government temporarily established by us in the Punjab was weak
and inefficient; and early in 1848 a general insurrection brought
about a reassembling of the Sikh army to try conclusions with
the British once more. Lord Dalhousie, the new Governor-General,
at once took up the challenge; and Gough again was in command of
the army. He began as usual by knocking his head against a very
strong position of the Sikhs at Ramnuggar, and was repulsed. He
did precisely the same thing a few weeks later at Chillianwalla,
once more lost nearly twenty-five hundred men, and fought at best
a drawn battle. Finally a month later he fought a third action
at Gujerat on the 21st of February, 1849, showed for once (he or
his officers for him) some tactical skill, and won a great and
decisive victory with comparatively small loss. The Punjab was then
annexed to the British dominions by Dalhousie, and the frontier
thus carried to the foot of the mountains of Afghanistan. But the
struggle had been very severe, for the Sikhs were most valiant men,
very skilful gunners, and masters of the art of choosing strong
positions, whereas Gough was a hot-headed Irishman, of splendid
bravery, but wholly unfit to command anything larger than a
battalion in action.
But still there was no rest for the British Army. Doubtless under
the spell of our disasters in Afghanistan, the Burmese Government
had been bullying and maltreating British merchants at Rangoon
in violation of the treaty of 1826; and its only response to
Dalhousie's protests was contemptuous insult to his envoys. An
expedition was therefore despatched to Rangoon in 1852, which first
and last numbered some twenty thousand men; but on this occasion
the campaign was properly thought out. A few towns only, which
commanded the mouth of the Irrawadi, were captured so as to cut off
all external trade, and within eighteen months the Court of Ava was
obliged to sue for peace. The fighting was of slight importance,
indeed the sharpest was against dacoits or patriot banditti, some
of whom were very formidable. However, the Government at Calcutta
took care to provide land-transport, in case an inland advance
should be necessary, elephants in particular being employed in very
large numbers. The province of Pegu was annexed to the British
dominions, and thereupon followed a brief period of peace, during
which Dalhousie annexed also three Maratha states, in default of
direct heirs, and the Kingdom of Oudh.
It was this period of peace, signifying practically the
pacification of all India, that brought about the mutiny of the
Sepoys of the Bengal Army. There were various contributory causes,
most notably the steady decay of its discipline, partly through the
employment of the best officers in political work, and the making
of political services the best channel to advancement, partly owing
to the steady discouragement of the officers in favour of the men
which had marked the mistaken policy of Bentinck. The Sepoys were
so continually flattered that they imagined themselves to have
conquered India, whereas without European battalions an Indian
army is like a spear without a point. They therefore broke out
into mutiny, and for a time extinguished British rule in certain
districts. Thereupon reappeared all the old animosities of past
centuries, Mohammedan and Hindu fighting each other more fiercely
than the English; while adventurers joyfully gathered bands of
their own kind around them for the gay business of free-booting.
Great part of the country settled down to a hearty enjoyment of
anarchy; and nearly two years were needed to restore order. Two
regiments indeed, the Central India Horse, were raised on purpose
to hunt down banditti in Central India, and are still always the
first troops to be sent into the field wherever there is serious
police-duty to be done.
In 1858 the East India Company was swept out of existence, and
the Crown took over all its forces and the entire business of
administration in India. With a frontier conterminous with the
highlands from which warlike tribes have from time immemorial
descended to raid the plains, we have since been obliged to make
endless expeditions to punish the raiders, all very difficult
operations and some of them very costly. Umbeyla, Bhotan,
Beluchistan, Tirah, Chitral, Tibet are names which recall some of
these campaigns; and in 1878 the exclusion of a British mission
from Afghanistan while a Russian mission was received at Kabul
brought on a second and serious Afghan War. As in 1838, Kabul
was reached with little difficulty; and the battle only began,
after peace had been made, with an insurrection in the capital.
