820,404 of Costa Rica bank notes, 2764 national paper
money, 98,669 war-emission paper money, 1,500,000 coined silver
money, 300,000 coined gold money, total 5,721,837; or 20.08 pesos per
capita of the population of Costa Rica.
As above indicated, the Government of Costa Rica is beginning to
displace the notes of the Banco de Costa Rica by others issued by the
government, maintained at par and guaranteed by a gold reserve or by
gold certificates.
This monetary question is of such interest and importance, that the
following translation is given from such parts of the reports of the
Minister of Finance as relate thereto.
“The emission of gold certificates is necessary, as it would be
impossible to keep the gold coins in circulation so long as the
quantity of paper money issued by the bank, is far greater. Again, in
order to avoid the difficulties which would arise from the constant
retirement of this paper money, the gold certificates must be issued
to furnish an adequate supply of currency. In this way also the
Government has the advantage of utilizing the quantities of gold in
deposit, and of acquiring by means of those certificates resources
for fresh coinage of gold pieces.”
“In order to avoid embarrassment in the commercial and economic life
of the country it has been agreed with the Banco de Costa Rica to
maintain parity between these certificates and its notes. By the
monetary law of October 24, 1896, also parity with the actual silver
peso was established. It was further agreed that the ‘colon de oro,’
the new gold coin, should correspond in intrinsic value with this
standard of ratios.”
“For these purposes, there had to be taken into consideration: First,
the actual state of the national wealth, estimated in the already
established credit circulating medium; second, the average range
of international exchange during a number of years, and third, the
average ratio of silver to gold during the same period. There had
further to be considered the outstanding obligations of the interior
and of the exterior debt, as well as pending negotiations as to
exportable products, and the relation of the intrinsic value between
gold and silver.”
“In this way the following conclusion was reached: That the ‘colon
de oro’ should contain 700 milligrams of fine gold, in order not to
complicate the situation created by the circulating notes of the Bank
of Costa Rica, and in order to include an average exchange of 110
per cent. with respect to the pound sterling, and of 115 per cent.
with respect to the American gold, as well as to create a relation
of 1 to 26 between silver and gold. In consequence of this and for
the purpose of giving to the ‘colon de oro’ the same fineness as has
been given to the American gold coin, and as has been adopted by the
Union Latina, it was established that the ‘colon de oro’ should have
778 milligrams of gold of 900-1000 fineness. Its relation to the gold
coins of either nations is as follows:
1 American gold dollar Colones 2.1495
4 shillings sterling, gold ” 2.0921
5 francs, gold ” 2.0737
4 marks, gold ” 2.0481
“In the contract with the Banco de Costa Rica, it was agreed that
the Government should coin gold periodically. There are already
600,000 ‘colones de oro’ in pieces of 10 colones in Costa Rica, and
the Government ordered furthermore a second emission of 400,000
colones in pieces of 20 colones each, which will soon be issued. It
is further willing to coin half a million more in the near future.
The Costa Rican Bank, on the other hand, is obliged to retire a
corresponding amount of its notes from circulation, and later, as
soon as sufficient gold can be put in circulation, the exchange of
bills is to be made by this bank in gold instead of silver.”
There are sufficient reasons for believing that the Costa Rican
Government will succeed in the realization of this highly important
economic change without difficulty. As the Costa Rican Bank no
longer has the exclusive privilege of issuing paper money, new banks
must be established, with authority to issue circulating notes. As
these banks will have to keep a reserve of national gold coins for
the redemption of their paper money, there will be an abundance of
currency of a fixed value. As the fineness of the ‘colon de oro’
constitutes the best type of international exchange, there will
in the future be slight fluctuations, and this will prove a most
valuable guaranty of the stability of public wealth.
The value of the _National Government property_ is estimated at
8,522,714.94 pesos. The principal items are:
Pesos.
National distillery 900,000
Central custom-house 500,000
National theatre 905,815
Metal-building 286,432
National park 250,000
Insane Asylum 405,000
Pacific Railway 847,500
National Palace 200,000
Girls’ High School 350,000
Islands of San Lucas and Chira 400,865
Island of Uvita 200,000
Presidential Palace 150,000
Artillery armory 175,000
National printing establishment 140,000
National College in Alajuela 150,000
National Museum 40,000
Park of Morazán 159,185
Liceo of Costa Rica 145,000
Main armory 100,000
Old temple of La Merced 100,000
Ex-University 80,000
House in San José 100,000
Place in front of the National distillery 94,172
Custom-house in Puntarenas 100,000
Pier in Puntarenas 75,000
National telegraph 389,936
Palace of Justice 80,000
Hospital for lepers 65,000
Penitentiary 60,000
Police Stations 50,000
Mint 42,000
The private property owners are numerous and the orderly habits
of the Costa Ricans are marked. Costa Rica being an essentially
agricultural country, the necessity of a mortgage law was apparent to
maintain and secure the equities of all. Hence an official registry
of titles and mortgages was opened in 1867.
The landed property of the people of Costa Rica is registered in the
“Registro Publico” in the following way:
_First Inscription._
Pesos.
1870, 5,243 fincas valued at 3,378,035
1875, 26,947 ” ” 19,090,557
1880, 43,281 ” ” 32,285,339
1885, 54,540 ” ” 39,228,567
1890, 65,858 ” ” 45,152,936
1895, 79,651 ” ” 59,244,326
1896, 82,614 ” ” 62,960,222
1897, 85,755 ” ” 67,711,398
_Second Inscription._
Pesos.
1870, 549 fincas valued at 502,503
1875, 9,580 ” ” 9,731,805
1880, 24,941 ” ” 25,339,594
1885, 41,286 ” ” 37,251,567
1890, 63,331 ” ” 52,702,051
1895, 89,276 ” ” 84,105,189
1896, 94,116 ” ” 90,654,569
1897, 99,309 ” ” 99,147,659
The following list gives the _number of fincas_ (properties) and the
amount in pesos for which they were _mortgaged_.
--------+---------------+------------
| Fincas | Amount of
Year. | (properties). | mortgage.
--------+---------------+------------
1868 | 130 | 147,931
1869 | 435 | 580,936
1870 | 632 | 826,176
1871 | 845 | 1,112,060
1872 | 1,166 | 1,440,810
1873 | 1,565 | 1,889,789
1874 | 2,007 | 2,667,565
1875 | 2,483 | 3,480,011
1876 | 2,909 | 4,105,197
1877 | 3,422 | 5,359,158
1878 | 3,972 | 6,141,955
1879 | 4,748 | 6,700,357
1880 | 5,528 | 7,944,641
1881 | 6,563 | 9,033,333
1882 | 7,373 | 9,113,818
1883 | 8,177 | 9,188,730
1884 | 8,523 | 9,283,415
1885 | 8,523 | 9,331,985
1886 | 8,513 | 9,119,853
1887 | 8,475 | 9,309,261
1888 | 8,386 | 9,027,632
1889 | 8,396 | 9,088,676
1890 | 8,417 | 9,403,484
1891 | 8,444 | 9,772,885
1892 | 8,630 | 10,862,961
1893 | 8,968 | 12,132,204
1894 | 9,528 | 14,110,510
1895 | 9,928 | 15,231,308
1896 | 10,511 | 16,831,402
1897 | 11,055 | 17,686,872
--------+---------------+-----------
_Net value_ of the fincas was:
Pesos.
1870 2,551,858
1875 15,610,546
1880 24,340,698
1885 29,896,583
1890 35,679,253
1895 43,347,019
1896 45,126,821
1897 48,642,827
In the last fiscal year from April 1, 1896, to March 31, 1897, the
Public Register shows the following movement:
Key to column headings:
Rur. = Rural Properties.
Val. = Value in Pesos.
Urb. = Urban Properties.