There was no such disaster as in 1841, for we captured Kabul and
Kandahar at once; yet we were absolutely powerless to subdue and
pacify the whole country. We suffered one serious reverse; and
our difficulties would have been endless had there not been at
hand a strong man whom we installed as ruler of the country, and
under whose iron hand the most refractory tribesmen trembled and
were still. Lastly in 1885 the Burmese having again insulted us,
an expedition was sent which made its way without difficulty to
Mandalay. Upper Burma was annexed to the British dominions, and
there followed two weary years spent in suppressing marauding
bands and free-booters. The operations of these two years have
been called the subalterns' war, for they were conducted mainly by
very small parties under the leadership of subalterns, who made
their way with indomitable perseverance through the jungle by
native paths, and, being generally at the head of the column, were
lamentably often picked off by the shot of an unseen enemy.
Altogether the exploits of the British in the conquest of India
form a very remarkable story, though it is by no means unchequered
by follies, failures and misconduct. We very early learned that we
must never retreat before Orientals, but must always attack, no
matter what the odds against us; and by following this rule we have
under able commanders achieved most astonishing feats of war. In
particular is the record of the British regiments remarkable. The
East Indian European Army was enlisted for short service, though it
contained many old soldiers in its ranks; but the British soldier
of the King's regiments was enlisted for at least twenty-one years,
if not for life, and his prowess is amazing. You know of course
that it is rare for a battalion of any army to be fit for much,
after suffering severe loss in action, until its ranks have been
refilled. But the British battalions, led by Lake, Wellesley and
Gough, though they rarely took the field more than six hundred
strong, would lose one hundred and fifty men in a fight on Monday,
two hundred more in another fight on Thursday, and over one hundred
more in a third fight on Thursday fortnight. Nothing seemed to
have power to stop them, at any rate in India. Time after time in
the assault of hill-fortresses in the south the Sepoys failed,
and a few companies of British were brought forward to show them
how to do the work. No losses seemed to daunt them. Individual men
served in storming party after storming party, and would not wait
to be healed of wounds received in a first assault before they
volunteered to risk almost certain death in a second.
Still, as I have said, there are records of many failures and we
are too fond of passing over our weak points and dwelling on the
strong. In the case of the Mutiny we recall with pride the deeds
of Nicholson and Havelock, and are never weary of the old stories
of the siege of Delhi and the relief of Lucknow. All honour to
those who quitted themselves like men; but I am afraid there are
many episodes of the Mutiny which are little creditable to the
British, whether civilians or soldiers. A great many individuate
were found unequal to the occasion; and this is true of every war
and probably of the majority of actions. There was certainly one
instance of misbehaviour at Trafalgar, one ship did not respond to
Nelson's famous signal; and Collingwood spoke his mind about it at
the time, though few people know it. We must therefore never be
satisfied with the fame of our fore-runners, and suppose that it
suffices for us. Let us by all means be kindled by their example to
the utmost fulfilment of our duty; but let us know also when and
where and why they failed. Let us study their defeats as well as
their victories; let us ask ourselves whether some of the failings
which brought about those defeats may not still be present among
us. If we can truly and conscientiously say that they are not, then
we may--but always with caution--presume to criticise and even to
censure; always remembering that it is not enough for us to emulate
the deeds of our ancestors. If we are not to fall below them, we
must endeavour to surpass them, for there is no such thing as a
stationary Empire.
INDEX
Abercromby, Sir Ralph, in the W. Indies, 126-7
Acre, mentioned, 43
Adams, Major Thos., in India, 164
Addington, Henry, mentioned, 86-8, 127
Afghanistan, mentioned, 163;
campaigns in, 187-90, 197
Africa, South, early wars in, 131-5;
Zulus in, 41;
last war, 27, 45, 98, 112
Africa, West, fighting in, 143-4
Agra, capture of, 175
Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 76, 155
Akbar, the Emperor, 152
Albemarle, Lord, in the W. Indies, 123
Albuera, battle of, 39
Alexander the Great, mentioned, 40
Aligarh, capture of, 175
Aliwal, battle of, 193
Allahabad, capture of, 164
Alsace, mentioned, 43
America, War of Independence, 28, 80-2, 110-12, 135;
the British in N., 55, 59, 76, 80, 102-5;
character of settlers, 104-5, 107, 109-12;
war of 1812, 113;
and see under Canada
Amherst, Gen. Jeffery, in Canada, 109
Amherst, Lord, in India, 183, 185
Amir Khan, mentioned, 179
Anne, Queen, mentioned, 109
Aracan, capture of, 184
Arcot, 156
Argaum, battle of, 175
Army, the British, foreign nomenclature in, 52;
reductions in, 58, 61-2, 72, 96, 134;
under Ch. II, 56-7;
under Will. III, 59-63;
under Anne, 65;
under Geo. I, 72;
under Geo. II, 74-9;
under Geo. III, 80, 82-3;
in the 19th cent., 97-8;
confused organisation of, 61;
ill-treatment of, 73, 83;
introduction of short service, 134-5;
weapons of, 48-50, 60;
appreciation of officers, 144-9;
early organisation of, 47-9, 54;
the New Model, 54
Assam, capture of, 184
Assaye, battle of, 175
Assiento, Treaty, 117
Auckland, Lord, in India, 187
Aurungzib, the Emperor, 153-4
Austrian Succession, War of, 74, 106, 155
Ava, British at, 183-4
Badajoz, capture of, 25
Bahama Is., 80
Barbados, 116, 124
Barlow, Sir George, in India, 176, 178-9
Barrington, General, in W. Indies, 123
Bentinck, Lord Wm., in India, 186-7
Bermuda, 80, 130
Bhurtpore, assaults on, 175, 185
_Birkenhead_, the, mentioned, 36, 46
Bismarck, 43
Blenheim, battle of, 68
Blues, Regt. of, their origin, 56
Bombay, mentioned, 56, 153, 166, 168
Bonsla, mentioned, 181
Braddock, General, in N. America, 107-9
Burgoyne, General, in N. America, 110-11
Burke, Edmund, 80
Burma, campaigns in, 182-5, 194-5, 197;
annexed, 197
Bussy, de, in India, 161
Buxar, battle of, 164
Caesar, Julius, 40
Calais, 47
Calcutta, 154, 160
Canada, French in, 102;
fighting in, 104-5, 109;
American invasion of, 110, 113, 137;
and see America
Capetown, capture of, 131
Caribs, the, fighting with, 117-8
Carnot, mentioned, 40
Carthagena, expedition to, 121-2
Castlereagh, Lord, at the War Office, 88
Chaka, king of Zulus, 41
Chandernagore, 154
Charles II, mentioned, 56, 117
Charles of Bourbon, 24
Charles Ed. Stuart, in Scotland, 74-6
Chillianwalla, action at, 194
Chitu, 182
Clive, Robert, in India, 156, 159, 160-4
Coldstream Guards, origin of, 56
Colonies, character of campaigns in, 99-102
Commerce, in war, 1-3;
its cruelty, 16-18
Condé, Prince of, 65
Continental System, the, 2
Coomassie, British at, 143
Coote, Sir Eyre, in India, 159, 162, 167-8
Cornwallis, Lord, in India, 169-172, 176
Cotton, Sir Stapleton, in India, 185
Crimea, war of, 97
Cromwell, O., mentioned, 3, 22, 58;
reforms of, 53-4;