(Part 1 of 2)
----------+---------------------------------------+
| FIRST INSCRIPTIONS. |
|-----+-------------+-----+-------------+
| Rur.| Val. | Urb.| Val. |
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+
San José | 343| 630,315.26| 728| 736,907.34|
Alajuela | 559| 793,054.34| 440| 947,144.77|
Heredia | 96| 503,588.00| 322| 160,832.85|
Cartago | 272| 529,045.36| 253| 139,220.98|
Guanacaste| 15| 13,753.50| 7| 4,200.00|
Puntarenas| 25| 41,592.65| 23| 11,658.50|
Limon | 44| 206,483.93| 14| 23,378.95|
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+
Total | 1354| 2,727,833.14| 1787| 2,023,343.39|
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+
(Part 2 of 2)
----------+---------------------------------------+
| SECOND INSCRIPTIONS. |
+-----+-------------+-----+-------------|
| Rur.| Val. | Urb.| Val. |
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+---------------------
San José | 565| 1,236,822.10| 1129| 1,938,845.87| Total inscriptions,
Alajuela | 723| 1,313,350.17| 468| 346,090.09| first, 3141,
Heredia | 477| 1,227,200.39| 755| 704,950.93| $4,751,176.43;
Cartago | 497| 972,605.11| 501| 454,726.09| second, 5193,
Guanacaste| 11| 79,021.00| 9| 10,370.00| $8,493,090.09;
Puntarenas| 23| 75,678.66| 9| 15,945.00| 8344 fincas,
Limon | 36| 94,898.33| 10| 22,585.65| valued at
| | | | | 13,244,266.52 pesos.
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+---------------------
Total | 2332| 4,999,576.46| 2861| 3,493,513.63|
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+---------------------
For the same period the “Public Register” furnishes the following
statistics of mortgages on real estate estimated in pesos:
(Part 1 of 2)
----------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Distribution of |
| Mortgages. |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+
| Rural | Sum | Urban | Sum |
|Properties.| Secured. |Properties.| Secured. |
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+
San José | 211 | 990,051.28| 294 | 796,975.98|
Alajuela | 152 | 348,825.25| 60 | 104,565.73|
Heredia | 63 | 190,864.31| 77 | 187,202.05|
Cartago | 166 | 409,518.63| 139 | 263,261.16|
Guanacaste| 14 | 86,281.03| 3 | 20,000.00|
Puntarenas| 12 | 41,843.00| 4 | 43,000.00|
Limon | 51 | 199,893.84| 16 | 19,300.00|
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+
| 669 |2,267,277.34| 593 |1,434,304.92|
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+
(Part 2 of 2)
----------+-----------------------------------------------
|
| Cancellations.
+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
| Rural | Paid Off. | Urban | Paid Off.
|Properties.| |Properties.|
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
San José | 116 | 283,513.97| 211 |539,572.67
Alajuela | 70 | 304,672.37| 33 |188,675.39
Heredia | 31 | 111,107.42| 28 | 41,781.50
Cartago | 111 | 346,415.03| 71 | 78,297.61
Guanacaste| .. | .. | .. | ..
Puntarenas| 4 | 32,952.00| 2 | 27,498.00
Limon | 28 | 139,917.61| 13 | 95,505.35
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
| 360 |1,218,578.40| 358 |971,330.52
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------+
----------+-----------------------------------------------
| Partial Cancellations in Pesos.
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
| Rural | Amortized | Urban | Amortized
|Properties.| Debt. |Properties.| Debt.
----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
San José | 33 | 169,835.81| 37 | 87,560.81
Alajuela | 13 | 42,414.00| 2 | 4,400.00
Heredia | 2 | 3,810.00| 4 | 7,700.00
Cartago | 22 | 238,746.76| 15 | 18,368.42
Guanacaste| .. | .. | .. | ..
Puntarenas| .. | .. | .. | ..
Limon | 35 | 66,000.00| 1 | 17,367.00
----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
| 105 | 520,806.57| 59 | 135,396.23
----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
RÉSUMÉ. RÉSUMÉ.
Number of Total and Partial
Mortgages. Sum Secured. Cancellations.
Pesos. Pesos.
Rural 669 2,267,277.34 Rural 465 1,739,384.97
Urban 593 1,434,304.92 Urban 417 1,106,726.75
---- ------------ --- ------------
1262 3,701,582.26 882 2,846,111.72
Since 1865 the mortgage law permits this mode of converting real
estate; upon due official registration its value may be divided into
shares, each represented by a cedula or bond, on which as collateral
security money can be raised at any time with perfect safety.
This law is included in the Codizo Civil of 1887 and since that time
cedulas to following amounts have been issued:
Pesos.
1888 12,000
1889 60,500
1890 70,200
1891 170,100
1892 380,000
1893 336,800
1894 482,000
1895 666,000
1896 1,002,000
1897 1,381,700
The municipal taxes are not high. The owners of real estate are
required to pay only the taxes devoted to the maintenance of
municipal police, street lighting and the domestic supply of water.
Other municipal taxes comprise license fees for commercial business,
for slaughtering cattle and hogs; for wine houses; taxes for
registering of dogs; taxes on tanneries, breweries, coffee-cleaning
establishments, cemeteries, etc.
Other important factors of the economic life of Costa Rica are
the existing _banking establishments_. The first bank of Central
America was established in 1857, in Costa Rica, by Crisanto Medina.
This institution ceased and, in 1863, was replaced by the Banco
Anglo-Costaricense with an authorized capital of 2,000,000 pesos and
a paid-up capital of 1,200,000. This bank still exists, together with
the Banco de Costa Rica established in 1867 with a paid-up capital of
2,000,000 pesos. It incorporated with itself the former Banco de la
Union established in 1877.
The Bank of Costa Rica has had from the Government the privilege of
issuing paper money to the extent of four times its cash on hand.
The average circulation of these bank notes since 1882 has been as
follows:
Pesos.
1882-83 35,000
1883-84 56,400
1884-85 168,890
1885-86 210,170
1886-87 1,004,010
1887-88 1,518,290
1888-89 2,191,930
1889-90 2,911,479
1890-91 3,249,914
1891-92 3,037,167
1892-93 2,820,892
1893-94 3,079,067
1894-95 3,565,041
1895-96 3,820,404
This issue privilege was withdrawn in 1897 on the introduction of the
‘colon de oro,’ and a special arrangement was made with the bank to
uphold the contemplated change from a silver to a gold standard.
The Banco de Costa Rica, on July 15, 1897, had a reserve fund of
745,000 pesos and a dividend account of 50,000. It has branches in
Heredia, Cartago and Alajuela. The situation of this bank at the same
date was in pesos as follows:
ASSETS. LIABILITIES.
-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------
Cash on hand: |
Coin 1,268,682.33 | Capital paid up 2,000,000.00
Checks against the | Reserve fund 745,000.00
Anglo-C. R. Bank 10,075.43 | Dividend account 50,000.00
------------ | Discounts 120,984.70
1,278,757.76 | ------------
Foreign correspondents 191,073.64 | 2,915,984.70
Accounts current 335,324.39 | Notes in
------------- | circulation 3,929,972.50
1,805,155.79 | Deposits, on time
| or demand 1,108,424.82
Bills receivable 5,273,304.39 | ------------
Branch Banks 373,595.05 | 5,038,397.32
Bonds of School- |
loan 40,607.50 | Securities in commission
Various obligations | for collection 394,420.74
to collect 254,101.99 | Government on account
Immovable property 167,052.54 | ‘Colones de Oro’ 600,000.00
Furniture 10,000.00 |
Stamps 1,433.00 |
Sundry accounts 29,131.76 |
---------- |
6,149,226.23 |
------------ |
7,954,382.02 |
Securities in commission |
for collection 394,420.74 |
Deposit of ‘Colones |
de Oro’ 600,000.00 |
------------- | ------------
8,948,802.76 | 8,948,802.76
-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------
The bank is ready to retire 540,000 pesos of its own notes in
correspondence with the first gold deposit of 600,000 pesos. In
view of the satisfactory transactions of the Bank 20 per cent. was
distributed in dividends for the fiscal year ending in 1897. Its
manager is Mr. José Andrés Coronado. Its Board of Directors include
Messrs. Francisco Peralta, Aniceto Esquivel, Fabian Esquivel, Daniel
Nuñez and Manuel Sandoval.
The manager of the Banco Anglo-Costaricense is Mr. Percy G.