expedition to the W. Indies, 119-20
Cuba, mentioned, 115-6, 123, 130
Cuddalore, action at, 168
Culloden, battle of, 75
Dalhousie, Lord, in India, 194-5
Danube R., campaign on, 67
David, king of Israel, 44
Deig, battle of, 175
Delhi, mentioned, 43, 151-2, 171, 175, 199
Dettingen, battle of, 74
Dost Mohammed, 187-8
Dubba, action at, 191
Dupleix, Joseph, in India, 155-7
East India Co., its troops, 57, 83, 154, 178, 186, 198;
mentioned, 153, 171, 176, 196
Edward III, 48
Egypt, mentioned, 51, 86
Elizabeth, Queen, mentioned, 47, 52
Ellenborough, Lord, in India, 189-92
England, military backwardness, 48;
growth of empire, 55-6, 58, 77;
position in 1660, 55;
projected invasion of, 86
Ferdinand of Brunswick, 77
Ferozeshah, battle of, 193
Flanders, wars in, 60, 63, 65, 75;
and see Netherlands
Fontenoy, battle of, 74
Forde, Col., 162
France, the Revolutionary War, 23-4, 27, 38, 41-2, 83-4;
her colonies, 56, 58, 76-7, 102-4, 107, 123-4, 128;
French in India, 154-62;
our connection with, 47, 55;
as ally of America, 112-3;
aids the Stuarts, 75
Franklin, Benjamin, 109
Frederick the Great, mentioned, 41-2, 77
Frederick, Duke of York, 85
Gawilghur, capture of, 175
Geete R., 68
George I, 72
Germany, mercenaries in British pay, 75-7, 81-2;
mentioned, 25, 32, 74, 77
Ghurkha war, 180
Ghazni, 188-9
Gibraltar, mentioned, 65, 72-3, 80-1
Gideon, his tactics, 44-5
Gillespie, Col. Rollo, in India, 177, 180
Goliath, 44
Goree, 82
Gough, Sir Hugh, in India 192-4, 198
Grenada, 126
Grey, General W., in the W. Indies, 125-6;
General H., in India, 192
Guadeloupe, mentioned, 123, 126, 128
Guiana, Dutch, capture of, 127
Gujerat, action at, 194
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, his military reforms, 53
Haiti, mentioned, 120, 124, 126
Halifax, British at, 107
Hannibal, 38
Hardinge, Sir Henry, in India, 192-3
Harris, General, in India, 173
Hastings, Warren, in India, 161, 165-9
Hastings, Marquis of, in India, 180-1
Havana, siege of, 123; mentioned, 77
Henry V, mentioned, 48, 54
History, Military, definition of, 1-14, 45;
use of, 19-22, 29, 39, 43
Holkar, mentioned, 174-5, 181
Holland, soldiers of, 52, 60;
commerce of, 18, 55;
wars in, 64, 67, 84, 86;
colonies of, 102-3, 162
Howe, General, 111
Hyder Ali, mentioned, 164-5, 167-8
India, mentioned, 43, 57, 77;
military history of, 150-200;
adventurers in, 154, 171, 179, 196;
campaigning in, 157-8;
the presidencies, 160;
administrative reforms in, 165, 169, 176, 196;
the Mutiny, 195-6, 199
Indies, the West, British in, 55, 72, 77, 80, 84-5;
character of country, 114-6, 118;
ruin of, 128-9;
Cromwell's expedition to, 119-20;
later expeditions, 120-2, 124-8;
the French in, 116, 123, 128
Inkermann, 51
Ireland, mentioned, 54, 59, 61, 64-5, 72
Italy, the French in, 86
Jamaica, mentioned, 115-6;
capture of, 120
James II, mentioned, 57-59, 64-5
Japan, mentioned, 28, 52
Jelalabad, mentioned, 189
Jesuits, the, as colonists, 35, 103
Kabul, British at, 188-9, 197
Kaffir wars, 133-4
Kandahar, British at, 188-9, 197
Karachi, 190
Katharine of Bragança, mentioned, 56, 154
Katwa, battle of, 164
Kirkee, battle of, 181