Harrison, and its Board of Directors is composed of Messrs. Adrian
Collado, Simeon Guzmán, Telésforo Alfaro, Gerardo Jager and Mariano
Montealegre.
The situation of the Banco Anglo-Costaricense on June 30, 1897, was
in pesos as follows:
(Part 1 of 2) ASSETS.
------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Cash on hand 281,869.25 |
Securities for collection in San |
José 1,208,192.54 |
Mortgages 530,729.51 |
Securities for collection in San |
Mateo 739.83 |
------------ 1,739,661.88 |
Credits current 185,698.55 |
Credits in £ sterling 485,545.34 |
Shares of the Mercado de San |
José (165) 8,250.00 |
Bonds of the Guatemalan Central |
Railway 15,000.00 |
------------ 2,434.155.77 |
Immovable property 20,000.00 |
Furniture 1,500.00 |
------------ 21,500.00 |
Debtors abroad 82,778.37 |
Remittances due 25,969.48 |
------------ 108,747.85 |
Securities in commission for collection 188,014.10 |
Money for expenditure 1,500,649.79 |
Exportation notes 93,275.00 |
------------ 1,781,938.89 |
Interest on deposits not due 8,484.45 |
Various debtors 14,602.24 |
------------ |
4,651,298.45 |
(Part 2 of 2) LIABILITIES.
+---------------------------------------------------
| Capital 1,200,000.00
| Reserve Fund 210,000.00
| ------------ 1,410,000.00
| Deposits account current 371,443.60
| Deposits on sight 10,778.00
| Deposits on credit 380,601.23
| ----------- 762,822.83
| Outside creditors 436,403.84
| Various debts 22,202.38
| ------------ 458,606.22
| Securities in commission 188,014.10
| Government of Costa Rica,
| Treasury funds 1,500,649.79
| Government of Costa Rica,
| exportation notes 93,275.00
| ------------ 1,781,938.89
| Dividends not collected
| from 1895-96 700.00
| Dividends from 1896-97
| (15 per cent) 180,000.00
| ---------- 180,700.00
| Discounts on bills payable 39,779.55
| Profits for 1897-98 17,450.96
| ---------- 57,230.51
| ------------
| 4,651,298.45
Foreign commercial obligations were settled through these banks on
the following terms: Drafts at three days’ sight on Paris cost one
per cent. less than on London on same time; those at ninety days’
sight on Paris or London cost one per cent. less than at three days’
sight; those at sixty days’ sight, on New York, cost two per cent.
less than on three days’ sight. Submarine cable transfers of money
cost two per cent. more than by three days’ sight drafts with the
cost of telegraphing added.
Until the 24th of March, 1897, the Bank of Costa Rica sold drafts on
New York for five points more than for those on London. Since the
25th of March, 1897, the difference of exchange between those cities
has been eight per cent.
The rates on London, in October and November, 1897, were 127, and
those on New York were 135.
XIII.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.
Costa Rica is a republic, the government of which is representative,
the representatives being classified so that one-half retires every
two years. Since 1825 Costa Rica has had nine constitutions, the last
one having been promulgated in 1871.
The government is administered through three distinct branches;
namely, the legislative, executive and judicial.
Legislative powers are vested in a single house whose members are
chosen, one for every 8000 inhabitants, for a term of four years
by an electoral college. This body is called the “Constitutional
Congress” and assembles every year on May 1 for a sixty days’
session, which may be extended for thirty days more.
The executive power is vested in the President of the Republic who is
elected for four years and has the power of naming or removing his
four cabinet ministers.
Annually, in May, Congress appoints, for a term of one year, three
substitutes called “designados.” During the intervals between
sessions of Congress legislative power is represented by a board of
five commissioners appointed by Congress.
Judicial power is lodged in a Supreme Court and in subordinate
tribunals as constituted by law. The judiciary is changed every four
years.
Suffrage is restricted to popular conventions which choose a limited
number of electors. These meet in a body called the electoral
assembly and proceed to choose the President of the Republic and the
Congressmen.
The Republic is divided into five Provinces and two Comarcas or
Territories. Both are divided into Cantones, and the Cantones are
subdivided into districts.
The Territories are represented in Congress in the same way as the
Provinces.
Each Canton has a municipal organization popularly elected and a
political chief named by the President.
In each of the Provinces or Territories there is a Governor, and a
military commandant also named by the President, and a Judge of First
Instance appointed by the Supreme Court.
Costa Rica, as soon as she became a member of the Central American
Confederation, organized a judiciary of her own consisting of a
superior court, several tribunals of first resort in the provinces,
and the alcaldes of towns who were justices of the peace with
jurisdiction over petty affairs both civil and criminal. The Supreme
Court has since undergone many changes.
The Supreme Court is a Court of Law composed of five justices. Two
Courts of second instance have three magistrates each.
In each of the Provinces and in the Comarca of Puntarenas there are
judges having criminal and civil jurisdiction.
In the chief towns of each Canton the alcaldes act in civil cases of
minor importance, and in criminal cases are judges of petty offenses,
and for graver charges are committing magistrates.
In the districts the justices of the peace and the police are charged
with maintaining the public peace and they act for small misdemeanors
in a summary way.
For fiscal affairs there are an Inspector General of Hacienda, an
alcalde of Hacienda, and a National Judge of Hacienda. There is also
a special judge of mines residing at San Mateo.
Punishments are generally neither cruel nor protracted. They comprise
confinement in a prison or penitentiary, transportation, or a fine.
The penitentiary is on the island of San Lucas.
In 1841 Costa Rica codified its civil and penal jurisprudence,
amending the code materially seventeen years later. This has been
the basis of her legal progress and is in force except as modified
by subsequent statutes. Among the more important amendments are
these: by the Penal Code in effect since 1880 the death penalty is
abolished, as well as humiliating and cruel punishments; 1886 there
was promulgated a new Civil Code, in which are prominent civil
marriages, the right of divorce and the civil equality of woman.
The Code of Commerce in force, founded on Spanish customs, was issued
in 1853. The Fiscal Code of to-day went into effect in 1885.
The Military Code of 1871 was superseded in 1884 by another more in
accordance with modern institutions.
The Jury System in criminal cases has been in force since 1873.
The Municipal Statutes prevailing to-day were issued in 1867; the
General Police Regulations in 1849.
The “Ley Organica” of tribunals was framed in 1845 and modified
slightly in 1852.
In 1865 there was promulgated the law for a creditor’s proceedings;
the mortgage law was passed in 1865.
Higher and professional education was provided for in 1843 by a law
known as the “Statutes of the University of Santo Tomas,” and in 1886
there was enacted a law for common education.
The Registry of property and mortgages was opened in 1867, since
which time various reforms have been introduced into the Mortgage Law.
There are besides many special laws, like the Mining Statutes
decreed in 1830; the Water Law of 1884 now in force; the Consular
Regulations, and others.
By decree of 24th of November, 1863, the decimal system for moneys
now in use was adopted. By decree of 10th of July, 1884, the metric
system was adopted for weights and measures.
All Costa Ricans between eighteen and fifty years of age are obliged
to do military service according to law.
The army is divided into two parts; the first includes, under the
head of active service, all soldiers from eighteen to forty years of
age; the second comprises all the rest under the head of “Reserve.”
There is a third division, known as the National Guard, including all
citizens capable of shouldering arms outside of the foregoing.
XIV.
HISTORY.
Until 1540 Spain reserved for the Crown that part of the territory of
Veragua lying west of the portion which had been granted to the heirs
of Columbus, but in that year it was erected into a province called
Costa Rica. According to the narrative of Colonel G. E. Church,
within a period of sixty years from the date of its discovery some
ten feeble exploring and colonizing expeditions, mostly from Panama,
were fitted out to occupy Costa Rica, but they all proved disastrous,
the only result being the exasperation of the natives whom the
Spaniards plundered, butchered and treated with signal barbarity.
Between 1560 and 1573 the limits of Costa Rica were defined and
confirmed by Philip II., those on the Atlantic Coast being the same
as to-day, so far as Nicaragua is concerned.
In 1562 Juan Vasquez de Coronado was named Alcalde and Mayor of the
Province of Costa Rica and Veragua. He founded the City of Cartago
which remained the capital until 1823.
Up to 1622 fifteen governors succeeded Vasquez, but disappointed
in their efforts to find gold, to enslave the Indian population,
or to make the country prosperous, they allowed it to lapse into a
barbarism far worse than it was at the time of its discovery.
Barrantes says that in 1622 it had but fifty Spanish families, and
these were in a condition of extreme poverty.
A report, which the King ordered to be made about that time for
purposes of taxation, stated: “In Costa Rica no mines of any metal
are worked; no gold-washings, no indigo cultivation, no sugar-mill
exist. The people cultivate only maize and wheat. There is no money.
The poverty is such that the flour and biscuits which are not
consumed are exchanged for necessary clothing.”
When Gregorio de Sandoval was named Captain-General, in 1634, and
reached his port from the Atlantic Coast, he noted the importance
of having a better port than that then existing at the mouth of
the river Pacuare, and, therefore, in 1639 founded that of Matina,
connecting it by a mule-trail 102 miles long with Cartago.
From 1666 to the end of the century both the Caribbean and the
Pacific coasts were ravaged by piratical expeditions.
In 1718 Diego de la Haya y Fernandez was appointed Captain-General.
The following year he reported to the King on the condition of Costa
Rica, which he pronounced the “poorest and most miserable of all
America. The current money is the cacao seed, there not being a piece
of silver in the entire country. There is not an eatable sold in
street or shop. Every family has to sow and reap what it consumes or
expends during the year. Even the Governor has to do this or perish.
Meanwhile the inhabitants of the province are contentious, chimerical
and turbulent, and among the whole of them there are not forty men of
medium capacity.”
In 1797 the governorship and military command were conferred on Tomas
de Acosta, but after ruling for twelve years he wrote: “There is not
in the entire monarchy a province so indigent as this, for some of
the inhabitants are clothed with the bark of trees, and others, that
they may go to church, hire and borrow from their friends.”
This may be said to have been the condition of the country when the
domination of Spain ended.
The fifty-eight Governors, who, since 1563, had followed the
ill-fated Vasquez de Coronado, had been little more than managers of
a neglected farm, which scarcely yielded sufficient to enable its
laborers to eke out a miserable, half-starved existence. They had
killed off or enslaved the indigenous population. Their poverty had
precluded the opening of roads or the clearing and cultivation of the
lands, while the exactions of Spain and its barbarous political and
fiscal policy had smothered all commercial interests. In fact, Costa
Rica had, during three centuries of Spanish domination, constantly
retrograded, and when the Spaniard retired from it, he left it less
civilized than when he entered it in 1502.
On September 15, 1821, Costa Rica joined Nicaragua in a decree of
independence. On January 10, 1822, she proclaimed her union with the
Iturbide Empire of Mexico under “the plan of Iguala,” but in 1824
she resumed her independence, declared herself a Republic, elected
Juan Mora as President, who remained in office for eight years, and
became one of the United Provinces of Central America. This weak,
unmanageable union underwent a slow disintegration from 1838 to 1839.
It fell in pieces for want of internal communications, like the old
Columbian federation of New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador.
Among the twenty-four presidents and dictators who have governed
Costa Rica since 1824, several have been men of marked intelligence
and devoted patriotism, and under their administration the country
has slowly emerged from its former depression, until to-day it may be
said to be in a healthy political and commercial condition.
Costa Rica is very much indebted to its first President, Juan Mora.
Other successful Presidents were: Juan Rafael Mora, from 1850 to
1859; General Tomas Guardia, from 1872 to 1876, and again from 1878
to 1882; Bernardo Soto, from 1885 to 1889, and Rafael Iglesias, since
1894.
Since its independence there have been but few stirring events to
agitate the country. The most important of them was the efficacious
aid it gave to Nicaragua in 1857 in crushing the filibuster Walker,
whose object was to add Nicaragua as slave territory to the United
States.
[Illustration: CENTRAL AMERICA
Rand, McNally & Co’s. Indexed Atlas of the World Map of Central America
Copyright 1888, by Rand, McNally & Co.
Copyright 1892, by Rand, McNally & Co.
RAND, MCNALLY & CO., ENGRAVERS, CHICAGO.]
[Illustration: (overlay on lower left portion of above illustration)
MAP SHOWING
Proposed Line of
NICARAGUA CANAL.
]
[Illustration: CENTRAL AMERICA. (reverse side of the CENTRAL AMERICA
map)
Listing of Provinces, Lakes, Towns etc. in each Central American
country.]
COSTA RICA.—Provinces, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.
Provinces.
Pop.
Alajuela, P-21 53,087
Cartago, R-22 35,571
Comarca de Puntarenas, S-21 8,114
Comarca de Limon, S-24 3,447
Guanacaste, Q-19 17,191
Heredia, Q-21 31,084
San Jose, R-21 65,261
Total 213,745
Lakes.
Manatu, P-21.
San Carlos, P-21.
Sierpe, T-23.
Mountains.
Aguacate, Q-20.
Barba, Q-21.
Blanco, S-24.
Cordillera de Chirique, T-25.
Cordillera de Dota, R-22.
Herradura, S-21.
Irasu, Q-22.
Mira Valles, P-19.
Orosi, P-19.
Poas, Q-21.
Rincon de La Viega, P-19.
Rovalo, S-25.
Sierra de Tilaran, Q-20.
Tenorio, P-20.
Turialba, R-22.
Ujum, S-23.
Rivers.
Amarillo, P-21.
Arenal, P-20.
Bananas, T-25.
Barr, S-22.
Barros, S-25.
Bolson, Q-19.
Chirripo, R-23.
Coen, S-24.
Colo, T-24.
De Orol, R-19.
Dulce, T-23.
Espino, T-23.
Esquinas, T-23.
Frio, P-20.
Golfito, T-24.
Grande de Terraba, S-23.
Guapiles, Q-22.
Haciendas, Q-19.
Higueron, Q-19.
Hone, R-24.
Lion, S-23.
Matina, Q-23.
Negro, P-20.
Nino, O-19.
Nosara, R-19.
Parismina, Q-22.
Paron, T-24.
Pecaare, R-22.
Penas Blancos, Q-20.
Pirris, R-21.
Platanares, P-20.
Rio Grande, R-21.
Rovalo, T-25.
San Carlos, P-21.
Sapoa, O-19.
Sarapiqui, P-22.
Sicsola, R-24.
Sierpe, Q-22.
Sierpe, T-23.
Teliri, R-24.
Telirio Sicsola, R-25.
Tempisque, Q-19.
Toro, Q-21.
Tortuguero, Q-22.
Tuorio Changuinola, S-24.
Viejo, P-19.
Waranjo, R-22.
Zapatero, P-19.
Towns.
Pop.
Alajuela, R-21 9000
Aserri, R-21
Atenas, R-21
Bagaces, Q-19
Barba, Q-21
Bebedero, Q-19
Boruca, S-23
Bribri, S-24
Canjel, Q-19
Carrillo, Q-21
Cartago, R-22 12000
Castillo Viejo, P-21
Chira, Q-19
Corralillo, Q-19
David, U-25
Desamparados, R-21
Desengano, Q-21
Desmonte, R-21
Dos Novillos, Q-21
Echeverria, R-21
Escazu, R-21
Esparta, R-20
Gresca, Q-21
Hacienda Animas, O-18
Hacienda Coulebra, P-18
Hacienda Guachiplin, P-19.
Hacienda Jobo, P-19
Hacienda Miravalles, P-19
Hacienda Orosi, P-19
Hacienda Pelon, P-19
Hacienda Santa Maria, S-23
Hacienda Tedorio, Q-20
Heredia, R-21 9000
Jimenez, Q-22
La Laguna, Q-21
La Palma, Q-21
Las Cañas, Q-19
Liberia, P-19 5692
Limon, R-23 1200
Mateo, R-20
Matina, Q-23
Muelle, Q-21
Naranjo, P-18
Naranjo, Q-21
Naranjo, R-22
Nicoya, Q-19 5000
Ochoa, P-21
Old Harbor, R-24
Obispo, Q-19
Pacaca, R-21
Paraiso, R-22.