Korigaon, battle of, 182
La Bassée, 68
Lake, General Gerard, in India, 174-5, 185, 198
Lally Tollendal, count, in India, 161-2
Laswari, battle of, 175
Latimer, Hugh, 48
Lawrence, Major Stringer, in India, 155-6, 162
Lee, Robert, 4
Lisbon, Wellesley at, 90-1
Lorraine, mentioned, 43
Louis XIV, mentioned, 63-5, 71, 104
Louisburg, French at, 106-7;
capture of, 109, 155
Lucknow, 164, 199
Luther, Martin, 40
Luxemburg, Francis Henry, Duke of, 65
Lycurgus, 41
Madras, French at, 155;
mutiny in, 176-8;
bad administration, 164-5, 167-8;
mentioned, 107, 130, 153
Maharajpore, battle of, 192
Mahidpur, battle of, 181
Mandalay, British at, 197
Manila, 77
Maoris, the, wars with, 101, 138-43
Marathas, the, their origin, 153;
their growth, 163, 171;
British wars with, 166, 174-5, 181, 191-2;
mentioned, 195
Marengo, battle of, 86
Maria Theresa, the Empress, 74
Marlborough, John, Duke of, appreciation of, 65-71;
mentioned, 94-5
Martinique, mentioned, 116, 123-5, 128
Miani, battle of, 190-1
Militia, the, Pitt's Bill, 78;
as recruiting-ground, 85, 88;
under Addington, 87;
the Local, 89;
mentioned, 72, 83, 85, 89
Minden, battle of, 77
Minorca, mentioned, 72, 76, 80-2
Minto, Gilbert, 1st Earl of, in India, 178-81
Mir Jaffier, 160-1
Mogul Empire, 152-4
Moltke, General, 43
Monk, George, 56, 100
Monmouth, James, Duke of, 57
Monson, Colonel, in India, 175
Montecuculi, Raimondo, Conte de, 65
Moodkee, battle of, 193
Mornington, Lord, see under Wellesley, Marquis of
Moses, mentioned, 40
Munro, Major Hector, in India, 164, 167
Mutiny Act, 60
Mysore, fighting in, 165, 167, 169, 173
Napier, Sir Charles, in Scinde, 190-1
Napoleon, mentioned, 1, 12, 24, 41-2, 86, 89, 94, 187
Navy, the British, mutiny in, 85;
in war of 1812, 113-4
Nepal, fighting in, 180-1
Netherlands, the Austrian, fighting in, 66, 74
Newfoundland, 72-3
New York, settlers of, 104-5;
mentioned, 57, 102-3, 110
New Zealand, war in, 137-43
Nizam, the, mentioned, 165, 167, 172
Nova Scotia, mentioned, 72-3, 106
Ochterlony, Sir David, in India, 180-1, 185
Omdurman, battle of, 22
Oudenarde, battle of, 68
Oudh, annexation of, 195
Panipat, battle of, 163
Pegu, annexation of, 195
Peninsular War, the, mentioned, 42;
summary of, 89-95
Pennsylvania, Quakers in, 11-12
Persia, 187
Peshwa, 181-2
Philadelphia, capture of, 111
Pindaris, the, fighting with, 179-82
Pitt, Earl of Chatham, William, war policy, 76-80;
mentioned, 108, 122
Pitt, William, military policy, 83-8;
W. Indian policy, 125-8
Plassey, battle of, 160
Police, the, connection with Army, 9, 54, 56, 72
Pompadour, Mme de, 4
Pondicherry, French at, 154-5, 160-1
Porto Novo, battle of, 167
Porto Rico, mentioned, 115-6, 127
Portugal, British in, 90-1;
mentioned, 42
Prome, capture of, 184
Punjab, the, annexation of, 194
Punniar, battle of, 192
Quebec, mentioned, 102, 105, 109
Ramillies, battle of, 68
Ramnuggar, action at, 194
Rangoon, British at, 183, 195
Ranjit Singh, mentioned, 182, 192
Reunion, Is. of, 36
Roberts, F.M., Earl, mentioned, 159
Rohilla War, 166
Rome, sack of, 24-5
Russia, mentioned, 28, 51-2, 187
St Domingo, mentioned, 115-6;
expedition to, 119-20
St Kitts, 57