Punta Burica, U-24
Puntarenas, R-20 5000
Puntarenitas, U-23
Puriscal, R-21
San Antonio, R-21
San Carlitos, Q-21
San Cristobal, R-22
San Isidro, Q-22
San Joaquin, Q-21
San Jose, R-21 25000
San Jose de Cabecar, S-23
San Juanillo, Q-21
San Lucas, R-20
San Marcos, R-21
San Ramon, Q-20
Santa Barbara, Q-21
Santa Cruz, Q-18 5690
Santa Maria, R-22
Santa Rosa, P-18
Sarcero, Q-21
Sardinal, Q-18
Savanilla, R-21
Siquires, Q-22
Tendal, Q-19
Terraba, S-23
Tirives, R-20
Tullica, U-24
Turealba, R-22
Ujarras, Q-20
Union, R-21
Uruchico, S-23
GUATEMALA.—Departments, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.
Departments.
Pop.
Alta Verapaz, F-9 103,779
Amatitlan, I-8 34,917
Baja Verapaz, G-9 48,427
Chimaltenango, H-8 57,619
Chiquimula, H-11 62,878
Escuintla, I-7 30,610
Guatemala, H-9 139,239
Huehuetenango, F-6 130,454
Izabal, F-12 5,010
Jalapa, H-10 34,185
Jutiapa, I-10 47,145
Peten, D-9 8,515
Quezaltenango, H-6 102,217
Quiche, G-8 85,485
Retalhuleu, I-6 23,974
Sacatepeques, H-8 40,281
San Marcos, H-5 87,622
Santa Rosa, I-9 36,082
Solola, H-7 82,316
Suchitepequez, I-6 35,500
Totonicapan, H-7 156,066
Zacapa, G-10 41,917
Total 1,394,233
Lakes.
Acquioc, C-10.
Amatitlan, I-9.
Atitlan, H-7.
Ayarza, H-10.
Itza, C-9.
Izabal, F-11.
Peten, C-9.
San Pedro, C-8.
Santa Clara, B-11.
Tipu, B-11.
Mountains.
Sierra de Chama, F-9.
Sierra de Las Minas, G-10.
Sierra de Santa Cruz, F-11.
Rivers.
Cahabon, F-10.
Chajul Lacandon, E-8.
Chixoy, E-9.
Chixoy, G-8.
Coylate, I-7.
Cuilco, G-6.
Dolores, F-6.
Guacalate, I-8.
Huista, F-6.
Ixcan, F-7.
Itquia, I-6.
Machaquila, E-10.
Madresieja, I-7.
Micharaya, I-8.
Moca, I-7.
Montaqua, G-11.
Muxania, E-11.
Nauranjo, H-5.
Negro, G-8.
Nima, I-6.
Obete, E-10.
Paz, J-10.
Polochie, G-10.
Rapide, C-11.
Sacchich, B-9.
Samala, I-6.
San Francisco, G-12.
Towns.
Pop.
Aguacatan, G-7
Alotepeque, H-11
Alzarate, H-10
Amaco, G-11
Amatenango, G-5
Amatitian, I-8
Andres, G-8
Antigua, H-8 14000
Arenal, F-10
Atescatempa, I-10
Ayutta, H-5
Azacualpa, I-9
Barberena, I-9
Barillas, F-7
Barrilas, I-8
Bartolome, G-7
Batcab, B-10
Blanco, H-6
Bobaso, G-12
Bobos, H-6
Caballo, H-6
Cabrican, G-6
Cabulco, G-8
Camotan, H-11
Canoa, G-9
Canouinitin, F-6
Cantel, H-7
Carcha, F-9
Casasolejas, J-9
Casillas, I-9
Chabunal, F-10
Chachaclum, D-9
Chajul, F-7
Chama, F-8
Chalchitan, G-7
Champerico, I-6
Chancol, G-7
Chaparron, H-10
Chapayal, E-9
Chiacam, F-10
Chiboy, G-8
Chicarao, F-10
Chiche, H-7
Chilasco, G-9
Chilonce, C-8
Chimalapa, G-10
Chimaltenango, G-6
Chimaltenango, H-8 14000
Chimay, E-11
Chimulchuch, F-10
Chinaca, G-7
Chinaga, E-9
Chinautla, H-8
Chinge, I-10
Chinique, G-7
Chintla, G-7
Chioxan, F-10
Chiquimara, H-7
Chiquimula, H-10 10602
Chiquimulilla, I-9
Chiralan, G-8
Chisee, F-9
Chixoj, G-8
Choacua, G-9
Chol, G-8
Chucula, F-6
Chuntuqui, B-10
Chupec, G-9
Coatepeque, H-6
Coban, F-9 6000
Colotenango, G-6
Comalapa, H-8
Comapa, I-10
Comitancillo, G-6
Concencion, H-6
Concepcion, H-11
Concordia, E-10
Coneal, F-9
Conoitas, H-9
Corrito, F-6
Cotzal, F-8
Cuajiniquilapa, I-9
Cubiletes, H-11
Cueya, E-11
Cuilco, G-6
Cunen, G-8.
Cuyotenango, H-6
De la Pasion, D-9
Dolores, D-8
Dolores, D-11
Don Garcia, I-8
Duenas, H-8
El Caribe, E-9
El Chal, D-10
El Limon, F-9
El Queez, C-10
Esclares, J-9
Escuintla, I-8 5109
Esquipulas, H-11
Estanzuela, G-10
Flores, C-10 6000
Franklin, H-6
Fuerte de San Felipe, F-11
Guadalupe, H-9
Gualan, G-11 2000
Guaranja, G-11
Guastatoya, H-9
Guatemala, H-9 65796
Guazacapan, I-9 2000
Haciendaneja, H-9
Huehuetenango, G-7
Hamaca, F-10
Honche, C-7
Hotenango, G-7
Idola, I-7
Ilom, F-7
Ipala, H-10 5209
Itzapa, H-8
Ixcan, F-7
Ixhuatan, I-9
Ixtub, D-10
Izabal, G-11 1500
Jacaltenango, F-6
Jalapa, H-10 5702
Jalpatagua, I-9
Jasha, C-11
Jilotepeque, H-10
Jocotan, H-11 9437
Joyabaj, G-8 5110
Jumay, I-9
Jutiapa, I-10
La Gomera, I-7
La Libertad, D-9
La Manga, F-13
Las Animas, F-12
Libertad, F-6
Livingston, F-12
Macanche, C-10
Malacatan, G-7
Malacatan, H-5
Malena, G-10
Mataqueseuintla, H-9
Mazatenango, H-7 5169
Mexico, H-8
Mita, I-10
Mixtan, I-7
Mixtan, I-8
Momostenango, G-7 16933
Moruta, J-9
Nebaj, F-7
Nenton, F-6
Nueva Esperanza, D-8
Nuero, H-7
Ocos, H-5
Ojetenam, G-6
Olintepeque, H-6
Olopa, H-11
Oratorio, I-9
Pacagas, G-9
Pacaya, I-8
Palceres, G-12
Palencia, H-9 1555
Palm, I-8
Palma, H-6
Palo Gordo, H-6
Palzile, H-7
Panzos, F-10
Paso de Yalchitan, C-8
Pasorcal, D-9
Pastores, H-8
Patulul, I-7
Patzizia, H-8 4317
Patzum, H-7 6500
Pedro Neolo, G-6
Petensuo, D-11
Petzal, G-6
Pinula, H-9
Pochuta, H-7
Poctum, D-11