St Lawrence R., French colonies on, 102-3;
expedition to, 106
St Lucia, mentioned, 82, 123, 126-7
St Thomas, 115
St Vincent, fighting in, 117, 126
St Vincent, John Jervis, Earl, in the W. Indies, 125
Saratoga, defeat at, 112
Saul, King of Israel, 25
Schellenberg, battle of the, 68
Scinde, operations in, 188, 190-1
Scindia, mentioned, 171, 174-5, 191
Scotland, rebellion in, 72, 74-6
Senegal, 82
Seringapatam, sieges of, 26, 169-71, 173
Shah Shuja, 187-8
Shakespeare, William, 52
Shelley, P. B., mentioned, 33
Shore, Sir John, in India, 172
Sikhs, the, their growth, 171, 182, 188;
war with, 191-4
Simonstown, 131
Siraj-ud-Daula, 160
Sitabaldi, battle of, 181
Sivaji Bonsla, mentioned, 153-4
Smith, Sir Harry, in S. Africa, 133;
in India, 193
Smith, Col. Joseph, in India, 165
Smollett, Tobias, 122
Sobraon, battle of, 193
Spain, her wars, 8, 23, 25, 52, 82;
colonies, 116, 120;
mentioned, 63, 73, 89, 102
Spanish Succession, War of the, 64-8
Sparta, 41
Stirling, mentioned, 43, 75
Strategy, definition of, 42-3
Stuart, General James, 168
Suffren, Admiral, 168
Suti, battle of, 164
Swiss, the, as soldiers, 50
Tactics, definition of, 43-4;
changes in, 47-50, 60
Talents, Ministry of All the, 88
Tangier, mentioned, 56-7, 65
Tennasserim, capture of, 184
Tippoo Sahib, mentioned, 168-73
Tobago, mentioned, 82, 127
Tournay, fighting at, 68
Trafalgar, 199
Trichinopoly, fighting at, 156, 161
Trinidad, 115, 127
Tugela R., fighting on the, 134
Undwa Nala, battle of, 164
Utrecht, Peace of, 71, 106
Vellore, mutiny at, 176-7
Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duke of, mentioned, 68
Vienna, mentioned, 67
Virginia, 57
Volunteers, the, under Addington, 87-8
Walpole, Sir Robert, 72
Wandewash, battle of, 162
Warburg, battle of, 77
_Warren Hastings_, the troop-ship, 36-7
Washington, George, 4, 107
Waterloo, battle of, 79, 95
Wellesley, Richard, Marquis, in India, 172, 174, 176, 179
Wellington, Arthur, Duke of, character of, 95-6;
in India, 173-5;
his scheme for the Peninsular War, 90-5;
mentioned, 25, 41-2, 68, 159, 182, 186, 198
William III, the army under, 59;
W. Indian expedition, 120
William, Duke of Cumberland, mentioned, 74-5
Wolfe, General James, mentioned, 109
Xavier, François, mentioned, 40
York, Frederick, Duke of, 85
Zizka, John, mentioned, 52
Zulus, the, wars with, 134-5
Cambridge:
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
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51 Ancient Babylonia. By Rev. C. H. W. Johns, Litt.D.
40 A History of Civilization in Palestine. By Prof. R. A. S.
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2 Heredity in the Light of Recent Research. By L. Doncaster, Sc.D.
25 Primitive Animals. By Geoffrey Smith, M.A.
73 The Life-story of Insects. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
48 The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. By J. S. Huxley, B.A.
27 Life in the Sea. By James Johnstone, B.Sc.
75 Pearls. By Prof. W. J. Dakin.
28 The Migration of Birds. By T. A. Coward.
36 Spiders. By C. Warburton, M.A.
61 Bees and Wasps. By O. H. Latter, M.A.
46 House Flies. By C. G. Hewitt, D.Sc.