Pretexbatum, E-9
Pronto Alirio, D-9
Pueblo, H-6
Puebloriejo, I-9
Puerto Barrios, F-12
Purula, G-9
Quezaltenango, H-6 23574
Quezaltepeque, H-10 6593
Quirigua, G-11
Rabinal, G-8 3184
Retalhulen, H-6 5309
Rio Blanco, G-6
Rio Hondo, G-10
Rode, H-5
Rodeo, G-8
Rosa, G-9 2080
Ruhalbera, F-10
Ruines de Chapulco, G-11
Sabinal, G-5
Sacacao, E-9
Sacchich, B-10
Sacapulas, G-8 5589
Sacatal, E-9
Sajalon, F-8
Sajanaca, F-6
Salama, G-9 7125
Salcaja, H-6
Salchicha, F-9
Saltan, G-8
Samac, F-9
Samayac, H-7
San Andres, C-9
San Andres, F-6
San Andres, H-6
San Andres, H-7
San Antonio, H-6
San Antonio, H-7
San Antonio, H-7
San Antonio, H-7
San Antonio, H-7 1529
San Antonio, H-9
San Antonio Huista, F-6
San Apolonia, H-8
Sanarate, H-9 2115
San Augustin, G-10
San Augustin, I-7
San Bartolo, G-7
San Benito, C-9
San Carlos, H-6
San Clemente, D-11
San Clemente, G-9
San Cristobal, F-9
San Cristobal, H-6
San Cristobal, H-7
San Cucho Martin
San Diego, D-9
San Domingo, I-6
San Felipe, E-9
San Felipe, H-6
San Francisco, H-7
San Gabriel, G-9
San Gabriel, I-7
San Gaspar Izchil, G-6
San Geronimo, G-9
San Geronimo, J-7
San Isabel, E-10
San Jacinto, H-11
San Jose, C-9
San Jose, J-8
San Jose Grande, D-8
San Juan, B-9
San Juan, E-10
San Juan, H-8
San Juan, H-6
San Juan Acatan, G-6
San Juan Chamelco, F-9
San Juan de Dios, D-9
San Juan de Herinola, H-11
San Juan Ixcoy, F-7
San Juaquin, D-9
San Lorenzo, G-6
San Lorenzo, G-7
San Lorenzo, J-10
San Lucas, H-7
San Luis, D-11
San Luis, I-6
San Marcos, F-6
San Marcos, G-6
San Marcos, H-7
San Martin, B-9
San Martin, H-8
San Mateo, F-7
San Mateo, H-6
San Miguel, C-10
San Miguel, G-6
San Miguel, G-9
San Miguel Acatan, F-7
San Pablo, H-5
San Pablo, H-7
San Pedro, F-9
San Pedro, H-8
San Pedro, H-7
San Pedro, H-9
San Pedro Jocopilas, G-7
San Pedro Soloma, F-7
San Rafael, H-6
San Rafael, I-9
San Ramundo, H-9
San Rito, C-10
Sansar, H-9
Sansaria, H-9
San Sebastian, G-6
San Sebastian Coatan, F-7
San Sebastian Lemoa, H-7
Santa, G-6
Santa Ana, I-7
Santa Ana Huista, F-6
Santa Barbara, G-6
Santa Barbara, I-7
Santa Catarina, H-7
Santa Catarina, I-10
Santa Cruz, F-9
Santa Cruz, F-11
Santa Cruz, H-8
Santa Cruz del Quiche, G-7 6000
Santa Eulalia, F-7
Santa Isabel, E-10
Santa Isabel, F-12
Santa Lucia, I-7
Santa Lucia, G-7
Santa Maria, F-12
Santa Maria, H-6
Santa Maria Cahabon, F-10
Santa Rosa, D-8
Santa Rosa, I-9 6237
San Thomas Ch, H-7
San Toribio, D-11
Santo Tomas, F-12 19000
Saoo, G-9
Sarstoon, F-11
Satinta, C-10
Sauce, F-11
Schenaju, F-10
Sipacapa, G-6
Solola, H-7 5000
Suchiate, H-5
Sumpango, H-8
Tablones, G-9
Tacana, G-5
Tactic, G-9
Tajumulco, G-6 2000
Taxisco, I-8
Tecpam, H-8 7025
Tejutla, G-6
Tenedores, F-12
Tescuaco, I-7
Tetitlan, G-6
Tikal, B-10
Tocoy, G-9
Todos Santos, G-6
Totonicapan, H-7 26000
Trapiche, E-8
Trapichillo, G-6
Tual, F-9
Tucuru, G-9
Tuluche, C-11
Tumanu, G-9
Tumbado, H-6
Tusancal, E-10
Tutulapa, G-6
Union, H-6
Union Parrios, G-9
Uspanlan, G-8
Usumacinta, C-7
Usumatan, G-10
Varilla, C-7
Victoria, E-9
Villanuera, H-8
Xox, D-10
Yalat, C-9
Yalchitan, C-8
Yaxcabnal, F-9
Yaxche, D-11
Yaxia, E-10
Zacapa, G-11 3000
Zacuelpa, G-8
Zaragoza, H-8
Ziquinala, I-8
Zoo, C-10
Zuni, H-7
HONDURAS.—Departments, Creeks, Lakes and Lagoons, Mountains, Rivers,
and Towns.
Departments.
Bay Island, E-17.
Choluteca, K-15.
Colon, F-16.
Comayagua, H-14.
Copan, H-11.
Gracias, I-12.
Intibuca, I-13.
La Paz, I-14.
Olancho, H-18.
Santa Barbara, H-13.
Tegucigalpa, I-15.
Yoro, G-15.
Creeks.
Salt, F-19.
Tabacunta, F-21.
Toomtoom, F-21.
Lakes and Lagoons.
Brus, F-30.
Caratasca, G-22.
Elon, F-20.
Guaranta, G-21.
Ibentara, H-22.
Tilbalacca, G-21.
Yojoa, H-13.
Mountains.
Camasca, I-18.
Campamento, G-16.
Comayagua, H-14.
Canchia, G-14.
Costa de Leon, F-15.
Juticalpa, H-19.
Lepatcrique, I-15.
Mesa de Yojoa, H-18.
Mirandon, I-11.
Misoco, I-16.
Pijo, G-15.
Puca, H-12.
Salaque, I-13.
San Juan, I-13.
Sulaco, H-13.
Tompo, I-19.
Rivers.
Agalta, H-18.
Agua, G-17.
Blanco, G-14.
Chamelicon, G-13.
Chapaqua, F-18.
Choluteca, K-15.
Colorado, G-15.
Congrehoy, F-16.
Croats, H-22.
Cuero, F-15.
Guaranta, H-21.
Guayambre, I-19.
Guayape, I-18.
Honey, F-19.
Ibentara, H-21.
Jafan, I-18.
Juan Lopez, F-16.
Lepaguare, I-18.
Maria, F-16.
Nacaome, J-15.
Negro, F-19.
Negro, K-15.
Papeloteca, F-16.
Patuca, H-20.
Platano, F-20.
Poyas, F-19.
Roman, G-18.
Sacate, F-16.
Secre, G-20.
Segovia, I-21.
Sangrelaya, F-19.
Salaco, H-14.
Santa Barbara, H-13.
Santiago, G-12.
Seco, G-18.
Tinte, F-13.
Ulna, G-13.
Wanks, J-19.
Towns.
Pop.
Agalteca, I-15
Agua Blancha, H-13
Aguangueli, J-14
Agua Zarca, I-18
Amapala, K-14
Amonita, F-14
Arinal, G-16
Belfate, F-17
Bens Brus, F-21
Bertulio, F-17
Bonita, F-18
Bonito, F-16
Boquin, H-17
Calolacha, I-12
Camalote, G-13
Camasea, I-12
Camoamento, F-17
Campamento, I-18
Cantaranas, I-16
Carata, G-22
Caroza, H-14
Casa Blanca, F-17
Cascares, H-12
Catacumas, H-19
Cataguana, G-15
Ceguaca, H-13
Celulaca, I-12
Chama, H-14
Chamelicon, F-13
Chinaolio, I-13
Chinda, G-13
Chiquilla, G-12
Choloma, F-13
Choluteca, K-15
Chuches, H-13
Cofradia, F-13
Cofredilla, I-16
Colomoncagua, J-12
Comayagua, I-14 10000
Concordia, I-17
Congrehoy, F-16
Copan, H-11
Corpus, K-15
Cowcara, G-23
Criba, F-20
Cropunto, G-20
Cucraren, J-14
Cuero, F-15
Danli, J-18
Deacons, F-20
Dolores, I-12
Dulce Nombre, G-19
El Carbon, G-19
El Pataste, H-19
English Town, F-19
Esperanza, G-18
Espina, H-14
Flores, I-14
Galeras, G-13
Galleras, I-18
Gigua, G-12
Gililaca, H-12
Gracias, I-12
Guaimaca, I-18
Guaipitanti, H-20
Gualaca, H-18
Gualala, G-13
Gualjoco, G-13
Guallaba, I-12
Guarajamula, I-13
Guarisima, H-18
Guata, H-18
Guatcha, I-12
Hama, G-13
Intibuca, I-13
Iriona, F-19
Jaco, H-17
Jaidigue, H-13
Jamal, H-14
Jicace, F-15
Jocon, H-16
Juan Lopez, F-16
Juliquite, H-18
Jurla, I-14
Jutiapa, H-16
Juticalpa, I-18
La Brea, K-14
Laceiba, F-16
La Floresto, G-19
Laguna, F-14
La Lima, G-16
La Paz, I-14
La Proteccion, I-15
Larga, H-14
Las Islas, I-11
Las Piedras, I-14
La Union, H-12
La Union, H-17
La Venta, G-12
Lejamal, I-14
Lemas, F-18
Lepatarique, I-14
Llano Largo, I-12
Locca, G-23
Longue, J-14
Lorenzo, K-14
McConnico, F-15
Macaguaya, I-13
Macucliso, G-12
Magdalena, G-13
Manto, H-18
Marmol, F-17
Maroala, I-14
Medio, H-16
Miambur, H-14
Nacaoma, J-14
Negrito, G-15
Namasiquo, K-15
Ocotopeque, I-11
Ojojona, I-15
Ojos de Agua, H-14
Ojueva, H-13
Olanchito, G-17
Omoa, F-13 600
Ooloste, I-12
Opoteca, H-14
Opotero, I-14
Orabela, G-22
Oromilca, H-12
Ouhe, F-22
Paso Real, G-18
Patuca, F-21
Persiverancia, K-20
Pespore, J-15 2000
Petapas, H-12
Petoa, G-13
Piedracito, F-19
Pinaloja, G-13
Playon, H-12
Potrerillos, G-14
Puerto Caballos, F-14
Puerto Cortez, F-14
Quigina, K-21
Quisilique, H-12
Ramirez, F-16
Real, H-19
Rio Blanquito, F-14
Rio Chiquito, I-14
Rio Esquillas, H-15
Rio Grande, G-18
Rio Grande, I-14
Rio Pelo, F-14
Rosario, H-12
Rosario, H-17
Sabana, H-14
Sabana Grande, J-15
Sacapoa, H-13
Sacate, F-15
Salado, F-15
Salama, H-17
San Andres, H-11
San Antonio, I-15
San Antonio, I-14
San Antonio de Norte, J-14
San Carlos, G-17
San Estavan, G-19
San Felipe, I-18
San Francisco, G-13
San Francisco, I-13
San Francisco, I-19
San Francisco de la Paz, H-18
Sangrelaya, F-19
San Jose, I-18
San Jose, H-12
San Jose, H-13
San Jose, I-13
San Juan, I-13
San Marcos, G-13
San Pedro, F-13
San Ventura, H-19
Santa Anna, J-15
Santa Barbara, G-13
Santa Cruz, G-13
Santa Cruz, G-14
Santa Rosa, H-11
Santa Rosa, H-16
Santa Rosa, I-13
Savana, H-15
Secualpa, H-19
Seguatepeque, H-14
Sensente, I-12
Siban, F-19
Silca, H-18
Sinapa, H-11
Sixatara, G-20
Skelton, G-21
Sulaco, H-15
Talanga, H-16
Tamara, I-15
Tamasca, I-14
Tambal, I-14
Tanleoc, H-13
Taringla, I-14
Tegucigalpa, I-15 12600
Tela, F-15
Trigual, J-15
Trinidad, G-12
Truxillo, F-17 4000
Tuma, G-14
Tunky, J-21
Ulua, F-14
Ulun, H-20
Valle de los Angeles, I-16
Venado, G-13
Villa Nueva, G-14
Waca, G-13
Wany, K-20
Wellawas, K-20
Yarata, H-13
Yocoa, H-17
Yojoa, G-14
Yoro, G-16 4000
Yucusapa, I-14
Yuguare, I-15
Yuscaran, I-16
Zacapa, H-13
Zacualpa, G-17
Zapote, H-11
NICARAGUA.—Departments, Creeks, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.
Departments.
Chinandega, L-15.
Chontales, N-20.
Granada, M-17.
Leon, L-16.
Managua, M-17.
Masaya, N-17.
Matagalpa, K-19.
Rivas, O-18.
Segovia, J-19.
Creeks.
Duckwarra, I-23.
Kukerwalla, L-21.
Mahogany, N-21.
Rain, N-22.
Tungla, I-21.
Lakes.
Managua, M-17.
Nicaragua, O-19.
Pearl, L-22.
Mountains.
Corcovada, L-15.
Cordillera de Yoloma, N-21.
Coseguina, L-14.
Guanacaro, K-15.
Huapi, L-19.
Las Pilas, M-16.
Loma del Tigre, M-16.
Madera, O-18.
Monkey Ridge, M-22.
Ometepe, O-18.
Prata Hills, I-22.
Telica, L-16.
Teluca, K-18.
Viejo, L-16.
Rivers.
Anistaga, N-19.
Bambano, K-21.
Bluefields, M-22.
Cama, M-21.
Camusa, O-20.
Chocoyos, L-18.
Coco, K-18.
Congrejal, N-19.
Escondido, M-21.
Español, O-21.
Grande, L-17.
Grande, L-16.
Great, K-22.
Indio, O-21.
Kukallaya, J-21.
Kurringwas, L-21.
Lakwas, I-22.
Lea Marias, O-20.
Locuoro, K-16.
Maiz, O-21.
Maria Falso, O-20.
Mavales, N-19.
Mico, M-20,
Molacatoja, M-18.
Murro, M-20.
Oyate, N-19.
Perlas, L-21.
Poderoso, N-19.
Prinzapulka, K-21.
Rama, N-21.
Rio Grande, K-21.
San Juan, P-21.
Sebaco, L-18.
Siquia, M-21.
Sualalaque, L-16.
Synagapa, L-17.
Telpaneca, K-17.
Tepanonusapa, O-21.
Tepitapa, M-18.
Toongla, K-21.
Walpasixwa, K-22.
Wanks, H-21.
Wawa, I-21.
Towns.
Achuapa, L-17
Acoyapa, N-19 6000
Alta Gracia, N-18
Amatillo, K-15
America, P-22
Asquie, I-22
Aula Aula, K-21
Auya Pini, I-23
Bilwi, I-23
Bluefields, N-22 500
Bluff City, M-23
Boaco, M-18
Brito, O-18
Buenaventura, M-18
Cama, M-22
Cape Gracias, H-23
Caribtown, L-23
Chinandega, L-15 12500
Chiolugalpa, L-16
Comalapa, M-19
Concepcion, M-18
Concordia, K-18
Condega, K-17
Corinto, M-15
Culcuina, K-21
Delpochapa, M-17
Depilto, J-16
Diria, N-17
Diriamba, N-17
Diriorio, N-17
Dos Bocas, K-20
El Beal, M-16
El Jicaro, J-17
El Viejo, L-15
Escuipulas, L-18
Esica, K-21
Esinkota, K-22
Esteli, K-17
Gamoapa, M-19
Granada, N-18 15000
Greytown, P-23 1200
Haulover, M-23
Huna, J-22
Jalapa, J-17
Jinolega, K-18
Jinotepec, N-17
Jiquilito, M-18
Juigalpa, M-19
Kamla, I-23
Kara, L-23
Karata, J-28
Keywah, L-22
Kia, J-23
Klilna, J-22
Kokabilla, L-22
Krukira, I-23
Kukallaya, J-22
Kukerwalla, L-21
La Flor, O-18
La Libertad, M-20
La Paz, M-16
La Plaza, M-17
Las Cuevas, L-17
Laurel, L-17
La Virgin, O-18
Layasiksa, K-22
Leon, M-16 25000
Los Cocos, M-18
Loviguisco, N-19
Managua, M-17 18000
Mancuelizo, J-16
Masatepe, N-17
Masaya, N-17 10000
Matagalpa, L-18 9000
Mateare, M-17
Metapa, L-18
Momotombo, M-16
Mosonti, J-17
Morogalpa, O-18
Muymuy, L-18
Nagarote, M-16
Nagascol, L-15
Nandaime, N-17
Nicaragua, O-19 8000
Nindiri, N-17
Niquinemo, N-17
Obrage, O-18
Ocotal, J-17
Oriental, O-18
Palacaguina, K-16
Pearl City, M-22
Pederoso, N-19
Pike, J-23
Playa G’de, L-15
Playa G’de, N-18
Posoltega, L-16
Pueblo Nuevo, K-17
Pueblo Nuevo, M-16
Prinzapulka, K-23
Punta Gorda, N-23
Quamwatla, K-22
Quesalyuaque, M-16
Raitapura, M-22
Rama, M-21
Realejo, L-15 5000
Refugio, O-19
Rio Grande, M-17
Rivas, O-18 8000
Rogers Grove, L-23
Rotos, O-18
Ruskikapin, K-22
San Benito, L-17
San Benito, M-17
San Benito, M-19
San Bruno, M-17
San Carlos, O-20
San Domingo, M-20
San Jacinto, M-17
San Jacinto, N-23
San Jeronimo, L-19
San Jeronimo, N-20
San Jorge, O-18
San Jose, M-18
San Jose, N-19
San Juan Maya, K-17
San Juan del Norte, P-22
San Juan del Sur, O-18
San Lorenzo, M-18
San Marcos, N-17
San Miguelito, O-20
San Pedro, M-20
San Pedro Lovago, N-20
San Rafael, N-20
San Rafael, N-16
San Rafael del Norte, K-18
San Ramon, L-18
Santa Ana, M-16
Santa Barbara, N-19
Santa Catarina, N-17
Santa Clara, L-16
Santa Rosa, L-17
Santa Teresa, L-19
Santa Teresa, N-17
Sapoa, O-18
Saraola, L-17
Sauce, L-17
Sebasco, L-18
Segovia, J-17
Segovia, J-17
Slaubla, I-22
Smith’s Bodega, K-21
Somotillo, K-16
Somoto G’de, K-16
Suotiaba, M-16
Tasbaponie, L-23
Telpaneca, K-17
Terrabona, L-18
Teustepe, M-18
Ticaja, J-17
Tipitapa, M-17
Tisma, M-17
Toia, O-18
Tortuga, O-19
Totagalpa, K-17
Trinidad, K-17
Trinidad, L-17
Tunka, J-22
Vieja, J-17
Villa Nueva, K-16
Walpa, L-23
Walpasixa, R-23
Wanklua, K-23
Waunta, K-23
Waunta Haulover, J-23
Wawa, I-22
Zapata, L-16
SALVADOR.—Departments, Lakes, Rivers, and Towns.
Departments.
Ahuachapam, J-10.
Cabanas, J-12.
Chalatenango, I-12.
Cuscatlan, J-12.
La Libertad, J-11.
La Paz, K-12.
La Union, K-14.
Morazan, J-13.
San Miguel, J-13.
San Salvador, J-11.
Santa Ana, I-11.
San Vicente, K-12.
Sonsonate, J-10.
Usulutan, K-13.
Lakes.
Guija, I-10.
Ilopango, J-11.
Jaltepeque, K-11.
Rivers.
Barranca, K-11.
Comalapa, K-11.
Goascoran, K-14.
Isalco, J-10.
Jiboa, K-11.
Las Salinas, K-10.
Lempa, K-12.
San Miguel, K-13.
Towns.
Pop.
Acajutla, J-10
Agua Caliente, I-11
Ahuachapam, J-10 8000
Analco, J-12
Analquito, J-11
Anamoros, J-14
Annquizaya, J-10
Apastepeque, J-12
Apopa, J-11
Arambala, J-13
Atcos, J-11
Belen, J-13
Bolivar, J-14
Cacahuatique, J-13
Cacaluta, J-11
Caliente, I-11
Caluco, J-10
Canacaran, J-14
Cancasque, J-12
Carolina, J-13
Carrera, K-13
Carriza, I-11
Chalatenango, J-12
Chalchuapa, J-10
Chapeltique, J-13
Cojutepeque, J-12
Comolapa, I-12
Conchagua, K-14
Cuatepeque, J-10
Cuisnagua, J-10
Cumalotual, K-13
Dolores, J-12
El Carmen, I-11
El Triunfo, J-13
Ereguaiquin, K-13
Estanzuelas, J-13
Grajova, I-11
Guaimango, J-10
Guatayagua, J-13
Guazapa, J-11
Isguatlan, J-10
Izalco, J-10 4000
Jacoro, J-14
Jatepeque, K-11
Jiquilisco, K-12
Juayna, J-10
Jucuapa, J-13
Jujutla, J-10
La Joya, J-11
La Libertad, K-11
Las Flores, I-12
La Union, K-14 3000
Lolotique, J-13
Masalmat, I-11
Melapan, I-11
Nahulingo, J-10
Nueva Cuscatlan, J-11
Opico, J-11
Paraiso, J-11
Quezahepeque, I-12
Quezaltepeque, J-11
Quelepa, K-13
Reina, I-11
Rosario, K-11
Saco, J-14
San Alejo, J-13
San Antonio, J-10
San Antonio, J-13
San Antonio Masalmat, J-11
San Carlos, J-13
San Domingo, J-10
San Fernando, I-11
San Juan, K-12
San Juan Tepesome, J-11
San Luis, I-11
San Miguel, K-13 9000
San Salvador, J-11 16327
San Sebastian, J-12
Santa Ana, J-10 9000
Santa Clara, J-12
Santa Rosa, J-14
Santa Tecla, J-11
Santiago, I-10
San Vicente, J-12 8000
Sensuntepeque, J-13
Sesori, J-13
Sonsonati, J-10 10000
Suchitoto, J-12
Tacahico, J-11
Taguilapa, I-11
Tapahuaca, J-11
Tecapa, J-13
Tecapan, K-13
Texistepeque, I-11
Toetepeque, J-11
Tonacatepeque, J-11
Umana, J-13
Usulutan, K-13 4123
Victoria, J-12
Zacatecoluca, J-12
BRITISH HONDURAS.—Creeks, Lakes and Lagoons, Mountains, Rivers, and
Towns.
Creeks.
Black, B-13.
Blue, B-12.
Irish, B-12.
Labouring, C-12.
North Stann, D-13.
South Stann, D-13.
Yalbac, C-11.
Lakes and Lagoons.
Faber’s, A-13.
New River, B-12.
North, C-12.
Revenge, B-13.
Savanna, A-13.
South, C-13.
Mountains.
Cockscomb, D-12.
Rocky Point, A-13.
Victoria Peak, D-12.
Rivers.
Belize, C-11.
Booths, B-11.
Braro, B-11.
Deep, E-12.
Hondo, A-12.
Manatee, C-13.
Monkey, E-12.
Mullins, C-13.
New, B-12.
Old, C-12.
Sibun, C-12.
Towns.
Pop.
All Pines, D-13
Belize, C-13 5800
Boom Town, B-13
Cabbage Ridge, B-13
Corosal, A-13
Fireburn, B-12
Free Town, B-13
Ieniche, B-11
Orange Walk, A-12
Punta Gorda, E-12
San Esteban, A-12
Santa Elena, A-13
Sateneja, A-13
Socote, C-11
The Cay, C-11
Thewen, B-13
Town, D-13
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added,
when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 32: ‘a literal ... zone’ replaced by ‘a littoral ... zone’.
Pg 33: ‘The litoral zone’ replaced by ‘The littoral zone’.
Pg 54: ‘de Uurca’ replaced by ‘de Uruca’.
Pg 88: ‘Guatamala’ replaced by ‘Guatemala’ (twice).
Pg 99: ‘123,570 00’ replaced by ‘12,357 00’.